CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hepburn romanization - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b990f651-03f0-40ee-8392-1a71dbcb081d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hepburn_romanization","wgTitle":"Hepburn romanization","wgCurRevisionId":1259996991,"wgRevisionId":1259996991,"wgArticleId":36865,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)","All accuracy disputes","Accuracy disputes from February 2016","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from August 2021","Use American English from October 2020","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint", "Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from August 2023","Articles containing Japanese-language text","Pages with Japanese IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020","Pages with plain IPA","Writing systems introduced in the 1860s","Romanization of Japanese","Japanese writing system"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hepburn_romanization","wgRelevantArticleId":36865,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true ,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q667558","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready", "ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kana_%26_Romaji_Chart.svg/1200px-Kana_%26_Romaji_Chart.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="776"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kana_%26_Romaji_Chart.svg/800px-Kana_%26_Romaji_Chart.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="518"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kana_%26_Romaji_Chart.svg/640px-Kana_%26_Romaji_Chart.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="414"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hepburn romanization - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hepburn_romanization rootpage-Hepburn_romanization skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hepburn+romanization" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hepburn+romanization" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hepburn+romanization" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hepburn+romanization" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Variants </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Variants subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Obsolete_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsolete_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Obsolete variants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obsolete_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Second_version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Second version </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 First version </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Features </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Features subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Long_vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Long vowels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Loanwords </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Variations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Particles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllabic_n" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllabic_n"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Syllabic n </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllabic_n-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Long consonants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanization_charts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanization_charts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Romanization charts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Romanization_charts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Romanization charts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Romanization_charts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extended_katakana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extended_katakana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Extended katakana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extended_katakana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hepburn romanization</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" > 45 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn-stelsel" title="Hepburn-stelsel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hepburn-stelsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="نظام هيبورن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام هيبورن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepb%C3%B6rn_sistemi" title="Hepbörn sistemi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hepbörn sistemi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="হেপবার্ন রোমান লিপি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হেপবার্ন রোমান লিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn-sek_L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1-j%C4%AB" title="Hepburn-sek Lô-má-jī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hepburn-sek Lô-má-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisasyong_Hepburn" title="Romanisasyong Hepburn – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Romanisasyong Hepburn" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Система на Хепбърн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Система на Хепбърн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanekadur_Hepburn" title="Romanekadur Hepburn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Romanekadur Hepburn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanitzaci%C3%B3_Hepburn" title="Romanització Hepburn – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Romanització Hepburn" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn%C5%AFv_p%C5%99epis" title="Hepburnův přepis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hepburnův přepis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn-System" title="Hepburn-System – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hepburn-System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A7%CE%AD%CF%80%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD" title="Λατινισμός Χέπμπορν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λατινισμός Χέπμπορν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizaci%C3%B3n_Hepburn" title="Romanización Hepburn – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Romanización Hepburn" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transskribado_Hepburn" title="Transskribado Hepburn – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Transskribado Hepburn" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_erromanizazioa" title="Hepburn erromanizazioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hepburn erromanizazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%BE%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86" title="لاتین‌نویسی هپبورن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لاتین‌نویسی هپبورن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thode_Hepburn" title="Méthode Hepburn – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Méthode Hepburn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn-s%E1%B9%B3t_L%C3%B2-m%C3%A2-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Hepburn-sṳt Lò-mâ-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hepburn-sṳt Lò-mâ-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%B5%EB%B2%88%EC%8B%9D_%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%EC%9E%90_%ED%91%9C%EA%B8%B0%EB%B2%95" title="헵번식 로마자 표기법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="헵번식 로마자 표기법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburnova_romanizacija" title="Hepburnova romanizacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hepburnova romanizacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alih_aksara_Hepburn" title="Alih aksara Hepburn – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alih aksara Hepburn" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Hepburn" title="Sistema Hepburn – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema Hepburn" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn-%C3%A1t%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Hepburn-átírás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hepburn-átírás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perumian_Hepburn" title="Perumian Hepburn – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perumian Hepburn" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburnsysteem" title="Hepburnsysteem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hepburnsysteem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%E5%BC%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97" title="ヘボン式ローマ字 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘボン式ローマ字" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn" title="Hepburn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hepburn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn-systemet" title="Hepburn-systemet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hepburn-systemet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transkrypcja_Hepburna" title="Transkrypcja Hepburna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Transkrypcja Hepburna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_Hepburn" title="Sistema Hepburn – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema Hepburn" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B1%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Система Хепбёрна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Система Хепбёрна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanizimi_Hepburn" title="Romanizimi Hepburn – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Romanizimi Hepburn" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Hepburn romanization" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hepburn romanization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburnovo_pre%C4%8Drkovanje" title="Hepburnovo prečrkovanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hepburnovo prečrkovanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%BE%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%86" title="لاتینینووسیی ھێپبێرن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لاتینینووسیی ھێپبێرن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn-j%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4" title="Hepburn-järjestelmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hepburn-järjestelmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn-systemet" title="Hepburn-systemet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hepburn-systemet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanisasyong_Hepburn" title="Romanisasyong Hepburn – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Romanisasyong Hepburn" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99" title="การถอดเป็นอักษรโรมันแบบเฮปเบิร์น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การถอดเป็นอักษรโรมันแบบเฮปเบิร์น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepburn_romanizasyonu" title="Hepburn romanizasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hepburn romanizasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Система Гепберна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Система Гепберна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_phi%C3%AAn_%C3%A2m_Latinh_Hepburn_cho_ti%E1%BA%BFng_Nh%E1%BA%ADt" title="Hệ phiên âm Latinh Hepburn cho tiếng Nhật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ phiên âm Latinh Hepburn cho tiếng Nhật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%9C%AC%E5%BC%8F%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" title="黑本式羅馬字 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑本式羅馬字" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E5%BC%8F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="平文式罗马字 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="平文式罗马字" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q667558#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hepburn_romanization" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hepburn_romanization" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hepburn_romanization" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&oldid=1259996991" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hepburn_romanization&id=1259996991&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHepburn_romanization">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHepburn_romanization">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hepburn_romanization&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q667558" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System of Japanese romanization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup-lang plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article should specify the language of its non-English content, using {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Lang" title="Template:Lang">lang</a>}}, {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Transliteration" title="Template:Transliteration">transliteration</a>}} for transliterated languages, and {{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a>}} for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ISO_639_codes" title="Lists of ISO 639 codes">ISO 639 code</a>. Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_multilingual_support_templates" title="Category:Wikipedia multilingual support templates">multilingual support templates</a> may also be used. <a href="/wiki/Template:Lang#Rationale" title="Template:Lang">See why</a>. (August 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kana_%26_Romaji_Chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kana_%26_Romaji_Chart.svg/300px-Kana_%26_Romaji_Chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kana_%26_Romaji_Chart.svg/450px-Kana_%26_Romaji_Chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Kana_%26_Romaji_Chart.svg/600px-Kana_%26_Romaji_Chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Chart of <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a> and their Hepburn romanizations</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1245169151">.mw-parser-output .jawriting-sidebar{width:20em}.mw-parser-output .jawriting-header{border-top:1px solid #aaa}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks jawriting-sidebar hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9B%B8.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese writing"><img alt="Japanese writing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%E6%9B%B8.svg/75px-%E6%9B%B8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%E6%9B%B8.svg/113px-%E6%9B%B8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%E6%9B%B8.svg/150px-%E6%9B%B8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Japanese writing</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading jawriting-header"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_order" title="Stroke order">Stroke order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_Japanese_kanji_radicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of Japanese kanji radicals">Radicals</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jōyō kanji">Jōyō kanji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="List of jōyō kanji">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Diku_kanji" title="Kyōiku kanji">Kyōiku kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Tōyō kanji">Tōyō kanji</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinmeiy%C5%8D_kanji" title="Jinmeiyō kanji">Jinmeiyō kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hy%C5%8Dgai_kanji" title="Hyōgai kanji">Hyōgai kanji</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">Gojūon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_typographic_symbols" title="List of Japanese typographic symbols">Typographic symbols</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Japanese punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iteration_mark#Japanese" title="Iteration mark">Iteration mark</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading jawriting-header"> Uses</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Syllabograms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">Furigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okurigana" title="Okurigana">Okurigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Braille</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading jawriting-header"> Transliteration</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Rōmaji</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hepburn</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a> / ISO 3602 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">Wāpuro</a> (keyboard input)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Japanese" title="Cyrillization of Japanese">Cyrillization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polivanov_system" title="Polivanov system">Polivanov system</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_writing" title="Template:Japanese writing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_writing" title="Template talk:Japanese writing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_writing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese writing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Hepburn romanization (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: ヘボン式ローマ字, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hepburn</a>: Hebon-shiki rōmaji, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation"><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></abbr> 'Hepburn-style <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Roman letters</a>') is the main system of <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanization for the Japanese language</a>. The system was originally published in 1867 by American Christian <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> and physician <a href="/wiki/James_Curtis_Hepburn" title="James Curtis Hepburn">James Curtis Hepburn</a> as the standard in the first edition of his Japanese–English dictionary. The system is distinct from other romanization methods in its use of <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a> to phonetically transcribe sounds: for example, the syllable <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɕi]</a> (し) is written as shi and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[tɕa]</a> (ちゃ) is written as cha, reflecting their spellings in English (compare to si and tya in the more systematic <a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a> systems). In 1886, Hepburn published the third edition of his dictionary, codifying a revised version of the system that is known today as "traditional Hepburn". A version with additional revisions, known as "modified Hepburn", was published in 1908. Although <a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki romanization</a> is the style favored by the Japanese government, Hepburn remains the most popular method of Japanese romanization. It is learned by most foreign students of the language, and is used within Japan for romanizing personal names, locations, and other information, such as train tables and road signs. Because the system's orthography is based on English phonology instead of a systematic transcription of the <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Japanese syllabary</a>, individuals who do not speak Japanese will generally be more accurate when pronouncing unfamiliar words romanized in the Hepburn style compared to other systems.<a href="#cite_note-hadamitzky-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Curtis_Hepburn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/James_Curtis_Hepburn.jpg/220px-James_Curtis_Hepburn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/James_Curtis_Hepburn.jpg/330px-James_Curtis_Hepburn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/James_Curtis_Hepburn.jpg/440px-James_Curtis_Hepburn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Curtis_Hepburn" title="James Curtis Hepburn">James Curtis Hepburn</a>, creator of the system</figcaption></figure> In 1867, American <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Mission_Agency" title="Presbyterian Mission Agency">Presbyterian</a> missionary doctor <a href="/wiki/James_Curtis_Hepburn" title="James Curtis Hepburn">James Curtis Hepburn</a> published the first Japanese–English dictionary, in which he introduced a new system for the <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">romanization of Japanese</a> into <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> He published a second edition in 1872 and a third edition in 1886, which introduced minor changes.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The third edition's system had been adopted in the previous year by the Rōmaji-kai (羅馬字会, "Romanization Club"), a group of Japanese and foreign scholars who promoted a replacement of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese script">Japanese script</a> with a romanized system.<a href="#cite_note-Seeley2000-4">[4]</a> Hepburn romanization, loosely based on the conventions of <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English orthography</a> (spelling), stood in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki romanization</a>, which had been developed in Japan in 1881 as a script replacement.<a href="#cite_note-Seeley2000-4">[4]</a> Compared to Hepburn, Nihon-shiki is more systematic in its representation of the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a>), as each symbol corresponds to a <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Unger1996-53-5">[5]</a> However, the notation requires further explanation for accurate pronunciation by non-Japanese speakers: for example, the syllables <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[ɕi]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">[tɕa]</a>, which are written as shi and cha in Hepburn, are rendered as si and tya in Nihon-shiki.<a href="#cite_note-Seeley2000-4">[4]</a> After Nihon-shiki was presented to the Rōmaji-kai in 1886, a dispute began between the supporters of the two systems, which resulted in a standstill and an eventual halt to the organization's activities in 1892.<a href="#cite_note-Hannas1997-6">[6]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> of 1904–1905, the two factions resurfaced as the Rōmaji Hirome-kai (ローマ字ひろめ会, "Society for the Spread of Romanization"), which supported Hepburn's style, and the Nihon no Rōmaji-sha (日本のローマ字社, "Romanization Society of Japan"), which supported Nihon-shiki.<a href="#cite_note-Hannas1997-6">[6]</a> In 1908, Hepburn was revised by educator <a href="/wiki/Kan%C5%8D_Jigor%C5%8D" title="Kanō Jigorō">Kanō Jigorō</a> and others of the Rōmaji Hirome-kai, which began calling it the Shūsei Hebon-shiki (修正ヘボン式, "modified Hepburn system") or Hyōjun-shiki (標準式, "standard system").<a href="#cite_note-Seeley2000-4">[4]</a> In 1930, a Special Romanization Study Commission, headed by the Minister of Education, was appointed by the government to devise a standardized form of romanization.<a href="#cite_note-Unger1996-53-5">[5]</a> The Commission eventually decided on a slightly modified "compromise" version of Nihon-shiki, which was chosen for official use by <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">cabinet</a> ordinance on September 21, 1937; this system is known today as <a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki romanization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Unger1996-53-5">[5]</a> On September 3, 1945, at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">occupation of Japan</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_for_the_Allied_Powers" title="Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers">Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers</a> <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> issued a directive mandating the use of modified Hepburn by occupation forces.<a href="#cite_note-Unger1996-78-7">[7]</a> The directive had no legal force, however, and a revised version of Kunrei-shiki was reissued by cabinet ordinance on December 9, 1954, after the end of occupation.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Although it lacks <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> status, Hepburn remains the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> standard for multiple applications in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> As of 1977, many government organizations used Hepburn, including the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_International_Trade_and_Industry" title="Ministry of International Trade and Industry">Ministry of International Trade and Industry</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> requires the use of Hepburn on passports, and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Land,_Infrastructure_and_Transport_(Japan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (Japan)">Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport</a> requires its use on transport signs, including road signs and railway station signs.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> According to a survey by the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs in 2022, the Japanese primarily use Hepburn to spell place names.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Hepburn is also used by private organizations, including <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Travel_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Travel Bureau">Japan Travel Bureau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> American National Standard System for the Romanization of Japanese (ANSI Z39.11-1972), based on modified Hepburn, was approved in 1971 and published in 1972 by the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kudo2010-14">[14]</a> In 1989, it was proposed for <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) standard 3602, but was rejected in favor of Kunrei-shiki.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] ANSI Z39.11-1972 was deprecated as a standard in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-Kudo2010-14">[14]</a> In January 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Affairs_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Affairs Agency">Cultural Affairs Agency</a> proposed revising the 1954 Cabinet ordinance to make Hepburn the standard romanization system of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Variants">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toyooka_Station_Sign_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Toyooka_Station_Sign_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Toyooka_Station_Sign_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Toyooka_Station_Sign_%28cropped%29.jpg/375px-Toyooka_Station_Sign_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Toyooka_Station_Sign_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Toyooka_Station_Sign_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2120" data-file-height="1662" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/Japan_National_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan National Railways">Japan National Railways</a>-style board of <a href="/wiki/Toyooka_Station_(Hy%C5%8Dgo)" title="Toyooka Station (Hyōgo)">Toyooka Station</a>. For the two adjacent stations, "<a href="/wiki/Gembud%C5%8D_Station" title="Gembudō Station">GEMBUDŌ</a>" follows the Hepburn romanization system, but "<a href="/wiki/Kokufu_Station" title="Kokufu Station">KOKUHU</a>" follows the <a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki romanization</a> system.</figcaption></figure> There are many variants of the Hepburn romanization. The two most common styles are as follows: <ul><li>Traditional Hepburn, as defined in various editions of Hepburn's dictionary, with the third edition (1886)<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> often considered authoritative<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> (although <a href="/wiki/Historical_kana_usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical kana usage">changes in kana usage</a> must be accounted for). It is characterized by the rendering of syllabic n as m before the consonants b, m and p: for example, Shimbashi for 新橋.</li> <li>Modified Hepburn, also known as Revised Hepburn, in which (among other changes) the rendering of syllabic n as m before <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial consonants</a> is no longer used: Shinbashi for 新橋. The version of the system published in the third (1954) and later editions of <a href="/wiki/Kenkyusha%27s_New_Japanese-English_Dictionary" title="Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary">Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary</a> are often considered authoritative; it was adopted in 1989 by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> as one of its <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC romanizations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kudo2010-14">[14]</a> and is the most common variant of Hepburn romanization used today.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></li></ul> In Japan itself, there are some variants officially mandated for various uses: <ul><li>Railway Standard (鉄道掲示基準規程, Tetsudō Keiji Kijun Kitei),<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> which mostly follows Modified Hepburn, except syllabic n is rendered as in Traditional. <a href="/wiki/Japan_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Railways">Japan Railways</a> and other major railways use it for station names.</li> <li>Road Sign Romaji (Hepburn) (道路標識のローマ字（ヘボン式), Dōrohyōji no rōmaji (Hebonshiki)), used for road signs, which otherwise follows Modified Hepburn closely but specifies that macrons are not to be used.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li>Ministry of Foreign Affairs Passport Standard (外務省旅券規定, Gaimushō Ryoken Kitei),<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> a permissive standard that renders the syllabic n as m before b, m and p. Most of the long vowels are not rendered. Moreover, this standard explicitly allows the use of "non-Hepburn romaji" (非ヘボン式ローマ字, hi-Hebon-shiki rōmaji) in personal names, notably for passports. In particular, the long vowel ō can be romanized oh, oo or ou (Satoh, Satoo or Satou for 佐藤).</li></ul> Details of the variants can be found below. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obsolete_variants">Obsolete variants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Obsolete variants">edit</a>]</div> The romanizations set out in the first and second versions of Hepburn's dictionary are primarily of historical interest. Notable differences from the third and later versions include: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_version">Second version</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second version">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>エ and ヱ were written as ye: <a href="/wiki/Yedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yedo">Yedo</a></li> <li>ズ and ヅ were written as dzu: <a href="/wiki/Kudzu" title="Kudzu">kudzu</a>, tsudzuku</li> <li>キャ, キョ, and キュ were written as kiya, kiyo and kiu</li> <li>クヮ (modern: カ) was written as kuwa<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_version">First version</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First version">edit</a>]</div> The following differences are in addition to those in the second version:<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <ul><li>ス was written as sz.</li> <li>ツ was written as tsz.</li> <li>ズ and ヅ were written as du.</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> The main feature of Hepburn is that its <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> is based on English <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>. More technically, when syllables that are constructed systematically according to the Japanese syllabary contain an "unstable" consonant in the modern spoken language, the orthography is changed to something that better matches the real sound as an English-speaker would pronounce it. For example, し is written shi not si. This transcription is thus only partly phonological. Some linguists such as <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Palmer" title="Harold E. Palmer">Harold E. Palmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Daniel Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_Jespersen" title="Otto Jespersen">Otto Jespersen</a> object to Hepburn since the pronunciation-based spellings can obscure the systematic origins of Japanese phonetic structures, inflections, and conjugations.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Since the vowel sounds in Hepburn are similar to the vowel sounds in Italian, and the consonants similar to those of many other languages, in particular English, speakers unfamiliar with Japanese will generally be more accurate when pronouncing unfamiliar words romanized in the Hepburn style compared to other systems.<a href="#cite_note-hadamitzky-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_vowels">Long vowels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Long vowels">edit</a>]</div> In Hepburn, vowel combinations that form a long sound are usually indicated with a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a> (◌̄). Other adjacent vowels, such as those separated by a <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> boundary, are written separately: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowels part of the same morpheme </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>in traditional Hepburn<a href="#cite_note-3rd-25">[25]</a> </th> <th>in modified Hepburn<a href="#cite_note-kenkyusha-26">[26]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>A + A </th> <td>aa: お<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1163242311">.mw-parser-output .templateruby>rt{font-variant-east-asian:ruby;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .templateruby.large{font-size:250%}.mw-parser-output .templateruby.large>rt{font-size:50%}</style><ruby class="templateruby">婆<rp>(</rp><rt>ばあ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>さん – obaasan 'grandmother' (ba + a) </td> <td>ā: お<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">婆<rp>(</rp><rt>ばあ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>さん – obāsan 'grandmother' (ba + a) </td></tr> <tr> <th>I + I </th> <td colspan="2">ii: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">新<rp>(</rp><rt>にい</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">潟<rp>(</rp><rt>がた</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> – <a href="/wiki/Niigata_(city)" title="Niigata (city)">Niigata</a> (ni + i) </td></tr> <tr> <th>U + U </th> <td colspan="2">ū: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">数<rp>(</rp><rt>すう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">学<rp>(</rp><rt>がく</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> – sūgaku 'mathematics' (su + u) </td></tr> <tr> <th>E + E </th> <td>ee: お<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">姉<rp>(</rp><rt>ねえ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>さん – oneesan 'older sister' (ne + e) </td> <td>ē: お<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">姉<rp>(</rp><rt>ねえ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>さん – onēsan 'older sister' (ne + e) </td></tr> <tr> <th>O + O </th> <td colspan="2">ō: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">遠<rp>(</rp><rt>とお</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">回<rp>(</rp><rt>まわ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>り – tōmawari 'detour' (to + o) </td></tr> <tr> <th>O + U </th> <td colspan="2">ō: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">勉<rp>(</rp><rt>べん</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">強<rp>(</rp><rt>きょう</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> – benkyō 'study' (kyo + u) </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowels part of separate morphemes </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>In traditional<a href="#cite_note-3rd-25">[25]</a> and modified Hepburn<a href="#cite_note-kenkyusha-26">[26]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>A + A </th> <td colspan="2">aa: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">邪<rp>(</rp><rt>じゃ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">悪<rp>(</rp><rt>あく</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> – ja + aku – jaaku 'evil' </td></tr> <tr> <th>I + I </th> <td colspan="2">ii: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">灰<rp>(</rp><rt>はい</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">色<rp>(</rp><rt>いろ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> – hai + iro – haiiro 'grey' (also terminal adjectives: いい – i + i – ii 'good') </td></tr> <tr> <th>U + U </th> <td colspan="2">uu: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">湖<rp>(</rp><rt>みずうみ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> – mizu + umi – mizuumi 'lake' (also terminal verbs: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">食<rp>(</rp><rt>く</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>う – ku + u – kuu 'to eat') </td></tr> <tr> <th>E + E </th> <td colspan="2">ee: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">濡<rp>(</rp><rt>ぬ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>れ<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">縁<rp>(</rp><rt>えん</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> – nure + en – nureen 'open veranda' </td></tr> <tr> <th>O + O </th> <td colspan="2">oo: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">小<rp>(</rp><rt>こ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">躍<rp>(</rp><rt>おど</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>り – ko + odori – koodori 'dance of joy' </td></tr> <tr> <th>O + U </th> <td colspan="2">ou: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">仔<rp>(</rp><rt>こ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">牛<rp>(</rp><rt>うし</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> – ko + ushi – koushi 'calf' (also terminal verbs: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">迷<rp>(</rp><rt>まよ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>う – mayo + u – mayou 'to get lost') </td></tr></tbody></table> All other vowel combinations are always written separately: <ul><li>E + I: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">制<rp>(</rp><rt>せい</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">服<rp>(</rp><rt>ふく</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> – sei + fuku – seifuku 'uniform' (despite E + I often being pronounced as a long E)</li> <li>U + I: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">軽<rp>(</rp><rt>かる</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>い – karu + i – karui 'light (in weight)'</li> <li>O + I: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1163242311"><ruby class="templateruby">甥<rp>(</rp><rt>おい</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> – oi – oi 'nephew'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Loanwords">Loanwords</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Loanwords">edit</a>]</div> In foreign <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a>, long vowels followed by a <a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Donpu" title="Chōonpu">chōonpu</a> (ー) are indicated with macrons: <ul><li>セーラー: se + (ー) + ra + (ー) = sērā 'sailor'</li> <li>タクシー: ta + ku + shi + (ー) = takushī 'taxi'</li> <li>コンクール: ko + n + ku + (ー) + ru = konkūru 'competition'</li> <li>バレーボール: ba + re + (ー) + bo + (ー) + ru = barēbōru 'volleyball'</li> <li>ソール: so + (ー) + ru = sōru 'sole (of a shoe, etc.)'</li></ul> Adjacent vowels in loanwords are written separately: <ul><li>バレエ: ba + re + e – baree 'ballet'</li> <li>ミイラ: mi + i + ra – miira 'mummy'</li> <li>ソウル: so + u + ru – souru 'soul', '<a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Variations">Variations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Variations">edit</a>]</div> There are many variations on the Hepburn system for indicating long vowels with a macron. For example, 東京 (とうきょう) is properly romanized as Tōkyō, but can also be written as: <ul><li>Tokyo – not indicated at all. Common for Japanese words that have been adopted into English, and the de facto convention for Hepburn used in signs and other English-language information around Japan.</li> <li>Tôkyô – indicated with <a href="/wiki/Circumflex_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumflex accent">circumflex accents</a>, as in the alternative <a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki</a> romanizations. They are often used when macrons are unavailable or difficult to input, due to their visual similarity.<a href="#cite_note-tebiki-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li>Tohkyoh – indicated with an h (only applies after o). This is sometimes known as "passport Hepburn", as the Japanese Foreign Ministry has authorized (but not required) it in passports.<a href="#cite_note-tokyo-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-cisco-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-detroit-31">[31]</a></li> <li>Toukyou – written using <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">kana</a> spelling: ō as ou or oo (depending on the kana). This is also known as <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">wāpuro</a> style, as it reflects how text is entered into a Japanese word processor by using a keyboard with <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Roman characters</a>. Wāpuro more accurately represents the way that ō is written in kana by differentiating between おう (as in とうきょう (東京), Toukyou in wāpuro) and おお (as in とおい (遠い), tooi in wāpuro); however, it fails to differentiate between long vowels and vowels separated by a morpheme boundary.</li> <li>Tookyoo – written by doubling the long vowels. Some dictionaries such as the Pocket Kenkyusha Japanese Dictionary<a href="#cite_note-pocket-32">[32]</a> and Basic English Writers' Japanese-English Wordbook follow this style, and it is also used in the <a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL</a> form of romanization.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particles">Particles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Particles">edit</a>]</div> In traditional and modified: <ul><li>When は is used as a particle, it is written wa.</li></ul> In traditional Hepburn: <ul><li>When へ is used as a particle, Hepburn originally recommended ye.<a href="#cite_note-3rd-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_kana_orthography" title="Historical kana orthography">This spelling is obsolete</a>, and it is commonly written as e (Romaji-Hirome-Kai, 1974<a href="#cite_note-hyouzyunC-33">[33]</a>).</li> <li>When を is used as a particle, it is written wo.<a href="#cite_note-3rd-25">[25]</a></li></ul> In modified Hepburn:<a href="#cite_note-kenkyusha-26">[26]</a> <ul><li>When へ is used as a particle, it is written e.</li> <li>When を is used as a particle, it is written o.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllabic_n">Syllabic n</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Syllabic n">edit</a>]</div> In traditional Hepburn:<a href="#cite_note-3rd-25">[25]</a> <dl><dd>Syllabic n (ん) is written as n before consonants, but as m before <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial consonants</a>: b, m, and p. It is sometimes written as n- (with a hyphen) before vowels and y (to avoid confusion between, for example, んあ n + a and な na, and んや n + ya and にゃ nya), but its hyphen usage is not clear.</dd></dl> <ul><li>案内（あんない）: annai – guide</li> <li>群馬（ぐんま）: Gumma – <a href="/wiki/Gunma" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunma">Gunma</a></li> <li>簡易（かんい）: kan-i – simple</li> <li>信用（しんよう）: shin-yō – trust</li></ul> In modified Hepburn:<a href="#cite_note-kenkyusha-26">[26]</a> <dl><dd>The rendering m before labial consonants is not used and is replaced with n. It is written n' (with an apostrophe) before vowels and y.</dd></dl> <ul><li>案内（あんない）: annai – guide</li> <li>群馬（ぐんま）: Gunma – Gunma</li> <li>簡易（かんい）: kan'i – simple</li> <li>信用（しんよう）: shin'yō – trust</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_consonants">Long consonants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Long consonants">edit</a>]</div> Elongated (or "<a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">geminate</a>") consonant sounds are marked by doubling the consonant following a <a href="/wiki/Sokuon" title="Sokuon">sokuon</a>, っ; for consonants that are digraphs in Hepburn (sh, ch, ts), only the first consonant of the set is doubled, except for ch, which is replaced by tch.<a href="#cite_note-3rd-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-kenkyusha-26">[26]</a> <ul><li>結果（けっか）: kekka – result</li> <li>さっさと: sassato – quickly</li> <li>ずっと: zutto – all the time</li> <li>切符（きっぷ）: kippu – ticket</li> <li>雑誌（ざっし）: zasshi – magazine</li> <li>一緒（いっしょ）: issho – together</li> <li>こっち: kotchi (not kocchi) – this way</li> <li>抹茶（まっちゃ）: matcha (not maccha) – <a href="/wiki/Matcha" title="Matcha">matcha</a></li> <li>三つ（みっつ）: mittsu – three</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romanization_charts">Romanization charts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Romanization charts">edit</a>]</div> <table border="0" cellspacing="2px" cellpadding="2px" style="width:100%;" class="wikitable" lang="ja"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="background:#becfeb; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; width:50%;"><a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">Gojūon</a> </th> <th colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#d4d4d4; width:50%;"><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Don" title="Yōon">Yōon</a> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#becfeb; text-align:center;"> <td>あア a</td> <td>いイ i</td> <td>うウ u</td> <td>えエ e</td> <td>おオ o </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td>かカ ka</td> <td>きキ ki</td> <td>くク ku</td> <td>けケ ke</td> <td>こコ ko </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">きゃキャ kya </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">きゅキュ kyu </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">きょキョ kyo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td>さサ sa</td> <td>しシ shi</td> <td>すス su</td> <td>せセ se</td> <td>そソ so </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">しゃシャ sha </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">しゅシュ shu </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">しょショ sho </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td>たタ ta</td> <td>ちチ chi</td> <td>つツ tsu</td> <td>てテ te</td> <td>とト to </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">ちゃチャ cha </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">ちゅチュ chu </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">ちょチョ cho </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td>なナ na</td> <td>にニ ni</td> <td>ぬヌ nu</td> <td>ねネ ne</td> <td>のノ no </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">にゃニャ nya </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">にゅニュ nyu </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">にょニョ nyo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td>はハ ha</td> <td>ひヒ hi</td> <td>ふフ fu</td> <td>へヘ he</td> <td>ほホ ho </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">ひゃヒャ hya </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">ひゅヒュ hyu </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">ひょヒョ hyo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td>まマ ma</td> <td>みミ mi</td> <td>むム mu</td> <td>めメ me</td> <td>もモ mo </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">みゃミャ mya </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">みゅミュ myu </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">みょミョ myo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td>やヤ ya</td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"></td> <td>ゆユ yu</td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"></td> <td>よヨ yo </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td>らラ ra</td> <td>りリ ri</td> <td>るル ru</td> <td>れレ re</td> <td>ろロ ro </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">りゃリャ rya </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">りゅリュ ryu </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">りょリョ ryo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td>わワ wa</td> <td>ゐヰ i †</td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"></td> <td>ゑヱ e †</td> <td>をヲ o ‡ </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="4"></td> <td>んン n /n' </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td>がガ ga</td> <td>ぎギ gi</td> <td>ぐグ gu</td> <td>げゲ ge</td> <td>ごゴ go </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">ぎゃギャ gya </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">ぎゅギュ gyu </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">ぎょギョ gyo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td>ざザ za</td> <td>じジ ji</td> <td>ずズ zu</td> <td>ぜゼ ze</td> <td>ぞゾ zo </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">じゃジャ ja </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">じゅジュ ju </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">じょジョ jo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td>だダ da</td> <td>ぢヂ ji</td> <td>づヅ zu</td> <td>でデ de</td> <td>どド do </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">ぢゃヂャ ja </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">ぢゅヂュ ju </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">ぢょヂョ jo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td>ばバ ba</td> <td>びビ bi</td> <td>ぶブ bu</td> <td>べベ be</td> <td>ぼボ bo </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">びゃビャ bya </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">びゅビュ byu </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">びょビョ byo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td>ぱパ pa</td> <td>ぴピ pi</td> <td>ぷプ pu</td> <td>ぺペ pe</td> <td>ぽポ po </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">ぴゃピャ pya </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">ぴゅピュ pyu </td> <td style="background:#f3f5de;">ぴょピョ pyo </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Each entry contains <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a>, and Hepburn romanization, in that order.</li> <li>† — The characters in red are historical characters and are obsolete in modern Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-usage1946-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-usage1986-35">[35]</a> In modern Hepburn romanization, they are often undefined.<a href="#cite_note-kenkyusha-26">[26]</a></li> <li>‡ — The characters in blue are rarely used outside of their status as a particle in modern Japanese,<a href="#cite_note-tebiki-27">[27]</a> and romanization follows the rules <a href="#Particles">above</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extended_katakana">Extended katakana</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Extended katakana">edit</a>]</div> These combinations are used mainly to represent the sounds in words in other languages. Digraphs with orange backgrounds are the general ones used for loanwords or foreign places or names, and those with blue backgrounds are used for more accurate transliterations of foreign sounds, suggested by the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet of Japan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Katakana combinations with beige backgrounds are suggested by the <a href="/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">American National Standards Institute</a><a href="#cite_note-ansi-37">[37]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/BSI_Group" title="BSI Group">British Standards Institution</a> as possible uses.<a href="#cite_note-bs-38">[38]</a> Ones with purple backgrounds appear on the 1974 version of the Hyōjun-shiki formatting.<a href="#cite_note-hyouzyunC-33">[33]</a> <table border="0" style="width:50%;" cellpadding="2px" cellspacing="2px" class="wikitable" lang="ja"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf; text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td style="background:#e1a1ff;">イィ yi </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td>イェ ye </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf; text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#eee8aa;">ウァ wa* </td> <td>ウィ wi </td> <td style="background:#e1a1ff;">ウゥ wu* </td> <td>ウェ we </td> <td>ウォ wo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf; text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="background:#eee8aa;">ウュ wyu </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf; text-align:center;"> <td>ヴァ va </td> <td>ヴィ vi </td> <td>ヴ vu⁑ </td> <td>ヴェ ve </td> <td>ヴォ vo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee8aa; text-align:center;"> <td>ヴャ vya </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td style="background:#9cf;">ヴュ vyu </td> <td>ヴィェ vye </td> <td>ヴョ vyo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="background:#eee8aa;">キェ kye </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="background:#eee8aa;">ギェ gye </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf; text-align:center;"> <td>クァ kwa </td> <td>クィ kwi </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td>クェ kwe </td> <td>クォ kwo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf; text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#eee8aa;">クヮ kwa </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee8aa; text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#9cf;">グァ gwa </td> <td>グィ gwi </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td>グェ gwe </td> <td>グォ gwo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#eee8aa;">グヮ gwa </td> <td colspan="4"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="background:#fc9;">シェ she </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="background:#fc9;">ジェ je </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e1a1ff;">スィ si </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"> <td> </td> <td style="background:#e1a1ff;">ズィ zi </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="background:#fc9;">チェ che </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#fc9; text-align:center;"> <td>ツァ tsa </td> <td style="background:#9cf;">ツィ tsi </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td>ツェ tse </td> <td>ツォ tso </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf; text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"> </td> <td style="background:#eee8aa;">ツュ tsyu </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td style="background:#fc9;">ティ ti </td> <td style="background:#9cf;">トゥ tu </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#9cf; text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"> </td> <td>テュ tyu </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e7f5de; text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td style="background:#fc9;">ディ di </td> <td style="background:#9cf;">ドゥ du </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#fc9; text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"> </td> <td>デュ dyu </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="background:#eee8aa;">ニェ nye </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="background:#eee8aa;">ヒェ hye </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="background:#eee8aa;">ビェ bye </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="background:#eee8aa;">ピェ pye </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#fc9; text-align:center;"> <td>ファ fa </td> <td>フィ fi </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td>フェ fe </td> <td>フォ fo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee8aa; text-align:center;"> <td>フャ fya </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td style="background:#9cf;">フュ fyu </td> <td>フィェ fye </td> <td>フョ fyo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td style="background:#e1a1ff;">ホゥ hu </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="background:#eee8aa;">ミェ mye </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e9e9e9; text-align:center;"> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td style="background:#eee8aa;">リェ rye </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#e1a1ff; text-align:center;"> <td>ラ゚ la </td> <td>リ゚ li </td> <td>ル゚ lu </td> <td>レ゚ le </td> <td>ロ゚ lo </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; background:#eee8aa; text-align:center;"> <td>ヷ va⁂ </td> <td>ヸ vi⁂ </td> <td style="background:#e9e9e9;"> </td> <td>ヹ ve⁂ </td> <td>ヺ vo⁂ </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>* — The use of ウ in these two cases to represent w is rare in modern Japanese except for Internet slang and transcription of the Latin sound [w] into katakana. E.g.: <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:ミネルウァ">ミネルウァ</a> (Mineruwa "<a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>", from Latin MINERVA [mɪˈnɛrwa]); <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B9" class="extiw" title="ja:ウゥルカーヌス">ウゥルカーヌス</a> (Wurukānusu "<a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a>", from Latin VVLCANVS, Vulcānus [wʊlˈkaːnʊs]). The wa-type of foreign sounds (as in watt or white) is usually transcribed to ワ (wa), while the wu-type (as in wood or woman) is usually to ウ (u) or ウー (ū).</li> <li>⁑ — ヴ has a rarely used <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a> form in ゔ that is also vu in Hepburn romanization systems.</li> <li>⁂ — The characters in green are obsolete in modern Japanese and very rarely used.<a href="#cite_note-usage1946-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-usage1986-35">[35]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Language" title="Portal:Language">Language portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">List of ISO romanizations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hadamitzky-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hadamitzky_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hadamitzky_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHadamitzkySpahn2005" class="citation web cs1">Hadamitzky, Wolfgang; Spahn, Mark (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hadamitzky.de/english/lp_romanization_sys.htm">"Romanization systems"</a>. Wolfgang Hadamitzky: Japan-related Textbooks, Dictionaries, and Reference Works. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170124095310/http://www.hadamitzky.de/english/lp_romanization_sys.htm">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wolfgang+Hadamitzky%3A+Japan-related+Textbooks%2C+Dictionaries%2C+and+Reference+Works&rft.atitle=Romanization+systems&rft.date=2005-10&rft.aulast=Hadamitzky&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Spahn%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hadamitzky.de%2Fenglish%2Flp_romanization_sys.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantMauchSugita2007" class="citation book cs1">Sant, John Van; Mauch, Peter; Sugita, Yoneyuki (January 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fQOyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">Historical Dictionary of United States-Japan Relations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6462-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6462-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-6462-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405062931/https://books.google.com/books?id=fQOyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+United+States-Japan+Relations&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007-01-29&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6462-7&rft.aulast=Sant&rft.aufirst=John+Van&rft.au=Mauch%2C+Peter&rft.au=Sugita%2C+Yoneyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfQOyAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishiyamaKishimotoAldridge2018" class="citation book cs1">Nishiyama, Kunio; Kishimoto, Hideki; Aldridge, Edith, eds. (December 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=st18DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA292">Topics in Theoretical Asian Linguistics: Studies in Honor of John B. Whitman</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Benjamins_Publishing_Company" title="John Benjamins Publishing Company">John Benjamins Publishing Company</a>. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6329-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6329-2"><bdi>978-90-272-6329-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405062841/https://books.google.com/books?id=st18DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA292">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Topics+in+Theoretical+Asian+Linguistics%3A+Studies+in+Honor+of+John+B.+Whitman&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2018-12-15&rft.isbn=978-90-272-6329-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dst18DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seeley2000-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seeley2000_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seeley2000_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seeley2000_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seeley2000_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeeley2000" class="citation book cs1">Seeley, Christopher (April 1, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIkuX0US69QC&pg=PA139">A History of Writing in Japan</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. pp. 139–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2217-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-2217-0"><bdi>978-0-8248-2217-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405062838/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZIkuX0US69QC&pg=PA139">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Writing+in+Japan&rft.pages=139-140&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2000-04-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-2217-0&rft.aulast=Seeley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZIkuX0US69QC%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unger1996-53-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unger1996-53_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unger1996-53_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unger1996-53_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Marshall_Unger" class="mw-redirect" title="James Marshall Unger">Unger, J. Marshall</a> (August 1, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mYjmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan: Reading Between the Lines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 53–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510166-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510166-9"><bdi>978-0-19-510166-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063441/https://books.google.com/books?id=mYjmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literacy+and+Script+Reform+in+Occupation+Japan%3A+Reading+Between+the+Lines&rft.pages=53-55&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510166-9&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=J.+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmYjmCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannas1997-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hannas1997_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hannas1997_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannas1997" class="citation book cs1">Hannas, William C. (June 1, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aJfv8Iyd2m4C&pg=PA42">Asia's Orthographic Dilemma</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1892-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1892-0"><bdi>978-0-8248-1892-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063404/https://books.google.com/books?id=aJfv8Iyd2m4C&pg=PA42">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia%27s+Orthographic+Dilemma&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1997-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1892-0&rft.aulast=Hannas&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaJfv8Iyd2m4C%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unger1996-78-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Unger1996-78_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Marshall_Unger" class="mw-redirect" title="James Marshall Unger">Unger, J. Marshall</a> (August 1, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mYjmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan: Reading Between the Lines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510166-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510166-9"><bdi>978-0-19-510166-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063345/https://books.google.com/books?id=mYjmCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Literacy+and+Script+Reform+in+Occupation+Japan%3A+Reading+Between+the+Lines&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510166-9&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=J.+Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmYjmCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YvEpAQAAMAAJ">Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Volume 6</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kodansha" title="Kodansha">Kodansha</a>. 1983. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87011-626-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87011-626-1"><bdi>978-0-87011-626-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kodansha+Encyclopedia+of+Japan%2C+Volume+6&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Kodansha&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-87011-626-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYvEpAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2024/03/250d39967042-japan-to-revise-official-romanization-rules-for-1st-time-in-70-yrs.html">"Japan to revise official romanization rules for 1st time in 70 yrs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyodo_News" title="Kyodo News">Kyodo News</a>. March 24, 2024. Retrieved August 26, 2024. <q>The Hepburn system [...] has long been predominantly used in society as well as in officialdom,[...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+to+revise+official+romanization+rules+for+1st+time+in+70+yrs&rft.date=2024-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.kyodonews.net%2Fnews%2F2024%2F03%2F250d39967042-japan-to-revise-official-romanization-rules-for-1st-time-in-70-yrs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVisconti2018" class="citation book cs1">Visconti, Jacqueline (September 24, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fheBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA454">Handbook of Communication in the Legal Sphere</a>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. p. 454. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-466-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-466-4"><bdi>978-1-61451-466-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063408/https://books.google.com/books?id=fheBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA454">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Communication+in+the+Legal+Sphere&rft.pages=454&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2018-09-24&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-466-4&rft.aulast=Visconti&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfheBDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h01483/">"Akasi or Akashi? Hepburn Most Established of Japan's Different "Rōmaji" Systems"</a>. nippon.com. November 2, 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303050008/https://www.nippon.com/en/japan-data/h01483/">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nippon.com&rft.atitle=Akasi+or+Akashi%3F+Hepburn+Most+Established+of+Japan%27s+Different+%22R%C5%8Dmaji%22+Systems&rft.date=2022-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nippon.com%2Fen%2Fjapan-data%2Fh01483%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomoko_Jingu2022" class="citation web cs1">Momoko Jingu (October 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14732540">"Cultural agency now weighing romanization of Japanese words"</a>. The Asahi Shimbun. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303052857/https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14732540">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Asahi+Shimbun&rft.atitle=Cultural+agency+now+weighing+romanization+of+Japanese+words&rft.date=2022-10-01&rft.au=Momoko+Jingu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Fajw%2Farticles%2F14732540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentLancourDaily1977" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Allen; Lancour, Harold; Daily, Jay E., eds. (May 1, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1pNvzr_n98C&pg=PA155">Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 21</a>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2021-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2021-6"><bdi>978-0-8247-2021-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405063412/https://books.google.com/books?id=H1pNvzr_n98C&pg=PA155">Archived</a> from the original on April 5, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Library+and+Information+Science%3A+Volume+21&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1977-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-2021-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1pNvzr_n98C%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kudo2010-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kudo2010_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kudo2010_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kudo2010_14-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKudo2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kudo, Yoko (January 28, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01639374.2011.536751">"Modified Hepburn Romanization System in Japanese Language Cataloging: Where to Look, What to Follow"</a> (pdf). Cataloging & Classification Quarterly. 49 (2): 97–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01639374.2011.536751">10.1080/01639374.2011.536751</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62560768">62560768</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211229064352/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/01639374.2011.536751">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2021. Retrieved November 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cataloging+%26+Classification+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Modified+Hepburn+Romanization+System+in+Japanese+Language+Cataloging%3A+Where+to+Look%2C+What+to+Follow&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-120&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01639374.2011.536751&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62560768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kudo&rft.aufirst=Yoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.1080%2F01639374.2011.536751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://japannews.yomiuri.co.jp/society/general-news/20240131-165580/">"Hepburn-Style Romaji Likely to Become Standardized"</a>. January 31, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hepburn-Style+Romaji+Likely+to+Become+Standardized&rft.date=2024-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjapannews.yomiuri.co.jp%2Fsociety%2Fgeneral-news%2F20240131-165580%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hep3.html"><bdi lang="ja">和英語林集成第三版</bdi></a> [Digital 'Japanese English Forest Collection']. Meiji Gakuin University Library (in Japanese). Meiji Gakuin University. March 2010 [2006]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022013225/http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hep3.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meiji+Gakuin+University+Library&rft.atitle=%E5%92%8C%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E6%9E%97%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%89%88&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp%2F~kaizu%2Froomazi%2Fdoc%2Fhep3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216222332/http://www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/mgda/index5_j.html">"明治学院大学図書館 - 『和英語林集成』デジタルアーカイブス"</a>. Meijigakuin.ac.jp. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meijigakuin.ac.jp/mgda/index5_j.html">the original</a> on December 16, 2013. Retrieved June 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8+-+%E3%80%8E%E5%92%8C%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E6%9E%97%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E3%80%8F%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%82%B9&rft.pub=Meijigakuin.ac.jp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meijigakuin.ac.jp%2Fmgda%2Findex5_j.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/asiaref/japan/online/rom_hist.htm">"UHM Library : Japan Collection Online Resources"</a>. Hawaii.edu. October 6, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210226172935/http://www.hawaii.edu/asiaref/japan/online/rom_hist.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UHM+Library+%3A+Japan+Collection+Online+Resources&rft.pub=Hawaii.edu&rft.date=2005-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hawaii.edu%2Fasiaref%2Fjapan%2Fonline%2From_hist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120301033237/http://homepage1.nifty.com/tabi-mo/font_kitei2.htm#10">"鉄道掲示基準規程"</a>. Homepage1.nifty.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage1.nifty.com/tabi-mo/font_kitei2.htm#10">the original</a> on March 1, 2012. Retrieved July 13, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%89%84%E9%81%93%E6%8E%B2%E7%A4%BA%E5%9F%BA%E6%BA%96%E8%A6%8F%E7%A8%8B&rft.pub=Homepage1.nifty.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage1.nifty.com%2Ftabi-mo%2Ffont_kitei2.htm%2310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kictec.co.jp/varieties-road-sign/hebon-romaji/"><bdi lang="ja">道路標識のローマ字（ヘボン式）の綴り方</bdi></a> [How to spell Roman letters (Hepburn style) of road signs]. Kictec (in Japanese). June 14, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420041720/http://www.kictec.co.jp/varieties-road-sign/hebon-romaji/">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kictec&rft.atitle=%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF%E6%A8%99%E8%AD%98%E3%81%AE%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97%EF%BC%88%E3%83%98%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%E5%BC%8F%EF%BC%89+%E3%81%AE%E7%B6%B4%E3%82%8A%E6%96%B9&rft.date=2012-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kictec.co.jp%2Fvarieties-road-sign%2Fhebon-romaji%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ezairyu.mofa.go.jp/passport/hebon.html">"ヘボン式ローマ字綴方表"</a>. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810185158/https://www.ezairyu.mofa.go.jp/passport/hebon.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 10, 2022. Retrieved May 16, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%83%98%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%E5%BC%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97%E7%B6%B4%E6%96%B9%E8%A1%A8&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ezairyu.mofa.go.jp%2Fpassport%2Fhebon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Curtis_Hepburn1872" class="citation book cs1">James Curtis Hepburn (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081858254;view=1up;seq=326">A Japanese-English And English-Japanese Dictionary</a> (2nd ed.). American Presbyterian mission press. pp. 286–290. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101221254/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081858254;view=1up;seq=326">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Japanese-English+And+English-Japanese+Dictionary&rft.pages=286-290&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=American+Presbyterian+mission+press&rft.date=1872&rft.au=James+Curtis+Hepburn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dnyp.33433081858254%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHepburn1872" class="citation web cs1">Hepburn, J. C. (James Curtis) (December 10, 1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/japaneseenglishe00hepb_0">"Japanese-English and English-Japanese dictionary"</a>. Shanghai, American Presbyterian mission press – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese-English+and+English-Japanese+dictionary.&rft.pub=Shanghai%2C+American+Presbyterian+mission+press&rft.date=1872-12-10&rft.aulast=Hepburn&rft.aufirst=J.+C.+%28James+Curtis%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjapaneseenglishe00hepb_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF松浦四郎1992" class="citation journal cs1">松浦四郎 (October 1992). "104年かかった標準化". 標準化と品質菅理 -Standardization and Quality Control. 45. Japanese Standards Association: 92–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%8C%96%E3%81%A8%E5%93%81%E8%B3%AA%E8%8F%85%E7%90%86+-Standardization+and+Quality+Control&rft.atitle=104%E5%B9%B4%E3%81%8B%E3%81%8B%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%8C%96&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=92-93&rft.date=1992-10&rft.au=%E6%9D%BE%E6%B5%A6%E5%9B%9B%E9%83%8E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3rd-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3rd_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-3rd_25-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-3rd_25-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-3rd_25-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-3rd_25-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-3rd_25-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Curtis_Hepburn1886" class="citation book cs1">James Curtis Hepburn (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvEWAAAAYAAJ">A Japanese-English And English-Japanese Dictionary</a> (Third ed.). Z. P Maruyama & Co. Retrieved April 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Japanese-English+And+English-Japanese+Dictionary.&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Z.+P+Maruyama+%26+Co.&rft.date=1886&rft.au=James+Curtis+Hepburn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqvEWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kenkyusha-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kenkyusha_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kenkyusha_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kenkyusha_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kenkyusha_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kenkyusha_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kenkyusha_26-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary (Fourth ed.). <a href="/wiki/Kenky%C5%ABsha" title="Kenkyūsha">Kenkyūsha</a>. 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenkyusha%27s+New+Japanese-English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Kenky%C5%ABsha&rft.date=1974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tebiki-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tebiki_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tebiki_27-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujino_Katsuji1909" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fujino Katsuji (1909). <bdi lang="ja">ローマ字手引き</bdi> [RÔMAJI TEBIKI] (in Japanese). Rômaji-Hirome-kai.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97%E6%89%8B%E5%BC%95%E3%81%8D&rft.pub=R%C3%B4maji-Hirome-kai&rft.date=1909&rft.au=Fujino+Katsuji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabinet_of_Japan1954" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet of Japan</a> (December 9, 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130529171936/http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19541209001/k19541209001.html"><bdi lang="ja">昭和29年内閣告示第1号ローマ字のつづり方</bdi></a> [Japanese Cabinet Order No.1 in 1954 - How to write Romanization] (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19541209001/k19541209001.html">the original</a> on May 29, 2013. Retrieved May 19, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C29%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%85%E9%96%A3%E5%91%8A%E7%A4%BA%E7%AC%AC1%E5%8F%B7+%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A4%E3%81%A5%E3%82%8A%E6%96%B9&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education%2C+Culture%2C+Sports%2C+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=1954-12-09&rft.au=Cabinet+of+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mext.go.jp%2Fb_menu%2Fhakusho%2Fnc%2Fk19541209001%2Fk19541209001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tokyo-29"><a href="#cite_ref-tokyo_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBureau_of_Citizens_and_Culture_Affairs_of_Tokyo" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Metropolitan_Government" title="Tokyo Metropolitan Government">Bureau of Citizens and Culture Affairs of Tokyo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111205110946/http://www.seikatubunka.metro.tokyo.jp/hebon/">"PASSPORT_ヘボン式ローマ字綴方表"</a> [Table of Spelling in Hepburn Romanization] (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seikatubunka.metro.tokyo.jp/hebon/">the original</a> on December 5, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PASSPORT_%E3%83%98%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%E5%BC%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97%E7%B6%B4%E6%96%B9%E8%A1%A8&rft.au=Bureau+of+Citizens+and+Culture+Affairs+of+Tokyo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seikatubunka.metro.tokyo.jp%2Fhebon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cisco-30"><a href="#cite_ref-cisco_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsulate-General_of_Japan_in_San_Francisco" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Consulate-General of Japan in San Francisco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120513035601/http://www.sf.us.emb-japan.go.jp/pdf/a_hihebon_romaji.pdf"><bdi lang="ja">ヘボン式ローマ字綴方表</bdi></a> [Table of Spelling in Hepburn Romanization] (PDF) (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf.us.emb-japan.go.jp/pdf/a_hihebon_romaji.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E3%83%98%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%E5%BC%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97%E7%B6%B4%E6%96%B9%E8%A1%A8&rft.au=Consulate-General+of+Japan+in+San+Francisco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sf.us.emb-japan.go.jp%2Fpdf%2Fa_hihebon_romaji.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-detroit-31"><a href="#cite_ref-detroit_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsulate-General_of_Japan_in_Detroit" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Consulate-General of Japan in Detroit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.detroit.us.emb-japan.go.jp/pdf/jp/ryouji/EXAMPLE%20OF%20APPLICATION%20FORM%20FOR%20PASSPORT.pdf">"Example of Application Form for Passport"</a> (PDF) (in Japanese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.detroit.us.emb-japan.go.jp/pdf/jp/ryouji/EXAMPLE%20OF%20APPLICATION%20FORM%20FOR%20PASSPORT.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 13, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Example+of+Application+Form+for+Passport&rft.au=Consulate-General+of+Japan+in+Detroit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.detroit.us.emb-japan.go.jp%2Fpdf%2Fjp%2Fryouji%2FEXAMPLE%2520OF%2520APPLICATION%2520FORM%2520FOR%2520PASSPORT.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pocket-32"><a href="#cite_ref-pocket_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocket_Kenkyusha_Japanese_Dictionary2007" class="citation book cs1">Pocket Kenkyusha Japanese Dictionary (March 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0198607482/ref=sib_dp_pop_fc?ie=UTF8&p=S001#reader-link">Pocket Kenkyusha Japanese Dictionary (9780198607489): Shigeru Takebayashi, Kazuhiko Nagai: Books</a>. Amazon.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860748-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860748-9"><bdi>978-0-19-860748-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308022156/https://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0198607482/ref=sib_dp_pop_fc?ie=UTF8&p=S001#reader-link">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved June 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pocket+Kenkyusha+Japanese+Dictionary+%289780198607489%29%3A+Shigeru+Takebayashi%2C+Kazuhiko+Nagai%3A+Books&rft.pub=Amazon.com&rft.date=2007-03-09&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860748-9&rft.au=Pocket+Kenkyusha+Japanese+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fgp%2Freader%2F0198607482%2Fref%3Dsib_dp_pop_fc%3Fie%3DUTF8%26p%3DS001%23reader-link&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hyouzyunC-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hyouzyunC_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hyouzyunC_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hyouzyunC.html">"標準式ローマ字つづり―引用"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022012426/http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hyouzyunC.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%BC%8F%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E5%AD%97%E3%81%A4%E3%81%A5%E3%82%8A%E2%80%95%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp%2F~kaizu%2Froomazi%2Fdoc%2FhyouzyunC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-usage1946-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usage1946_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usage1946_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabinet_of_Japan1946" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet of Japan</a> (November 16, 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011006222929/http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~lf4a-okjm/genkan21.htm"><bdi lang="ja">昭和21年内閣告示第33号「現代かなづかい」</bdi></a> [Japanese Cabinet Order No.33 in 1946 - Modern kana usage] (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~lf4a-okjm/genkan21.htm">the original</a> on October 6, 2001. Retrieved May 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C21%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%85%E9%96%A3%E5%91%8A%E7%A4%BA%E7%AC%AC33%E5%8F%B7+%E3%80%8C%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%8B%E3%81%AA%E3%81%A5%E3%81%8B%E3%81%84%E3%80%8D&rft.date=1946-11-16&rft.au=Cabinet+of+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi-net.or.jp%2F~lf4a-okjm%2Fgenkan21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-usage1986-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usage1986_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-usage1986_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabinet_of_Japan1986" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet of Japan</a> (July 1, 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524004651/http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/t19860701002/t19860701002.html"><bdi lang="ja">昭和61年内閣告示第1号「現代仮名遣い」</bdi></a> [Japanese Cabinet Order No.1 in 1986 - Modern kana usage] (in Japanese). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/t19860701002/t19860701002.html">the original</a> on May 24, 2011. Retrieved May 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C61%E5%B9%B4%E5%86%85%E9%96%A3%E5%91%8A%E7%A4%BA%E7%AC%AC1%E5%8F%B7+%E3%80%8C%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D%E9%81%A3%E3%81%84%E3%80%8D&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education%2C+Culture%2C+Sports%2C+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=1986-07-01&rft.au=Cabinet+of+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mext.go.jp%2Fb_menu%2Fhakusho%2Fnc%2Ft19860701002%2Ft19860701002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabinet_of_Japan" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Japan" title="Cabinet of Japan">Cabinet of Japan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190106125953/http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19910628002/k19910628002.html">"平成3年6月28日内閣告示第2号:外来語の表記"</a> [Japanese cabinet order No.2 (June 28, 1991):The notation of loanword]. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Culture,_Sports,_Science_and_Technology" title="Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology">Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19910628002/k19910628002.html">the original</a> on January 6, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%B9%B3%E6%88%903%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%8828%E6%97%A5%E5%86%85%E9%96%A3%E5%91%8A%E7%A4%BA%E7%AC%AC2%E5%8F%B7%3A%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education%2C+Culture%2C+Sports%2C+Science+and+Technology&rft.au=Cabinet+of+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mext.go.jp%2Fb_menu%2Fhakusho%2Fnc%2Fk19910628002%2Fk19910628002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ansi-37"><a href="#cite_ref-ansi_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/ansiz3911.html">"米国規格(ANSI Z39.11-1972)―要約"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215902/http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/ansiz3911.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%B1%B3%E5%9B%BD%E8%A6%8F%E6%A0%BC%28ANSI+Z39.11-1972%29%E2%80%95%E8%A6%81%E7%B4%84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp%2F~kaizu%2Froomazi%2Fdoc%2Fansiz3911.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-bs-38"><a href="#cite_ref-bs_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/bs4812.html">"英国規格(BS 4812 : 1972)―要約"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224521/http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/bs4812.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E8%A6%8F%E6%A0%BC%28BS+4812+%3A+1972%29%E2%80%95%E8%A6%81%E7%B4%84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp%2F~kaizu%2Froomazi%2Fdoc%2Fbs4812.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHepburn+romanization" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hep1.html">Preface of first edition of Hepburn's original dictionary, explaining romanization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/hep3.html">Preface of third edition of Hepburn's original dictionary, explaining romanization</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanization_of_Japanese" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_romanization" title="Template:Japanese romanization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_romanization" title="Template talk:Japanese romanization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_romanization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese romanization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanization_of_Japanese" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization of Japanese</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei-shiki (ISO 3602)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki (ISO 3602 Strict)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">Wāpuro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_language" title="Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_language" title="Template talk:Japanese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Earlier forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Japanese" title="Early Middle Japanese">Early Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Japanese" title="Late Middle Japanese">Late Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Japanese" title="Early Modern Japanese">Early Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Dialects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido_dialects" title="Hokkaido dialects">Hokkaidō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dhoku_dialect" title="Tōhoku dialect">Tōhoku</a> <ul><li>Northern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanbu_dialect" title="Nanbu dialect">Nanbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsugaru_dialect" title="Tsugaru dialect">Tsugaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akita_dialect" title="Akita dialect">Akita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kesen_dialect" title="Kesen dialect">Kesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nairiku_dialect" title="Nairiku dialect">Nairiku</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kant%C5%8D_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kantō dialect">Kantō</a> <ul><li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunma_dialect" title="Gunma dialect">Gunma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanagawa_dialect" title="Kanagawa dialect">Kanagawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_dialect" title="Tokyo dialect">Tokyo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibaraki_dialect" title="Ibaraki dialect">Ibaraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tochigi_dialect" title="Tochigi dialect">Tochigi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Izu_Archipelago_dialects" title="Northern Izu Archipelago dialects">Northern Izu Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dkai%E2%80%93T%C5%8Dsan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōkai–Tōsan dialect">Tōkai–Tōsan</a> <ul><li>Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shizuoka_dialect" title="Shizuoka dialect">Shizuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada_dialect" title="Narada dialect">Narada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Echigo <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagaoka_dialect" title="Nagaoka dialect">Nagaoka</a></li></ul></li> <li>Gifu-Aichi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagoya_dialect" title="Nagoya dialect">Nagoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikawa_dialect" title="Mikawa dialect">Mikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mino_dialect" title="Mino dialect">Mino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hida_dialect" title="Hida dialect">Hida</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hokuriku_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokuriku dialect">Hokuriku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaga_dialect" title="Kaga dialect">Kaga</a> <ul><li>Kanazawa</li> <li>Shiramine</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansai_dialect" title="Kansai dialect">Kansai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaji_dialect" title="Awaji dialect">Awaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansh%C5%AB_dialect" title="Banshū dialect">Banshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish%C5%AB_dialect" title="Kishū dialect">Kishū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okuyoshino_dialect" title="Okuyoshino dialect">Okuyoshino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikoku_dialect" title="Shikoku dialect">Shikoku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iyo_dialect" title="Iyo dialect">Iyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosa_dialect" title="Tosa dialect">Tosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanuki_dialect" title="Sanuki dialect">Sanuki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABgoku_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Chūgoku dialect">Chūgoku</a> <ul><li>San'yō <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bingo_dialect" title="Bingo dialect">Bingo</a></li></ul></li> <li>East San'in <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insh%C5%AB_dialect" title="Inshū dialect">Inshū</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpaku_dialect" title="Umpaku dialect">Umpaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Kyūshū</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnichi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hōnichi dialect">Hōnichi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cita_dialect" title="Ōita dialect">Ōita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hichiku_dialect" title="Hichiku dialect">Hichiku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chikuzen_dialect" title="Chikuzen dialect">Chikuzen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakata_dialect" title="Hakata dialect">Hakata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumamoto_dialect" title="Kumamoto dialect">Kumamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_dialect" title="Nagasaki dialect">Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_dialect" title="Saga dialect">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsushima_dialect" title="Tsushima dialect">Tsushima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_dialect" title="Kagoshima dialect">Satsugū</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_Japanese" title="Amami Japanese">Amami Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_Japanese" title="Okinawan Japanese">Okinawan Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese-based_creole_languages" title="Japanese-based creole languages">Pidgins and creoles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_English" title="Bamboo English">Bamboo English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonin_English" title="Bonin English">Bonin English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_loanwords_in_Hawaii" title="Japanese loanwords in Hawaii">Hawaiian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyowa-go" title="Kyowa-go">Kyowa-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Chinese" title="Pseudo-Chinese">Pseudo-Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilan_Creole_Japanese" title="Yilan Creole Japanese">Yilan Creole Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokohama_Pidgin_Japanese" title="Yokohama Pidgin Japanese">Yokohama Pidgin Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Old_Japanese" title="Eastern Old Japanese">Eastern Old Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_language" title="Hachijō language">Hachijō</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">grammar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_languages" title="Ryukyuan languages">Ryukyuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Northern Ryukyuan languages">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Amami Ōshima language">Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Amami_%C5%8Cshima_language" title="Southern Amami Ōshima language">Southern Amami Ōshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikai_language" title="Kikai language">Kikai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunigami_language" title="Kunigami language">Kunigami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinoerabu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinoerabu language">Okinoerabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokunoshima_language" title="Tokunoshima language">Tokunoshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoron_language" title="Yoron language">Yoron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ryukyuan_languages" title="Southern Ryukyuan languages">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miyakoan_language" title="Miyakoan language">Miyako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarama_language" title="Tarama language">Tarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaeyama_language" title="Yaeyama language">Yaeyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonaguni_language" title="Yonaguni language">Yonaguni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_writing_system" title="Japanese writing system">Writing system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_script_reform" title="Japanese script reform">Script reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">Kanbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_by_stroke_count" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kanji by stroke count">by stroke count</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kanji radicals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_radicals_by_frequency" title="List of kanji radicals by frequency">by frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kanji_radicals_by_stroke_count" title="List of kanji radicals by stroke count">by stroke count</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokuji" title="Kokuji">Kokuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryakuji" title="Ryakuji">Ryakuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ateji" title="Ateji">Ateji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furigana" title="Furigana">Furigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okurigana" title="Okurigana">Okurigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goj%C5%ABon" title="Gojūon">Gojūon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_ligature" title="Kana ligature">Kana ligature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Braille</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_punctuation" title="Japanese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanazukai" title="Kanazukai">Kanazukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_kana_orthography" title="Historical kana orthography">Historical kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_kana_usage" title="Modern kana usage">Modern kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Ddai_Tokushu_Kanazukai" title="Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai">Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yotsugana" title="Yotsugana">Yotsugana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_into_Japanese" title="Transcription into Japanese">Transcription into Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Encoding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code" title="Extended Unix Code">EUC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Unix_Code#EUC-JP" title="Extended Unix Code">EUC-JP</a></li></ul></li> <li>ISO/IEC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li>JIS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0201" title="JIS X 0201">0201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0208" title="JIS X 0208">0208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0211" title="JIS X 0211">0211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0212" title="JIS X 0212">0212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JIS_X_0213" title="JIS X 0213">0213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_JIS" title="Shift JIS">Shift JIS</a></li></ul></li> <li>Unicode <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana_(Unicode_block)" title="Hiragana (Unicode block)">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-A" title="Kana Extended-A">Kana Extended-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Extended-B" title="Kana Extended-B">Kana Extended-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana_Supplement" title="Kana Supplement">Kana Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Kana_Extension" title="Small Kana Extension">Small Kana Extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana_(Unicode_block)" title="Katakana (Unicode block)">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana_Phonetic_Extensions" title="Katakana Phonetic Extensions">Katakana Phonetic Extensions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARIB_STD_B24_character_set" title="ARIB STD B24 character set">ARIB STD B24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_CJK_Letters_and_Months" title="Enclosed CJK Letters and Months">Enclosed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosed_Ideographic_Supplement" title="Enclosed Ideographic Supplement">EIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_shinjitai" title="Extended shinjitai">Extended shinjitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfwidth_and_fullwidth_forms" title="Halfwidth and fullwidth forms">Half/Full</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Grammar and vocabulary</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_verb_conjugation" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese verb conjugation">Verb conjugations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_godan_and_ichidan_verbs" title="Japanese godan and ichidan verbs">Godan and ichidan verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_irregular_verbs" title="Japanese irregular verbs">Irregular verbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pronouns" title="Japanese pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_adjectives" title="Japanese adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_possessives" title="Japanese possessives">Possessives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_particles" title="Japanese particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_marker" title="Topic marker">Topic marker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_counter_word" title="Japanese counter word">Counter words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_numerals" title="Japanese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_kotoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamato kotoba">Native words (yamato kotoba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_vocabulary" title="Sino-Japanese vocabulary">Sino-Japanese vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gairaigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gairaigo">Loan words (gairaigo)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Dutch_origin" title="Glossary of Japanese words of Dutch origin">from Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Japanese_words_of_Portuguese_origin" title="Glossary of Japanese words of Portuguese origin">from Portuguese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasei-eigo" title="Wasei-eigo">Wasei-eigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasei-kango" title="Wasei-kango">Wasei-kango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorific_speech_in_Japanese" title="Honorific speech in Japanese">Honorific speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_honorifics" title="Japanese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C5%8Db%C5%8D_kotoba" title="Nyōbō kotoba">Court lady language (nyōbō kotoba)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuwarigo" title="Yakuwarigo">Role language (yakuwarigo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_Japanese" title="Gender differences in Japanese">Gender differences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dictionary" title="Japanese dictionary">Dictionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pitch_accent" title="Japanese pitch accent">Pitch accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendaku" title="Rendaku">Rendaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_sound_symbolism" title="Japanese sound symbolism">Sound symbolism</a></li> <li>Kanji pronunciation sources <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go-on" title="Go-on">Go-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan-on" title="Kan-on">Kan-on</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8D-on" title="Tō-on">Tō-on</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transliteration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihon-shiki_romanization" title="Nihon-shiki romanization">Nihon-shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">Kunrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSL_romanization" title="JSL romanization">JSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81puro_r%C5%8Dmaji" title="Wāpuro rōmaji">Wāpuro rōmaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcription_of_the_Japanese_language_in_Esperanto" title="Transcription of the Japanese language in Esperanto">In Esperanto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Japanese" title="Cyrillization of Japanese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polivanov_system" title="Polivanov system">Polivanov system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_literature" title="Japanese literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese books">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_poetry" title="Japanese poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_writers" title="List of Japanese writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_speculative_fiction_writers" title="List of Japanese speculative fiction writers">Speculative fiction writers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese" title="Classical Japanese">Classical Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_classical_Japanese_texts" title="List of classical Japanese texts">texts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&oldid=1259996991">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&oldid=1259996991</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Writing_systems_introduced_in_the_1860s" title="Category:Writing systems introduced in the 1860s">Writing systems introduced in the 1860s</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Category:Romanization of Japanese">Romanization of Japanese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Japanese_writing_system" title="Category:Japanese writing system">Japanese writing system</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Japanese-language_script_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)">CS1 uses Japanese-language script (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_February_2016" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from February 2016">Accuracy disputes from February 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_August_2021" title="Category:Use mdy dates from August 2021">Use mdy dates from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_October_2020" title="Category:Use American English from October 2020">Use American English from October 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-English_text_lacking_appropriate_markup_and_no_ISO_hint" title="Category:Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint">Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup and no ISO hint</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-English_text_lacking_appropriate_markup_from_August_2023" title="Category:Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from August 2023">Pages with non-English text lacking appropriate markup from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Japanese_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Japanese IPA">Pages with Japanese IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 06:42 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hepburn_romanization&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c4dcdbb87-zqgc9","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.271","walltime":"1.464","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7132,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":237039,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9000,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":182708,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1272.289 1 -total"," 24.80% 315.481 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.58% 236.386 84 Template:Nihongo2"," 14.21% 180.774 5 Template:Nihongo"," 13.25% 168.603 22 Template:Cite_web"," 11.71% 148.989 86 Template:Lang"," 10.46% 133.086 1 Template:Japanese_writing"," 10.18% 129.479 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.39% 81.259 89 Template:Category_handler"," 6.11% 77.764 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.803","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":20101405,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-rk4fr","timestamp":"20241203065326","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hepburn romanization","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hepburn_romanization","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q667558","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q667558","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-01-28T19:56:54Z","dateModified":"2024-11-28T06:42:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/40\/Kana_%26_Romaji_Chart.svg","headline":"system of Japanese romanization"}</script> </body> </html>