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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1988 board game</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/The_Merchants_of_Venus" title="The Merchants of Venus">The Merchants of Venus</a> or <a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_of_Venice" title="The Merchant of Venice">The Merchant of Venice</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Merchant of Venus</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Game_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Game designer">Designers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hamblen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Hamblen (page does not exist)">Richard Hamblen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publishers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Avalon_Hill" title="Avalon Hill">Avalon Hill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication</th><td class="infobox-data">1988</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Players</th><td class="infobox-data">1–6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Setup time</th><td class="infobox-data">15 minutes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Playing time</th><td class="infobox-data">2–6 hours</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chance</th><td class="infobox-data">Medium</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Age range</th><td class="infobox-data">12 and up</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Skills</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Planning" title="Planning">Planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">Negotiation</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Merchant of Venus</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board game</a>, published in 1988 by <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Hill" title="Avalon Hill">Avalon Hill</a>, set in an unexplored part of the galaxy during a reawakening of galactic civilization. Players move around the board as traders discovering long forgotten pockets of civilization and buying and selling goods. The game can be played by one to six players. In tournaments it is usually played by four players. The solitaire version, which relies heavily on combat with a militaristic race, has different game mechanics. </p><p>The name of the game is a <a href="/wiki/Pun" title="Pun">pun</a> on the Shakespeare play <i><a href="/wiki/Merchant_of_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant of Venice">Merchant of Venice</a></i>. The planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> does not actually appear in the game. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aim">Aim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merchant_of_Venus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Aim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aim of the game is to acquire a set amount of <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a> ($1000, $2000, $3000 or $4000). The first player to hold the required amount in cash and <i>deeds</i> is declared the winner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strategy">Strategy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merchant_of_Venus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The length of the game impacts on the strategy. In short games trade routes will not be well developed whereas in longer games extensive trade routes will develop. </p><p>The game has at least two predictable phases. In the early part of the game, players are discovering the identity of the cultures in the fourteen solar systems available for trade, and often find valuable artifacts from an earlier period of civilization. When discovering a culture, players get bonuses, which they can use to buy goods. Once the board has been largely revealed, the game focuses on moving goods from cultures that build to other races that demand the goods. Often the winner will be a player who is effective in investing his mid-game purchase in factories and orbital ports that pay a commission when other players use the ports. Judging whether a player is coming up on a win often consists of looking at the number of deeds the player owns. </p><p>Later in the game, calculating the sale, purchase and commission on several transactions can become a relatively complicated event, especially when players are expecting a fast turnaround. </p><p>The game remains popular decades after publication in part thanks to its whimsical theme, but also because it allows a number of potential win strategies and calls on the players to make many interesting decisions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2012_Second_Edition">2012 Second Edition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merchant_of_Venus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 2012 Second Edition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On October 24, 2011, game publisher Stronghold Games announced that it had reached an agreement with designer Richard Hamblen to reprint the game for release in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that same day, publisher <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Flight_Games" title="Fantasy Flight Games">Fantasy Flight Games</a> announced that it had acquired the right to republish the game from <a href="/wiki/Hasbro" title="Hasbro">Hasbro</a>, which Hasbro had acquired through their purchase of <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Hill" title="Avalon Hill">Avalon Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both companies issued statements in the days following, maintaining a cordial tone but each asserting its right and intention to reprint the game.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 27, 2012, both Stronghold Games and Fantasy Flight Games announced that they had come to an agreement regarding the fate of the game. The second edition was released in November 2012 by Fantasy Flight Games with Stronghold Games consulting on the project. It contains a two-sided game board and two sets of rules, allowing for play of both the original game and an updated one that is more in line with contemporary boardgame design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merchant_of_Venus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mike Siggins reviewed <i>Merchant of Venus</i> for <i><a href="/wiki/Games_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Games International">Games International</a></i> magazine, and gave it 4 stars out of 5, and stated that "Richard Hamblin has devised a system that has some clever design tricks, works within a reasonable time, has plenty of options and offers high playability and balance. With the possible exception of SPI's out of print <i>Star Trader</i>, I would say it is the best trading game so far."<sup id="cite_ref-gi2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gi2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John ONeill of <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Gate_(magazine)" title="Black Gate (magazine)">Black Gate</a></i> commented: "Unlike Avalon Hill's other science fiction games — like <i>Stellar Conquest</i> and <i>Alpha Omega</i> — the focus of <i>Merchant of Venus</i> wasn't crushing your opponents with massive fleets of warships. Players were explorers and traders in an unexplored part of the galaxy during a reawakening of galactic civilization, discovering long-lost pockets of civilization, and opening fabulously profitable trade routes. Playable with up to six players, the game also had an intriguing solitaire version, which featured action-heavy combat with a strange militaristic race."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reviews">Reviews</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merchant_of_Venus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Casus_Belli_(magazine)" title="Casus Belli (magazine)">Casus Belli</a></i> #49<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merchant_of_Venus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617123727/http://strongholdgames.com/2011/10/22/stronghold-games-announces-the-merchant-of-venus/">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strongholdgames.com/2011/10/22/stronghold-games-announces-the-merchant-of-venus/">the original</a> on 2015-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrongholdgames.com%2F2011%2F10%2F22%2Fstronghold-games-announces-the-merchant-of-venus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerchant+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fantasyflightgames.com/edge_news.asp?eidn=2761">"A Galaxy Full of Riches"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Galaxy+Full+of+Riches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fantasyflightgames.com%2Fedge_news.asp%3Feidn%3D2761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerchant+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617172311/http://strongholdgames.com/2011/10/22/statement-from-stronghold-games-regarding-richard-hamblens-merchant-of-venus/">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strongholdgames.com/2011/10/22/statement-from-stronghold-games-regarding-richard-hamblens-merchant-of-venus/">the original</a> on 2015-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrongholdgames.com%2F2011%2F10%2F22%2Fstatement-from-stronghold-games-regarding-richard-hamblens-merchant-of-venus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerchant+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boardgamegeek.com/thread/714534/statement-from-ffg-regarding-the-merchant-of-venus">"Statement from FFG regarding the "Merchant of Venus" situation | Merchant of Venus"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statement+from+FFG+regarding+the+%22Merchant+of+Venus%22+situation+%26%23124%3B+Merchant+of+Venus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboardgamegeek.com%2Fthread%2F714534%2Fstatement-from-ffg-regarding-the-merchant-of-venus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerchant+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gi2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gi2_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiggins1989" class="citation journal cs1">Siggins, Mike (January 1989). "General Games". <i><a href="/wiki/Games_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Games International">Games International</a></i> (2): 13–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Games+International&rft.atitle=General+Games&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=13-15&rft.date=1989-01&rft.aulast=Siggins&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerchant+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackgate.com/2016/01/08/become-a-trader-among-the-stars-with-merchant-of-venus/">"Become a Trader Among the Stars with Merchant of Venus – Black Gate"</a>. 8 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Become+a+Trader+Among+the+Stars+with+Merchant+of+Venus+%E2%80%93+Black+Gate&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackgate.com%2F2016%2F01%2F08%2Fbecome-a-trader-among-the-stars-with-merchant-of-venus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerchant+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/casus-belli-049/page/n29/mode/2up">"Casus Belli #049"</a>. 1989.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Casus+Belli+%23049&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcasus-belli-049%2Fpage%2Fn29%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMerchant+of+Venus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Merchant_of_Venus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/230"><i>Merchant of Venus</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/BoardGameGeek" title="BoardGameGeek">BoardGameGeek</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yxklyx.com/thecolosseum/mov">Robo's <i>Merchant of Venus</i> 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href="/wiki/Stalingrad_(wargame)" title="Stalingrad (wargame)">Stalingrad</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midway_(1964_game)" title="Midway (1964 game)">Midway</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg_(game)" title="Blitzkrieg (game)">Blitzkrieg</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jutland_(board_game)" title="Jutland (board game)">Jutland</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1914_(game)" title="1914 (game)">1914</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anzio_(game)" title="Anzio (game)">Anzio</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PanzerBlitz" title="PanzerBlitz">PanzerBlitz</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(game)" title="Caesar (game)">Caesar</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_World_War_II_(game)" title="Origins of World War II (game)">Origins of World War II</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Survival" title="Outdoor Survival">Outdoor Survival</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richthofen%27s_War" title="Richthofen's War">Richthofen's War</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1776_(boardgame)" title="1776 (boardgame)">1776</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great_(board_game)" title="Alexander the Great (board game)">Alexander the Great</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panzer_Leader_(game)" title="Panzer Leader (game)">Panzer Leader</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rise_and_Decline_of_the_Third_Reich" title="Rise and Decline of the Third Reich">Rise and Decline of the Third Reich</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Russian_Campaign" title="The Russian Campaign">The Russian Campaign</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tobruk_(game)" title="Tobruk (game)">Tobruk</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wooden_Ships_and_Iron_Men" title="Wooden Ships and Iron Men">Wooden Ships and Iron Men</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers_(board_wargame)" title="Starship Troopers (board wargame)">Starship Troopers</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_at_Sea" title="War at Sea">War at Sea</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Air_Assault_on_Crete" title="Air Assault on Crete">Air Assault on Crete</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arab-Israeli_Wars_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Israeli Wars (game)">Arab-Israeli Wars</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hexagony" title="Hexagony">Hexagony</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_(board_game)" title="Napoleon (board game)">Napoleon</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Squad_Leader" title="Squad Leader">Squad Leader</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Victory_in_the_Pacific" title="Victory in the Pacific">Victory in the Pacific</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wizard%27s_Quest" title="Wizard's Quest">Wizard's Quest</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Longest_Day_(game)" title="The Longest Day (game)">The Longest Day</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Peace_(game)" title="War and Peace (game)">War and Peace</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_War_(game)" title="Hitler's War (game)">Hitler's War</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Storm_Over_Arnhem" title="Storm Over Arnhem">Storm Over Arnhem</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panzer_Armee_Afrika_(board_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer Armee Afrika (board game)">Panzer Armee Afrika</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B-17,_Queen_of_the_Skies" title="B-17, Queen of the Skies">B-17, Queen of the Skies</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Up_Front_(game)" title="Up Front (game)">Up Front</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_Bear_and_Red_Moon" title="White Bear and Red Moon">White Bear and Red Moon</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panzergruppe_Guderian_(game)" title="Panzergruppe Guderian (game)">Panzergruppe Guderian</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Squad_Leader" title="Advanced Squad Leader">Advanced Squad Leader</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empires_in_Arms" title="Empires in Arms">Empires in Arms</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platoon_(boardgame)" class="mw-redirect" title="Platoon (boardgame)">Platoon</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patton%27s_Best" title="Patton's Best">Patton's Best</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point:_Stalingrad" title="Turning Point: Stalingrad">Turning Point: Stalingrad</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge_(1991_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Bulge (1991 game)">Battle of the Bulge</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midway_(1991_game)" title="Midway (1991 game)">Midway</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Third Reich">Advanced Third Reich</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_(1992_game)" title="Guadalcanal (1992 game)">Guadalcanal</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/We_the_People_(boardgame)" title="We the People (boardgame)">We the People</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Empire of the Rising Sun">Empire of the Rising Sun</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/London%27s_Burning_(game)" title="London's Burning (game)">London's Burning</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_%26_Allies" title="Axis & Allies">Axis & Allies</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Cry_(game)" title="Battle Cry (game)">Battle Cry</a></i> (2000)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Axis_&amp;_Allies" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Axis & Allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_%26_Allies:_Europe" title="Axis & Allies: Europe">Axis & Allies: Europe</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_%26_Allies:_Pacific" title="Axis & Allies: Pacific">Axis & Allies: Pacific</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_%26_Allies:_D-Day" title="Axis & Allies: D-Day">Axis & Allies: D-Day</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_%26_Allies_Miniatures" title="Axis & Allies Miniatures">Axis & Allies Miniatures</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_%26_Allies:_Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Axis & Allies: Battle of the Bulge">Axis & Allies: Battle of the Bulge</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_%26_Allies_Naval_Miniatures:_War_at_Sea" title="Axis & Allies Naval Miniatures: War at Sea">Axis & Allies Naval Miniatures: War at Sea</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_%26_Allies:_Guadalcanal" title="Axis & Allies: Guadalcanal">Axis & Allies: Guadalcanal</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_%26_Allies:_Europe_1940" title="Axis & Allies: Europe 1940">Axis & Allies: Europe 1940</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_%26_Allies:_Pacific_1940" title="Axis & Allies: Pacific 1940">Axis & Allies: Pacific 1940</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_%26_Allies:_World_War_I_1914" title="Axis & Allies: World War I 1914">Axis & Allies: World War I 1914</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Avalon_hill_peak_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Avalon_hill_peak_logo.png/80px-Avalon_hill_peak_logo.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Avalon_hill_peak_logo.png/120px-Avalon_hill_peak_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Avalon_hill_peak_logo.png/160px-Avalon_hill_peak_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="192" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Role-playing_game" title="Role-playing game">Role-playing games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Victory_Games" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victory Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/James_Bond_007_(role-playing_game)" title="James Bond 007 (role-playing game)">James Bond 007</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Creation_(role-playing_game)" title="Lords of Creation (role-playing game)">Lords of Creation</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powers_%26_Perils" title="Powers & Perils">Powers & Perils</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RuneQuest" title="RuneQuest">RuneQuest</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_the_Floating_Vagabond" title="Tales from the Floating Vagabond">Tales from the Floating Vagabond</a></i> (1991)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer game">Computer games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B-1_Nuclear_Bomber" title="B-1 Nuclear Bomber">B-1 Nuclear Bomber</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Acquire" title="Computer Acquire">Computer Acquire</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Karma" title="Lords of Karma">Lords of Karma</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midway_Campaign" title="Midway Campaign">Midway Campaign</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Convoy_Raider" title="North Atlantic Convoy Raider">North Atlantic Convoy Raider</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planet_Miners" title="Planet Miners">Planet Miners</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NukeWar" title="NukeWar">NukeWar</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conflict_2500" title="Conflict 2500">Conflict 2500</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_the_Over-Mind" title="Empire of the Over-Mind">Empire of the Over-Mind</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_(video_game)" title="Galaxy (video game)">Galaxy</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_I_(video_game)" title="Voyager I (video game)">Voyager I</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alien_(Avalon_Hill)" title="Alien (Avalon Hill)">The Alien</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_Conquest" title="Andromeda Conquest">Andromeda Conquest</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legionnaire_(video_game)" title="Legionnaire (video game)">Legionnaire</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telengard" title="Telengard">Telengard</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Football_Strategy" title="Computer Football Strategy">Computer Football Strategy</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panzer-Jagd" title="Panzer-Jagd">Panzer-Jagd</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Strike_(video_game)" title="Gulf Strike (video game)">Gulf Strike</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incunabula_(video_game)" title="Incunabula (video game)">Incunabula</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_Mission_1999" title="Jupiter Mission 1999">Jupiter Mission 1999</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quest_of_the_Space_Beagle" title="Quest of the Space Beagle">Quest of the Space Beagle</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Cowboy_(video_game)" title="Space Cowboy (video game)">Space Cowboy</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_Southern_Skies_(video_game)" title="Under Southern Skies (video game)">Under Southern Skies</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_Fire!" title="Under Fire!">Under Fire!</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darkhorn:_Realm_of_the_Warlords" title="Darkhorn: Realm of the Warlords">Darkhorn: Realm of the Warlords</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guderian_(video_game)" title="Guderian (video game)">Guderian</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wooden_Ships_and_Iron_Men_(video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooden Ships and Iron Men (video game)">Wooden Ships and Iron Men</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/5th_Fleet_(video_game)" title="5th Fleet (video game)">5th Fleet</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flight_Commander_2" title="Flight Commander 2">Flight Commander 2</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader_(video_game)" title="Operation Crusader (video game)">Operation Crusader</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingmaker_(video_game)" title="Kingmaker (video game)">Kingmaker</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1830:_Railroads_%26_Robber_Barons" title="1830: Railroads & Robber Barons">1830: Railroads & Robber Barons</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D-Day:_America_Invades" title="D-Day: America Invades">D-Day: America Invades</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/World_at_War:_Stalingrad" title="World at War: Stalingrad">World at War: Stalingrad</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Avalon_Hill%27s_Advanced_Civilization" title="Avalon Hill's Advanced Civilization">Avalon Hill's Advanced Civilization</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Over_the_Reich" title="Over the Reich">Over the Reich</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wooden_Ships_and_Iron_Men_(1996_video_game)" title="Wooden Ships and Iron Men (1996 video game)">Wooden Ships and Iron Men</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achtung_Spitfire!" title="Achtung Spitfire!">Achtung Spitfire!</a></i> (1997)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Management_(game)" title="Management (game)">Management</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Squander" title="Squander">Squander</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kingmaker_(board_game)" title="Kingmaker (board game)">Kingmaker</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acquire" title="Acquire">Acquire</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_(game)" title="Diplomacy (game)">Diplomacy</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TwixT" title="TwixT">TwixT</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rail_Baron" title="Rail Baron">Rail Baron</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speed_Circuit" title="Speed Circuit">Speed Circuit</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowl_Bound" title="Bowl Bound">Bowl Bound</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dune_(board_game)" title="Dune (board game)">Dune</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magic_Realm" title="Magic Realm">Magic Realm</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Source_of_the_Nile_(board_game)" title="Source of the Nile (board game)">Source of the Nile</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus_(game)" title="Circus Maximus (game)">Circus Maximus</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_(1980_board_game)" title="Civilization (1980 board game)">Civilization</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machiavelli_(board_game)" title="Machiavelli (board game)">Machiavelli</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amoeba_Wars" title="Amoeba Wars">Amoeba Wars</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conquistador_(game)" title="Conquistador (game)">Conquistador</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paydirt_(game)" title="Paydirt (game)">Paydirt</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Titan_(board_game)" title="Titan (board game)">Titan</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wizards_(board_game)" title="Wizards (board game)">Wizards</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mystic_Wood" title="The Mystic Wood">The Mystic Wood</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1830:_The_Game_of_Railroads_and_Robber_Barons" title="1830: The Game of Railroads and Robber Barons">1830: The Game of Railroads and Robber Barons</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Britannia_(board_game)" title="Britannia (board game)">Britannia</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kremlin_(board_game)" title="Kremlin (board game)">Kremlin</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Merchant of Venus</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Rome_(game)" title="Republic of Rome (game)">Republic of Rome</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Civilization" title="Advanced Civilization">Advanced Civilization</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_World_(board_game)" title="History of the World (board game)">History of the World</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Renaissance" title="Age of Renaissance">Age of Renaissance</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Air_Baron" title="Air Baron">Air Baron</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stratego:_Legends" title="Stratego: Legends">Stratego: Legends</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Encounter" title="Cosmic Encounter">Cosmic Encounter</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars_%E2%80%93_The_Queen%27s_Gambit" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Wars – The Queen's Gambit">Star Wars – The Queen's Gambit</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Risk_2210_A.D." title="Risk 2210 A.D.">Risk 2210 A.D.</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betrayal_at_House_on_the_Hill" title="Betrayal at House on the Hill">Betrayal at House on the Hill</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Risk_Godstorm" title="Risk Godstorm">Risk Godstorm</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monsters_Menace_America" title="Monsters Menace America">Monsters Menace America</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Ops" title="Nexus Ops">Nexus Ops</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RoboRally" title="RoboRally">RoboRally</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegas_Showdown" title="Vegas Showdown">Vegas Showdown</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Card_games" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Card games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Down_with_the_King_(game)" title="Down with the King (game)">Down with the King</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enemy_in_Sight_(card_game)" title="Enemy in Sight (card game)">Enemy in Sight</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Titan:_The_Arena" title="Titan: The Arena">Titan: The Arena</a></i> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_General_(magazine)" title="The General (magazine)">The General</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Roberts" title="Charles S. Roberts">Charles S. Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Dott" title="Eric Dott">Eric Dott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasbro" title="Hasbro">Hasbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast" title="Wizards of the Coast">Wizards of the Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Avalon_Hill_games" title="List of Avalon Hill games">List of Avalon Hill games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merchant_of_Venus&oldid=1168805476">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merchant_of_Venus&oldid=1168805476</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Avalon_Hill_games" title="Category:Avalon Hill games">Avalon Hill games</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Board_games_introduced_in_1988" title="Category:Board games introduced in 1988">Board games introduced in 1988</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_board_games" title="Category:Science fiction board games">Science fiction board games</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">CS1 maint: archived copy as title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 August 2023, at 04:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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