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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hoshen" and "Choshen" redirect here. For the organization, see <a href="/wiki/Hoshen_(organization)" title="Hoshen (organization)">Hoshen (organization)</a>. For the rabbinic text, see <a href="/wiki/Choshen_Mishpat" title="Choshen Mishpat">Choshen Mishpat</a>.</div> The priestly breastplate or breastpiece of judgment (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: חֹשֶׁן ḥōšen) was a sacred breastplate worn by the <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest of the Israelites</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Book of Exodus</a>. In the biblical account, the breastplate is termed the breastplate of judgment (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: חֹשֶׁן מִשְׁפָּט ḥōšen mišpāṭ – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0228.htm#15">Exodus 28:15</a>), because the <a href="/wiki/Urim_and_Thummim" title="Urim and Thummim">Urim and Thummim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: הָאוּרִים וְהַתֻּמִּים hāʾūrīm wəhattummīm) were placed upon it (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0228.htm#30">Exodus 28:30</a>). These elements of the breastplate are said in the Exodus verse to carry the judgment (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: מִשְׁפָּט mišpāṭ) of God concerning the Israelites at all times. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_34561_Breastplate_on_the_front_of_the_central_Sephardic.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PikiWiki_Israel_34561_Breastplate_on_the_front_of_the_central_Sephardic.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_34561_Breastplate_on_the_front_of_the_central_Sephardic.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PikiWiki_Israel_34561_Breastplate_on_the_front_of_the_central_Sephardic.JPG/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_34561_Breastplate_on_the_front_of_the_central_Sephardic.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/PikiWiki_Israel_34561_Breastplate_on_the_front_of_the_central_Sephardic.JPG/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_34561_Breastplate_on_the_front_of_the_central_Sephardic.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></a><figcaption>Ceramic replica of the High Priest's breastplate</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Hebrew_Bible">1 Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_jewels">2 The jewels</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#First_row">2.1 First row</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Second_row">2.2 Second row</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Third_row">2.3 Third row</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Fourth_row">2.4 Fourth row</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#12_jewels_in_the_New_Testament">2.5 12 jewels in the New Testament</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Pattern">2.6 Pattern</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also">3 See also</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Other">3.1 Other</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Notes">4 Notes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#References">4.1 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Bibliography">4.2 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#External_links">5 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kohenbreastplate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Kohenbreastplate.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="413" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="413"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 413px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Kohenbreastplate.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="413" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Illustration of priestly breastplate</figcaption></figure> According to the description in Exodus, this breastplate was attached to the tunic-like garment known as an <a href="/wiki/Ephod" title="Ephod">ephod</a> by gold chains/cords tied to the gold rings on the ephod's shoulder straps and by blue ribbon tied to the gold rings at the belt of the ephod.<a href="#cite_note-Exodus_28_15-1">[1]</a> The biblical description states that the breastplate was also to be made from the same material as the ephod—embroidery of 3 colors of dyed wool and linen—and was to be <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄3 of a cubit squared, two layers thick, and with four rows of three engraved gems embedded in gold settings upon it, one setting for each stone.<a href="#cite_note-Exodus_28_15-1">[1]</a> The description states that the square breastplate was to be formed from one rectangular piece of cloth—<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1⁄3 of a cubit by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">2⁄3 of a cubit, folded so that it formed a pouch to contain the Urim and Thummim. The Hebrew term for the breastplate, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>חֹשֶׁן‎ (ḥōšen), appears to be named from its appearance; The 19th-century German biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/August_Dillmann" title="August Dillmann">August Dillmann</a> thought that it was likely to be derived from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> word <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">חֹצֶן‎ (ḥōṣen), meaning "fold", relating to its function.<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, the wearing of the Hoshen <a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Judaism" title="Atonement in Judaism">atoned</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a> of errors in judgment on the part of the <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Israel">Children of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="The_jewels">The jewels</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The jewels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PLATE4DX.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PLATE4DX.jpg/260px-PLATE4DX.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="314" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="484"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 314px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PLATE4DX.jpg/260px-PLATE4DX.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="314" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/PLATE4DX.jpg/390px-PLATE4DX.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/PLATE4DX.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Artist's conception of Jewish high priest wearing a hoshen in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Judah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Judah">ancient Judah</a></figcaption></figure> According to the Biblical description, the twelve jewels in the breastplate were each to be made from specific <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, none of them the same as another, and each of them representative of a specific tribe, whose name was to be inscribed on the stone. According to a rabbinic tradition, the names of the twelve tribes were engraved upon the stones with what is called in Hebrew: שמיר = <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_shamir" title="Solomon's shamir">shamir</a>, which, according to <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a>, was a small, rare creature which could cut through the toughest surfaces,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> but according to Rabbi <a href="/wiki/David_Kimhi" title="David Kimhi">David Kimhi</a> and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Jonah_ibn_Janah" title="Jonah ibn Janah">Jonah ibn Janah</a>, was a stone stronger than iron (possibly <a href="/wiki/Emery_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emery (mineral)">Naxian stone</a>).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The word has its equivalent in the Greek, σμήρις (smeris).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> There are different views in <a href="/wiki/Classical_rabbinical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical rabbinical literature">classical rabbinical literature</a> as to the order of the names; the <a href="/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Jerusalem Targum</a>, for example, argued that the names appeared in the order according to which they were born. <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> describes the jewel stones arranged in four rows, saying that on the first stone belonging to Reuben were also engraved the names of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, while on the last stone belonging to Benjamin were also engraved the words "the tribes of God";<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabbalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalistic">kabbalistic</a> writers such as <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah_ben_Manoah" title="Hezekiah ben Manoah">Hezekiah ben Manoah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahya_ben_Asher" title="Bahya ben Asher">Bahya ben Asher</a> argued that only six letters from each name were present on each stone, together with a few letters from the names of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, or from the phrase "[these are] the tribes of Jeshurun", so that there were 72 letters in total (72 being a very significant number in Kabbalistic thought).<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> Other researchers, such as Paul Phelps, believe that the order of gemstones that are displayed on the chestpiece correlates to the order that <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel" title="Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> viewed the gates of <a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a>, as each gate represents one of the twelve tribes, with the gates themselves being studded with gemstones.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> There was also a different order for the names inscribed on the two "onyx" stones on the High Priest's shoulders. One opinion suggests that the names of the twelve tribes were arranged in groups after their mothers: Leah's six sons aligned one after the other on one stone, with Judah heading this list, followed by Rachel's sons with the names of the concubines' sons interposed between the two sons of Rachel.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Unfortunately, the meanings of the Hebrew names for the minerals, given by the <a href="/wiki/Masoretic_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Masoretic text">Masoretic text</a>, are unclear.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> Though the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Greek</a> names for them in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> are more apparent, some scholars believe that they cannot be wholly relied on for this matter because the breastplate had gone out of use by the time the Septuagint was created. Several Greek names for various gems have changed meaning between the classical era and modern times.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> However, although classical rabbinical literature argues that the names were inscribed using a <a href="/wiki/Shamir_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamir worm">Shamir worm</a> because neither chisels nor paint nor ink were allowed to mark them out,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> a more <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalistic</a> approach suggests that the jewels must have had comparatively <a href="/wiki/Hardness_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardness (materials science)">low hardness</a> to be engraved upon. Therefore, this gives an additional clue as to the identity of the minerals.<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> Others suggest that they were engraved with emery, having the similar property of a diamond used in cutting other stones and which was called in Greek σμήρις (smeris). Explanations of the symbolic meaning of the jewels generated a great deal of both Jewish and Christian writing and were a staple component of the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Lapidary_(text)" title="Lapidary (text)">lapidaries</a> or books on <a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">gemology</a>. The jewel stones are as follows (the first item in each row is probably the right-hand side, as Hebrew is a <a href="/wiki/Right_to_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to left">right to left</a> script): <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_row">First row</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First row" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <ul><li>Odem (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">אֹדֶם‎, in the Masoretic text) / Sardios (in the Septuagint) – both names mean red (Odem is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam</a>), and probably refers to <a href="/wiki/Sard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sard">sard</a>, a very common stone in classical cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> All authors agree that this stone was red.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> With due respect to the Septuagint, Odem might also refer to <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a>, which was flesh-colored, or to <a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">jasper</a>, which was usually a deep blood-red, was valued as a charm against bleeding, and was common in the surrounding nations of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Union_Version" title="Chinese Union Version">Chinese Union Version</a> refers to this stone as being a <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a>.</li> <li>Pit'dah (<big>פִּטְדָה</big> in the Masoretic text) / Topazios (in the Septuagint) – despite the suggestion of the Septuagint that it was <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a>, topaz was scarcely known at the time the Book of Exodus was written (according to both the traditional dating of the book and that by <a href="/wiki/Textual_criticism" title="Textual criticism">critical scholars</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> in the classical era, topazios referred to Topazos Island, on which a particular yellow mineral was mined (topazios means to seek, in reference to the difficulty in finding the island).<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> Others suggest that topaz was merely <a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">peridot</a>, a light green semi-precious stone, and which stone in the ancient world was found primarily on Topazos Island as well as on St. John's Island (<a href="/wiki/Zabargad_Island" title="Zabargad Island">Zabargad</a>) in the Egyptian Red Sea. The word pit'dah is thought by scholars to be connected with the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> word hipindu, which refers to something that flashed (presumably meaning shimmered), and thus the jewel in question would fit the description of <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">chrysolite</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Translucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Translucent">translucent</a> greenish-yellow mineral, common throughout the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> and particularly found on Zabargad in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, under the control of the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Bareḳet (<big>בָּרֶקֶת</big> in the Masoretic text, cf. <big>בָּרְקַת</big>) / Smaragdos (in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>) – Bareketh etymologically means 'lightning flash', whence shimmering or shiny. Smaragdos is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a>, but is somewhat of a <a href="/wiki/False_friend" title="False friend">false friend</a> as the Greek term could apply to several different green gems, not just the emerald in particular. Smaragdos was often used in Greek literature to refer to an intensely bright crystal found in columnar formations.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> Emerald in the stricter modern sense of green <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a> exists locally in Egypt. Items carved from emeralds are known as early as the <a href="/wiki/12th_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="12th Dynasty">12th Dynasty</a>, 1900s BCE, during the Bronze Age. But these emeralds are random finds and not actively mined until the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemies" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemies">Ptolemaic period</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra</a>, the last of the Ptolemies, is famous for her love for the Egyptian emerald. Other minerals resembling emerald are <a href="/wiki/Heliodor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliodor">heliodor</a> (taking into account the implication of Smaragdos that it was green) and <a href="/wiki/Rock_crystal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock crystal">rock crystal</a> (ignoring the literal meaning of Smaragdos, since the Masoretic text does not appear to specify color);<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> there is much to be said for Smaragdos being either of those.<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> Although "emerald" is the most common form used to describe the Hebrew word, bareḳet, in other sources (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> on Ezekiel 28:13), the word bareḳet is rendered as "onyx". <a href="/wiki/Aquila_of_Sinope" title="Aquila of Sinope">Aquilas the proselyte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Onkelos" title="Onkelos">Onkelos</a>), in his Aramaic translation of the Pentateuch, writes בָרקָן = barḳan, for this word. According to the <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Rabba" title="Midrash Rabba">Midrash Rabba</a> (Numbers Rabba 2:7), the stone called bareḳet had veins or parallel bands of colors white, black, and red running through it, suggesting that it may have been a kind of agate or onyx. This may explain why, in some French translations, the word is rendered as "agate". In the South Arabian dialect spoken in Yemen during the Middle Ages, baḳarani (believed to be a corruption of barḳan) was an exceptionally beautiful and rare onyx stone mined on Mount Anis, in Yemen, one variety of which having a red surface with a vein of white over another of black running through it.<a href="#cite_note-16">[Note 1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Symmachus_(translator)" title="Symmachus (translator)">Symmachus</a>, an ancient Jewish translator whose Greek translation of the Pentateuch appeared in <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hexapla" title="Hexapla">Hexapla</a>, has also written κεραύνιος, literally meaning ‘of a thunderbolt’, and a more direct translation of the stone known in Hebrew as bareḳet relating to baraḳ ‘lightning’ in Exodus 28:17. Jerome, however, understood the Greek word to mean "onyx".<a href="#cite_note-18">[Note 2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_row">Second row</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second row" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E2%80%9CREPRESENTATION_OF_THE_BREAST_PLATE%E2%80%9D_1851_book_illustration-_Precious_stones_-_being_an_account_of_the_stones_mentioned_in_the_Sacred_Scriptures_(IA_PreciousStonesBeingAnAccountOfTheStonesMentionedInTheSacred)_(page_69_crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%E2%80%9CREPRESENTATION_OF_THE_BREAST_PLATE%E2%80%9D_1851_book_illustration-_Precious_stones_-_being_an_account_of_the_stones_mentioned_in_the_Sacred_Scriptures_%28IA_PreciousStonesBeingAnAccountOfTheStonesMentionedInTheSacred%29_%28page_69_crop%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="1688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 367px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%E2%80%9CREPRESENTATION_OF_THE_BREAST_PLATE%E2%80%9D_1851_book_illustration-_Precious_stones_-_being_an_account_of_the_stones_mentioned_in_the_Sacred_Scriptures_%28IA_PreciousStonesBeingAnAccountOfTheStonesMentionedInTheSacred%29_%28page_69_crop%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="367" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%E2%80%9CREPRESENTATION_OF_THE_BREAST_PLATE%E2%80%9D_1851_book_illustration-_Precious_stones_-_being_an_account_of_the_stones_mentioned_in_the_Sacred_Scriptures_%28IA_PreciousStonesBeingAnAccountOfTheStonesMentionedInTheSacred%29_%28page_69_crop%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/%E2%80%9CREPRESENTATION_OF_THE_BREAST_PLATE%E2%80%9D_1851_book_illustration-_Precious_stones_-_being_an_account_of_the_stones_mentioned_in_the_Sacred_Scriptures_%28IA_PreciousStonesBeingAnAccountOfTheStonesMentionedInTheSacred%29_%28page_69_crop%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Interpretation of the hoshen by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hindmarsh" title="Robert Hindmarsh">Robert Hindmarsh</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Nofekh (<big>נֹפֶךְ</big> = in the Masoretic text) / Anthrax (in the Septuagint) – while Anthrax means coal (presumably here referring to the color of burning coal), the <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a> here has Carbunculus, referring to the <a href="/wiki/Carbuncle_(gemstone)" title="Carbuncle (gemstone)">carbuncle</a>, which was red.<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a>, when writing about this stone, says that it was red. He seems to agree with Josephus,<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> the LXX, and the <a href="/wiki/Targum_Yerushalmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Targum Yerushalmi">Jerusalem Targum</a>, the latter saying that it is כדכדנא, explained by <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a> as meaning karkand, a red variety of precious stone. Nofekh appears to be a <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan word</a>; it may derive from the Egyptian term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mfk%EA%9C%A3t" class="extiw" title="wikt:mfkꜣt">mfkꜣt</a>, referring to <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">turquoise</a>, both of which are a greenish blue;<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> it may instead derive from lupakku, a term appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a>, referring to a mineral of unknown color which was sent in tribute to <a href="/wiki/Akhnaten" class="mw-redirect" title="Akhnaten">Akhnaten</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ashkalon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkalon">Ashkalon</a>. In classical rabbinical literature, there is some debate about whether Nofekh was red or greenish blue; <a href="/wiki/Exodus_Rabbah" title="Exodus Rabbah">Exodus Rabbah</a> and the second <a href="/wiki/Targum_Pseudo-Jonathan" title="Targum Pseudo-Jonathan">Jerusalem Targum</a> favor it being red, while the <a href="/wiki/Targum_Onkelos" title="Targum Onkelos">Babylonian Targum</a> and first Jerusalem Targum favor it being green.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a></li> <li>Sapir (<big>סַפִּיר</big> = in the Masoretic text) / Sapphiros (in the Septuagint) – despite appearing to refer to <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a>, sapphire was essentially unknown before the era of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and its use in Greek texts is believed to be a mere transliteration of the Hebrew. Once it became more known, it was treated as merely being a form of <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">hyacinth</a> or of <a href="/wiki/Jacinth" title="Jacinth">jacinth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> It is more likely that the term Sapir referred to a mineral of similar color to sapphires and that the name gradually came to refer to the latter mineral on account of its color; scholars think the most likely candidate is <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>, a stone with a deep, ocean-blue color which was frequently sent as a gift to <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> from Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> mentions the stone sapphirus as being "dark" and having the "colour of <a href="/wiki/Verdigris" title="Verdigris">verdigris</a>", as well as being "speckled as of with gold".<a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> By all accounts, his description fits the <a href="/wiki/Lapis-lazuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapis-lazuli">lapis-lazuli</a>.</li> <li>Yahalom (<big>יָהֲלֹם</big> = in the Masoretic text) / Iaspis ἴασπις (in the Septuagint) – in some other places the Septuagint instead has Beryllios where the Masoretic reads Yahalom.<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> The word Yahalom appears to be connected with the Hebrew meaning strike hard, and possibly with the word hallamish meaning <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> hallamish is connected to the Assyrian word elmeshu, referring to a precious stone which was <a href="/wiki/Scratch_hardness" title="Scratch hardness">hard</a>, and possibly white, or at least with an insignificant color, and from which whole <a href="/wiki/Ring_(finger)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring (finger)">rings</a> were sometimes made.<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> A few scholars have suggested that Yahalom may refer to diamonds, owing to their hardness, though the skill of cutting diamonds had not been discovered before the classical era.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> Although the Septuagint's Onychion is the Greek term for <a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">onyx</a>, onyx was not mined before the era of classical Greece. "Onyx" is derived from the Greek for fingernail due to the pink-white veining.<a href="#cite_note-21">[Note 3]</a> In the Syriac <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a> of the sixth or seventh century (MS. B.21, Inferiore of the Ambrosian Library in Milan, Italy), the word used to describe this stone is ܢܩܥܬܐ = naq'atha,<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> a word which is sometimes transliterated into Arabic as it is pronounced in Aramaic, mainly by Arabic-speaking Christians. Bar-Ali, a 9th-century Arab author, brings down two opinions about this stone, the naq'atha, saying, by one opinion, that it is "honey-coloured", and by the other opinion that it is "turquoise, a blue-coloured stone".<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> In some versions of the Peshitta, the Aramaic word rendered for the same stone is shabzez, translated as "diamond". This may account for today's understanding of this word, although in ancient times yahalom may have meant something else. Of the well-known honey-colored gemstones, we find <a href="/wiki/Quartz#Citrine" title="Quartz">citrine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grossular#Hessonite" title="Grossular">hessonite</a> garnet (both from Sri Lanka), while in Africa (Tanzania), we find <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">imperial zircon</a>, a honey-colored stone with extreme brilliance. Spanish Jewish scholar <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> says the yahalom was a white stone.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_row">Third row</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Third row" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_union_Bible_dictionary,_for_the_use_of_Schools,_Bible_classes,_and_families_(1837)_(14785451343).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_union_Bible_dictionary%2C_for_the_use_of_Schools%2C_Bible_classes%2C_and_families_%281837%29_%2814785451343%29.jpg/220px-The_union_Bible_dictionary%2C_for_the_use_of_Schools%2C_Bible_classes%2C_and_families_%281837%29_%2814785451343%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="425" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="2736"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 425px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_union_Bible_dictionary%2C_for_the_use_of_Schools%2C_Bible_classes%2C_and_families_%281837%29_%2814785451343%29.jpg/220px-The_union_Bible_dictionary%2C_for_the_use_of_Schools%2C_Bible_classes%2C_and_families_%281837%29_%2814785451343%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="425" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_union_Bible_dictionary%2C_for_the_use_of_Schools%2C_Bible_classes%2C_and_families_%281837%29_%2814785451343%29.jpg/330px-The_union_Bible_dictionary%2C_for_the_use_of_Schools%2C_Bible_classes%2C_and_families_%281837%29_%2814785451343%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/The_union_Bible_dictionary%2C_for_the_use_of_Schools%2C_Bible_classes%2C_and_families_%281837%29_%2814785451343%29.jpg/440px-The_union_Bible_dictionary%2C_for_the_use_of_Schools%2C_Bible_classes%2C_and_families_%281837%29_%2814785451343%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An 1837 illustration depicting breastplate, with the tribes and their jewels</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Lešem (<big>לֶשֶׁם</big> = in the Masoretic text) / Ligurios (in the Septuagint) – the names here seem to refer to places: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leshem_(Bible)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leshem (Bible) (page does not exist)">Leshem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> mentions the fossilized pine resin, amber, called in Greek liggourrion or <a href="/wiki/Lyngurium" title="Lyngurium">lyngurium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> as does <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a> and <a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[Note 4]</a> In Greek antiquity, this stone was believed to have been the solidified <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lynx" title="Lynx">lynxes</a>, and its name a mere corruption of lykos ouron,<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> meaning white <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>, presumably about its color.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> (who did not believe the stone existed) described the ligurios as having certain electrical properties, which some scholars have taken to imply that it referred to <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> Amber was one of the first items to have been discovered to have electrical properties (see <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a>); the English <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">stem</a> electric derives from the Latin word for amber (elektrum). In the Latin <a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a>, the name was given as ligure, a Latinization invented by <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>, and equated with <a href="/wiki/Lyngurium" title="Lyngurium">lyngurium</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a> used hyacinth (<a href="/wiki/Jacinth" title="Jacinth">jacinth</a>), and during the Renaissance belief in lyngurium died away.<a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[Note 5]</a> Modern scholars are inclined to think that the stone must have been similar to the pale color of natural gold (as opposed to the color known as <a href="/wiki/Gold_(colour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gold (colour)">gold</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Rabba" title="Midrash Rabba">Midrash Rabba</a> (Numbers Rabba 2:7) states that the mineral had a black color, and is there named כוחלין, meaning the <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> known as stibium. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a> and other medieval rabbinical commentators argued that the gem itself was an onyx (Judeo-Arabic: גזע = جَزَع ), although <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra" title="Abraham ibn Ezra">Abraham ibn Ezra</a> casts doubt on the accuracy of Rabbi Saadia's tradition.<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a> Modern English translations use either <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jacinth" title="Jacinth">jacinth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a></li> <li>Ševo (<big>שְׁבוֹ</big> = in the Masoretic text) / Achates (in the Septuagint) – achates definitely refers to <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a>, and ševo may be cognate with the Assyrian term subu, meaning agate.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> Agates were common in Egypt and Assyria and were regarded as potent <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">talismans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore of Seville</a> lists agate as being among the black gems.<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Rabba" title="Midrash Rabba">Midrash Rabba</a> (Numbers 2:7) appears to argue for the jewel in question having been a grey variety.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> Conversely, in Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a>'s (882–942 CE) Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch, as well as in the medieval Samaritan Arabic translation, the stone is rendered as سبج, meaning obsidian.</li> <li>Aḥlamah (<big>אַחְלָמָה</big> = in the Masoretic text) / Amethystos (in the Septuagint) – amethystos refers to <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a>, a purple mineral which was believed to protect against <a href="/wiki/Drunkenness" class="mw-redirect" title="Drunkenness">getting drunk</a> from <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a> (amethyst's name refers to this belief, and literally translates as "not intoxicating"),<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> and was commonly used in Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> Aḥlamah appears to be derived from a term meaning strong, though it may equally be derived from <a href="/wiki/Ahlamu" title="Ahlamu">Ahlamu</a>, a place where amethysts were found;<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> in the Babylonian Targum, aḥlamah is translated into a term meaning strong drinking, which appears to reference beliefs about amethyst, but in the Jerusalem Targum, it is translated into a term meaning calf's eye.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Midrash_Rabba" title="Midrash Rabba">Midrash Rabba</a> (Numbers Rabba 2:7), while describing the stone's color, says: "[It is] similar to clear wine whose redness is not too strong."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourth_row">Fourth row</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fourth row" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Taršīš (<big>תַּרְשִׁישִׁ</big> = in the Masoretic text) / Chrysolithos (in the Septuagint) – in some other places, the Septuagint instead has anthrax (meaning coal) where the Masoretic reads tarshish.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> Taršīš is thought by scholars to refer to <a href="/wiki/Tarshish" title="Tarshish">Tarshish</a>, in reference to the main source of the mineral being Tarshish.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> Chrysolithos does not refer specifically to <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">chrysolite</a>, which was named much later, but is an adjective which translates as "gold-stone", meaning either that it was golden, as in the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_desert_glass" title="Libyan desert glass">Libyan desert glass</a>, or that it contained flecks of gold.<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> With golden flecks, it could refer to <a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">lapis lazuli</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> which would fit the Targums' description of the gem being "the colour of the sea".<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> As a golden material if translucent, it could refer to <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a><a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> or to amber,<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> and since chrysolithos came to mean topaz in particular by the classical era, some scholars favor this as being the most likely use, though it would be jarring for there to be two different translucent yellow <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a> so close to one another on the breastplate.<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> If an opaque golden material, it could refer to a yellow form of jasper or of <a href="/wiki/Serpentine_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpentine group">serpentine</a>, which were commonly used in Egypt and Babylon.<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> The 2nd-century Jewish translator, <a href="/wiki/Symmachus_(translator)" title="Symmachus (translator)">Symmachus</a>, renders the word as yakinthos, meaning "jacinth", or "hyacinth".<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> There is little certainty among scholars regarding which of these is the most likely to be the jewel in question.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a></li> <li>Šoham (<big>שֹׁהַם</big> = in the Masoretic text) / Beryllios (in the Septuagint) – in some other places, the Septuagint instead has onychion,<a href="#cite_note-35">[Note 6]</a> or smaragdos, or the phrase <a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">leek</a>-green stone, where the Masoretic reads šoham;<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[Note 7]</a> beryllios refers to <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a> but earlier to the blue-green color of the sea, onychion refers to <a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">onyx</a>, and smaragdos literally means green stone and refers to a bright columnar crystal (either beryl or rock crystal). Onyx is an opaque and banded stone, while smaragdos is translucent, and beryl is cloudy, and all these come in several colors. Šoham could be derived from the Assyrian word samtu, meaning dark or cloudy;<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> it could be derived from the Arabic word meaning pale, in which case it fits more with onyx and certain forms of beryl, excluding the emerald,<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Heliodor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliodor">heliodor</a> being the form of beryl fitting the leek green description; it could be derived from the Arabic word musahham, meaning striped garment, and therefore very definitely describing something like onyx;<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> or it could be a place name, for example there is a place in <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> named Soheim.<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> Jewish tradition generally favours leek-green beryl (heliodor) as the likely meaning of šoham, though scholars think it is more likely to be <a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">malachite</a>, which can be green enough to be compared to smaragdos and the blue-green color of the sea (the original meaning of beryllios), is cloudy enough to be compared to a cloudy form of beryl, and is striped and opaque enough to be confused with a form of onyx.<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a>’ Treatise on the Twelve Stones (Epiphanius de Gemmis), the beryl was "white like a cloud".<a href="#cite_note-37">[Note 8]</a> Scholars point out that the Syriac form of the word is berūlā and/or belūra, the latter going back to a Pahlevi form (the old Persian tongue), and all in turn to the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> वैडूर्य = vaiḍūrya (Pali: veḷuriyaṁ), the gemstone which is called in English, "cat's eye, beryl",<a href="#cite_note-38">[30]</a> a variety of chalcedonic quartz that has a chatoyant luster resembling the eye of a cat when cut.</li> <li>Yāšǝfêh (<big>יָשְׁפֵה</big> = in the Masoretic text) / Iaspis (in the Septuagint and <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-39">[Note 9]</a> Although yāšǝfêh and iaspis are cognate to jasper, they do not quite have the same meaning; while jasper is usually red, the mineral which the Greeks called iaspis was generally a richly green one (the most prized form of jasper), and scholars think this is most likely to be the color referred to by yāšǝfêh;<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> the ambiguity of the term is present in the <a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targums</a>, where the jewel is variously identified as a <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a> (which is red), as a <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">hyacinth</a> (which is yellow), or as an <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a> (which is green).<a href="#cite_note-Jewish-9">[9]</a> In the Babylonian Talmud,<a href="#cite_note-40">[31]</a> one opinion states that the gemstone was the same as kadkhod,<a href="#cite_note-41">[32]</a> a stone described by Bar-Ali as being al-karkahan = الكركھن (the Baghdadi onyx), "a kind of gemstone from which they cut [smaller] stones for setting in ouches".<a href="#cite_note-42">[33]</a> Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a>, however, in his Judeo-Arabic translation of Isaiah,<a href="#cite_note-43">[34]</a> translates kadkhod as karkand, a red variety of precious stone. <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, quoting from one version of the Septuagint, says it was a beryl.<a href="#cite_note-44">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Numbers_Rabbah" title="Numbers Rabbah">Numbers Rabba</a> 2:7 says that the stone was varicolored, meaning all of the colors combined were to be found in the yāšǝfêh.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12_jewels_in_the_New_Testament">12 jewels in the New Testament</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 12 jewels in the New Testament" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the New Testament <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> is the description of a city wall, with each layer of stones in the wall being from a different material; in the original <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, the layers are given as iaspis, sapphiros, chalcedon, smaragdos, sardonyx, sardion, chrysolithos, beryllos, topazion, chrysoprason, yacinthos, amethystos.<a href="#cite_note-45">[36]</a> This list appears to be based on the Septuagint's version of the list of jewels in the Breastplate – if the top half of the breastplate was rotated by 180 degrees, and the bottom half turned upside down, with Onchion additionally swapping places with Topazion, the lists become remarkably similar; there are only four differences: <ul><li>Onchion (literally onyx) has become <a href="/wiki/Sardonyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardonyx">sardonyx</a> (red onyx)</li> <li>Anthrax has become chalcedon (literally meaning <a href="/wiki/Chalcedony" title="Chalcedony">chalcedony</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">the red variety</a> is the most common). Anthrax literally means coal, presumably the red color of burning coal.</li> <li>Ligurios has become chrysoprason. Scholars suspect that ligurios was a pale yellowish mineral, and although <a href="/wiki/Chrysoprase" title="Chrysoprase">chrysoprase</a> now refers to a specific gemstone which is generally apple-green in color, in earlier times it referred to gems of a yellowish <a href="/wiki/Spring_bud" title="Spring bud">leek-green</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">peridot</a>; chrysoprase literally means golden leek.<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a></li> <li>Achates (agate) has been replaced by yacinthos (jacinth). According to classical rabbinical literature, the specific agate was of a sky-blue color, and though <a href="/wiki/Jacinth" title="Jacinth">jacinth</a> now refers to a red-tinted clear gem, this was not the case at the time the Book of Revelation was written, and at that time jacinth appears to have referred to a bluish gem; Pliny describes jacinth as a dull and blueish amethyst, while <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Solinus" title="Gaius Julius Solinus">Solinus</a> describes it as a clear blue tinted gem – the modern sapphire.<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pattern">Pattern</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pattern" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Whether there is any pattern to the choice of gemstones depends on their identity. Taking the majority view of scholars regarding the identity of the gems, and including the implication from the Book of Revelation that the onyx at the end of the fourth row was a sardonyx, there are four colors – red, green, yellow, and blue – each represented by a clear gem (red – carbuncle, green – heliodor, yellow – chrysolite, blue – amethyst), an opaque gem (red – carnelian/red jasper, green – green jasper, yellow – yellow jasper/yellow serpentine, blue – lapis lazuli), and a striped gem (red – sardonyx, green – malachite, yellow – pale golden agate, blue – sky-blue agate).<a href="#cite_note-Biblica-2">[2]</a> The four colors of red, green, yellow, and blue are the first four colors (apart from black and white) distinguished by languages and are distinguished in all cultures with at least six color distinctions (the other two being black and white).<a href="#cite_note-Berlin-46">[37]</a> These colors roughly correspond to the sensitivities of the <a href="/wiki/Ganglion_cell_layer" title="Ganglion cell layer">retinal ganglion</a> cells. (The <a href="/wiki/Colour_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour vision">retinal ganglia process color</a> by positioning it within a blue to yellow range, and separately positioning it within a red to green range.)<a href="#cite_note-Berlin-46">[37]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ephod" title="Ephod">Ephod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_golden_head_plate" title="Priestly golden head plate">Priestly golden head plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_robe_(Judaism)" title="Priestly robe (Judaism)">Priestly robe (Judaism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_sash" title="Priestly sash">Priestly sash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_tunic" title="Priestly tunic">Priestly tunic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_turban" title="Priestly turban">Priestly turban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestly_undergarments" title="Priestly undergarments">Priestly undergarments</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birthstone" title="Birthstone">Birthstone</a> – Gemstones representing a person's birth month</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inscriptions_in_biblical_archaeology" title="List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology">List of inscriptions in biblical archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Stones" title="Twelve Stones">Twelve Stones</a> – Stones of the Twelve Tribes of Israel</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Pliny also mentions several varieties of onyx stone in his Natural History 37:90, and one stone, in particular, meets the description of the stone described here by Israel's sages.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> "Symmachus dissented and called the emerald by the name of onyx."<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Webster's New International Dictionary</a> (Second Edition), and <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (College Edition) state that "onyx" derives from the Greek term, "onux", meaning "(finger-)nail", "claw" or onyx-stone. The connection between "nail" or "claw" and the stone is that the onyx stone is usually found with a vein of white on a pink background, like the lunula of a fingernail. There is no indication in these or other desk dictionaries that "onyx" could be derived from a word meaning "ring". </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> "electrum (amber), succinum and lyncurium (ligure) are all one and the same thing."<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Epiphanius, in his Treatise on the Twelve Stones (the Old Georgian version), p. 116, seems to be unsure what the Greek word lygyron actually meant in the sacred books, which stone in Hebrew is called lešem, but conjectures that perhaps it is the jacinth, a stone otherwise not mentioned anywhere in scripture. On p. 139, he voices the same conjecture by saying that the "ligure" or lešem (in Hebrew) may be the "hyacinth", i.e., a stone of a yellowish-red color, like honey; see <a href="#CITEREFBlakede_Vis1934">Blake & de Vis (1934)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> cf. The Pentateuch in the Version of the Syro-Hexapla, (ed. Arthur Vööbus), in Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalum, vol. 369 (45), Louvain 1975, Folio 48 (Exo. 28:17–23), and which Syriac translation is believed to represent the Vorlage, or parent-text, of the Septuagint used by Origen to produce his Hexapla. The stone called "shoham" in Hebrew is explained as onyx. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> leek green stone appears at Genesis 2:12 in the Septuagint </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Based on the Shatberd MS., the Old Georgian version of Epiphanius’ Treatise on the Twelve Stones. Our source for this MS. is <a href="#CITEREFBlakede_Vis1934">Blake & de Vis (1934)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Josephus twice mentions the stones of the breastplate; once in his Antiquities, and again in his Wars, but he reverses the order in the third and fourth rows. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Exodus_28_15-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Exodus_28_15_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exodus_28_15_1-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0228.htm#15">Exodus 28:15–19</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biblica-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biblica_2-31">af</a> <a href="#CITEREFCheyneBlack1899">Cheyne & Black (1899)</a>: "<a href="/wiki/August_Dillman" class="mw-redirect" title="August Dillman">Di.</a> rejects the probable derivation from the root ḥasuna, 'to be beautiful', and would prefer to connect it with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">חֹצֶן‎, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sinus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:sinus">sinus</a> or 'fold' in which something is carried; cp. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Ewald" title="Heinrich Ewald">Ewald</a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>Alterth. 390." </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> B.<a href="/wiki/Zevachim" title="Zevachim">Zevachim</a> 88b </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Sifrey ṭrey ʻaṡar mefurashim, ed. Joseph Johlson, Karlsruhe 1827, s.v. Rashi on Zechariah 7:12 (Hebrew), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-kBMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PT352">p. 174b</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> David Kimhi, Sefer HaShorashim (Michlol, part ii), Venice 1547 (Hebrew), on Zechariah 7:12 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FG5EAAAAcAAJ&pg=PT211">p. 426–427</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Yonah ibn Ǧanāḥ, Sefer Shorashim (Book of Roots), ed. Dr. A. Berliner, Berlin 1896, s.v. שמר (Hebrew), who explains the word by its Judeo-Arabic name, מאס, meaning "diamond". </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Babylonian Talmud, Gittin 68a; cf. Pliny the Elder, Natural History 36:54 (36:51). </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Mishne Torah (Code of Jewish Law), Hil. Kelei Ha-Mikdash, 9:7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jewish-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jewish_9-25">z</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/">"JewishEncyclopedia.com"</a>. www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2023-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishencyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=JewishEncyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriestly+breastplate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelps" class="citation web cs1">Phelps, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eifiles.cn/js-en.htm">"The JEWEL STONES of ISRAEL'S TWELVE TRIBES"</a>. EFiles. THE EARTHLY INHERITANCE SERIES of BIBLE SUBJECTS. Retrieved 11 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EFiles&rft.atitle=The+JEWEL+STONES+of+ISRAEL%27S+TWELVE+TRIBES&rft.aulast=Phelps&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eifiles.cn%2Fjs-en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriestly+breastplate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Babylonian Talmud, Sotah 36a–b. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Babylonian Talmud, Gittin 68a </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Babylonian Talmud, Sotah 48b </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> cf. Bar-Bahalul, 1886, vol. ii, p. 1313 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaris1938">Faris (1938)</a>, pp. 26–27, s.v. baqarani. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFField1875">Field (1875)</a> s.v. Exodus 28:17, based on Jerome's testimony in Epist. LXIV ad Fabiolam, 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, iii. vii § 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEichholz1965">Eichholz (1965)</a>, pp. 65, 71 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> The Old Testament in Syriac (According to the Peshitta Version), Part I, Leiden E. J. Brill 1977, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGottheil1908">Gottheil (1908)</a>, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEichholz1965">Eichholz (1965)</a>, pp. 68–69 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Dioscorides, Materia Medica 2:100 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Aëtius of Amida, Sixteen Books on Medicine (Aetii Medici Graeci Contractae ex Veteribus Medicinae Sermones XVI), 2.34 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalton2001">Walton (2001)</a>, pp. 364–365 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalton2001">Walton (2001)</a>, pp. 371, 375–378 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Abraham ibn Ezra, Commentary on the Penteuch, Genesis 2:11. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalton2001">Walton (2001)</a>, p. 371 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Isidore of Seville, The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville (ch. XVI on Stones and Metals), ed. Barney, Lewis, Beach & Berghof, Cambridge University Press 2006, p. 325 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFField1875">Field (1875)</a>, s.v. Exo. 28:20. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlakede_Vis1934">Blake & de Vis (1934)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Baba Bathra 75a </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> q.v. Isaiah 54:12 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGottheil1908">Gottheil (1908)</a>, p. 367 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Isaiah 54:12 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, iii.vii § 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Revelation%2021:19%E2%80%9320&version=nrsv">Revelation 21:19–20</a> (<a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Nestle-Aland edition</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Berlin-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berlin_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerlinKay1969">Berlin & Kay (1969)</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerlinKay1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brent_Berlin" title="Brent Berlin">Berlin, Brent</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kay" title="Paul Kay">Kay, Paul</a> (1969). Basic Color Terms: their Universality and Evolution. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520014428" title="Special:BookSources/9780520014428"><bdi>9780520014428</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Color+Terms%3A+their+Universality+and+Evolution&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780520014428&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Brent&rft.au=Kay%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriestly+breastplate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlakede_Vis1934" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pierpont_Blake" title="Robert Pierpont Blake">Blake, Robert Pierpont</a>; de Vis, H. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41447ucmf_1">Epiphanius de Gemmis: the Old Georgian Version and the Fragments of the Armenian Version</a>. London: Christophers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epiphanius+de+Gemmis%3A+the+Old+Georgian+Version+and+the+Fragments+of+the+Armenian+Version&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Christophers&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=Robert+Pierpont&rft.au=de+Vis%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41447ucmf_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriestly+breastplate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheyneBlack1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kelly_Cheyne" title="Thomas Kelly Cheyne">Cheyne, Thomas Kelly</a>; Black, J. Sutherland (1899). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Biblica" title="Encyclopaedia Biblica">Encyclopaedia Biblica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Biblica&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Cheyne&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Kelly&rft.au=Black%2C+J.+Sutherland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriestly+breastplate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichholz1965" class="citation book cs1">Eichholz, D. E., ed. (1965). Theophrastus: De Lapidibus. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theophrastus%3A+De+Lapidibus&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriestly+breastplate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaris1938" class="citation book cs1">Faris, Nabih Amin (1938). The Antiquities of South Arabia: being a translation from the Arabic with linguistic, geographic, and historic notes of the eighth book of al-Hamdāni's al-Iklīl. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Antiquities+of+South+Arabia%3A+being+a+translation+from+the+Arabic+with+linguistic%2C+geographic%2C+and+historic+notes+of+the+eighth+book+of+al-Hamd%C4%81ni%27s+al-Ikl%C4%ABl&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Faris&rft.aufirst=Nabih+Amin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriestly+breastplate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField1875" class="citation book cs1">Field, Frederick (1875). Origensis Hexaplorum quæ Supersunt. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origensis+Hexaplorum+qu%C3%A6+Supersunt&rft.place=Oxford&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriestly+breastplate" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottheil1908" class="citation book cs1">Gottheil, Richard H., ed. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheSyriacArabicGlossesOfIshoBarAliPartIIVolumeIGottheilBar-Ali">Bar 'Alī (Īshō'): The Syriac–Arabic Glosses</a>. Rome: Reale Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bar+%27Al%C4%AB+%28%C4%AAsh%C5%8D%27%29%3A+The+Syriac%E2%80%93Arabic+Glosses&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Reale+Accademia+Nazionale+dei+Lincei&rft.date=1908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheSyriacArabicGlossesOfIshoBarAliPartIIVolumeIGottheilBar-Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriestly+breastplate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusnerSonn1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tamara_Sonn" title="Tamara Sonn">Sonn, Tamara</a> (1999). Comparing Religions through Law: Judaism and Islam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparing+Religions+through+Law%3A+Judaism+and+Islam&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Sonn%2C+Tamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriestly+breastplate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalton2001" class="citation journal cs1">Walton, Steven A. (2001). "Theophrastus on Lyngurium: medieval and early modern lore from the classical lapidary tradition". <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Science" title="Annals of Science">Annals of Science</a>. 58 (4): 357–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F000337900110041371">10.1080/000337900110041371</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11724065">11724065</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8649133">8649133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Science&rft.atitle=Theophrastus+on+Lyngurium%3A+medieval+and+early+modern+lore+from+the+classical+lapidary+tradition&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=357-379&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8649133%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11724065&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F000337900110041371&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APriestly+breastplate" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&oldid=1256076899">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&oldid=1256076899</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Priestly_breastplate&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 8 November 2024, at 02:18 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81r%C3%B3n%C5%AFv_n%C3%A1prsn%C3%ADk" title="Árónův náprsník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Árónův náprsník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choschen" title="Choschen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Choschen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86" title="حوشن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حوشن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pectoral_du_grand-pr%C3%AAtre" title="Pectoral du grand-prêtre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pectoral du grand-prêtre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutup_dada_Imam_Israel" title="Tutup dada Imam Israel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tutup dada Imam Israel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9F" title="חושן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חושן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choszen" title="Choszen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Choszen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peitoral_do_sumo_sacerdote_de_Israel" title="Peitoral do sumo sacerdote de Israel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peitoral do sumo sacerdote de Israel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C8%99en" title="Hoșen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hoșen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Наперсник – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Наперсник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papin_rintakilpi" title="Papin rintakilpi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Papin rintakilpi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="ทับทรวงปุโรหิต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทับทรวงปุโรหิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9F" title="חושן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="חושן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 November 2024, at 02:18 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li 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