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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64185648">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ويكيبيديا:توضيح"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Disambig_gray_RTL.svg/20px-Disambig_gray_RTL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Disambig_gray_RTL.svg/30px-Disambig_gray_RTL.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Disambig_gray_RTL.svg/40px-Disambig_gray_RTL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168"></a></span>  هذه المقالة عن تفاعل طارد للحرارة. لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عملية طاردة للحرارة">عملية طاردة للحرارة</a>. </div> <p>في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="كيمياء">الكيمياء</a>، <b>التفاعل الطارد للحرارة</b> أو <b>التفاعل الناشر للحرارة<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> هو التفاعل الذي تنطلق منه <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حرارة">حرارة</a>. وهو بعكس <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B5_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تفاعل ماص للحرارة">التفاعل الماص للحرارة</a> الذي لا يتم إلا عن طريق إمداده بحرارة من الخارج.</p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:ThermiteFe2O3.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/ThermiteFe2O3.JPG/220px-ThermiteFe2O3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/ThermiteFe2O3.JPG/330px-ThermiteFe2O3.JPG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/ThermiteFe2O3.JPG/440px-ThermiteFe2O3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3069" data-file-height="2380"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Ac_com.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ac_com.svg/300px-Ac_com.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ac_com.svg/450px-Ac_com.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Ac_com.svg/600px-Ac_com.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="334"></a> <figcaption> رسم توضيحي لتفاعل منتج للحرارة. </figcaption> </figure> <p>مثال على التفاعل الناشر للحرارة، احتراق <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="خشب">الخشب</a> (اتحاد <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="كربون">الكربون</a> مع <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أكسجين">الأكسجين</a>).</p> <p>يعبر عن التفاعل المنتج للحرارة بالشكل الآتي:</p> <p>المتفاعلات ← النواتج + طاقة.</p> <p>وعند استخدام <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مسعر">مسعر</a> يكون التغير في الطاقة الناتجة من التفاعل أكبر كثيرا من حرارة المسعر. وهذا يعنى أن التفاعل يكون منتجا للحرارة عندما يسبب التفاعل زيادة في حرارة الوسط الكائن فيهِ. مثال على ذلك: نحك عود الكبريت على سطح خشن من أجل إشعاله. ينشأ عن الاحتكاك حرارة بسيطة تعمل على بدء التفاعل بين الكبريت <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أكسجين">والأكسجين</a> الذي يشتعل مولدا <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="طاقة حرارية">طاقة حرارية</a> أكبر.</p> <p>في أي تفاعل ناشر للحرارة تكون الطاقة الابتدائية التي تُمتص لتكسير الروابط أقل من الطاقة الناتجة عن التفاعل، التي تتولد عند تكوين روابط جديدة بين الجزيئات المتفاعلة.</p> <p>ويصعب للغاية قياس أو حساب كمية الطاقة المطلقة لتفاعل كيميائي ولكن يمكن حساب كل من <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="محتوى حراري">السخانة</a> (إنثالبي)، ΔH، لأي تفاعل كيميائي. ويعتبر <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="مسعر انفجار (الصفحة غير موجودة)">مسعر الانفجار</a> وسطا مناسبا لقياس التغير في الطاقة، ΔH، لتفاعل <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="احتراق">احتراق</a>. وتتناسب قيم ΔH، المحسوبة والمقاسة لطاقة الرابطة كالتالي:</p> <p>ΔH = الطاقة المستخدمة في تفاعلات كسر الروابط – الطاقة المنطلقة لعمل الروابط في النواتج.</p> <p>ولأى تفاعل ناشر للحرارة، تكون قيم ΔH سالبة:</p> <p>2H<sub>2</sub>(<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="غاز">g</a>) + O<sub>2</sub>(<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="غاز">g</a>) → 2 H<sub>2</sub>O(<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="غاز">g</a></p> <p>ΔH = −83.6 kJ/mol of O<sub>2</sub></p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ar" dir="rtl"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">محتويات</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AC_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">مسار التفاعل المنتج للحرارة</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">فرق الإنثالبي</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">أمثلة للتفاعلات الناشرة للحرارة</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D9%88%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">وصلات خارجية</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A3_%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B6%D8%A7"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">اقرأ أيضا</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B9"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">مراجع</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="مسار_التفاعل_المنتج_للحرارة"><span id=".D9.85.D8.B3.D8.A7.D8.B1_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.AA.D9.81.D8.A7.D8.B9.D9.84_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.85.D9.86.D8.AA.D8.AC_.D9.84.D9.84.D8.AD.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.B1.D8.A9"></span>مسار التفاعل المنتج للحرارة</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: مسار التفاعل المنتج للحرارة" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>يكون خليط التفاعل عادة في حالة شبه مستقرة (حرجة). وعن طريق اكتسابها لكمية معينة من الطاقة، تسمى «<a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="طاقة تنشيط">طاقة التنشيط</a>» أو «إنثالبي التنشيط» يُرفع النظام إلى الحالة غير المستقرة ويسير التفاعل. وعن طريق التنشيط يبدأ سريان التفاعل ويستمر التفاعل من ذاته بدون الاحتياج إلى تنشيط آخر.</p> <p>يصدر النظام الكيميائي طاقة وينشرها في الوسط المحيط بهِ، وتسمى تلك الحرارة الصادرة منه «إنثالبي التفاعل». وتكون نواتج التفاعل في حالة مستقرة.</p> <p>ومثال على طاقة التنشيط عندما نشعل عود <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="كبريت">كبريت</a> من أجل إشعال الخشب، حيث ينتج احتكاك عود الكبريت بالسطح لخشن تلك الحرارة الأولية المنشطة. أما في الغازات فيجري اشتعالها بشرارة كهربائية.</p> <table align="center"> <tbody> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81:Enthalpy_profile_exothermic_reaction-DE.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Enthalpieprofil einer exothermen Reaktion"> <noscript> <img alt="Enthalpieprofil einer exothermen Reaktion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Enthalpy_profile_exothermic_reaction-DE.svg/400px-Enthalpy_profile_exothermic_reaction-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="340"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 264px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Enthalpy_profile_exothermic_reaction-DE.svg/400px-Enthalpy_profile_exothermic_reaction-DE.svg.png" data-alt="Enthalpieprofil einer exothermen Reaktion" data-width="400" data-height="264" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Enthalpy_profile_exothermic_reaction-DE.svg/600px-Enthalpy_profile_exothermic_reaction-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Enthalpy_profile_exothermic_reaction-DE.svg/800px-Enthalpy_profile_exothermic_reaction-DE.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></td> <td><b>Legende</b>:<br><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \!\ H:={\text{Enthalphie}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>   </mtext> <mi> H </mi> <mo> := </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> Enthalphie </mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \!\ H:={\text{Enthalphie}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/959f5f98249859f0f17eff909b014c7d61487cde" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.387ex; width:17.536ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \!\ H:={\text{Enthalphie}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17.536ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/959f5f98249859f0f17eff909b014c7d61487cde" data-alt="{\displaystyle \!\ H:={\text{Enthalphie}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span><br><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \!\ \Delta ^{\ddagger }H:={\text{Aktivierungsenthalpie}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>   </mtext> <msup> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo> ‡ </mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi> H </mi> <mo> := </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> Aktivierungsenthalpie </mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \!\ \Delta ^{\ddagger }H:={\text{Aktivierungsenthalpie}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/099d49d7543c694bfd6505bccd0ecf143e2bc3eb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.387ex; width:31.595ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \!\ \Delta ^{\ddagger }H:={\text{Aktivierungsenthalpie}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31.595ex;height: 3.009ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/099d49d7543c694bfd6505bccd0ecf143e2bc3eb" data-alt="{\displaystyle \!\ \Delta ^{\ddagger }H:={\text{Aktivierungsenthalpie}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span><br><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \!\ \Delta _{\mathrm {R} }H:={\text{Reaktionsenthalpie}}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace"></mspace> <mtext>   </mtext> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> R </mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mi> H </mi> <mo> := </mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext> Reaktionsenthalpie </mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \!\ \Delta _{\mathrm {R} }H:={\text{Reaktionsenthalpie}}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1089793d9f11778cfe497c8ffff8050e4d6b6e09" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.387ex; width:29.126ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \!\ \Delta _{\mathrm {R} }H:={\text{Reaktionsenthalpie}}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 29.126ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1089793d9f11778cfe497c8ffff8050e4d6b6e09" data-alt="{\displaystyle \!\ \Delta _{\mathrm {R} }H:={\text{Reaktionsenthalpie}}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span><br><br> اليسار: حالة المخلوط الأولية (شبه مستقرة): metastable<br> في الوسط: وصول المخلوط إلى الحالة الغير مستقرة: unstable]<br> إلى اليمين: حالة النواتج النهائية: stable]</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>مثال: يحترق <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="كربون">الكربون</a> ويتحد مع <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أكسجين">اكسجين</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="غلاف الأرض الجوي">الهواء</a> مكونا <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ثنائي أكسيد الكربون">ثاني أكسيد الكربون</a> مع إصدار حرارة.</p> <dl> <dd> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {C+O_{2}\ {\xrightarrow {\mathcal {5}}}\ CO_{2}+heat} }"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <mo> + </mo> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mtext>   </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mo> → </mo> <mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script"> 5 </mn> </mrow> </mpadded> </mover> </mrow> <mtext>   </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal"> C </mi> <msub> <mi mathvariant="normal"> O </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> + </mo> <mi mathvariant="normal"> h </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> e </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> a </mi> <mi mathvariant="normal"> t </mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \mathrm {C+O_{2}\ {\xrightarrow {\mathcal {5}}}\ CO_{2}+heat} } </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0848bf5ee4aa70e501d8a310f8da017afc92b75c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-top: -0.39ex; width:22.639ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {C+O_{2}\ {\xrightarrow {\mathcal {5}}}\ CO_{2}+heat} }"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22.639ex;height: 3.843ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0848bf5ee4aa70e501d8a310f8da017afc92b75c" data-alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {C+O_{2}\ {\xrightarrow {\mathcal {5}}}\ CO_{2}+heat} }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span>. </dd> </dl> <p>إنثالبي التفاعل (فرق الإنثالبي) الناتج عن التفاعل <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> H </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta H} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/385a86c9ced1913abd3606f6bfcec2c10c131cae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.999ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.999ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/385a86c9ced1913abd3606f6bfcec2c10c131cae" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> سالب الإشارة. ويمكن حسابها من «الإنثالبي العياري للتفاعلات»</p> <p>إذا كانت طاقة التنشيط قليلة جدا فقد يمكن سريان التفاعل بدون تزويد المخلوط بحرارة من الخارج، حيث يستمد النظام طاقة التنشيط من داخل المحيط. ويشتعل النظام فوريا (خطورة تخزين المفرقعات).</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="فرق_الإنثالبي"><span id=".D9.81.D8.B1.D9.82_.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A5.D9.86.D8.AB.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A8.D9.8A"></span>فرق الإنثالبي</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: فرق الإنثالبي" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>يعرف <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="محتوى حراري">الإنثالبي</a> بأنه مجموع <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="طاقة داخلية">الطاقة الداخلية</a> في نظام مضافا إليها حاصل ضرب <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ضغط">الضغط</a> في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D9%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="حجم">الحجم</a>. وهو ما يحتويه نظام من الطاقة عند ثبات الضغط.</p> <p><b>فرق الإنثالبي </b> ، ويرمز له <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> H </mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta H} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/385a86c9ced1913abd3606f6bfcec2c10c131cae" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.999ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.999ex;height: 2.176ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/385a86c9ced1913abd3606f6bfcec2c10c131cae" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> هو فرق <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="محتوى حراري">إنثالبي</a> المواد الناتجة من التفاعل <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{2}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle H_{2}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7fa4324515cc7343ee952e3840a1bb1aa8c7f74c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{2}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.985ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7fa4324515cc7343ee952e3840a1bb1aa8c7f74c" data-alt="{\displaystyle H_{2}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> وإنثالبي المواد الداخلة في التفاعل <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H_{1}}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle H_{1}} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4d4d9a872a55b209f2eb7cc23a71e5e1541bd1f4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.985ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 2.985ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4d4d9a872a55b209f2eb7cc23a71e5e1541bd1f4" data-alt="{\displaystyle H_{1}}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> ، وتكتب المعادلة كالآتي:</p> <dl> <dd> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"> <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta H=H_{2}-H_{1}<0}"><semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal"> Δ </mi> <mi> H </mi> <mo> = </mo> <msub> <mi> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 2 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> − </mo> <msub> <mi> H </mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn> 1 </mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo> < </mo> <mn> 0 </mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex"> {\displaystyle \Delta H=H_{2}-H_{1}<0} </annotation> </semantics> </math></span> <noscript> <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06dc66a84bdff64a8d614f0b8a98e21f1b8c88a3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.17ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H=H_{2}-H_{1}<0}"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20.17ex;height: 2.509ex;vertical-align: -0.671ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/06dc66a84bdff64a8d614f0b8a98e21f1b8c88a3" data-alt="{\displaystyle \Delta H=H_{2}-H_{1}<0}" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert"> </span></span> </dd> </dl> <p>ولذلك تكون إشارة الحرارة الناتجة سالبة (المواد المتفاعلة تفقد حرارة، ويكتسب الإنسان تلك الحرارة. فإذا إضفنا من جهتنا حرارة إلى نظام فإن إشارتها طبعا تكون موجبة).</p> <p>وكذلك في <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="فيزياء">الفيزياء</a>: ينتج عن <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="انشطار نووي">الانشطار النووي</a> طاقة تتحرر، فالتفاعل الانشطاري عبارة عن تفاعل منتج للحرارة. وتفاعل <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="اندماج نووي">الاندماج النووي</a> مثل الاندماج النووي <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="هيدروجين">للهيدروجين</a> الذي تستمد منه <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="الشمس">الشمس</a> طاقتها هو أيضا «تفاعل منتج للطاقة».</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="أمثلة_للتفاعلات_الناشرة_للحرارة"><span id=".D8.A3.D9.85.D8.AB.D9.84.D8.A9_.D9.84.D9.84.D8.AA.D9.81.D8.A7.D8.B9.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.AA_.D8.A7.D9.84.D9.86.D8.A7.D8.B4.D8.B1.D8.A9_.D9.84.D9.84.D8.AD.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.B1.D8.A9"></span>أمثلة للتفاعلات الناشرة للحرارة</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: أمثلة للتفاعلات الناشرة للحرارة" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="احتراق">الاحتراق</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%AD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="تعادل (توضيح)">التعادل</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ثرميت">تفاعل الثرميت</a>: تفاعل شديد بين <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ألومنيوم">الألمونيوم</a> <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أكاسيد الحديد">وأكسيد الحديد</a></li> <li>إضافة الماء للأحماض المركزة.</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="وصلات_خارجية"><span id=".D9.88.D8.B5.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.AA_.D8.AE.D8.A7.D8.B1.D8.AC.D9.8A.D8.A9"></span>وصلات خارجية</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: وصلات خارجية" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gcsescience.com/rc24.htm">GCSE التفاعلات</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="اقرأ_أيضا"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.82.D8.B1.D8.A3_.D8.A3.D9.8A.D8.B6.D8.A7"></span>اقرأ أيضا</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: اقرأ أيضا" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B5_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تفاعل ماص للحرارة">تفاعل ماص للحرارة</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ثرميت">تفاعل الثرميت</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تفاعل كيميائي">تفاعل كيميائي</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أكسدة واختزال">تفاعلات أكسدة-اختزال</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="أكسدة واختزال">اختزال</a></li> <li><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="تفاعل ألومنيوم حراري">تفاعل ألومنيوم حراري</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="مراجع"><span id=".D9.85.D8.B1.D8.A7.D8.AC.D8.B9"></span>مراجع</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="عدل القسم: مراجع" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>عدل</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r68964954">.mw-parser-output .reflist-wrap{overflow-y:auto;max-height:300px}.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:36em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:28em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-4{column-width:20em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}@media print{.mw-parser-output .reflist{overflow-y:visible!important;max-height:none!important}}</style> <div class="reflist-wrap"> <div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">عرّب المصطلح بناءً على توصيات <a href="https://ar-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق">مجمع اللغة العربية بدمشق</a>، للمزيد يرجى الاطلاع على صفحة نقاش المقالة</span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r64177691">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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<span>آخر تعديل بتاريخ 16 مارس 2023، في 23:28</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>اللغات</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksotermies" title="Eksotermies – الأفريقانية" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eksotermies" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="الأفريقانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Екзотермична реакция – البلغارية" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Екзотермична реакция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="البلغارية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A7%258E%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A6%25E0%25A7%2580_%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BC%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="তাপোৎপাদী বিক্রিয়া – البنغالية" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপোৎপাদী বিক্রিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="البنغالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egzotermna_reakcija" title="Egzotermna reakcija – البوسنية" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Egzotermna reakcija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="البوسنية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%25C3%25B3_exot%25C3%25A8rmica" title="Reacció exotèrmica – الكتالانية" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reacció exotèrmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="الكتالانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8" title="Экзотермин реакци – الشيشانية" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Экзотермин реакци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="الشيشانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotermick%25C3%25A1_reakce" title="Exotermická reakce – التشيكية" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Exotermická reakce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="التشيكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adwaith_ecsothermig" title="Adwaith ecsothermig – الويلزية" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Adwaith ecsothermig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="الويلزية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoterm" title="Exoterm – الدانمركية" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Exoterm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="الدانمركية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotherme_Reaktion" title="Exotherme Reaktion – الألمانية" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Exotherme Reaktion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الألمانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2595%25CE%25BE%25CF%258E%25CE%25B8%25CE%25B5%25CF%2581%25CE%25BC%25CE%25B7_%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CF%2584%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B4%25CF%2581%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CE%25B7" title="Εξώθερμη αντίδραση – اليونانية" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξώθερμη αντίδραση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="اليونانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermic_reaction" title="Exothermic reaction – الإنجليزية" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Exothermic reaction" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="الإنجليزية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzoterma_reakcio" title="Ekzoterma reakcio – الإسبرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekzoterma reakcio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="الإسبرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%25C3%25B3n_exot%25C3%25A9rmica" title="Reacción exotérmica – الإسبانية" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reacción exotérmica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="الإسبانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksotermiline_reaktsioon" title="Eksotermiline reaktsioon – الإستونية" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eksotermiline reaktsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="الإستونية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erreakzio_exotermiko" title="Erreakzio exotermiko – الباسكية" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erreakzio exotermiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="الباسكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2588%25D8%25A7%25DA%25A9%25D9%2586%25D8%25B4_%25DA%25AF%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%2587" title="واکنش گرماده – الفارسية" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واکنش گرماده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="الفارسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksoterminen_reaktio" title="Eksoterminen reaktio – الفنلندية" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eksoterminen reaktio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="الفنلندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25A9action_exothermique" title="Réaction exothermique – الفرنسية" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réaction exothermique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="الفرنسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacci%25C3%25B3n_exot%25C3%25A9rmica" title="Reacción exotérmica – الجاليكية" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Reacción exotérmica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="الجاليكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25AA%25D7%2592%25D7%2595%25D7%2591%25D7%2594_%25D7%2590%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A1%25D7%2595%25D7%25AA%25D7%25A8%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA" title="תגובה אקסותרמית – العبرية" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תגובה אקסותרמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="العبرية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%258A%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A5%2587%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%2580_%25E0%25A4%2585%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%2595%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="ऊष्माक्षेपी अभिक्रिया – الهندية" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऊष्माक्षेपी अभिक्रिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="الهندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyaksyon_egzot%25C3%25A8mik" title="Reyaksyon egzotèmik – الكريولية الهايتية" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Reyaksyon egzotèmik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="الكريولية الهايتية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoterm_reakci%25C3%25B3" title="Exoterm reakció – الهنغارية" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Exoterm reakció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="الهنغارية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%258B%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25B4%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25BB%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BF%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B9_%25D5%25BC%25D5%25A5%25D5%25A1%25D5%25AF%25D6%2581%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580" title="Ջերմանջատիչ ռեակցիաներ – الأرمنية" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմանջատիչ ռեակցիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="الأرمنية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksotermik" title="Eksotermik – الإندونيسية" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eksotermik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="الإندونيسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exokalorala_reakto" title="Exokalorala reakto – الإيدو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Exokalorala reakto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="الإيدو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%2599%25BA%25E7%2586%25B1%25E5%258F%258D%25E5%25BF%259C" title="発熱反応 – اليابانية" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="発熱反応" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="اليابانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D2%259B_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="Экзотермикалық реакция – الكازاخستانية" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Экзотермикалық реакция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="الكازاخستانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%25B0%259C%25EC%2597%25B4_%25EB%25B0%2598%25EC%259D%2591" title="발열 반응 – الكورية" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발열 반응" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="الكورية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25B3%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0" title="Егзотермна реакција – المقدونية" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Егзотермна реакција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="المقدونية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%259A%25E0%25B4%2595_%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B5%25BC%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%2582" title="താപമോചക പ്രവർത്തനം – المالايالامية" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താപമോചക പ്രവർത്തനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="المالايالامية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tindak_balas_eksotermik" title="Tindak balas eksotermik – الماليزية" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tindak balas eksotermik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="الماليزية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksoterm_reaksjon" title="Eksoterm reaksjon – النرويجية نينورسك" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Eksoterm reaksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="النرويجية نينورسك" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksoterm_reaksjon" title="Eksoterm reaksjon – النرويجية بوكمال" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eksoterm reaksjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="النرويجية بوكمال" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walnyaatinsa_hoo%2527in-baasaa" title="Walnyaatinsa hoo'in-baasaa – الأورومية" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Walnyaatinsa hoo'in-baasaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="الأورومية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25A4%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25AA_%25E0%25A8%25A8%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A9%2580_%25E0%25A8%2595%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%2586%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%2582" title="ਤਾਪ ਨਿਕਾਸੀ ਕਿਰਿਆਵਾਂ – البنجابية" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਪ ਨਿਕਾਸੀ ਕਿਰਿਆਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="البنجابية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reakcja_egzotermiczna" title="Reakcja egzotermiczna – البولندية" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Reakcja egzotermiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="البولندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rea%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_exot%25C3%25A9rmica" title="Reação exotérmica – البرتغالية" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reação exotérmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="البرتغالية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reac%25C8%259Bie_exoterm%25C4%2583" title="Reacție exotermă – الرومانية" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reacție exotermă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="الرومانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25AD%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B5_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8" title="Экзотермические реакции – الروسية" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экзотермические реакции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="الروسية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermic_reaction" title="Exothermic reaction – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Exothermic reaction" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotermick%25C3%25A1_reakcia" title="Exotermická reakcia – السلوفاكية" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Exotermická reakcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="السلوفاكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksotermna_reakcija" title="Eksotermna reakcija – السلوفانية" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eksotermna reakcija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="السلوفانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reaksioni_ekzotermik" title="Reaksioni ekzotermik – الألبانية" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Reaksioni ekzotermik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الألبانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotherm" title="Exotherm – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Exotherm" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoterm_reaktion" title="Exoterm reaktion – السويدية" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Exoterm reaktion" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="السويدية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AF%2586%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%2581_%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AF%2588" title="வெப்பம் விடு வினை – التاميلية" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்பம் விடு வினை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="التاميلية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A2%25E0%25B8%2584%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B9%2589%25E0%25B8%25AD%25E0%25B8%2599" title="คายความร้อน – التايلاندية" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คายความร้อน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="التايلاندية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzotermik_reaksiyon" title="Ekzotermik reaksiyon – التركية" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ekzotermik reaksiyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="التركية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2595%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B7%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BC%25D1%2596%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0_%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BA%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%258F" title="Екзотермічна реакція – الأوكرانية" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Екзотермічна реакція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="الأوكرانية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AA_%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A7_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2584" title="حرارت زا تعامل – الأوردية" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حرارت زا تعامل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="الأوردية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzotermik_reaksiyalar" title="Ekzotermik reaksiyalar – الأوزبكية" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ekzotermik reaksiyalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="الأوزبكية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%25E1%25BA%25A3n_%25E1%25BB%25A9ng_t%25E1%25BB%258Fa_nhi%25E1%25BB%2587t" title="Phản ứng tỏa nhiệt – الفيتنامية" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phản ứng tỏa nhiệt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="الفيتنامية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2594%25BE%25E7%2583%25AD%25E5%258F%258D%25E5%25BA%2594" title="放热反应 – الصينية" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="放热反应" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="الصينية" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%2586%2581%25E7%2586%25B1%25E5%258F%258D%25E6%2587%2589" title="䆁熱反應 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="䆁熱反應" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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