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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Relative (adjectival) clause</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relative_(adjectival)_clause-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relative (adjectival) clause subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relative_(adjectival)_clause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Punctuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_punctuation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_punctuation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>English punctuation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_punctuation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverbial_clause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverbial_clause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Adverbial clause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adverbial_clause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sentence_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sentence_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sentence structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sentence_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-finite_dependent_clauses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-finite_dependent_clauses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Non-finite dependent clauses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-finite_dependent_clauses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="جملة غير مفيدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جملة غير مفيدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaq_c%C3%BCml%C9%99" title="Budaq cümlə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Budaq cümlə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islavarenn" title="Islavarenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Islavarenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oraci%C3%B3_subordinada" title="Oració subordinada – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Oració subordinada" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedlej%C5%A1%C3%AD_v%C4%9Bta" title="Vedlejší věta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vedlejší věta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leds%C3%A6tning" title="Ledsætning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ledsætning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebensatz" title="Nebensatz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nebensatz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rvallause" title="Kõrvallause – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõrvallause" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oraci%C3%B3n_subordinada" title="Oración subordinada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Oración subordinada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpropozicio" title="Subpropozicio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Subpropozicio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_subordonn%C3%A9e" title="Proposition subordonnée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proposition subordonnée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klausa_dependen" title="Klausa dependen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Klausa dependen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grammatical clause adding information to a primary clause</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dependent_clause&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Dependent_clause" title="Talk:Dependent clause">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>dependent clause</b>, also known as a <b>subordinate clause</b>, <b>subclause</b> or <b>embedded clause</b>, is a certain type of <a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">clause</a> that juxtaposes an <a href="/wiki/Independent_clause" title="Independent clause">independent clause</a> within a <a href="/wiki/Complex_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex sentence">complex sentence</a>. For instance, in the sentence "I know Bette is a dolphin", the clause "Bette is a dolphin" occurs as the <a href="/wiki/Complement_(linguistics)" title="Complement (linguistics)">complement</a> of the verb "know" rather than as a freestanding <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentence (grammar)">sentence</a>. Subtypes of dependent clauses include <a href="/wiki/Content_clause" title="Content clause">content clauses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">relative clauses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_clause" title="Adverbial clause">adverbial clauses</a>, and clauses that complement an independent clause in the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_clause">Content clause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent_clause&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Content clause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Content_clause" title="Content clause">Content clause</a></div> <p>A content clause, also known as a "noun clause", provides content implied or commented upon by its main clause. It can be a <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a>, <a href="/wiki/Predicate_nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicate nominative">predicate nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct object</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appositive" class="mw-redirect" title="Appositive">appositive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indirect_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect object">indirect object</a>, or object of the <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a>. Some of the English words that introduce content clauses are <i>that, who</i> (and formal <i>whom</i>), <i>whoever</i> (and formal <i>whomever</i>), <i>whether, why, what, how, when</i>, and <i>where</i>. Notice that some of these words also introduce relative and adverbial clauses. A clause is a content clause if a pronoun (<i>he, she, it,</i> or <i>they</i>) could be substituted for it. </p><p>Examples: </p> <ul><li>I know <i>who said that</i>. (I know them. The dependent clause serves as the object of the main-clause verb "know".)</li> <li><i>Whoever made that assertion</i> is wrong. (They are wrong. The dependent clause serves as the subject of the main clause.)</li></ul> <p>In English, in some instances the <a href="/wiki/English_relative_clauses#That_as_relativizer_instead_of_relative_pronoun" title="English relative clauses">subordinator <i>that</i> can be omitted</a>. </p><p>Example 1: </p> <ul><li>I know <i>that he is here.</i></li> <li>I know <i>he is here</i>.</li></ul> <p>Example 2: </p> <ul><li>I think <i>that it is pretty</i>. (less common)</li> <li>I think <i>it is pretty</i>. (more common)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relative_(adjectival)_clause"><span id="Relative_.28adjectival.29_clause"></span>Relative (adjectival) clause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent_clause&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relative (adjectival) clause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause" title="Relative clause">Relative clause</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, a relative clause, also called an adjectival clause or an adjective clause, meets three requirements: </p> <ol><li>Like all dependent clauses, it contains a verb (and also a subject unless it is a <a href="#Non-finite_dependent_clauses">non-finite dependent clause</a>). However, in a <a href="/wiki/Pro-drop_language" title="Pro-drop language">pro-drop language</a> the subject may be a <a href="/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)" title="Zero (linguistics)">zero pronoun</a>: the pronoun may not be explicitly included because its identity is conveyed by a verbal <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflection</a>.</li> <li>It begins with a <b>relative adverb</b> [<i>when, where</i>, <i>how</i>, or <i>why</i> in English] or a relative pronoun [<i>who, whom, whose, that, what</i> or <i>which</i> in English]. However, the English relative pronoun (other than <i>what</i>) may be omitted and only implied if it plays the role of the object of the verb or object of a preposition in a restrictive clause; for example, <i>He is the boy I saw</i> is equivalent to <i>He is the boy whom I saw</i>, and <i>I saw the boy you are talking about</i> is equivalent to the more formal <i>I saw the boy about whom you are talking</i>.</li> <li>The relative clause functions as an adjective, answering questions such as "what kind?", "how many?" or "which one?"</li></ol> <p>The adjective clause in English will follow one of these patterns: </p> <ul><li>Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Object of Verb] + Subject + Verb</li></ul> <dl><dd>This is the ball <b><i>that</i> I was bouncing.</b></dd></dl> <ul><li>Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Object of Verb] (Omitted but Implied) + Subject + Verb</li></ul> <dl><dd>This is the ball <b>I was bouncing.</b></dd></dl> <ul><li>Relative Adverb + Subject + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb)</li></ul> <dl><dd>That is the house <b><i>where</i> I grew up.</b></dd> <dd>That is the house <b><i>where</i> I met her.</b></dd></dl> <ul><li>Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Subject] + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb)</li></ul> <dl><dd>That is the person <b><i>who</i> hiccuped.</b></dd> <dd>That is the person <b><i>who</i> saw me</b>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Object of Preposition] + Subject + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb) + Preposition</li></ul> <dl><dd>That is the person <b><i>who(m)</i> I was talking about.</b></dd> <dd>That is the person <b><i>who(m)</i> I was telling you about.</b></dd></dl> <ul><li>Preposition + Relative Pronoun [Functioning as Object of Preposition] + Subject + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb)</li></ul> <dl><dd>That is the person <b>about <i>whom</i> I was talking.</b></dd> <dd>That is the person <b>about <i>whom</i> I was telling you.</b></dd></dl> <ul><li>Possessive Relative Pronoun + Noun [Functioning as Subject] + Verb (possibly + Object of Verb)</li></ul> <dl><dd>That is the dog <b><i>whose</i> big brown eyes pleaded for another cookie.</b></dd> <dd>That is the dog <b><i>whose</i> big brown eyes begged me for another cookie.</b></dd></dl> <ul><li>Possessive Relative Pronoun + Noun [Functioning as Object of Verb] + Subject + Verb</li></ul> <dl><dd>That is the person <b><i>whose</i> car I saw.</b></dd></dl> <p>For a discussion of adjective clauses in languages other than English, see <a href="/wiki/Relative_clause#Examples" title="Relative clause">Relative clause#Examples</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Punctuation">Punctuation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent_clause&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English_punctuation">English punctuation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent_clause&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: English punctuation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The punctuation of an adjective clause depends on whether it is essential (restrictive) or nonessential (nonrestrictive) and uses commas accordingly. Essential clauses are not set off with commas; nonessential clauses are. An adjective clause is essential if the information it contains is necessary to the meaning of the sentence: </p> <ul><li>The vegetables <i>that people often leave uneaten</i> are usually the most nutritious.</li></ul> <p>The word "vegetables" is non-specific. Accordingly, for the reader to know which are being mentioned, one must have the information provided in the adjective clause (in italics). Because it restricts the meaning of "vegetable", the adjective clause is called a restrictive clause. It is essential to the meaning of the main clause and uses no commas (and so does not experience a pause when spoken). </p><p>However, if the additional information does not help to identify more narrowly the identity of the noun antecedent but rather simply provides further information about it, the adjective clause is nonrestrictive and so requires commas (or a spoken pause) to separate it from the rest of the sentence: </p> <ul><li>Broccoli, <i>which people often leave uneaten</i>, is very nutritious.</li></ul> <p>Depending on context, a particular noun could be modified by either a restrictive or nonrestrictive adjective clause. For example, while "broccoli" is modified nonrestrictively in the preceding sentence, it is modified restrictively in the following. </p> <ul><li>The broccoli <i>which (</i>or<i> that) people leave uneaten</i> is often nutritious.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverbial_clause">Adverbial clause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent_clause&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Adverbial clause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adverbial_clause" title="Adverbial clause">Adverbial clause</a></div> <p>"He saw Mary <i>when he was in New York</i>" and "They studied hard <i>because they had a test</i>" both contain adverbial clauses (in italics). Adverbial clauses express <i>when, why, where, opposition</i>, and <i>conditions</i>, and, as with all dependent clauses, they cannot stand alone. For example, <i>When he was in New York</i> is not a complete sentence; it needs to be completed by an independent clause, as in: </p> <ul><li>He went to the Guggenheim Museum <i>when he was in New York.</i></li></ul> <p>or equivalently </p> <ul><li><i>When he was in New York</i>, he went to the Guggenheim Museum.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sentence_structure">Sentence structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent_clause&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sentence structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Complex_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex sentence">complex sentence</a></i> contains an <a href="/wiki/Independent_clause" title="Independent clause">independent clause</a> and at least one dependent clause. A sentence with two or more independent clauses plus (one or more) dependent clauses is referred to as a <i><a href="/wiki/Complex-compound_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex-compound sentence">compound-complex sentence</a></i>. (Every clause contains a subject and predicate.) Here are some English examples: </p><p>My sister cried <i>because she scraped her knee</i>. (complex sentence) </p> <ul><li>Subjects: My sister, she</li> <li>Predicates: cried, scraped her knee</li> <li>Subordinating conjunction: because</li></ul> <p><i>When they told me</i> <i>(that) I won the contest</i>, I cried, but I didn't faint. (compound-complex sentence) </p> <ul><li>Subjects: they, I, I, I</li> <li>Predicates: told me, won the contest, cried, didn't faint</li> <li>Subordinating conjunctions: when, that (implied or understood)</li> <li>Coordinating conjunction: but</li></ul> <p>This sentence contains two dependent clauses: "When they told me", and "(that) I won the contest", the latter which serves as the object of the verb "told". The connecting word "that", if not explicitly included, is understood to implicitly precede "I won" and in either case functions as a subordinating conjunction. This sentence also includes two independent clauses, "I cried" and "I didn't faint", connected by the coordinating conjunction "but". The first dependent clause, together with its object (the second dependent clause), adverbially modifies the verbs of both main clauses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-finite_dependent_clauses">Non-finite dependent clauses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent_clause&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Non-finite dependent clauses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Non-finite_clause" title="Non-finite clause">Non-finite clause</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balancing_and_deranking" title="Balancing and deranking">Balancing and deranking</a></div> <p>Dependent clauses may be <a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">headed</a> by an <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Non-finite_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-finite verb">non-finite verb</a> form, which in linguistics is called <b>deranked</b>. For instance: </p> <ul><li>Sit up straight <i>while singing.</i></li></ul> <p>In these cases, the subject of the dependent clause may take a non-<a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a> form. An example is: </p> <ul><li>I want <i>him to vanish.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent_clause&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_statement" title="Dependent statement">Dependent statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Responsive_predicate" title="Responsive predicate">Responsive predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pronoun" title="Relative pronoun">Relative pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical conjunction">Grammatical conjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">Sentence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compound_sentence_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound sentence (linguistics)">Compound sentence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_sentence" class="mw-redirect" title="Simple sentence">Simple sentence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">Subjunctive mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_clause_(Latin)" title="Temporal clause (Latin)">Temporal clause (Latin)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent_clause&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRozakis,_Laurie2003" class="citation book cs1">Rozakis, Laurie (2003). <i>The Complete Idiot's Guide to Grammar and Style pp. 153–159</i>. Alpha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59257-115-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-59257-115-8"><bdi>1-59257-115-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Idiot%27s+Guide+to+Grammar+and+Style+pp.+153%26ndash%3B159&rft.pub=Alpha&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-59257-115-8&rft.au=Rozakis%2C+Laurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADependent+clause" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dependent_clause&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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