CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="no-js" lang="fr-FR"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="profile" href="https://gmpg.org/xfn/11" /> <link rel="pingback" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/xmlrpc.php"> <title>Mer – L'Histoire à la BnF</title> <meta name='robots' content='max-image-preview:large' /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/favicon.png" /><script>document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace("no-js","js");</script> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//histoirebnf.hypotheses.org' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="L'Histoire à la BnF » Flux" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="L'Histoire à la BnF » Flux des commentaires" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/comments/feed" /> <link id="hu-user-gfont" href="//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto+Condensed:400,300italic,300,400italic,700&subset=latin,latin-ext" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="L'Histoire à la BnF » Flux de l’étiquette Mer" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/mer/feed" /> <script> window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/histoirebnf.hypotheses.org\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.6.2"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.6.2' media='all' /> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-hal-style1-css' href='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/hal/css/style.css?ver=6.6.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-syntax-css-css' href='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-syntax/css/wp-syntax.css?ver=1.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='parent-style-css' href='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/style.css?ver=6.6.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hueman-main-style-css' href='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/css/main.min.css?ver=3.7.25' media='all' /> <style id='hueman-main-style-inline-css'> body { font-family:'Roboto Condensed', Arial, sans-serif;font-size:1.06rem }@media only screen and (min-width: 720px) { .nav > li { font-size:1.06rem; } }::selection { background-color: #30b4c0; } ::-moz-selection { background-color: #30b4c0; }a,a>span.hu-external::after,.themeform label .required,#flexslider-featured .flex-direction-nav .flex-next:hover,#flexslider-featured .flex-direction-nav .flex-prev:hover,.post-hover:hover .post-title a,.post-title a:hover,.sidebar.s1 .post-nav li a:hover i,.content .post-nav li a:hover i,.post-related a:hover,.sidebar.s1 .widget_rss ul li a,#footer .widget_rss ul li a,.sidebar.s1 .widget_calendar a,#footer .widget_calendar a,.sidebar.s1 .alx-tab .tab-item-category a,.sidebar.s1 .alx-posts .post-item-category a,.sidebar.s1 .alx-tab li:hover .tab-item-title a,.sidebar.s1 .alx-tab li:hover .tab-item-comment a,.sidebar.s1 .alx-posts li:hover .post-item-title a,#footer .alx-tab .tab-item-category a,#footer .alx-posts .post-item-category a,#footer .alx-tab li:hover .tab-item-title a,#footer .alx-tab li:hover .tab-item-comment a,#footer .alx-posts li:hover .post-item-title a,.comment-tabs li.active a,.comment-awaiting-moderation,.child-menu a:hover,.child-menu .current_page_item > a,.wp-pagenavi a{ color: #30b4c0; }input[type="submit"],.themeform button[type="submit"],.sidebar.s1 .sidebar-top,.sidebar.s1 .sidebar-toggle,#flexslider-featured .flex-control-nav li a.flex-active,.post-tags a:hover,.sidebar.s1 .widget_calendar caption,#footer .widget_calendar caption,.author-bio .bio-avatar:after,.commentlist li.bypostauthor > .comment-body:after,.commentlist li.comment-author-admin > .comment-body:after{ background-color: #30b4c0; }.post-format .format-container { border-color: #30b4c0; }.sidebar.s1 .alx-tabs-nav li.active a,#footer .alx-tabs-nav li.active a,.comment-tabs li.active a,.wp-pagenavi a:hover,.wp-pagenavi a:active,.wp-pagenavi span.current{ border-bottom-color: #30b4c0!important; }.sidebar.s2 .post-nav li a:hover i, .sidebar.s2 .widget_rss ul li a, .sidebar.s2 .widget_calendar a, .sidebar.s2 .alx-tab .tab-item-category a, .sidebar.s2 .alx-posts .post-item-category a, .sidebar.s2 .alx-tab li:hover .tab-item-title a, .sidebar.s2 .alx-tab li:hover .tab-item-comment a, .sidebar.s2 .alx-posts li:hover .post-item-title a { color: #ae8a3e; } .sidebar.s2 .sidebar-top,.sidebar.s2 .sidebar-toggle,.post-comments,.jp-play-bar,.jp-volume-bar-value,.sidebar.s2 .widget_calendar caption{ background-color: #ae8a3e; }.sidebar.s2 .alx-tabs-nav li.active a { border-bottom-color: #ae8a3e; } .post-comments::before { border-right-color: #ae8a3e; } .is-scrolled #header #nav-mobile { background-color: #454e5c; background-color: rgba(69,78,92,0.90) }#nav-header.nav-container, #main-header-search .search-expand { background-color: #ae8a3e; } @media only screen and (min-width: 720px) { #nav-header .nav ul { background-color: #ae8a3e; } } body { background-color: #eaeaea; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-stylesheet-css' href='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman-child/style.css?ver=2.2%20(child%20of%20hueman%203.2.9)' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='hueman-font-awesome-css' href='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=3.7.25' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='Branda_Signup_Password-css' href='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/ultimate-branding/inc/modules/login-screen/assets/css/signup-password.css?ver=3.4.9.3' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-featherlight-css' href='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-featherlight/css/wp-featherlight.min.css?ver=1.3.4' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cmplz-cookie-css' href='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/complianz-gdpr-premium-multisite/assets/css/cookieconsent.min.css?ver=5.4.0.2' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cleo-global-css' href='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/css/openbarre.css?ver=6.6.2' media='screen' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='cleo-complianz-css' href='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/css/complianz.css?ver=6.6.2' media='screen' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='print-global-css' href='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/css/print.css?ver=6.6.2' media='print' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-author-bio-css' href='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-about-author/wp-about-author.css?ver=6.6.2' media='all' /> <script src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-json/wp/v2/tags/96371" /><link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" title="RSD" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/xmlrpc.php?rsd" /> <meta name="generator" content="Wordpress 6.6.2 - https://wordpress.org" /> <script> var _paq = _paq || []; _paq.push(['setCustomVariable', 1, 'Domain', document.domain, 'visit']); _paq.push(['enableCrossDomainLinking']); _paq.push(["setDocumentTitle", " histoirebnf | " + document.title]); _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u='https://analytics.openedition.org/'; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '4852']); var secondaryTrackerUrl = 'https://pk.labocleo.org/matomo.php'; var secondaryWebsiteId = '4'; _paq.push(['addTracker', secondaryTrackerUrl, secondaryWebsiteId]); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.defer=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <style type="text/css"> ol.footnotes>li {list-style-type:decimal;} ol.footnotes { color:#666666; } ol.footnotes li { font-size:80%; } </style> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/actualites-de-gallica/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/actualites-de-gallica/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/appels-a-chercheurs/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/appels-a-chercheurs/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/conferences-et-colloques/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/conferences-et-colloques/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/expositions/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/expositions/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/publications/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/publications/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/actualites-diverses/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/actualites-diverses/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/actualites-diverses/concours/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/actualites-diverses/concours/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/recherche/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/recherche/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/autres-disciplines/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/autres-disciplines/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/autres-disciplines/ethnologie-anthropologie/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/autres-disciplines/ethnologie-anthropologie/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/autres-disciplines/geographie/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/autres-disciplines/geographie/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-ancienne/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-ancienne/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-contemporaine/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-contemporaine/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-medievale/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-medievale/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-moderne/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-moderne/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/jeu-faites-parler-les-images/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/jeu-faites-parler-les-images/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/ressources-et-collections/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/ressources-et-collections/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/ressources-et-collections/aide-a-la-recherche/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/ressources-et-collections/aide-a-la-recherche/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/ressources-et-collections/collections/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/ressources-et-collections/collections/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/ressources-et-collections/collections/au-fil-des-collections/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/ressources-et-collections/collections/au-fil-des-collections/feed/rdf" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS Feed" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/ressources-et-collections/collections/fonds-des-recueils/feed" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rdf+xml" title="RDF Version" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/ressources-et-collections/collections/fonds-des-recueils/feed/rdf" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/hypotheses-config//js/hypoc.js"></script><style type="text/css" id="branda-admin-bar-logo"> body #wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-wp-logo > .ab-item { background-image: url(https://hypotheses.org/files/2016/12/hypologo-flux.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 50%; background-size: 80%; } body #wpadminbar #wp-admin-bar-wp-logo > .ab-item .ab-icon:before { content: " "; } </style> <style> .twitter-tweet.cmplz-blocked-content-container { padding: 10px 40px; } </style> <style> .cmplz-placeholder-element > blockquote.fb-xfbml-parse-ignore { margin: 0 20px; } </style> <style> .instagram-media.cmplz-placeholder-element > div { max-width: 100%; } </style> <style type="text/css"> span.icon-hypotheses { background:url(https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/favicon_18x20.png);width:18px;height:20px;display:inline-block;margin-right:5px; } </style> <style type="text/css"> .nav-container { z-index:7; } #nav-header.nav-container{ z-index:7; } @media only screen and (max-width:719px){ #header{ z-index:8; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 720px){ .header-desktop-sticky #nav-topbar.nav-container { position:absolute; z-index:8; } } </style> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(document).ready(function($) { $(window).on("scroll", function(e) { if (window.matchMedia("(max-width: 719px)").matches) { var navmobile = $('#nav-mobile'); } else { var navmobile = $('#nav-topbar'); } if (navmobile.length) { // if topbar exists var position = navmobile.position(); var openbarreheight=$('#ob-header').height(); // if (window.matchMedia("(max-width: 720px)").matches) { if (navmobile.position().top < $(window).scrollTop()-openbarreheight ) { navmobile.css({ position: 'fixed', top: '0px' }); } else if (position.top > $(window).scrollTop()-openbarreheight && navmobile.css('position') == 'fixed') { navmobile.css({ position: 'absolute' }); } // } // remove the style attribute added by the previous function on window resize /* $(window).on('resize', function(){ if (window.matchMedia("(min-width: 720px)").matches) { topbar.removeAttr('style'); } }); */ } }); }); </script> <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/webfonts/fa-brands-400.woff2?v=5.15.2" crossorigin="anonymous"/> <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/webfonts/fa-regular-400.woff2?v=5.15.2" crossorigin="anonymous"/> <link rel="preload" as="font" type="font/woff2" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/webfonts/fa-solid-900.woff2?v=5.15.2" crossorigin="anonymous"/>  <meta name="citation_issn" content="2555-1434" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/opml+xml" title="Outline" href="https://www.openedition.org/opml.php?pubtype=carnet" /></head> <body data-cmplz=1 class="archive tag tag-mer tag-96371 wp-embed-responsive wp-featherlight-captions col-3cm full-width header-mobile-sticky hu-header-img-natural-height hueman-3-7-25-with-child-theme chrome"> <div id="ob-header" class="openbarre"> <div class="openbarre__container"> <a class="openbarre__link" href="https://hypotheses.org" title="Home" tabindex="1"> <img class="openbarre__link__logo" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/logo-ho.svg" /> </a> <div class="openbarre__right"> <button class="openbarre__right__button oesearch__button"> <span class="openbarre__tablet__elm"> OpenEdition Search </span> <img class="openbarre__right__button__icon" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/loupe_search_grey.svg" /> </button> <button id="all-oe-button" class="openbarre__right__button"> <span class="openbarre__tablet__elm"> Tout OpenEdition </span> <img class="openbarre__right__button__icon" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/tout_openedition_gray.svg" /> </button> <div class="openbarre__right__all__menu" id="all-oe-menu"> <span class="openbarre__right__all__menu__title openbarre__right__all__menu__title--first"> Ressources numériques en sciences humaines et sociales </span> <a class="openbarre__right__all__menu__link" href="https://openedition.org"> OpenEdition </a> <span class="openbarre__right__all__menu__title"> Nos plateformes </span> <a class="openbarre__right__all__menu__link" href="https://books.openedition.org"> OpenEdition Books </a> <a class="openbarre__right__all__menu__link" href="https://journals.openedition.org"> OpenEdition Journals </a> <a class="openbarre__right__all__menu__link" href="https://hypotheses.org"> Hypothèses </a> <a class="openbarre__right__all__menu__link" href="https://calenda.org"> Calenda </a> <span class="openbarre__right__all__menu__title"> Bibliothèques </span> <a class="openbarre__right__all__menu__link" href="https://www.openedition.org/14043"> OpenEdition Freemium </a> <span class="openbarre__right__all__menu__title"> Suivez-nous </span> <div class="openbarre__right__all__menu__networks"> <a class="footer__networks__icon" href="https://www.facebook.com/openedition" title="Facebook"> <img class="openbarre__right__button__icon" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/facebook-f-brands-solid.svg" /> </a> <a class="footer__networks__icon" href="https://x.com/OpenEditionActu" title="X"> <img class="openbarre__right__button__icon" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/x-twitter-brands-solid.svg" /> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="openbarre__modal__background" id="oesearch-modal-bg" hidden></div> <div class="openbarre__modal openbarre__modal--search" id="oesearch-modal" hidden> <div class="openbarre__modal__header openbarre__modal__header--search"> <img class="openbarre__modal__header__logo" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/oe-search-white.svg" alt="OpenEdition Search logo" loading="lazy" /> <button class="openbarre__modal__header__close openbarre__modal__header__close--search" id="oesearch-modal-close" aria-label="Fermer"> <img class="openbarre__right__button__icon" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/images/xmark-solid.svg" /> </button> </div> <div class="openbarre__modal__body openbarre__modal__body--search"> <form class="openbarre__modal__body__form" action="https://search.openedition.org/results"> <div class="openbarre__modal__body__form__searchbar"> <span class="openbarre__modal__body__form__searchbar__accroche"> Redirection vers OpenEdition Search </span> <input name="q" id="oesearch_searchbar" type="search" aria-label="OpenEdition Search text input" placeholder="Expression ou mot-clé (tag)" required> </div> <div class="openbarre__modal__body__form__radio"> <div class="openbarre__modal__body__form__radio__item"> <input type="radio" name="s" id="oesearch_openedition" value="" checked> <label for="oesearch_openedition"> Dans tout OpenEdition </label> </div> <div class="openbarre__modal__body__form__radio__item"> <input type="radio" name="s" id="oesearch_site" value="L'histoire à la BnF"> <label for="oesearch_site">Dans "L'histoire à la BnF"</label> </div> </div> <input name="pf" id="pf" type="hidden" value="HO"> <button id="oesearch_submit" type="submit" class="openbarre__modal__body__form__submit"> Rechercher </button> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="wrapper"> <a class="screen-reader-text skip-link" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header id="header" class="top-menu-mobile-on one-mobile-menu top_menu header-ads-desktop topbar-transparent has-header-img"> <nav class="nav-container group mobile-menu mobile-sticky no-menu-assigned" id="nav-mobile" data-menu-id="header-1"> <div class="mobile-title-logo-in-header"><p class="site-title"> <a class="custom-logo-link" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/" rel="home" title="L'Histoire à la BnF | Page d'accueil">L'Histoire à la BnF</a> </p></div>  <button class="ham__navbar-toggler-two collapsed" title="Menu" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="ham__navbar-span-wrapper"> <span class="line line-1"></span> <span class="line line-2"></span> <span class="line line-3"></span> </span> </button> <div class="nav-text"></div> <div class="nav-wrap container"> <ul class="nav container-inner group mobile-search"> <li> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Rechercher :</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Rechercher…" value="" name="s" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Rechercher" /> </form> </li> </ul> <ul id="menu-menu-principal" class="nav container-inner group"><li id="menu-item-291" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-291"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org">Accueil</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-16"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites">Actualités</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-20" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-20"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf">Actualités de la BnF</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-16025" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16025"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/actualites-de-gallica">Actualités de Gallica</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16035" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16035"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/conferences-et-colloques">Conférences et colloques</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16040" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16040"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/expositions">Expositions</a></li> <li id="menu-item-23179" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-23179"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/publications">Publications</a></li> <li id="menu-item-16030" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16030"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/appels-a-chercheurs">Appels à chercheurs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-289" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-289"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/actualites-diverses">Actualités extérieures</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-16045" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16045"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/actualites-diverses/concours">Concours</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-18" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-18"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/recherche">Recherche</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-284" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-284"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2">Billets d’Histoire</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-16020" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16020"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-ancienne">Histoire ancienne</a></li> <li id="menu-item-286" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-286"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-medievale">Histoire médiévale</a></li> <li id="menu-item-287" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-287"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-moderne">Histoire moderne</a></li> <li id="menu-item-285" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-285"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-contemporaine">Histoire contemporaine</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-19" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-19"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/ressources-et-collections">Ressources et collections</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-288" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-288"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/ressources-et-collections/collections">Collections</a></li> <li id="menu-item-31" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-31"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/ressources-et-collections/aide-a-la-recherche">Aide à la recherche</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-14" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/a-propos">Qui sommes-nous ?</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/credits">Crédits</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div class="container group"> <div class="container-inner"> <div id="header-image-wrap"> <div class="group hu-pad central-header-zone"> </div> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/" rel="home"><img src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2022/05/callioppe_btv1b10060144b_cr-scaled.jpg" width="2560" height="659" alt="Calliope ou l'Histoire" class="new-site-image" srcset="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2022/05/callioppe_btv1b10060144b_cr-scaled.jpg 2560w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2022/05/callioppe_btv1b10060144b_cr-300x77.jpg 300w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2022/05/callioppe_btv1b10060144b_cr-500x129.jpg 500w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2022/05/callioppe_btv1b10060144b_cr-768x198.jpg 768w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2022/05/callioppe_btv1b10060144b_cr-1536x395.jpg 1536w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2022/05/callioppe_btv1b10060144b_cr-2048x527.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /></a> </div> <nav class="nav-container group desktop-menu " id="nav-header" data-menu-id="header-2"> <div class="nav-text"></div> <div class="nav-wrap container"> <div id="main-header-search" class="container"> <div class="container-inner"> <button class="toggle-search"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> <div class="search-expand"> <div class="search-expand-inner"><form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Rechercher :</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Rechercher…" value="" name="s" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Rechercher" /> </form></div> </div> </div> </div> <ul id="menu-menu-principal-1" class="nav container-inner group"><li class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-291"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org">Accueil</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-16"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites">Actualités</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-20"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf">Actualités de la BnF</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16025"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/actualites-de-gallica">Actualités de Gallica</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16035"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/conferences-et-colloques">Conférences et colloques</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16040"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/expositions">Expositions</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-23179"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/publications">Publications</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16030"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf/appels-a-chercheurs">Appels à chercheurs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-289"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/actualites-diverses">Actualités extérieures</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16045"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/actualites-diverses/concours">Concours</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-18"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/recherche">Recherche</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-284"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2">Billets d’Histoire</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-16020"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-ancienne">Histoire ancienne</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-286"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-medievale">Histoire médiévale</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-287"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-moderne">Histoire moderne</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-285"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-contemporaine">Histoire contemporaine</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-19"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/ressources-et-collections">Ressources et collections</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-288"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/ressources-et-collections/collections">Collections</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-31"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/ressources-et-collections/aide-a-la-recherche">Aide à la recherche</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/a-propos">Qui sommes-nous ?</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/credits">Crédits</a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </header> <div class="container" id="page"> <div class="container-inner"> <div class="main"> <div class="main-inner group"> <main class="content" id="content"> <div class="page-title hu-pad group"> <h1><i class="fas fa-tags"></i>Étiqueté : <span>Mer </span></h1> </div> <div class="hu-pad group"> <div id="grid-wrapper" class="post-list group"> <div class="post-row"> <article id="post-34615" class="group grid-item post-34615 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-actualites-diverses tag-mer tag-necrologie"> <div class="post-inner post-hover"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/34615"> <img width="720" height="340" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/btv1b8400732f-720x340.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-large size-thumb-large wp-post-image" alt="Adriaen Collaert, La bataille de Lépante (1571), entre 1571 et 1618. Détail des galères. BnF, EST, Réserve Fol-QB-201 (8)." decoding="async" srcset="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/btv1b8400732f-720x340.jpg 720w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2024/12/btv1b8400732f-520x245.jpg 520w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /> </a> <a class="post-comments" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/34615#respond"><i class="far fa-comments"></i>0</a> </div> <div class="post-meta group"> <p class="post-category"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/actualites-diverses" rel="category tag">Actualités extérieures</a></p> <p class="post-date"> <time class="published updated" datetime="2024-12-23 11:11:00">23/12/2024</time> </p> <p class="post-byline" style="display:none"> par <span class="vcard author"> <span class="fn"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/marnold" title="Articles par Marianne Arnold" rel="author">Marianne Arnold</a></span> </span> · Published <span class="published">23/12/2024</span> · Last modified <span class="updated">24/12/2024</span> </p> </div> <h2 class="post-title entry-title"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/34615" rel="bookmark">Disparition d’André Zysberg, 8 décembre 2024</a> </h2> <div class="entry excerpt entry-summary"> <p>Agrégé d’histoire et docteur d’État ès-lettres de l’École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, André Zysberg était professeur émérite d’histoire moderne de l’Université de Caen Normandie. Il fut aussi le directeur de l’informatique de la BnF de 1993 à 1996. Il s’est éteint le 8 décembre 2024.</p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-25525" class="group grid-item post-25525 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-actualites-diverses category-histoire-contemporaine tag-ecologie tag-mer tag-morue tag-peche tag-rendez-vous-de-lhistoire"> <div class="post-inner post-hover"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/25525"> <img width="720" height="340" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2024/01/bpt6k53274388_f59_peche_industrielle-1-720x340.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-large size-thumb-large wp-post-image" alt="Chalut remontant 35 tonnes de morue. Marcel Mochet, « Pêche extrême à bord de la Grande hermine », Marine & Océans, n° 238 (premier trimestre 2013), p. 64. Gallica/Acoram." decoding="async" srcset="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2024/01/bpt6k53274388_f59_peche_industrielle-1-720x340.jpg 720w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2024/01/bpt6k53274388_f59_peche_industrielle-1-520x245.jpg 520w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /> </a> <a class="post-comments" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/25525#respond"><i class="far fa-comments"></i>0</a> </div> <div class="post-meta group"> <p class="post-category"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/actualites-diverses" rel="category tag">Actualités extérieures</a> / <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-contemporaine" rel="category tag">Histoire contemporaine</a></p> <p class="post-date"> <time class="published updated" datetime="2024-04-07 12:00:00">07/04/2024</time> </p> <p class="post-byline" style="display:none"> par <span class="vcard author"> <span class="fn"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/ybaratta" title="Articles par ybaratta" rel="author">ybaratta</a></span> </span> · Published <span class="published">07/04/2024</span> · Last modified <span class="updated">07/03/2024</span> </p> </div> <h2 class="post-title entry-title"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/25525" rel="bookmark">La morue, un poisson à l’échelle du monde. 4 – Menaces sur la morue</a> </h2> <div class="entry excerpt entry-summary"> <p>  Cet article reprend en la développant une communication présentée en octobre 2022 aux Rendez-vous de l’Histoire de Blois. Le thème cette année-là était « La Mer ». Malgré les nombreuses alertes concernant l’état des stocks de morues, face au gigantisme des bateaux et leur course au profit effrénée, les bancs de...</p> </div> </div> </article> </div><div class="post-row"> <article id="post-25530" class="group grid-item post-25530 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-actualites-diverses category-histoire-contemporaine category-histoire-moderne tag-mer tag-morue tag-peche tag-rendez-vous-de-lhistoire"> <div class="post-inner post-hover"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/25530"> <img width="720" height="340" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2024/01/1200px-Winslow_Homer_-_The_Fog_Warning_-_Google_Art_Project-1-720x340.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-large size-thumb-large wp-post-image" alt="Winslow Homer, The Fog Warning, 1885. Musée des Beaux-arts de Boston, inv. 94.72." decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2024/01/1200px-Winslow_Homer_-_The_Fog_Warning_-_Google_Art_Project-1-720x340.jpg 720w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2024/01/1200px-Winslow_Homer_-_The_Fog_Warning_-_Google_Art_Project-1-520x245.jpg 520w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /> </a> <a class="post-comments" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/25530#respond"><i class="far fa-comments"></i>0</a> </div> <div class="post-meta group"> <p class="post-category"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/actualites-diverses" rel="category tag">Actualités extérieures</a> / <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-contemporaine" rel="category tag">Histoire contemporaine</a> / <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-moderne" rel="category tag">Histoire moderne</a></p> <p class="post-date"> <time class="published updated" datetime="2024-03-25 12:00:00">25/03/2024</time> </p> <p class="post-byline" style="display:none"> par <span class="vcard author"> <span class="fn"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/ybaratta" title="Articles par ybaratta" rel="author">ybaratta</a></span> </span> · Published <span class="published">25/03/2024</span> · Last modified <span class="updated">12/01/2024</span> </p> </div> <h2 class="post-title entry-title"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/25530" rel="bookmark">La morue, un poisson à l’échelle du monde. 3 – Les « bagnards de la mer »</a> </h2> <div class="entry excerpt entry-summary"> <p>  Cet article reprend en la développant une communication présentée en octobre 2022 aux Rendez-vous de l’Histoire de Blois. Le thème cette année-là était « La Mer ». La littérature et les journaux relatent avec émotion et emphase les exploits et les drames de « nos Terre-Neuvas » et « nos pêcheurs d’Islande ». La Croix...</p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-23533" class="group grid-item post-23533 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-actualites-diverses category-histoire-contemporaine category-histoire-moderne tag-mer tag-morue tag-peche tag-rendez-vous-de-lhistoire"> <div class="post-inner post-hover"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/23533"> <img width="720" height="340" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2023/12/btv1b55000183q_carte_nicolas_de_fer-720x340.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-large size-thumb-large wp-post-image" alt="Nicolas de Fer, Carte de la Mer du Sud et des costes d'Amerque et d'Asie, situées sur cette mer..., 1713. BnF, CPL, GE C-24281 (Rés)." decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2023/12/btv1b55000183q_carte_nicolas_de_fer-720x340.jpg 720w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2023/12/btv1b55000183q_carte_nicolas_de_fer-520x245.jpg 520w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /> </a> <a class="post-comments" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/23533#respond"><i class="far fa-comments"></i>0</a> </div> <div class="post-meta group"> <p class="post-category"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/actualites-diverses" rel="category tag">Actualités extérieures</a> / <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-contemporaine" rel="category tag">Histoire contemporaine</a> / <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-moderne" rel="category tag">Histoire moderne</a></p> <p class="post-date"> <time class="published updated" datetime="2024-03-15 12:00:00">15/03/2024</time> </p> <p class="post-byline" style="display:none"> par <span class="vcard author"> <span class="fn"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/ybaratta" title="Articles par ybaratta" rel="author">ybaratta</a></span> </span> · Published <span class="published">15/03/2024</span> · Last modified <span class="updated">12/01/2024</span> </p> </div> <h2 class="post-title entry-title"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/23533" rel="bookmark">La morue, un poisson à l’échelle du monde. 2 – Pratiques et techniques</a> </h2> <div class="entry excerpt entry-summary"> <p>  Cet article reprend en la développant une communication présentée en octobre 2022 aux Rendez-vous de l’Histoire de Blois. Le thème cette année-là était « La Mer ». De la pêche en chaloupe jusqu’à l’exploitation des fonds marins par les navires-usines, cinq cents ans se sont écoulés. Les cadences s’accélèrent au fil...</p> </div> </div> </article> </div><div class="post-row"> <article id="post-23555" class="group grid-item post-23555 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-actualites-diverses category-billets-dhistoire-2 tag-mer tag-morue tag-peche tag-rendez-vous-de-lhistoire"> <div class="post-inner post-hover"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/23555"> <img width="720" height="340" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2023/12/btv1b22030871n_morue-720x340.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-large size-thumb-large wp-post-image" alt="Morue. Physica animalium. BnF, Néerlandais 55, f° 16." decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2023/12/btv1b22030871n_morue-720x340.jpg 720w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2023/12/btv1b22030871n_morue-520x245.jpg 520w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /> </a> <a class="post-comments" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/23555#respond"><i class="far fa-comments"></i>0</a> </div> <div class="post-meta group"> <p class="post-category"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/actualites-diverses" rel="category tag">Actualités extérieures</a> / <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2" rel="category tag">Billets d'Histoire</a></p> <p class="post-date"> <time class="published updated" datetime="2024-03-04 12:00:00">04/03/2024</time> </p> <p class="post-byline" style="display:none"> par <span class="vcard author"> <span class="fn"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/ybaratta" title="Articles par ybaratta" rel="author">ybaratta</a></span> </span> · Published <span class="published">04/03/2024</span> · Last modified <span class="updated">12/01/2024</span> </p> </div> <h2 class="post-title entry-title"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/23555" rel="bookmark">La morue, un poisson à l’échelle du monde. 1 – Le poisson de la discorde</a> </h2> <div class="entry excerpt entry-summary"> <p>  Cet article reprend en la développant une communication présentée en octobre 2022 aux Rendez-vous de l’Histoire de Blois. Le thème cette année-là était « La Mer ». La morue, ou cabillaud, apparaît comme une aubaine. Elle est abondante, tout au moins aux prémices de son exploitation. En 1873, Alexandre Dumas peut...</p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-22889" class="group grid-item post-22889 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-histoire-contemporaine category-histoire-moderne tag-bresil tag-colonies tag-mer tag-portugal tag-rendez-vous-de-lhistoire"> <div class="post-inner post-hover"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/22889"> <img width="720" height="340" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2023/12/bpt6k1505715s_f10_frontispice_decouvertes_conquestes_portugais-720x340.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-large size-thumb-large wp-post-image" alt="Frontispice de l'Histoire des découvertes et conquestes des Portugais, Paris, 1733. BnF, PHS, 4-OY-131 (1)" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2023/12/bpt6k1505715s_f10_frontispice_decouvertes_conquestes_portugais-720x340.jpg 720w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2023/12/bpt6k1505715s_f10_frontispice_decouvertes_conquestes_portugais-520x245.jpg 520w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /> </a> <a class="post-comments" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/22889#respond"><i class="far fa-comments"></i>0</a> </div> <div class="post-meta group"> <p class="post-category"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-contemporaine" rel="category tag">Histoire contemporaine</a> / <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-moderne" rel="category tag">Histoire moderne</a></p> <p class="post-date"> <time class="published updated" datetime="2024-02-16 12:00:00">16/02/2024</time> </p> <p class="post-byline" style="display:none"> par <span class="vcard author"> <span class="fn"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/eprosdotti" title="Articles par Emanuela Prosdotti" rel="author">Emanuela Prosdotti</a></span> </span> · Published <span class="published">16/02/2024</span> · Last modified <span class="updated">19/02/2024</span> </p> </div> <h2 class="post-title entry-title"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/22889" rel="bookmark">L’expansion maritime portugaise dans les collections de la BnF. 2 – 1580-1822</a> </h2> <div class="entry excerpt entry-summary"> <p>Le thème retenu en 2022 pour les Rendez-vous de l’histoire de Blois est la mer, et le pays invité, le Portugal. Après un premier billet consacré aux explorations et aux découvertes menées par les navigateurs portugais, ce nouveau volet s’intéresse à la colonisation de l’Afrique et du Brésil portugais. </p> </div> </div> </article> </div><div class="post-row"> <article id="post-22797" class="group grid-item post-22797 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-geographie category-histoire-medievale category-histoire-moderne tag-bresil tag-cartes tag-colonies tag-mer tag-portugal tag-rendez-vous-de-lhistoire"> <div class="post-inner post-hover"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/22797"> <img width="720" height="340" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2023/12/btv1b525032167_planisphere_Texeira-720x340.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-large size-thumb-large wp-post-image" alt="L'Afrique et l'Océan indien sur le planisphère de Domingos Texeira (1575). BnF, GE SH ARCH-3" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2023/12/btv1b525032167_planisphere_Texeira-720x340.jpg 720w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2023/12/btv1b525032167_planisphere_Texeira-520x245.jpg 520w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /> </a> <a class="post-comments" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/22797#respond"><i class="far fa-comments"></i>0</a> </div> <div class="post-meta group"> <p class="post-category"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/autres-disciplines/geographie" rel="category tag">Géographie</a> / <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-medievale" rel="category tag">Histoire médiévale</a> / <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-moderne" rel="category tag">Histoire moderne</a></p> <p class="post-date"> <time class="published updated" datetime="2024-02-05 12:00:00">05/02/2024</time> </p> <p class="post-byline" style="display:none"> par <span class="vcard author"> <span class="fn"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/mlageiste" title="Articles par Maud Lageiste" rel="author">Maud Lageiste</a></span> </span> · Published <span class="published">05/02/2024</span> · Last modified <span class="updated">13/01/2024</span> </p> </div> <h2 class="post-title entry-title"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/22797" rel="bookmark">L’expansion maritime portugaise dans les collections de la BnF. 1 – 1415-1580</a> </h2> <div class="entry excerpt entry-summary"> <p>Le thème retenu en 2022 pour les Rendez-vous de l’histoire de Blois est la mer, et le pays invité, le Portugal. Heureuse coïncidence, car il y a entre le peuple portugais et la mer un lien qui s’explique aussi bien par la géographie du pays, tourné en grande partie vers l’Océan Atlantique, que par son histoire pluriséculaire. </p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-22474" class="group grid-item post-22474 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-histoire-contemporaine tag-bibliotheque-musee-de-lopera tag-mer tag-musique tag-rendez-vous-de-lhistoire tag-sirene"> <div class="post-inner post-hover"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/22474"> <img width="720" height="340" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2023/12/btv1b8454607n_f14_sirenne_bandeau-720x340.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-large size-thumb-large wp-post-image" alt="Alfred Albert, « Sirène », projet de costume pour l'opéra La Magicienne. BnF, BMO, D216-18 (49-85)" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2023/12/btv1b8454607n_f14_sirenne_bandeau-720x340.jpg 720w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2023/12/btv1b8454607n_f14_sirenne_bandeau-520x245.jpg 520w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /> </a> <a class="post-comments" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/22474#respond"><i class="far fa-comments"></i>0</a> </div> <div class="post-meta group"> <p class="post-category"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-contemporaine" rel="category tag">Histoire contemporaine</a></p> <p class="post-date"> <time class="published updated" datetime="2024-01-15 12:00:00">15/01/2024</time> </p> <p class="post-byline" style="display:none"> par <span class="vcard author"> <span class="fn"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/ldelaveau" title="Articles par Lou DELAVEAU" rel="author">Lou DELAVEAU</a></span> </span> · Published <span class="published">15/01/2024</span> · Last modified <span class="updated">12/01/2024</span> </p> </div> <h2 class="post-title entry-title"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/22474" rel="bookmark">En-chant-eresse : la figure de la sirène dans l’imaginaire musical</a> </h2> <div class="entry excerpt entry-summary"> <p>La sirène est un monstre dont l’identité est originellement liée à l’art musical. C’est d’abord par la voix et non par le corps que les sirènes séduisent les hommes. Cette dimension offre un terrain de jeu privilégié pour les compositeurs, amplement réinvesti par un XIXe siècle féru de romantisme et de folklorisme. Parmi ceux-là, Jean-Georges Kastner incarne tout particulièrement la fascination des artistes pour les sirènes.</p> </div> </div> </article> </div><div class="post-row"> <article id="post-17797" class="group grid-item post-17797 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-manifestations-de-la-bnf category-actualites-diverses tag-conferences tag-mer tag-rendez-vous-de-lhistoire"> <div class="post-inner post-hover"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/17797"> <img width="720" height="296" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2022/09/zoom-atlas-nautique-bresil-720x296.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-large size-thumb-large wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" /> </a> <a class="post-comments" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/17797#respond"><i class="far fa-comments"></i>0</a> </div> <div class="post-meta group"> <p class="post-category"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/manifestations-de-la-bnf" rel="category tag">Actualités de la BnF</a> / <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/actualites-diverses" rel="category tag">Actualités extérieures</a></p> <p class="post-date"> <time class="published updated" datetime="2022-09-28 09:01:14">28/09/2022</time> </p> <p class="post-byline" style="display:none"> par <span class="vcard author"> <span class="fn"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/bloghistoire" title="Articles par Blog Histoire" rel="author">Blog Histoire</a></span> </span> · Published <span class="published">28/09/2022</span> · Last modified <span class="updated">04/11/2022</span> </p> </div> <h2 class="post-title entry-title"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/17797" rel="bookmark">25e Rendez-vous de l’Histoire de Blois – Octobre 2022</a> </h2> <div class="entry excerpt entry-summary"> <p>Pour leur 25e édition, les Rendez–vous de l’histoire se penchent sur le thème de la mer. Cette année encore, la BnF est présente avec un stand au Salon du livre et au festival avec plusieurs manifestations. </p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-7897" class="group grid-item post-7897 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-histoire-moderne category-recherche tag-epices tag-epoque-moderne tag-indes-orientales tag-mer tag-navigation"> <div class="post-inner post-hover"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/7897"> <img width="720" height="276" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2019/09/mar-dI-India-zoom-cartouche.jpg" class="attachment-thumb-large size-thumb-large wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2019/09/mar-dI-India-zoom-cartouche.jpg 3496w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2019/09/mar-dI-India-zoom-cartouche-300x115.jpg 300w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2019/09/mar-dI-India-zoom-cartouche-500x191.jpg 500w" sizes="(max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /> </a> <a class="post-comments" href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/7897#comments"><i class="far fa-comments"></i>2</a> </div> <div class="post-meta group"> <p class="post-category"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/billets-dhistoire-2/histoire-moderne" rel="category tag">Histoire moderne</a> / <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/category/actualites/recherche" rel="category tag">Recherche</a></p> <p class="post-date"> <time class="published updated" datetime="2019-09-16 15:44:26">16/09/2019</time> </p> <p class="post-byline" style="display:none"> par <span class="vcard author"> <span class="fn"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/stonnerre" title="Articles par Stéphanie Tonnerre-Seychelles" rel="author">Stéphanie Tonnerre-Seychelles</a></span> </span> · Published <span class="published">16/09/2019</span> · Last modified <span class="updated">26/05/2022</span> </p> </div> <h2 class="post-title entry-title"> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/7897" rel="bookmark">A la découverte des Indes orientales (XVIe-XVIIe siècles) (Partie II. Sur les conditions du voyage)</a> </h2> <div class="entry excerpt entry-summary"> <p>  Nous avons vu dans le précédent billet qu’à la fin du Moyen Age les Portugais ont ouvert la voie maritime vers les Indes orientales, et ont étendu leur domination sur cette zone du globe au XVIe siècle, puis qu’à partir de la fin du XVIe siècle, dans la course...</p> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <nav class="pagination group"> <ul class="group"> <li class="prev left"></li> <li class="next right"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/mer/page/2" >Page suivante »</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </main> <div class="sidebar s1 collapsed" data-position="left" data-layout="col-3cm" data-sb-id="s1"> <button class="sidebar-toggle" title="Étendre la colonne latérale"><i class="fas sidebar-toggle-arrows"></i></button> <div class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-top group"> <p><h1 style="font-weight: 400;font-size:200%">L'Histoire à la BnF</h1></p> </div> <div id="text-2" class="widget widget_text"><h3 class="widget-title">Présentation</h3> <div class="textwidget"><div class="textwidget"> <p>Ce carnet présente les collections, les ressources et les services de la BnF en histoire médiévale, moderne et contemporaine. Il participe à l’activité scientifique de la BnF et s’attache au dialogue avec les chercheurs et le public sur les thématiques relevant de l’histoire.</p> <p><em>This blog is an introduction to the collections, ressources and services of the National library of France (BnF), related with medieval, early modern and modern history. It aims at taking part to the BnF scientific activities and wants to create discussion both with the researchers and the public on historical topics.</em></p> </div> </div> </div><div id="archives-1" class="widget widget_archive"><h3 class="widget-title">Archives</h3> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="archives-dropdown-1">Archives</label> <select id="archives-dropdown-1" name="archive-dropdown"> <option value="">Sélectionner un mois</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2025/02'> février 2025  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2025/01'> janvier 2025  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/12'> décembre 2024  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/11'> novembre 2024  (7)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/10'> octobre 2024  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/09'> septembre 2024  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/08'> août 2024  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/07'> juillet 2024  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/06'> juin 2024  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/05'> mai 2024  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/04'> avril 2024  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/03'> mars 2024  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/02'> février 2024  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/01'> janvier 2024  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/12'> décembre 2023  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/11'> novembre 2023  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/10'> octobre 2023  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/09'> septembre 2023  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/08'> août 2023  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/07'> juillet 2023  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/06'> juin 2023  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/05'> mai 2023  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/04'> avril 2023  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/03'> mars 2023  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/02'> février 2023  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/01'> janvier 2023  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/12'> décembre 2022  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/11'> novembre 2022  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/10'> octobre 2022  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/09'> septembre 2022  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/08'> août 2022  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/07'> juillet 2022  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/05'> mai 2022  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/04'> avril 2022  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/03'> mars 2022  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/02'> février 2022  (7)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/01'> janvier 2022  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/12'> décembre 2021  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/11'> novembre 2021  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/10'> octobre 2021  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/09'> septembre 2021  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/08'> août 2021  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/06'> juin 2021  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/05'> mai 2021  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/04'> avril 2021  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/03'> mars 2021  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/02'> février 2021  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/01'> janvier 2021  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/12'> décembre 2020  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/11'> novembre 2020  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/10'> octobre 2020  (7)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/09'> septembre 2020  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/08'> août 2020  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/07'> juillet 2020  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/06'> juin 2020  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/05'> mai 2020  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/04'> avril 2020  (7)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/03'> mars 2020  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/02'> février 2020  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/01'> janvier 2020  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/12'> décembre 2019  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/11'> novembre 2019  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/10'> octobre 2019  (6)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/09'> septembre 2019  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/08'> août 2019  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/07'> juillet 2019  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/06'> juin 2019  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/05'> mai 2019  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/04'> avril 2019  (7)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/03'> mars 2019  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/02'> février 2019  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/01'> janvier 2019  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/12'> décembre 2018  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/11'> novembre 2018  (6)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/10'> octobre 2018  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/09'> septembre 2018  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/08'> août 2018  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/07'> juillet 2018  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/06'> juin 2018  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/05'> mai 2018  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/04'> avril 2018  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/03'> mars 2018  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/02'> février 2018  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/01'> janvier 2018  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/12'> décembre 2017  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/11'> novembre 2017  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/10'> octobre 2017  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/09'> septembre 2017  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/08'> août 2017  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/07'> juillet 2017  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/06'> juin 2017  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/05'> mai 2017  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/04'> avril 2017  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/03'> mars 2017  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/02'> février 2017  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/01'> janvier 2017  (4)</option> </select> <script> (function() { var dropdown = document.getElementById( "archives-dropdown-1" ); function onSelectChange() { if ( dropdown.options[ dropdown.selectedIndex ].value !== '' ) { document.location.href = this.options[ this.selectedIndex ].value; } } dropdown.onchange = onSelectChange; })(); </script> </div><div id="tag_cloud-4" class="widget widget_tag_cloud"><h3 class="widget-title">Mots-clés</h3><div class="tagcloud"><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/agregation" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-66654 tag-link-position-1" style="font-size: 10.913043478261pt;" aria-label="Agrégation (19 éléments)">Agrégation</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/almanachs" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-106902 tag-link-position-2" style="font-size: 7pt;" aria-label="Almanachs (6 éléments)">Almanachs</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/antiquite" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-275 tag-link-position-3" style="font-size: 8.304347826087pt;" aria-label="Antiquité (9 éléments)">Antiquité</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/appel-a-chercheurs" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1133059 tag-link-position-4" style="font-size: 7.8695652173913pt;" aria-label="Appel à chercheurs (8 éléments)">Appel à chercheurs</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/archeologie" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1224 tag-link-position-5" style="font-size: 11.086956521739pt;" aria-label="Archéologie (20 éléments)">Archéologie</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/archeologie-de-la-france" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5470704 tag-link-position-6" style="font-size: 7pt;" aria-label="Archéologie de la France (6 éléments)">Archéologie de la France</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/bibliographie" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5470328 tag-link-position-7" style="font-size: 10.04347826087pt;" aria-label="Bibliographie (15 éléments)">Bibliographie</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/catalogues" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-340147 tag-link-position-8" style="font-size: 12.04347826087pt;" aria-label="Catalogues (26 éléments)">Catalogues</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/ce-jour-la" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5470735 tag-link-position-9" style="font-size: 7pt;" aria-label="Ce jour là ! (6 éléments)">Ce jour là !</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/charivari" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-484662 tag-link-position-10" style="font-size: 7pt;" aria-label="Charivari (6 éléments)">Charivari</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/chercheurs-associes" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2740091 tag-link-position-11" style="font-size: 10.304347826087pt;" aria-label="Chercheurs associés (16 éléments)">Chercheurs associés</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/collections" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5470330 tag-link-position-12" style="font-size: 12.913043478261pt;" aria-label="Collections (33 éléments)">Collections</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/colloque" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-296 tag-link-position-13" style="font-size: 7pt;" aria-label="Colloque (6 éléments)">Colloque</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/colonies" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-4135 tag-link-position-14" style="font-size: 7.8695652173913pt;" aria-label="Colonisation et colonies (8 éléments)">Colonisation et colonies</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/concours" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1292 tag-link-position-15" style="font-size: 10.913043478261pt;" aria-label="Concours (19 éléments)">Concours</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/conferences" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1830 tag-link-position-16" style="font-size: 10.304347826087pt;" aria-label="Conférences (16 éléments)">Conférences</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/exposition" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-548 tag-link-position-17" style="font-size: 7pt;" aria-label="Exposition (6 éléments)">Exposition</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/faites-parler-les-images" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2657576 tag-link-position-18" style="font-size: 13pt;" aria-label="Faites parler les images ! (34 éléments)">Faites parler les images !</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/femmes" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-269 tag-link-position-19" style="font-size: 9pt;" aria-label="Femmes (11 éléments)">Femmes</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/gallica" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-160 tag-link-position-20" style="font-size: 11.434782608696pt;" aria-label="Gallica (22 éléments)">Gallica</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/grippe" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5470248 tag-link-position-21" style="font-size: 7pt;" aria-label="Grippe (6 éléments)">Grippe</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/guerre" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-547 tag-link-position-22" style="font-size: 7pt;" aria-label="Guerre (6 éléments)">Guerre</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/geographie" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1185 tag-link-position-23" style="font-size: 7.8695652173913pt;" aria-label="Géographie (8 éléments)">Géographie</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/histoire-de-la-bibliotheque-nationale-de-france" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5470253 tag-link-position-24" style="font-size: 9pt;" aria-label="Histoire de la Bibliothèque nationale de France (11 éléments)">Histoire de la Bibliothèque nationale de France</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/histoire-des-femmes" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-206449 tag-link-position-25" style="font-size: 9.6086956521739pt;" aria-label="Histoire des femmes (13 éléments)">Histoire des femmes</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/historiens" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-111490 tag-link-position-26" style="font-size: 9.2608695652174pt;" aria-label="Historiens (12 éléments)">Historiens</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/historiographie" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-3120 tag-link-position-27" style="font-size: 8.304347826087pt;" aria-label="Historiographie (9 éléments)">Historiographie</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/humanites-numeriques" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-95823 tag-link-position-28" style="font-size: 7pt;" aria-label="Humanités numériques (6 éléments)">Humanités numériques</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/humour" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6365 tag-link-position-29" style="font-size: 8.6521739130435pt;" aria-label="Humour (10 éléments)">Humour</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/images" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1879 tag-link-position-30" style="font-size: 10.565217391304pt;" aria-label="Images (17 éléments)">Images</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/italie" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1923 tag-link-position-31" style="font-size: 8.304347826087pt;" aria-label="Italie (9 éléments)">Italie</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/jeu" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-440 tag-link-position-32" style="font-size: 7.4347826086957pt;" aria-label="Jeu (7 éléments)">Jeu</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/mer" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-96371 tag-link-position-33" style="font-size: 10.304347826087pt;" aria-label="Mer (16 éléments)">Mer</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/necrologie" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5470615 tag-link-position-34" style="font-size: 9.2608695652174pt;" aria-label="Nécrologie (12 éléments)">Nécrologie</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/pologne" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-66552 tag-link-position-35" style="font-size: 7pt;" aria-label="Pologne (6 éléments)">Pologne</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/premiere-guerre-mondiale" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-2255 tag-link-position-36" style="font-size: 10.739130434783pt;" aria-label="Première Guerre mondiale (18 éléments)">Première Guerre mondiale</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/presse" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1444 tag-link-position-37" style="font-size: 9.2608695652174pt;" aria-label="Presse (12 éléments)">Presse</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/rendez-vous-de-lhistoire" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-658864 tag-link-position-38" style="font-size: 12.304347826087pt;" aria-label="Rendez-vous de l'histoire (28 éléments)">Rendez-vous de l'histoire</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/satires-et-caricature" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-6373 tag-link-position-39" style="font-size: 11.869565217391pt;" aria-label="Satires et caricatures (25 éléments)">Satires et caricatures</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/sortir-de-la-grande-guerre" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5470920 tag-link-position-40" style="font-size: 7pt;" aria-label="Sortir de la Grande Guerre (6 éléments)">Sortir de la Grande Guerre</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/travail" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-1069 tag-link-position-41" style="font-size: 8.304347826087pt;" aria-label="Travail (9 éléments)">Travail</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/tutoriel" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5470327 tag-link-position-42" style="font-size: 10.304347826087pt;" aria-label="Tutoriel (16 éléments)">Tutoriel</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/epidemies" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-5470247 tag-link-position-43" style="font-size: 7.8695652173913pt;" aria-label="Épidémies (8 éléments)">Épidémies</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/epoque-contemporaine" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-801 tag-link-position-44" style="font-size: 9.6086956521739pt;" aria-label="Époque contemporaine (13 éléments)">Époque contemporaine</a> <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/tag/epoque-moderne" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-159693 tag-link-position-45" style="font-size: 7pt;" aria-label="Époque moderne (6 éléments)">Époque moderne</a></div> </div><div id="meta-1" class="widget widget_meta"><h3 class="widget-title">Administration</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-login.php">Connexion</a></li> <li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/feed" title="Syndicate this site using RSS 2.0">Entries <abbr title="Really Simple Syndication">RSS</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/comments/feed" title="The latest comments to all posts in RSS">Comments <abbr title="Really Simple Syndication">RSS</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="http://hypotheses.org/" title="Powered by Hypotheses">Hypotheses</a></li> </ul> </div><div id="linkcat-1834115" class="widget widget_links"><h3 class="widget-title">Sites favoris</h3> <ul class='xoxo blogroll'> <li><a href="http://www.bnf.fr/fr/acc/x.accueil.html" rel="noopener" title="Site web de la Bibliothèque nationale de France" target="_blank">BnF</a></li> <li><a href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/" rel="noopener" title="Gallica, la bibliothèque numérique de la BnF" target="_blank">Gallica</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="archives-1" class="widget widget_archive"><h3 class="widget-title">Archives</h3> <label class="screen-reader-text" for="archives-dropdown-1">Archives</label> <select id="archives-dropdown-1" name="archive-dropdown"> <option value="">Sélectionner un mois</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2025/02'> février 2025  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2025/01'> janvier 2025  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/12'> décembre 2024  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/11'> novembre 2024  (7)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/10'> octobre 2024  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/09'> septembre 2024  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/08'> août 2024  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/07'> juillet 2024  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/06'> juin 2024  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/05'> mai 2024  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/04'> avril 2024  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/03'> mars 2024  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/02'> février 2024  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2024/01'> janvier 2024  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/12'> décembre 2023  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/11'> novembre 2023  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/10'> octobre 2023  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/09'> septembre 2023  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/08'> août 2023  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/07'> juillet 2023  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/06'> juin 2023  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/05'> mai 2023  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/04'> avril 2023  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/03'> mars 2023  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/02'> février 2023  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2023/01'> janvier 2023  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/12'> décembre 2022  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/11'> novembre 2022  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/10'> octobre 2022  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/09'> septembre 2022  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/08'> août 2022  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/07'> juillet 2022  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/05'> mai 2022  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/04'> avril 2022  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/03'> mars 2022  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/02'> février 2022  (7)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2022/01'> janvier 2022  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/12'> décembre 2021  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/11'> novembre 2021  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/10'> octobre 2021  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/09'> septembre 2021  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/08'> août 2021  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/06'> juin 2021  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/05'> mai 2021  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/04'> avril 2021  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/03'> mars 2021  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/02'> février 2021  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2021/01'> janvier 2021  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/12'> décembre 2020  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/11'> novembre 2020  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/10'> octobre 2020  (7)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/09'> septembre 2020  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/08'> août 2020  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/07'> juillet 2020  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/06'> juin 2020  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/05'> mai 2020  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/04'> avril 2020  (7)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/03'> mars 2020  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/02'> février 2020  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2020/01'> janvier 2020  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/12'> décembre 2019  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/11'> novembre 2019  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/10'> octobre 2019  (6)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/09'> septembre 2019  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/08'> août 2019  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/07'> juillet 2019  (1)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/06'> juin 2019  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/05'> mai 2019  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/04'> avril 2019  (7)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/03'> mars 2019  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/02'> février 2019  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2019/01'> janvier 2019  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/12'> décembre 2018  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/11'> novembre 2018  (6)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/10'> octobre 2018  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/09'> septembre 2018  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/08'> août 2018  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/07'> juillet 2018  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/06'> juin 2018  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/05'> mai 2018  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/04'> avril 2018  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/03'> mars 2018  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/02'> février 2018  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2018/01'> janvier 2018  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/12'> décembre 2017  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/11'> novembre 2017  (5)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/10'> octobre 2017  (3)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/09'> septembre 2017  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/08'> août 2017  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/07'> juillet 2017  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/06'> juin 2017  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/05'> mai 2017  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/04'> avril 2017  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/03'> mars 2017  (4)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/02'> février 2017  (2)</option> <option value='https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/date/2017/01'> janvier 2017  (4)</option> </select> <script> (function() { var dropdown = document.getElementById( "archives-dropdown-1" ); function onSelectChange() { if ( dropdown.options[ dropdown.selectedIndex ].value !== '' ) { document.location.href = this.options[ this.selectedIndex ].value; } } dropdown.onchange = onSelectChange; })(); </script> </div><div id="rss-1" class="widget widget_rss"><h3 class="widget-title"><a class="rsswidget rss-widget-feed" href="http://calenda.org/feed.php?cat=228"><img class="rss-widget-icon" style="border:0" width="14" height="14" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-includes/images/rss.png" alt="Flux" loading="lazy" /></a> <a class="rsswidget rss-widget-title" href="https://calenda.org/search?primary=fsubject&fsubject=228">Calenda – Histoire</a></h3><ul><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://calenda.org/1237132'>Jouer au Moyen Âge. Sociétés, pratiques et représentations</a> <span class="rss-date">27/02/2025</span></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://calenda.org/1237307'>Les IUFM (1989-2013)</a> <span class="rss-date">27/02/2025</span></li><li><a class='rsswidget' href='https://calenda.org/1237062'>Esclavages et restes humains</a> <span class="rss-date">27/02/2025</span></li></ul></div><div id="meta-1" class="widget widget_meta"><h3 class="widget-title">Administration</h3> <ul> <li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-login.php">Connexion</a></li> <li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/feed" title="Syndicate this site using RSS 2.0">Entries <abbr title="Really Simple Syndication">RSS</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/comments/feed" title="The latest comments to all posts in RSS">Comments <abbr title="Really Simple Syndication">RSS</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="http://hypotheses.org/" title="Powered by Hypotheses">Hypotheses</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sidebar s2 collapsed" data-position="right" data-layout="col-3cm" data-sb-id="s2"> <button class="sidebar-toggle" title="Étendre la colonne latérale"><i class="fas sidebar-toggle-arrows"></i></button> <div class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-top group"> </div> <div id="media_image-5" class="widget widget_media_image"><a href="https://www.bnf.fr/"><img width="300" height="56" src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2022/05/logo_transparent-300x56.png" class="image wp-image-15731 attachment-medium size-medium" alt="" style="max-width: 100%; height: auto;" decoding="async" loading="lazy" srcset="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2022/05/logo_transparent-300x56.png 300w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2022/05/logo_transparent-500x94.png 500w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2022/05/logo_transparent-768x144.png 768w, https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/files/2022/05/logo_transparent.png 1181w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a></div><div id="authors-4" class="widget widget_list_authors"><h3 class="widget-title">Auteurs</h3><ul>  <li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/histoirebnf" title="Articles par Agnès Sandras">Agnès Sandras</a> (39)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/agoderniaux" title="Articles par Alexandre Goderniaux">Alexandre Goderniaux</a> (2)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/alaforet" title="Articles par Alice Laforêt">Alice Laforêt</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/aboyer" title="Articles par Anne Boyer">Anne Boyer</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/tassou" title="Articles par Bertrand Tassou">Bertrand Tassou</a> (10)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/bloghistoire" title="Articles par Blog Histoire">Blog Histoire</a> (139)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/ccottour" title="Articles par Chloé Cottour">Chloé Cottour</a> (2)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/cgeoffroy" title="Articles par Cécile Geoffroy-Oriente">Cécile Geoffroy-Oriente</a> (2)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/ewalle" title="Articles par Elisabeth Walle">Elisabeth Walle</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/evanriest" title="Articles par Elise Vanriest">Elise Vanriest</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/eprosdotti" title="Articles par Emanuela Prosdotti">Emanuela Prosdotti</a> (9)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/emiliefissier" title="Articles par Emilie Fissier">Emilie Fissier</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/fdouet" title="Articles par Fabien Douet">Fabien Douet</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/fplazannet" title="Articles par Fabien PLAZANNET">Fabien PLAZANNET</a> (4)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/fgizzi" title="Articles par Ferdinando Gizzi">Ferdinando Gizzi</a> (2)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/fpaschal" title="Articles par Florence Paschal">Florence Paschal</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/fmanfrin" title="Articles par Frédéric Manfrin">Frédéric Manfrin</a> (2)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/xviltard" title="Articles par Henri Viltard">Henri Viltard</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/ilepape" title="Articles par Isabelle Le Pape">Isabelle Le Pape</a> (2)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/jguillaume" title="Articles par Jean-Charles Buttier">Jean-Charles Buttier</a> (2)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/jbarbier" title="Articles par Jonathan BARBIER">Jonathan BARBIER</a> (6)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/minorhist" title="Articles par Julie Duprat">Julie Duprat</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/jdonadille" title="Articles par Julien Donadille">Julien Donadille</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/jambu" title="Articles par Jérôme Jambu">Jérôme Jambu</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/ldelaveau" title="Articles par Lou DELAVEAU">Lou DELAVEAU</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/lmenapace" title="Articles par Luc Menapace">Luc Menapace</a> (3)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/marnold" title="Articles par Marianne Arnold">Marianne Arnold</a> (9)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/mdutertre" title="Articles par Mathilde Dutertre">Mathilde Dutertre</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/mlageiste" title="Articles par Maud Lageiste">Maud Lageiste</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/mhenniene" title="Articles par Messali Henniène">Messali Henniène</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/jacquot" title="Articles par Olivier Jacquot">Olivier Jacquot</a> (2)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/phodiesne" title="Articles par Patricia Hodiesne">Patricia Hodiesne</a> (4)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/pfroment" title="Articles par Paul Froment">Paul Froment</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/pdarleguy" title="Articles par Pauline Darleguy">Pauline Darleguy</a> (14)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/pemorel" title="Articles par Peter Morel">Peter Morel</a> (2)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/pleu" title="Articles par Philipp Leu">Philipp Leu</a> (2)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/plverron" title="Articles par Pierre-Louis Verron">Pierre-Louis Verron</a> (7)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/couhault" title="Articles par Pіеrrе Соuhault">Pіеrrе Соuhault</a> (3)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/salsancakli" title="Articles par Sacha Alsancakli">Sacha Alsancakli</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/sbertin" title="Articles par Simon Bertin">Simon Bertin</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/slemny" title="Articles par Stefan Lemny">Stefan Lemny</a> (4)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/stonnerre" title="Articles par Stéphanie Tonnerre-Seychelles">Stéphanie Tonnerre-Seychelles</a> (4)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/sboullay" title="Articles par Séverine Boullay">Séverine Boullay</a> (5)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/vlouison" title="Articles par Valérie Louison-Oudot">Valérie Louison-Oudot</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/vdesclaux" title="Articles par Vanessa Desclaux">Vanessa Desclaux</a> (5)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/vberanger" title="Articles par Véronique Béranger">Véronique Béranger</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/riondet" title="Articles par Xavier Riondet">Xavier Riondet</a> (1)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/yankergunteuil" title="Articles par Yann Kergunteuil">Yann Kergunteuil</a> (8)</li><li><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/author/ybaratta" title="Articles par ybaratta">ybaratta</a> (4)</li>  </ul></div><div id="linkcat-2179936" class="widget widget_links"><h3 class="widget-title">Carnets et blogs favoris</h3> <ul class='xoxo blogroll'> <li><a href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/blog" rel="noopener" title="Le blog de la bibliothèque numérique Gallica" target="_blank">Gallica – Le Blog</a></li> <li><a href="https://antiquitebnf.hypotheses.org/" rel="noopener" title="Recherches, collections, ressources sur l’Antiquité à la Bibliothèque nationale de France" target="_blank">L'Antiquité à la BnF</a></li> <li><a href="https://manuscripta.hypotheses.org/" rel="noopener" title="« Les collections du département des Manuscrits (…) sont le plus solide fondement des études qui ont pour objet l’histoire, la littérature et les arts du moyen âge » (Léopold Delisle)" target="_blank">Manuscripta : Manuscrits médiévaux conservés à la BnF</a></li> <li><a href="https://bnf.hypotheses.org/" title="Carnet de la recherche à la Bibliothèque nationale de France">La Recherche à la Bibliothèque nationale de France</a></li> <li><a href="https://webcorpora.hypotheses.org/" title="Explorer les archives de l’internet à la BnF">Web Corpora – Le carnet des archives de l'Internet à la BnF</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer id="footer"> <section class="container" id="footer-bottom"> <div class="container-inner"> <a id="back-to-top" href="#"><i class="fa fa-angle-up"></i></a> <div class="hu-pad group"> <div class="grid one-half"> <div id="copyright"> <p>L'Histoire à la BnF   2025</p> </div> <div id="credit"> <p>Fièrement propulsé par <a href="http://wordpress.org" target="_blank">WordPress</a>. Theme by <a href="http://presscustomizr.com">Press Customizr</a>.</p> <p><span class="icon-hypotheses"></span>Un carnet de recherche proposé par <a href="https://hypotheses.org" title="Hypothèses">Hypothèses</a> - <a href="https://www.openedition.org/17426" title="Ce carnet dans le catalogue d'OpenEdition">Ce carnet dans le catalogue d'OpenEdition</a> - <a href="https://www.openedition.org/19362?lang=fr">Politique de confidentialité</a> - <a href="https://www.openedition.org/41101?lang=fr">Signaler un problème</a><br/><a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/feed" title="RSS">Flux de syndication</a> - <a href="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/credits">Crédits</a> - ISSN 2555-1434<br/></p> </div> </div> <div class="grid one-half last"> </div> </div> </div> </section> </footer> </div> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function ($) { $( ".cmplz-placeholder-element" ).wrap( "<div class='cmplz-iframe'></div>" ); }); </script> <style> .tiktok-embed.cmplz-placeholder-element > div { max-width: 100%;} </style> <script src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/hal/js/cv-hal.js?ver=6.6.2" id="wp-hal-script4-js"></script> <script src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-syntax/js/wp-syntax.js?ver=1.2" id="wp-syntax-js-js"></script> <script src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-includes/js/underscore.min.js?ver=1.13.4" id="underscore-js"></script> <script id="hu-front-scripts-js-extra"> var HUParams = {"_disabled":[],"SmoothScroll":{"Enabled":false,"Options":{"touchpadSupport":false}},"centerAllImg":"1","timerOnScrollAllBrowsers":"1","extLinksStyle":"","extLinksTargetExt":"1","extLinksSkipSelectors":{"classes":["btn","button"],"ids":[]},"imgSmartLoadEnabled":"","imgSmartLoadOpts":{"parentSelectors":[".container .content",".post-row",".container .sidebar","#footer","#header-widgets"],"opts":{"excludeImg":[".tc-holder-img"],"fadeIn_options":100,"threshold":0}},"goldenRatio":"1.618","gridGoldenRatioLimit":"350","sbStickyUserSettings":{"desktop":false,"mobile":false},"sidebarOneWidth":"340","sidebarTwoWidth":"260","isWPMobile":"","menuStickyUserSettings":{"desktop":"no_stick","mobile":"stick_up"},"mobileSubmenuExpandOnClick":"1","submenuTogglerIcon":"<i class=\"fas fa-angle-down\"><\/i>","isDevMode":"","ajaxUrl":"https:\/\/histoirebnf.hypotheses.org\/?huajax=1","frontNonce":{"id":"HuFrontNonce","handle":"244b2b653f"},"isWelcomeNoteOn":"","welcomeContent":"","i18n":{"collapsibleExpand":"Expand","collapsibleCollapse":"Collapse"},"deferFontAwesome":"","fontAwesomeUrl":"https:\/\/histoirebnf.hypotheses.org\/wp-content\/themes\/hueman\/assets\/front\/css\/font-awesome.min.css?3.7.25","mainScriptUrl":"https:\/\/histoirebnf.hypotheses.org\/wp-content\/themes\/hueman\/assets\/front\/js\/scripts.min.js?3.7.25","flexSliderNeeded":"","flexSliderOptions":{"is_rtl":false,"has_touch_support":true,"is_slideshow":false,"slideshow_speed":5000}}; </script> <script src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/themes/hueman/assets/front/js/scripts.min.js?ver=3.7.25" id="hu-front-scripts-js" defer></script> <script src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-featherlight/js/wpFeatherlight.pkgd.min.js?ver=1.3.4" id="wp-featherlight-js"></script> <script src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/complianz-gdpr-premium-multisite/assets/js/cookieconsent.min.js?ver=5.4.0.2" id="cmplz-cookie-js"></script> <script src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/complianz-gdpr-premium-multisite/assets/js/postscribe.min.js?ver=5.4.0.2" id="cmplz-postscribe-js"></script> <script id="cmplz-cookie-config-js-extra"> var complianz = {"static":"","is_multisite_root":"","set_cookies":[],"block_ajax_content":"0","banner_version":"2","version":"5.4.0.2","a_b_testing":"","do_not_track":"","consenttype":"optin","region":"eu","geoip":"1","categories":"<div class=\"cmplz-categories-wrap\"><label for=\"cmplz_functional\"><div class=\"cmplz-slider-checkbox\"><input id=\"cmplz_functional\" style=\"color:#191e23\" tabindex=\"0\" data-category=\"cmplz_functional\" class=\"cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-slider-checkbox cmplz_functional\" checked disabled size=\"40\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"1\" \/><span class=\"cmplz-slider cmplz-round \" ><\/span><\/div><span class=\"cc-category\" style=\"color:#191e23\">Fonctionnel<\/span><\/label><\/div><div class=\"cmplz-categories-wrap\"><label for=\"cmplz_marketing\"><div class=\"cmplz-slider-checkbox\"><input id=\"cmplz_marketing\" style=\"color:#191e23\" tabindex=\"0\" data-category=\"cmplz_marketing\" class=\"cmplz-consent-checkbox cmplz-slider-checkbox cmplz_marketing\" size=\"40\" type=\"checkbox\" value=\"1\" \/><span class=\"cmplz-slider cmplz-round \" ><\/span><\/div><span class=\"cc-category\" style=\"color:#191e23\">Marketing<\/span><\/label><\/div><style>\t\t\t\t\t.cmplz-slider-checkbox input:checked + .cmplz-slider {\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #21759b\t\t\t\t\t}\t\t\t\t\t.cmplz-slider-checkbox input:focus + .cmplz-slider {\t\t\t\t\t\tbox-shadow: 0 0 1px #21759b;\t\t\t\t\t}\t\t\t\t\t.cmplz-slider-checkbox .cmplz-slider:before {\t\t\t\t\t\tbackground-color: #ffffff;\t\t\t\t\t}.cmplz-slider-checkbox .cmplz-slider-na:before {\t\t\t\t\t\tcolor:#ffffff;\t\t\t\t\t}\t\t\t\t\t.cmplz-slider-checkbox .cmplz-slider {\t\t\t\t\t background-color: #F56E28;\t\t\t\t\t}\t\t\t\t\t<\/style><style>#cc-window.cc-window .cmplz-categories-wrap .cc-check svg {stroke: #191e23}<\/style>","position":"bottom","title":"bottom minimal","theme":"minimal","checkbox_style":"slider","use_categories":"hidden","use_categories_optinstats":"visible","header":"","accept":"Accepter","revoke":"G\u00e9rer le consentement","dismiss":"Tout refuser","dismiss_timeout":"10","use_custom_cookie_css":"","custom_css":".cc-window \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n \n\n\n\n#cmplz-consent-ui, #cmplz-post-consent-ui {} \n\n#cmplz-consent-ui .cmplz-consent-message {} \n\n#cmplz-consent-ui button, #cmplz-post-consent-ui button {}","readmore_optin":"Politique de cookies","readmore_impressum":"Impressum","accept_informational":"Accepter","message_optout":"Nous utilisons des cookies pour optimiser notre site web et notre service.","message_optin":"Nous utilisons des cookies pour optimiser notre site web et notre service.","readmore_optout":"Cookie Policy","readmore_optout_dnsmpi":"Do Not Sell My Personal Information","hide_revoke":"","disable_cookiebanner":"","banner_width":"","soft_cookiewall":"","type":"opt-in","layout":"basic","dismiss_on_scroll":"","dismiss_on_timeout":"","cookie_expiry":"365","nonce":"5ec3be2a2b","url":"https:\/\/histoirebnf.hypotheses.org\/wp-json\/complianz\/v1\/?lang=fr&locale=fr_FR","set_cookies_on_root":"1","cookie_domain":"hypotheses.org","current_policy_id":"1","cookie_path":"\/","tcf_active":"","colorpalette_background_color":"#f9f9f9","colorpalette_background_border":"#f9f9f9","colorpalette_text_color":"#191e23","colorpalette_text_hyperlink_color":"#191e23","colorpalette_toggles_background":"#21759b","colorpalette_toggles_bullet":"#ffffff","colorpalette_toggles_inactive":"#F56E28","colorpalette_border_radius":"0px 0px 0px 0px","border_width":"1px 1px 1px 1px","colorpalette_button_accept_background":"#21759b","colorpalette_button_accept_border":"#21759b","colorpalette_button_accept_text":"#ffffff","colorpalette_button_deny_background":"#f56e28","colorpalette_button_deny_border":"#f56e28","colorpalette_button_deny_text":"#ffffff","colorpalette_button_settings_background":"#f1f1f1","colorpalette_button_settings_border":"#21759b","colorpalette_button_settings_text":"#21759b","buttons_border_radius":"5px 5px 5px 5px","box_shadow":"","animation":"none","animation_fade":"","animation_slide":"","view_preferences":"Pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences","save_preferences":"Enregistrer les pr\u00e9f\u00e9rences","accept_all":"Tout accepter","readmore_url":{"eu":"https:\/\/www.openedition.org\/37235"},"privacy_link":{"eu":""},"placeholdertext":"Cliquez pour accepter les cookies de marketing et activer ce contenu"}; </script> <script src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/plugins/complianz-gdpr-premium-multisite/assets/js/complianz.min.js?ver=5.4.0.2" id="cmplz-cookie-config-js"></script> <script src="https://histoirebnf.hypotheses.org/wp-content/cleo-commons/js/openbarre.js?ver=6.6.2" id="cleo-global-js-js"></script>  </body> </html>