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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Property+law%22">"Property law"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Property+law%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Property+law%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Property+law%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Property+law%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Property+law%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style> <p><b>Property law</b> is the area of <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> that governs the various forms of <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">ownership</a> in <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a> (land) and <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a>. Property refers to legally protected claims to resources, such as land and personal property, including <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Property can be exchanged through <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract law</a>, and if property is violated, one could sue under <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort law</a> to protect it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept, idea or <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a> underlies all property law. In some <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdictions</a>, historically all property was owned by the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> and it devolved through <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal land tenure">feudal land tenure</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> systems of <a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">loyalty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">fealty</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Theory"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Theory</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Justifications_and_drawbacks_of_property_rights"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Justifications and drawbacks of property rights</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Natural_rights_and_property"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Natural rights and property</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Property_rights"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Property rights</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Priority"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Priority</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Property_rights_and_rights_to_people"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Property rights and rights to people</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Property_rights_and_personal_rights"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Property rights and personal rights</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Classification"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Classification</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Possession"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Possession</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Transfer_of_property"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Transfer of property</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Consensual_transfers"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Consensual transfers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Non-consensual_transfers"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Non-consensual transfers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Legal_successor"><span class="tocnumber">7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Legal successor</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Lease"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Lease</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Ownership"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Ownership</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Single_individuals"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Single individuals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Groups"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Groups</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Concurrent_owners"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Concurrent owners</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Joint_Tenancy"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Joint Tenancy</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-20"><a href="#Tenancy_in_Common%5B19%5D"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tenancy in Common<sup><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></sup></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-21"><a href="#Tenancy_by_the_Entirety%5B20%5D"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Tenancy by the Entirety<sup><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></sup></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Corporate_owners"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Corporate owners</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#State_owners"><span class="tocnumber">9.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">State owners</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Property_law_in_different_jurisdictions"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">Property law in different jurisdictions</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Theory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The word <i>property</i>, in everyday usage, refers to an object (or objects) owned by a person—a car, a book, or a cellphone—and the relationship the person has to it.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In law, the concept acquires a more nuanced rendering. Factors to consider include the nature of the object, the relationship between the person and the object, the relationship between a number of people in relation to the object, and how the object is regarded within the prevailing political system. Most broadly and concisely, property in the legal sense refers to the rights of people in or over certain objects or things.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Non-legally recognized or documented property rights are known as informal property rights. These informal property rights are non-codified or documented, but recognized among local residents to varying degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justifications_and_drawbacks_of_property_rights">Justifications and drawbacks of property rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Justifications and drawbacks of property rights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In capitalist societies with market economies, much of property is owned privately by persons or associations and not the government. Five general justifications have been given on <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> rights:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Private property is an efficient way to manage resources in a decentralized basis, allowing expertise and specialization to develop with regard to the property.</li> <li>Private property is a powerful incentive for owners to put it to productive use, because they stand to gain in the investment.</li> <li>Private property allows exchanges and modifications.</li> <li>Private property is an important source of individual autonomy, giving individuals independence and identity distinct from others.</li> <li>Private property, being dispersed, allows individuals to exercise freedom, against others or against the government.</li></ol> <p>Arguments in favor of limiting private property rights have also been raised:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Private property can be used in a way that is harmful to others, such as a factory owner causing loud noises in nearby neighborhoods. In economics, this is known as a <a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">negative externality</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nuisance" title="Nuisance">Nuisance</a> laws and government regulations (such as <a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">zoning</a>) have been used to limit an owners' right to use the property in certain ways.</li> <li>Property can lead to <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolies</a>, giving the owner the power to unfairly extract advantages from others. Because of this, there are laws on <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">competition</a> and antitrust.</li> <li>Property can lead to the commodification of certain domains which people would prefer not to be commodified, such as social relations.</li> <li>Private property gives individuals power, which can exacerbate over time and lead to too much inequality within a society. The propensity for inequality is justification of <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">wealth redistribution</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_rights_and_property">Natural rights and property</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Natural rights and property" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Second Treatise on Government</a></i>, English philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> asserted the right of an individual to own one part of the world, when, according to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, God gave the world to all humanity in common.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He claimed that although persons belong to God, they own the fruits of their labor. When a person works, that labor enters into the object. Thus, the object becomes the property of that person. However, Locke conditioned property on the <a href="/wiki/Lockean_proviso" title="Lockean proviso">Lockean proviso</a>, that is, "there is enough, and as good, left in common for others". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> Justice <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a> undertook a survey of the philosophical grounds of American property law in 1790 and 1791. He proceeds from two premises: “Every crime includes an injury: every injury includes a violation of a right.” (Lectures III, ii.) The government's role in protecting property depends upon an idea of right. Wilson believes that "man has a <a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">natural right</a> to his property, to his character, to liberty, and to safety.”<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also indicates that “the primary and principal object in the institution of government... was... to acquire a new security for the possession or the recovery of those rights”.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson states that: “Property is the right or lawful power, which a person has to a thing.” He then divides the right into three degrees: possession, the lowest; possession and use; and, possession, use, and disposition – the highest. Further, he states: “Useful and skillful industry is the soul of an active life. But industry should have her just reward. That reward is property, for of useful and active industry, property is the natural result.” From this simple reasoning he is able to present the conclusion that exclusive, as opposed to communal property, is to be preferred. Wilson does, however, give a survey of communal property arrangements in history, not only in colonial <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> but also ancient <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Property_rights">Property rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Property rights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>There are two main views on the right to property, the traditional view and the <a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_rights" title="Bundle of rights">bundle of rights</a> view.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditionalists believe that there is a core, inherent meaning in the concept of property, while the bundle of rights view states that the property owner only has bundle of permissible uses over the property.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two views exist on a spectrum and the difference may be a matter of focus and emphasis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England" title="Commentaries on the Laws of England">Commentaries on the Laws of England</a>,</i> wrote that the essential core of property is the right to exclude.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, the owner of property must be able to exclude others from the thing in question, even though the right to exclude is subject to limitations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By implication, the owner can use the thing, unless another restriction, such as zoning law, prevents it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other traditionalists argue that three main rights define property: the right to exclusion, use and transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative view of property, favored by <a href="/wiki/Legal_realism" title="Legal realism">legal realists</a>, is that property simply denotes a <a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_rights" title="Bundle of rights">bundle of rights</a> defined by law and social policy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Which rights are included in the bundle known as property rights, and which bundles are preferred to which others, is simply a matter of policy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, a government can prevent the building of a factory on a piece of land, through zoning law or criminal law, without damaging the concept of property.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "bundle of rights" view was prominent in academia in the 20th century and remains influential today in American law.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Priority">Priority</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Priority" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Different parties may claim a competing interest in the same property by mistake or by <a href="/wiki/Fraud" title="Fraud">fraud</a>, with the claims being inconsistent of each other. For example, the party creating or transferring an interest may have a valid title, but may intentionally or negligently create several interests wholly or partially inconsistent with each other. A court resolves the dispute by adjudicating the priorities of the interests. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Property_rights_and_rights_to_people">Property rights and rights to people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Property rights and rights to people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Property rights are rights over things enforceable against all other persons. By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contractual</a> rights are rights enforceable against particular persons. Property rights may, however, arise from a contract; the two systems of rights overlap. In relation to the sale of land, for example, two sets of legal relationships exist alongside one another: the contractual right to sue for damages, and the property right exercisable over the land. More minor property rights may be created by contract, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Easements" class="mw-redirect" title="Easements">easements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)" title="Covenant (law)">covenants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Equitable_servitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Equitable servitudes">equitable servitudes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A separate distinction is evident where the rights granted are insufficiently substantial to confer on the nonowner a definable interest or right in the thing. The clearest example of these rights is the <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">license</a>. In general, even if licenses are created by a binding contract, they do not give rise to property interests. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Property_rights_and_personal_rights">Property rights and personal rights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Property rights and personal rights" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Property rights are also distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Personal_rights" title="Personal rights">personal rights</a>. Practically all contemporary <a href="/wiki/Societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Societies">societies</a> acknowledge this basic <a href="/wiki/Ontological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontological">ontological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic">ethical</a> distinction. In the past, groups lacking <a href="/wiki/Political_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Political power">political power</a> have often been disqualified from the benefits of property. In an extreme form, this has meant that people have become "objects" of property—legally "things" or <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">chattels</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>.) More commonly, marginalized groups have been denied legal rights to own property. These include <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and married women in <a href="/wiki/Western_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Western societies">Western societies</a> until the late 19th century. </p><p>The dividing line between personal rights and property rights is not always easy to draw. For instance, is one's <a href="/wiki/Reputation" title="Reputation">reputation</a> property that can be commercially exploited by affording property rights to it? The question of the proprietary character of personal rights is particularly relevant in the case of rights over human tissue, <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> and other body parts. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a "<a href="/wiki/Quasi-property" title="Quasi-property">quasi-property</a>" interest has been explicitly declared in the <a href="/wiki/Dead_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead body">dead body</a>. Also in the United States, it has been recognised that people have an alienable proprietary "<a href="/wiki/Right_of_publicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of publicity">right of publicity</a>" over their "persona". The patent/patenting of <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnological</a> processes and products based on <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic material">genetic material</a> may be characterised as creating property in human life. </p><p>A particularly difficult question is whether people have rights to <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> developed by others from their <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/body_parts" class="extiw" title="wikt:body parts">body parts</a>. In the pioneering case on this issue, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a> held in <i><a href="/wiki/Moore_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Moore v. Regents of the University of California">Moore v. Regents of the University of California</a></i> (1990) that individuals do not have such a property right. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Property law is characterised by a great deal of historical continuity and technical <a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">terminology</a>. The basic distinction in common law systems is between real property (land) and personal property (chattels). </p><p>Before the mid-19th century, the principles governing the transfer of real property and personal property on an <a href="/wiki/Intestacy" title="Intestacy">intestacy</a> were quite different. Though this dichotomy does not have the same significance anymore, the distinction is still fundamental because of the essential differences between the two categories. An obvious example is the fact that land is immovable, and thus the rules that govern its use must differ. A further reason for the distinction is that legislation is often drafted employing the traditional terminology. </p><p>The division of land and chattels has been criticised as being not satisfactory as a basis for categorising the principles of property law since it concentrates attention not on the proprietary interests themselves but on the objects of those interests.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Fixture_(property_law)" title="Fixture (property law)">fixtures</a>, chattels which are affixed to or placed on land may become part of the land. </p><p>Real property is generally sub-classified into: </p> <ol><li>corporeal hereditaments – tangible real property (land)</li> <li>incorporeal hereditaments – intangible real property such as an easement of way</li></ol> <p>Although a <a href="/wiki/Tenancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenancy">tenancy</a> involves rights to real property, a <a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">leasehold estate</a> is typically considered personal property, being derived from <a href="/wiki/Contract_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Contract law">contract law</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> system, the distinction is between movable and immovable property, with movable property roughly corresponding to personal property, while immovable property corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> or real property, and the associated rights, and obligations thereon. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Possession">Possession</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Possession" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Possession_(law)" title="Possession (law)">possession</a> developed from a legal system whose principal concern was to avoid civil disorder. The general principle is that a person in possession of land or goods, even as a wrongdoer, is entitled to take action against anyone interfering with the possession unless the person interfering is able to demonstrate a superior right to do so. </p><p>In England, the <a href="/wiki/Torts_(Interference_with_Goods)_Act_1977" title="Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977">Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977</a> has significantly amended the law relating to wrongful interference with goods and abolished some longstanding remedies and doctrines.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Transfer_of_property">Transfer of property</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transfer of property" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>The term "transfer of property" means an act by which a living person, company, or state conveys property, in present or in future, to one or more other living persons, to himself and one or more other living persons, to the state, or to a private company. The transfer of property can be consensual or non-consensual, and to transfer property is to perform such an act. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consensual_transfers">Consensual transfers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Consensual transfers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The most common method of acquiring an interest in property is as the result of a consensual transaction with the previous owner, for example, a <a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">sale</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gift" title="Gift">gift</a>, or through <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a>. In law, an inheritor is a person who is entitled to receive a share of the heritor's (the person who died) property, subject to the rules of inheritance in the <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> of which the heritor was a citizen or where the heritor died or owned property at the time of death. Dispositions by <a href="/wiki/Will_contract" title="Will contract">will</a> may also be regarded as consensual transactions, since the effect of a will is to provide for the distribution of the deceased person's property to nominated beneficiaries. A person may also obtain an interest in property under a <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trust</a> established for his or her benefit by the owner of the property. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-consensual_transfers">Non-consensual transfers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Non-consensual transfers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>It is also possible for property to pass from one person to another independently of the consent of the property owner. For example, this occurs when a person dies <a href="/wiki/Intestate" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestate">intestate</a>, goes <a href="/wiki/Bankrupt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankrupt">bankrupt</a>, or has the property taken in execution of a court judgment. </p><p>There are cases when a person is legally capable of owning property, but is not capable of maintaining and dealing with it (such as paying property taxes). This is the case for young children and mentally handicapped individuals. The state deems them incompetent in their capacity to deal with property. Thus, they must be appointed a legal guardian to deal with the property on the incompetent individual's behalf. In cases where the individual cannot find a legal guardian to deal with the property, the property is put up for sale and the incompetent individual is involuntarily deprived of such property. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tax_sale" title="Tax sale">Tax sales</a> are another process by which individuals can be forcibly deprived of their private property. A tax sale is the forced sale of property by the state due to unpaid taxes on that property. The property is typically auctioned off as a tax sale by the local government to payoff the delinquent taxes on that property. One could make the argument that, given the presence of property taxes, an individual never truly owns a piece of property; they rent it from the government. </p><p>Property can also pass from one person to the state independently of the consent of the property owner through the state's power of <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a>. Eminent domain refers to the ability of the state to buyout private property from individuals at their will in order to use the property for public use. Eminent domain requires the state to "justly compensate" the property owner for the acquisition of their land. The practice dates back to at least the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common examples include buying land from individuals in order for the state to build public roads, transportation systems, governmental buildings, and to construct certain public goods. The state also uses its eminent domain power for large urban renewal projects by which it will buy out large portions of typically poor housing areas in order to rebuild it. </p><p>Eminent domain also consists of enabling the state to condemn certain real estate construction and development rights for various reasons. One must meet location specific regulatory standards and building codes in order to construct on property. The general rule for stairs (in the US) is 7-11 (a 7-inch rise and 11 inch run). More exactly, no more than 7 3/4 inches for the riser (vertical) and a minimum of 10 inches for the tread (horizontal or step). Failure to meet these regulatory standards can result in an inability to receive state building permits, state destruction of property, legal fines, and increased liability. </p><p>KELO V. NEW LONDON (04-108) 545 U.S. 469 (2005) was a pivotal case that increased the scope of the eminent domain power of the state. The U.S. supreme court ruled that private property could be condemned by the state <i>and</i> transferred to a private company.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_successor">Legal successor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legal successor" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In property law, economics and finance, the term "legal successor" may refer to a legally established successor of property rights (<a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">interest</a>) or in terms of liabilities (<a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a>). </p><p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Lender" class="mw-redirect" title="Lender">lender</a>, the legal successor in interest has the right to collect the debt.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Lease">Lease</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lease" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">leases</a> served many purposes, and the regulation varied according to intended purposes and the economic conditions of the time. Leaseholds, for example, were mainly granted for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> until the late eighteenth century and early nineteenth century, when the growth of cities made the leasehold an important form of landholding in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban areas</a>. </p><p>The modern law of <a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlord</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">tenant</a> in common law jurisdictions retains the influence of the common law and, particularly, the <i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a></i> philosophy that dominated the law of <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contract</a> and the law of property in the 19th century. With the growth of <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>, the law of <a href="/wiki/Consumer_protection" title="Consumer protection">consumer protection</a> recognised that common law principles assuming equal bargaining power between parties may cause unfairness. Consequently, reformers have emphasised the need to assess residential tenancy laws in terms of protection they provide to tenants. Legislation to protect tenants is now common. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ownership">Ownership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ownership" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single_individuals">Single individuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Single individuals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Property can mostly be owned by any single human. However, many jurisdictions have some stipulations that limit property-owning capacity. The two main limiting factors include citizenship and competency of maintaining property. </p><p>In many countries, non-citizens cannot own property or are limited greatly in their capacity to own property. The United States allows foreign entities to buy and own property. But the United States does have stipulations surrounding tribal land owned by the indigenous Native Americans. </p><p>Incompetent individuals also cannot own property, at least without a legal guardian. Incompetent individuals consist largely of children and the cognitively impaired. They are legally recognized and allowed to own property, but they cannot deal with it without the consent of their legal guardians. Children do not have the capacity to pay property taxes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groups">Groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Groups" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>All western legal systems allow for a number of different forms of group ownership of property. Group ownership in property law is referred to as co-tenancy, or concurrent ownership. Two or more owners of a property are referred to as co-owners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concurrent_owners">Concurrent owners</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Concurrent owners" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In U.S. common law, property can be owned by many different people and parties. Property can be shared by an infinitely divisible number of people. There are three types of <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_estate" title="Concurrent estate">concurrent estates</a>, or ways people can jointly own property: joint tenancy, tenancy in common, or tenancy by entirety. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Joint_Tenancy">Joint Tenancy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Joint Tenancy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In joint tenancy, each owner of the property has an undivided interest in it along with full and complete ownership. Each owner in joint tenancy has the full right to occupy and use all of it. If one owner dies in joint tenancy, then the other owner takes control of the deceased owner's interest.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tenancy_in_Common[19]"><span id="Tenancy_in_Common.5B19.5D"></span>Tenancy in Common<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tenancy in Common[19]" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In tenancy in common, the shares of ownership can be equal or unequal in size. One person may own a larger share of the property than another. Even if owners own an unequal amount of shares, all owners still have the right to use all of the property. If one owner dies, their share of the property is transferred to the designated individual in their will contract. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tenancy_by_the_Entirety[20]"><span id="Tenancy_by_the_Entirety.5B20.5D"></span>Tenancy by the Entirety<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></h5><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tenancy by the Entirety[20]" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In tenancy by the entirety, each owner of the property has an undivided interest in it along with full and complete ownership. Each spouse has the full right to occupy and use all of the property. It is only available to married couples. A spouse cannot transfer their interest in the property without the consent of the other spouse. If the couple divorces and goes to court, a judge is granted wide discretion on how to divide the share interests of the property in common-law jurisdictions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corporate_owners">Corporate owners</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Corporate owners" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Corporations are legal non-human entities that are entitled to property rights just as an individual human is. A corporation has legal power to use and possess property just as a fictitious legal human would. However, a corporation isn't a single human, it is the collective will of a group of people who provide a service or build a good. With many agent in play, there are many different and opposing interests in play with respect to ownership. The majority of property is now owned by corporations. They were created under general incorporation statutes that allow such fictitious legal persons to have property rights.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_owners">State owners</h4><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: State owners" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The community, or the state, can have many different roles concerning property: facilitator, protector, and owner. In capitalist market economies, the state largely serves as a mediator that facilitates and enforces private property laws. </p><p>Communist ideals oppose private property laws. <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> / Marxism advocates for full state / public ownership of property. "Private property has made us so stupid and one-sided that an object is only <i>ours</i> when we have it – when it exists for us as capital, or when it is directly possessed, eaten, drunk, worn, inhabited, etc., – in short, when it is <i>used</i> by us" (Marx).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is important to note that many Marxist–Leninist societies such as China and the dissolved Soviet Union have forms of private property laws. </p><p>In the United States, "the federal government owns roughly 640 million acres, about 28% of the 2.27 billion acres of land in the United States. Four major federal land management agencies administer 606.5 million acres of this land (as of September 30, 2018). They are the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), and National Park Service (NPS) in the Department of the Interior (DOI) and the Forest Service (FS) in the Department of Agriculture. A fifth agency, the Department of Defense (excluding the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers), administers 8.8 million acres in the United States (as of September 30, 2017), consisting of military bases, training ranges, and more. Together, the five agencies manage about 615.3 million acres, or 27% of the U.S. land base. Many other agencies administer the remaining federal acreage."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claim_club" title="Claim club">Claim club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_(law)" title="Conversion (law)">Conversion (law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detinue" title="Detinue">Detinue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">Escheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ius_in_re" title="Ius in re">Ius in re</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rei_vindicatio" title="Rei vindicatio">Rei vindicatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replevin" title="Replevin">Replevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrens_title" title="Torrens title">Torrens title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trover" title="Trover">Trover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_invalidity" title="Infectious invalidity">Infectious invalidity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Property_law_in_different_jurisdictions">Property law in different jurisdictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Property law in different jurisdictions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_Law_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Property Law in Ghana">Ghanaian property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law_in_the_United_States" title="Property law in the United States">United States property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_property_law" title="English property law">English property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_property_law" title="Scots property law">Scots property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_property_law" title="South African property law">South African property law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_property_law" title="Australian property law">Australian property law</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMerrill,_Thomas_W.2010" class="citation book cs1">Merrill, Thomas W. (2010). <i>Property</i>. Smith, Henry E. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971808-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971808-5"><bdi>978-0-19-971808-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/656424368">656424368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Property&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F656424368&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971808-5&rft.au=Merrill%2C+Thomas+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ann Marie Sullivan, Cultural Heritage & New Media: A Future for the Past, 15 J. MARSHALL REV. INTELL. PROP. L. 604 (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl">https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200405095657/https://repository.jmls.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1392&context=ripl">Archived</a> 2020-04-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Badenhorst, PJ, Juanita M. Pienaar, and Hanri Mostert. <i>Silberberg and Schoeman's The Law of Property</i>. 5th Edition. Durban: LexisNexis/Butterworths, 2006, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Property, mainstream and critical positions</i>. Macpherson, C. B. (Crawford Brough), 1911-1987. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1978. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-2305-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-2305-3"><bdi>0-8020-2305-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3706603">3706603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Property%2C+mainstream+and+critical+positions&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3706603&rft.isbn=0-8020-2305-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+law" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke,_John1980" class="citation book cs1">Locke, John (1980). <i>Second treatise of government</i>. Macpherson, C. B. (Crawford Brough), 1911-1987. (1st ed.). Indianapolis, Ind.: Hackett Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915144-93-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-915144-93-X"><bdi>0-915144-93-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6278220">6278220</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Second+treatise+of+government&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Ind.&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Hackett+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6278220&rft.isbn=0-915144-93-X&rft.au=Locke%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/of-the-natural-rights-of-individuals/">"Of the Natural Rights of Individuals | Teaching American History"</a>. <i>teachingamericanhistory.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702150821/http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/document/of-the-natural-rights-of-individuals/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742580466" title="Special:BookSources/9780742580466"><bdi>9780742580466</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founders+on+God+and+Government&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2004-10-08&rft.isbn=9780742580466&rft.aulast=Dreisbach&rft.aufirst=Daniel+L.&rft.au=Hall%2C+Mark+D.&rft.au=Morrison%2C+Jeffry+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXeexAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry E. Smith, <i>Exclusion Versus Governance: Two Strategies for Delineating Property Rights</i>, 31 J. Legal Stud. S453 (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackstone,_William2015" class="citation book cs1">Blackstone, William (14 July 2015). <i>Commentaries on the laws of England, volume 2 : of the rights of things (1766)</i>. 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New London (Syllabus)</i></a>, vol. 545, 23 June 2005, p. 469, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212181301/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/04-108.ZS.html">archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-12<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-18</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kelo+v.+New+London+%28Syllabus%29&rft.pages=469&rft.date=2005-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2F04-108.ZS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moneymanagement.org/blog/what-happens-if-your-lender-goes-under">"What Happens if Your Lender Goes Under?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120214820/https://www.moneymanagement.org/blog/what-happens-if-your-lender-goes-under">Archived</a> 2021-11-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Louis DeNicola, <a href="/wiki/Money_Management_International" title="Money Management International">Money Management International</a>, 4/9/2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/joint_tenancy">"Joint Tenancy"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201222005/https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/joint_tenancy">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Tenancy+in+Common&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Ftenancy_in_common&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/tenancy_by_the_entirety">"Tenancy by the Entirety"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010945/https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/tenancy_by_the_entirety">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=Tenancy+by+the+Entirety&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fwex%2Ftenancy_by_the_entirety&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/362">"26 U.S. Code § 362 - Basis to corporations"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228031734/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/362">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=26+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+362+-+Basis+to+corporations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F26%2F362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1844" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (1844). <i>Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+and+Philosophical+Manuscripts+of+1844&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf">"Federal Land Ownership: Overview and Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. February 21, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150124032234/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42346.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Land+Ownership%3A+Overview+and+Data&rft.date=2020-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FR42346.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+law" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Property_law&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br> <b>Property law</b> <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Property+law">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Property+law&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AA_Berle" class="mw-redirect" title="AA Berle">AA Berle</a>, 'Property, Production and Revolution' (1965) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1120512">65 Columbia Law Review 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AA_Berle" class="mw-redirect" title="AA Berle">AA Berle</a>, 'Family Lawsuits Over Real Property' (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wagensellerlaw.com/practice-area/real-estate-litigation-attorney/family-lawsuits-over-real-property-4-things-to-keep-in-mind/">Los Angeles Article Review on Real Property 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160625153924/http://www.wagensellerlaw.com/practice-area/real-estate-litigation-attorney/family-lawsuits-over-real-property-4-things-to-keep-in-mind/">Archived</a> 2016-06-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Waldron2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Waldron" title="Jeremy Waldron">Jeremy Waldron</a> (2004-09-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.science.uva.nl/~seop/entries/property/">"Property(Moveable and Immoveable Property)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Property%28Moveable+and+Immoveable+Property%29&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2004-09-06&rft.au=Jeremy+Waldron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.uva.nl%2F~seop%2Fentries%2Fproperty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProperty+law" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asja%C3%B5igus" title="Asjaõigus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Asjaõigus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_propiedad" title="Derecho de propiedad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Derecho de propiedad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posedjuro" title="Posedjuro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Posedjuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabetza-eskubide" title="Jabetza-eskubide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jabetza-eskubide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="قانون مالکیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قانون مالکیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_des_biens" title="Droit des biens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Droit des biens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dereito_de_propiedade" title="Dereito de propiedade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dereito de propiedade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EA%B6%8C%EB%B2%95" title="물권법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="물권법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwa_byen" title="Dwa byen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Dwa byen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiq%C3%BBqa_ti%C5%9Ftan" title="Hiqûqa tiştan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hiqûqa tiştan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ius_in_rem" title="Ius in rem – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ius in rem" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BD" title="അന്യാധീനപ്പെടുത്തൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്യാധീനപ്പെടുത്തൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goederenrecht" title="Goederenrecht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Goederenrecht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E6%A8%A9%E6%B3%95" title="物権法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="物権法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direito_imobili%C3%A1rio" title="Direito imobiliário – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Direito imobiliário" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drept_de_proprietate" title="Drept de proprietate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drept de proprietate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Имущественное право – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Имущественное право" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="දේපල නීතිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දේපල නීතිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Property law" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imovinsko_pravo" title="Imovinsko pravo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Imovinsko pravo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esineoikeus" title="Esineoikeus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Esineoikeus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="உடைமைச் சட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உடைமைச் சட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%9Fya_hukuku" title="Eşya hukuku – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Eşya hukuku" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Майнові права – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Майнові права" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaod_hin_pananag-iya_hit_tuna" title="Balaod hin pananag-iya hit tuna – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Balaod hin pananag-iya hit tuna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%A1%E7%94%A2%E6%B3%95" title="財產法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="財產法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 November 2024, at 10:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a 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