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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Legends</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legends-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legends subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slayer_of_Raktabīja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slayer_of_Raktabīja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Slayer of Raktabīja</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slayer_of_Raktabīja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography_and_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography_and_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Iconography and forms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Iconography_and_forms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Iconography and forms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Iconography_and_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Popular_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Popular form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahakali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahakali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mahakali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahakali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dakshinakali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dakshinakali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Dakshinakali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dakshinakali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samhara_Kali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samhara_Kali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Samhara Kali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samhara_Kali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Other forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Worship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mantras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mantras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Mantras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mantras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tantra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tantra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tantra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tantra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Bengali_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Bengali_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>In Bengali tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Bengali_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Tantric_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Tantric_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>In Tantric Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Tantric_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sinhala_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sinhala_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>In Sinhala Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sinhala_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship_in_the_Western_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship_in_the_Western_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Worship in the Western world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worship_in_the_Western_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theorized_early_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theorized_early_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.1</span> <span>Theorized early worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theorized_early_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.2</span> <span>In modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Réunion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Réunion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.3</span> <span>In Réunion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Réunion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Comparative scholarship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparative_scholarship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparative scholarship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparative_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Levantine_Anat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levantine_Anat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Levantine Anat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levantine_Anat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egyptian_Sekhmet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egyptian_Sekhmet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Egyptian Sekhmet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egyptian_Sekhmet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kali</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="كالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="কালী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কালী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="काली माता – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="काली माता" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="কালী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কালী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96_(%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Калі (багіня) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калі (багіня)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="काली – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="काली" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Кали (богиня) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кали (богиня)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_(hinduizam)" title="Kali (hinduizam) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kali (hinduizam)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1l%C3%AD" title="Kálí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kálí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_(gudinde)" title="Kali (gudinde) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kali (gudinde)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_(G%C3%B6ttin)" title="Kali (Göttin) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kali (Göttin)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81l%C4%AB" title="Kālī – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kālī" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9" title="Κάλι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάλι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalio_(diino)" title="Kalio (diino) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalio (diino)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88)" title="کالی (ایزدبانو) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالی (ایزدبانو)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF" title="કાલિ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાલિ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="भद्रकाली – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="भद्रकाली" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%A6%AC" title="칼리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="काली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_(bo%C5%BEica)" title="Kali (božica) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kali (božica)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="কলি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কলি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_(dewi)" title="Kali (dewi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kali (dewi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81l%C4%AB" title="Kālī – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kālī" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99" title="קאלי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קאלי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕಾಳಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="კალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кали – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кали" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B5" title="ເທບພະເຈົ້າກາລີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເທບພະເຈົ້າກາລີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81l%C4%AB" title="Kālī – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kālī" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1li_(istenn%C5%91)" title="Káli (istennő) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Káli (istennő)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кали – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кали" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF" title="കാളി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാളി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE)" title="काली (देवता) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काली (देवता)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="კალი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კალი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_(dewi)" title="Kali (dewi) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kali (dewi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4" title="ꯀꯥꯂꯤ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯥꯂꯤ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AC-m%C5%8D%CC%A4" title="Sì-mō̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sì-mō̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%99%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="ကာလီမယ်တော် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာလီမယ်တော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_(godin)" title="Kali (godin) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kali (godin)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="काली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="काली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" title="काली (भारत) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="काली (भारत)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="カーリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カーリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudinna_Kali" title="Gudinna Kali – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gudinna Kali" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%80" title="କାଳୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାଳୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਾਲ਼ੀ ਮਾਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲ਼ੀ ਮਾਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%87%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B8" title="ព្រះម៉ែកាលី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្រះម៉ែកាលី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1li_(deusa_hindu)" title="Cáli (deusa hindu) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cáli (deusa hindu)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Alihesi" title="Kali Alihesi – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kali Alihesi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Кали (богиня) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кали (богиня)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="काली – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="काली" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱠᱟᱞᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱟᱞᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%9F%E0%B6%B1" title="කාලී දෙවඟන – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාලී දෙවඟන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ڪالي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪالي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1l%C3%AD" title="Kálí – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kálí" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B0)" title="Кали (богиња) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кали (богиња)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali" title="Kali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_(hinduism)" title="Kali (hinduism) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kali (hinduism)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF" title="காளி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காளி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D2%BB%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Кали Алиһәсе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Major deity in Indian religions symbolising power, time, and death</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the form of <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a>. For the Supreme goddess of time and death, see <a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a>. For the consort of <a href="/wiki/Virabhadra" title="Virabhadra">Virabhadra</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2025)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kali#Dubious" title="Talk:Kali">discuss</a></i>]</sup>, see <a href="/wiki/Bhadrakali" title="Bhadrakali">Bhadrakali</a>. For the divine entity in Hinduism, see <a href="/wiki/Kali_(demon)" title="Kali (demon)">Kali (demon)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kali_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kali (disambiguation)">Kali (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Kali</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Goddess of Time, Death and Destruction</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of The Ten <a href="/wiki/Mahavidyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavidyas">Mahavidyas</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kali_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kali_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/220px-Kali_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kali_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/330px-Kali_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kali_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg/440px-Kali_by_Raja_Ravi_Varma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4164" data-file-height="5783" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>Kali</i> by <a href="/wiki/Raja_Ravi_Varma" title="Raja Ravi Varma">Raja Ravi Varma</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavidyas">Mahavidyas</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shmashana_Adhipati" title="Shmashana Adhipati">Cremation grounds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">Battlefields</a> (varies by interpretation), <a href="/wiki/Manidvipa" title="Manidvipa">Manidvipa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><i>oṁ jayanti maṅgala kālī<br />bhadrakālī kapālinī<br />durgā kṣamā śivā dhātrī<br />svāhā svadhā namostute</i></li></ul> <ul><li><i>oṁ krīṃ kālīkāyai namaḥ</i></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Scimitar" title="Scimitar">Scimitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trishula" title="Trishula">Trishula</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trident" title="Trident">Trident</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Day</th><td class="infobox-data">Tuesday and Friday</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Mount</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Lion</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantras</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gender</th><td class="infobox-data">Female</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Festivals</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/120px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/250px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Dvija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; 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padding:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SriYantra_color.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/120px-SriYantra_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/250px-SriYantra_color.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaktism" title="History of Shaktism">History</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a> (Supreme)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Lalita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures and texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogini_Tantra" title="Yogini Tantra">Yogini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalita_Sahasranama" title="Lalita Sahasranama">Lalita Sahasranama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Rahasya" title="Tripura Rahasya">Tripura Rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b>other texts</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saundarya_Lahari" title="Saundarya Lahari">Saundarya Lahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annada_Mangal" title="Annada Mangal">Annada Mangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasadi" title="Ramprasadi">Ramprasadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><hr /> <dl><dd><b>Vidya margam</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vamachara" title="Vamachara">Vamachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshina">Dakshinachara</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kula margam</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Vidya" title="Shri Vidya">Srikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism#Kalikula:_family_of_Kali" title="Shaktism">Kalikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trika" class="mw-redirect" title="Trika">Trika (Kashmir Shaivism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubjika" title="Kubjika">Kubjikamata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Scholars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatchandra_Ray" title="Bharatchandra Ray">Bharatchandra Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskararaya" title="Bhaskararaya">Bhaskararaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Agamavagisha" title="Krishnananda Agamavagisha">Krishnananda Agamavagisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Pattar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abirami Pattar">Abhirami Bhattar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">Yoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamakara" title="Panchamakara">Panchamakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals and temples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Saraswati Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional variations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saktism" title="Template talk:Saktism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saktism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saktism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kali</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">काली</span>, <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kālī</i></span>), also called <b>Kalika</b>, is a major <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">goddess</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, primarily associated with time, death and destruction. Kali is also connected with transcendental knowledge and is the first of the ten <a href="/wiki/Mahavidyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavidyas">Mahavidyas</a>, a group of goddesses who provide liberating knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_deities#Tridevi" title="List of Hindu deities">Hindu goddesses</a>, Kali is held as the most famous.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is the preeminent deity in the <a href="/wiki/Tantra#Hindu_tantra" title="Tantra">Hindu tantric</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism#Kalikula:_family_of_Kali" title="Shaktism">Kalikula</a> worship traditions, and is a central figure in the goddess-centric sects of Hinduism as well as in <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EY_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EY-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kali is chiefly worshipped as the Divine Mother, Mother of the Universe, and <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Divine feminine energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hawley_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hawley-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harding_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McDaniel_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDaniel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The origins of Kali can be traced to the pre-Vedic and <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic</a> era goddess worship <a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">traditions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EY_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EY-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Etymologically, the term <i>Kali</i> refers to one who governs time or is black. The first major appearance of Kali in the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> literature was in the sixth-century CE text <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-EY_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EY-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kali appears in many stories, with the most popular one being when she manifests as personification of goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>'s rage to defeat the demon <a href="/wiki/Raktabija" class="mw-redirect" title="Raktabija">Raktabija</a>. The terrifying iconography of Kali makes her a unique figure among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_goddesses" title="List of goddesses">goddesses</a> and symbolises her embracement and embodiment of the grim worldly realities of blood, death and destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kali is stated to protect and bestow liberation (<i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a></i>) to devotees who approach her with an attitude of a child towards mother. Devotional songs and poems that extol the motherly nature of Kali are popular in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, where she is most widely worshipped as the Divine Mother. <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> traditions additionally worship Kali as the ultimate reality or <i><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McDaniel_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDaniel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times, Kali has emerged as a symbol of significance for women.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Kali</i> is derived from <i>Kala</i>, which is mentioned quite differently in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The homonym <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/K%C4%81la_(time)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāla (time)">kālá</a></i></span></i> (time) is distinct from <i>kāla</i> (black), but these became associated through <a href="/wiki/Popular_etymology" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular etymology">popular etymology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coburn111-112_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coburn111-112-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kali is then understood as "she who is the ruler of time", or "she who is black".<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kālī is the goddess of time or death and the consort of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-McDermott2001_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDermott2001-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is called Kali Mata ("the dark mother") and also <i>kālī</i>, which can be read here either as a <a href="/wiki/Proper_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Proper name">proper name</a> or as a description: "the dark (or black) one".<sup id="cite_ref-Coburn111-112_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coburn111-112-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the word <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kālī</i></span></i> appears as early as the <a href="/wiki/Atharva_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharva Veda">Atharva Veda</a>, the first use of it as a proper name is in the <i>Kathaka Grhya Sutra</i> (19.7).<sup id="cite_ref-Urban_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urban-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kali originated as a tantric and non-Vedic goddess. Her roots are most probably connected to the Pre-Aryan period.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Indologist <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a>, Kali's origins can be traced to the deities of the Pre-Vedic village, tribal, and mountain cultures of South Asia who were gradually appropriated and transformed by the Sanskritic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-EY_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EY-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legends">Legends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Her most well-known appearance is on the battlefield in the sixth century text <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmyam" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi Mahatmyam">Devi Mahatmyam</a></i>. The deity of the first chapter of <i>Devi Mahatmyam</i> is Mahakali, who appears from the body of sleeping <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> as goddess Yoga Nidra to wake him up in order to protect <a href="/wiki/Bramha" class="mw-redirect" title="Bramha">Brahma</a> and the world from two <a href="/wiki/Asuras" class="mw-redirect" title="Asuras">asuras</a> (demons), <a href="/wiki/Madhu-Kaitabha" title="Madhu-Kaitabha">Madhu-Kaitabha</a>. When Vishnu woke up he started a war against the two asuras. After a long battle with Vishnu, the two demons were undefeated and Mahakali took the form of Mahamaya to enchant the two asuras. When Madhu and Kaitabha were enchanted by Mahakali, Vishnu killed them.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later chapters, the story of two asuras who were destroyed by Kali can be found. <a href="/wiki/Chanda_and_Munda" title="Chanda and Munda">Chanda and Munda</a> attack the goddess <a href="/wiki/Kaushiki" title="Kaushiki">Kaushiki</a>. Kaushiki responds with such anger that it causes her face to turn dark, resulting in Kali appearing out of her forehead. Kali's appearance is dark blue, gaunt with sunken eyes, wearing a tiger skin <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Mundamala" title="Mundamala">garland of human heads</a>. She immediately defeats the two asuras. Later in the same battle, the asura <a href="/wiki/Raktabija" class="mw-redirect" title="Raktabija">Raktabija</a> is undefeated because of his ability to reproduce himself from every drop of his blood that reaches the ground. Countless Raktabija clones appear on the battlefield. Kali eventually defeats him by sucking his blood before it can reach the ground, and eating the numerous clones. Kinsley writes that Kali represents "Durga's personified wrath, her embodied fury".<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other origin stories involve Parvati and Shiva. Parvati is typically portrayed as a benign and friendly goddess. The <i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i> describes Shiva asking Parvati to defeat the asura <a href="/wiki/Daruka" title="Daruka">Daruka</a>, who received a boon that would only allow a female to kill him. Parvati merges with Shiva's body, reappearing as Kali to defeat Daruka and his armies. Her bloodlust gets out of control, only calming when Shiva intervenes. The <i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana Purana</a></i> has a different version of Kali's relationship with Parvati. When Shiva addresses Parvati as Kali, "the dark blue one", she is greatly offended. Parvati performs austerities to lose her dark complexion and becomes Gauri, the golden one. Her dark sheath becomes <i><a href="/wiki/Kaushiki" title="Kaushiki">Kaushiki</a></i>, who while enraged, creates Kali.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a>, Kali turns black out of rage, while battling the demons <a href="/wiki/Shumbha_and_Nishumbha" title="Shumbha and Nishumbha">Shumbha and Nishumbha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 221">: 221 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slayer_of_Raktabīja"><span id="Slayer_of_Raktab.C4.ABja"></span>Slayer of Raktabīja</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Slayer of Raktabīja"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Kāli's most famous legend, <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> and her assistants, the <a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a>, wound the demon <a href="/wiki/Raktab%C4%ABja" title="Raktabīja">Raktabīja</a>, in various ways and with a variety of weapons in an attempt to destroy him. They soon find that they have worsened the situation for with every drop of blood that drips from Raktabīja, he reproduces a duplicate of himself. The battlefield becomes increasingly filled with his duplicates.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durga summons Kāli to combat the demons. This episode is described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmyam</a>,</i> Kali is depicted as being fierce, clad in a tiger's skin and armed with a sword and noose. She has deep, red eyes with tongue lolling out as she catches drops of Raktabīja's blood before they fall to the ground and create duplicates.<sup id="cite_ref-Wangu2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wangu2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kali consumes Raktabīja and his duplicates, and dances on the corpses of the slain.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Devi Mahatmya</i> version of this story, Kali is also described as a <i>Matrika</i> and as a <i><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></i> or power of <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Devi</a>. She is given the epithet <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Cāṃuṇḍā</i></span></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a></i>), that is, the slayer of the demons <a href="/wiki/Chanda_and_Munda" title="Chanda and Munda">Chanda and Munda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wangu2003_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wangu2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> <i>Chamunda</i> is very often identified with Kali and is very much like her in appearance and habit.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 241 Footnotes">: 241 Footnotes </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography_and_forms">Iconography and forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Iconography and forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The goddess Kali is regarded as the most famous female deity of all the numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_deities#Tridevi" title="List of Hindu deities">Hindu goddesses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynn_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynn-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uncommon appearance of Kali is explained as a cause of her popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 398">: 398 </span></sup> Kali is iconographically depicted as a "terrifying emaciated woman"; with black skin, long tangled hair, red eyes and a long lolling tongue. She is naked barring a grim set of ornamentation: "a necklace of skulls or freshly decapitated heads, a skirt of severed arms and jewellery made from the corpses of infants." The "wildness" is a defining aspect of her character.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 399">: 399 </span></sup> The terrifying iconography of Kali is considered symbolic of her role as a protector and a bestower of freedom to devotees, of whom she shall take care if they come to her in the "attitude of a child."<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 399">: 399 </span></sup> Devotional songs and poems that glorify the motherly nature of Kali are popular in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, where she is most extensively worshipped.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 399">: 399 </span></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a>, where Kali first appeared as a personification of the rage of goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, an aspect of Kali's character was her thirst for blood and fondness to stay at places of death and destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 399">: 399 </span></sup> In original depictions, Kali was often pictured in a cremation ground or battlefield standing on the corpse of <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>, which symbolized her manifestation as <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kali represents the goddess embracing and encompassing the grim worldly realities of "blood, death and destruction".<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Kalika <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Purana</a></i> describes Kali as "possessing a soothing dark complexion, as perfectly beautiful, riding a lion, four-armed, holding a sword and blue lotus, her hair unrestrained, body firm and youthful".<sup id="cite_ref-White2000_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goddess has two depictions: the popular <a href="/wiki/Chaturbhuja" title="Chaturbhuja">four-armed</a> form and the ten-armed Mahakali avatar. In both, she is described as being black in colour, though she is often seen as blue in popular Indian art. Her eyes are described as red with intoxication and rage. Her hair is disheveled, small fangs sometimes protrude out of her mouth, and her tongue is lolling. Sometimes she dons a skirt made of demon arms and a <a href="/wiki/Mundamala" title="Mundamala">garland of demon heads</a>. Other times, she is seen wearing a tiger skin. She is also accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serpent (symbolism)">serpents</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Jackal" title="Jackal">jackal</a> while standing on the calm and prostrate Shiva, usually right foot forward to symbolize the more popular <i><a href="/wiki/Dak%E1%B9%A3i%E1%B9%87%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="Dakṣiṇācāra">dakṣiṇācāra</a></i> ("right-hand path"), as opposed to the more infamous and transgressive <a href="/wiki/Vamachara" title="Vamachara">vamachara</a> ("left-hand path").<sup id="cite_ref-Rawson_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rawson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her mount, or <i><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">vahana</a></i>, is the lion.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_form">Popular form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Popular form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goddess_Kali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Goddess_Kali.jpg/250px-Goddess_Kali.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="420" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Goddess_Kali.jpg/330px-Goddess_Kali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Goddess_Kali.jpg/500px-Goddess_Kali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1782" data-file-height="3405" /></a><figcaption>A Tamil depiction of Kali, 12th century, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_India" title="National Museum of India">National Museum of India</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Kali is depicted with four arms, which symbolize the circle of creation and dissolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her left hands are depicted holding a severed head and a sword.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sword signifies divine knowledge and the human head signifies human ego which must be slain by divine knowledge in order to attain <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>. The right hands are usually depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Mudra#Abhaya_Mudrā" title="Mudra">abhaya</a> (fearlessness) and <a href="/wiki/Mudra#Varada_Mudrā" title="Mudra">varada</a> (blessing) <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a>, which means her initiated devotees (or anyone worshipping her with a true heart) will be saved as she will guide them here and in the hereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-White2000_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 477">: 477 </span></sup> </p><p>She wears a <a href="/wiki/Mundamala" title="Mundamala">garland of demon heads</a>, variously enumerated at <a href="/wiki/108_(number)" title="108 (number)">108</a> (an auspicious number in Hinduism and the number of countable beads on a <a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">japa</a> <a href="/wiki/Japa_mala" class="mw-redirect" title="Japa mala">mala</a> or rosary for repetition of <a href="/wiki/Mantras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantras">mantras</a>) or 51, which represents Varnamala or the Garland of letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>. Hindus believe <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> is a language of <a href="/wiki/Dynamism_(metaphysics)" title="Dynamism (metaphysics)">dynamism</a>, and each of these letters represents a form of energy, or a form of Kali. Therefore, she is generally seen as the mother of language, and all <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-White2000_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 475">: 475 </span></sup> </p><p>She is often depicted naked which symbolizes her being beyond the covering of <a href="/wiki/Maya_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (Hinduism)">Maya</a> since she is pure (<i>nirguna</i>) being-consciousness-bliss and far above Prakriti. She is shown as very dark as she is Brahman in its supreme unmanifest state. She has no permanent qualities—she will continue to exist even when the universe ends. It is therefore believed that the concepts of color, light, good, and bad do not apply to her.<sup id="cite_ref-White2000_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White2000-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 463–488">: 463–488 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mahakali">Mahakali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mahakali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goddess_Mahakali_-_National_Museum,_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Goddess_Mahakali_-_National_Museum%2C_Delhi.jpg/250px-Goddess_Mahakali_-_National_Museum%2C_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Goddess_Mahakali_-_National_Museum%2C_Delhi.jpg/330px-Goddess_Mahakali_-_National_Museum%2C_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Goddess_Mahakali_-_National_Museum%2C_Delhi.jpg/500px-Goddess_Mahakali_-_National_Museum%2C_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7295" data-file-height="9273" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a>, goddess of time and death, depicted with a black complexion with ten heads, arms and legs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Mahakali (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: Mahākālī, <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: महाकाली, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>: মহাকালী, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>: મહાકાળી), literally translated as "Great Kali", is sometimes considered as a greater form of Kali, identified with the Ultimate reality of <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. It can also be used as an honorific of the Goddess Kali,.<sup id="cite_ref-McDaniel_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDaniel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 257">: 257 </span></sup> Mahakali symbolizes absolute night and the power of time. She is depicted with five or ten heads, each with three eyes and holding different weapons. Mahakali is known as the origin of all things, her consort is <a href="/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala">Mahakala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McDaniel_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDaniel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 257">: 257 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a> mentions that Kali took the form of Mahakali at the instruction of Shiva who wanted her to destroy the world during the time of universal <a href="/wiki/Pralaya" title="Pralaya">destruction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McDaniel_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDaniel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 242">: 242 </span></sup> </p><p>In the ten-armed form of Mahakali, she is depicted as shining like a blue stone. She has ten faces, ten feet, and three eyes for each head. She has ornaments decked on all her limbs. There is no association with Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dakshinakali">Dakshinakali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dakshinakali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goddess_Kali_dancing_on_Shiva._Wellcome_L0043631.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Goddess_Kali_dancing_on_Shiva._Wellcome_L0043631.jpg/170px-Goddess_Kali_dancing_on_Shiva._Wellcome_L0043631.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Goddess_Kali_dancing_on_Shiva._Wellcome_L0043631.jpg/255px-Goddess_Kali_dancing_on_Shiva._Wellcome_L0043631.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Goddess_Kali_dancing_on_Shiva._Wellcome_L0043631.jpg/340px-Goddess_Kali_dancing_on_Shiva._Wellcome_L0043631.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="3424" /></a><figcaption>Dakshina Kali, with Shiva devotedly at her foot.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dakshinakali is the most popular form of Kali in Bengal.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is the benevolent mother, who protects her devotees and children from mishaps and misfortunes. There are various versions for the origin of the name <i>Dakshinakali</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dakshina" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshina">Dakshina</a></i> refers to the gift given to a priest before performing a ritual or to one's guru. Such gifts are traditionally given with the right hand. Dakshinakali's two right hands are usually depicted in gestures of blessing and giving of boons. One version of the origin of her name comes from the story of <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a>, lord of death, who lives in the south (<i>dakshina</i>). When Yama heard Kali's name, he fled in terror, and so those who worship Kali are said to be able to overcome death itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1998pp86-90_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1998pp86-90-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dold2003_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dold2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53–55">: 53–55 </span></sup> </p><p>Dakshinakali is typically shown with her right foot on <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>'s chest—while depictions showing Kali with her left foot on Shiva's chest depict the even more fearsome Vamakali. Vamakali is usually worshipped by non-householders.<sup id="cite_ref-Pravrajika_Vedantaprana_2015_p.16_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pravrajika_Vedantaprana_2015_p.16-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pose shows the conclusion of an episode in which Kali was rampaging out of control after destroying many demons. Vishnu confronted Kali in an attempt to cool her down. She was unable to see beyond the limitless power of her rage and Vishnu had to move out of her way. Seeing this the devas became more fearful, afraid that in her rampage, Kali would not stop until she destroyed the entire universe. Shiva saw only one solution to prevent Kali's endless destruction. Shiva lay down on the battlefield so that Goddess Mahakali would have to step on him. When she saw her consort under her foot, Kali realized that she had gone too far. Filled with grief for the damage she had done, her blood-red tongue hung from her mouth, calming her down. In some interpretations of the story, Shiva was attempting to receive Kali's grace by receiving her foot on his chest.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daksina_Kali_clay_statue_of_Bengal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Daksina_Kali_clay_statue_of_Bengal.jpg/250px-Daksina_Kali_clay_statue_of_Bengal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Daksina_Kali_clay_statue_of_Bengal.jpg/330px-Daksina_Kali_clay_statue_of_Bengal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Daksina_Kali_clay_statue_of_Bengal.jpg/500px-Daksina_Kali_clay_statue_of_Bengal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1937" data-file-height="2768" /></a><figcaption>The goddess is generally worshipped as Dakshina Kali (with her right feet on Shiva) in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> during Kali Puja.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Rachel Fell McDermott, the poets portrayed Shiva as "the devotee who falls at [Kali's] feet in devotion, in the surrender of his ego, or in hopes of gaining <i>moksha</i> by her touch." In fact, Shiva is said to have become so enchanted by Kali that he performed austerities to win her, and having received the treasure of her feet, held them against his heart in reverence.<sup id="cite_ref-Dold2003_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dold2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of the worship of the Dakshinakali form of Goddess Kali is often attributed to <a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Agamavagisha" title="Krishnananda Agamavagisha">Krishnananda Agamavagisha</a>. He was a noted 17th-century Bengali Tantra thinker and author of <i>Tantrasara</i>. Devi Kali reportedly appeared to him in a dream and told him to popularize her in a particular form that would appear to him the following day. The next morning he observed a young woman making cow dung patties. While placing a patty on a wall, she stood in the <i>alidha</i> pose, with her right foot forward. When she saw Krishnananda watching her, she was embarrassed and put her tongue between her teeth, Agamavagisha realized that this was the divine form of maa kali he was looking for.<sup id="cite_ref-Dold2003_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dold2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sircar1998_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sircar1998-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krishnananda Agamavagisha was also the guru of the Kali devotee and poet <a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harding_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 217">: 217 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samhara_Kali">Samhara Kali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Samhara Kali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samhara Kali, also called Vama Kali, is the embodiment of the power of destruction. The chief goddess of Tantric texts, Samhara Kali is the most dangerous and powerful form of Kali. Samhara Kali takes form when Kali steps out with her left foot holding her sword in her right hand. She is the Kali of death, destruction and is worshipped by tantrics. As Samhara Kali she gives death and liberation. According to the Mahakala Samhita, Samhara Kali is two armed and black in complexion. She stands on a corpse and holds a freshly cut head and a plate to collect the dripping blood. She is worshipped by warriors, tantrics – the followers of <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Harding_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_forms">Other forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other forms of Kali popularly worshipped in Bengal include <a href="/wiki/Naihati_Boro_Maa_Kali_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Naihati Boro Maa Kali Temple">Raksha Kali</a> (form of Kali worshipped for protection against epidemics and drought), Bhadra Kali and Guhya Kali. Kali is said to have 8, 12, or 21 different forms according to different traditions. The popular forms are Adya Kali, Chintamani Kali, Sparshamani Kali, Santati Kali, <a href="/wiki/Siddhikali_Temple" title="Siddhikali Temple">Siddhi Kali</a>, Dakshina Kali, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rakta_Kali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rakta Kali (page does not exist)">Rakta Kali</a>, Bhadra Kali, Smashana Kali, Adharvana Bhadra Kali, Kamakala Kali, Guhya Kali, Hamsa Kali, Shyama Kali, and Kalasankarshini Kali. In <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khodiyar" title="Khodiyar">Khodiyar</a> is a regional form of <a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pravrajika_Vedantaprana_2015_p.16_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pravrajika_Vedantaprana_2015_p.16-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maa_Bhavatarini%27s_face_@_Dakshineshwar_Kali_Temple.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Maa_Bhavatarini%27s_face_%40_Dakshineshwar_Kali_Temple.JPG/170px-Maa_Bhavatarini%27s_face_%40_Dakshineshwar_Kali_Temple.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Maa_Bhavatarini%27s_face_%40_Dakshineshwar_Kali_Temple.JPG/255px-Maa_Bhavatarini%27s_face_%40_Dakshineshwar_Kali_Temple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Maa_Bhavatarini%27s_face_%40_Dakshineshwar_Kali_Temple.JPG/340px-Maa_Bhavatarini%27s_face_%40_Dakshineshwar_Kali_Temple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, Kali's extended tongue is widely seen as expressing embarrassment over the realization that her foot is on her husband's chest.<sup id="cite_ref-Dold2003_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dold2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53–55">: 53–55 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kali's_Tongue_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kali's_Tongue-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dutta2011_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutta2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McDaniel_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDaniel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 237">: 237 </span></sup> Above: idol of Kali at the <a href="/wiki/Dakshineshwar_Kali_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshineshwar Kali Temple">Dakshineshwar Kali Temple</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Interpretations of the symbolic meanings of Kali's appearance vary depending on Tantric or devotional approach, and on whether one views her image in a symbolic, allegorical or mystical fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1998pp86-90_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1998pp86-90-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many varied depictions of the different forms of Kali. The most common form shows her with four arms and hands, showing aspects of both creation and destruction. The two right hands are often held out in blessing, one in a mudra saying "fear not" (<a href="/wiki/Abhayamudra" title="Abhayamudra">abhayamudra</a>), the other conferring boons. Her left hands hold a severed head and blood-covered sword. The sword severs the bondage of ignorance and ego (<a href="/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)" title="Tamas (philosophy)">tamas</a>), represented by the severed head. One interpretation of Kali's tongue is that the red tongue symbolizes the <a href="/wiki/Rajasic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasic">rajasic</a> nature being conquered by the white (symbolizing <a href="/wiki/Sattvic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sattvic">sattvic</a>) nature of the teeth. Her blackness represents that she is <i><a href="/wiki/Nirguna" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna">nirguna</a></i>, beyond all qualities of nature, and transcendent.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1998pp86-90_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1998pp86-90-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dold2003_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dold2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53–55">: 53–55 </span></sup> Kali's lolling tongue is interpreted as her being angry, enraged; while many in India interpret it as "biting the tongue" in shame.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 222">: 222 </span></sup> </p><p>The most widespread interpretation of Kali's extended tongue involve her embarrassment over the sudden realization that she has stepped on her husband's chest. Kali's sudden "modesty and shame" over that act is the prevalent interpretation among <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Odisha" title="Hinduism in Odisha">Odia Hindus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dold2003_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dold2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53–55">: 53–55 </span></sup> The biting of the tongue conveys the emotion of <i>lajja</i> or modesty, an expression that is widely accepted as the emotion being expressed by Kali.<sup id="cite_ref-Kali's_Tongue_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kali's_Tongue-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McDaniel_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDaniel-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 237">: 237 </span></sup> In Bengal also, Kali's protruding tongue is "widely accepted... as a sign of speechless embarrassment: a gesture very common among Bengalis."<sup id="cite_ref-Dutta2011_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutta2011-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harding_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harding-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xxiii">: xxiii </span></sup> </p><p>The twin earrings of Kali are small embryos. This is because Kali likes devotees who have childlike qualities in them.<sup id="cite_ref-Pravrajika_Vedantaprana_2015_p.16_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pravrajika_Vedantaprana_2015_p.16-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forehead of Kali is seen to be as luminous as the full moon and eternally giving out ambrosia.<sup id="cite_ref-Pravrajika_Vedantaprana_2015_p.16_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pravrajika_Vedantaprana_2015_p.16-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kali is often shown standing with her right foot on Shiva's chest. This represents an episode where Kali was out of control on the battlefield, such that she was about to destroy the entire universe. Shiva pacified her by laying down under her foot to pacify and calm her. Shiva is sometimes shown with a blissful smile on his face.<sup id="cite_ref-Dold2003_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dold2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53–55">: 53–55 </span></sup> She is typically shown with a garland of severed heads, often numbering fifty. This can symbolize the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet and therefore as the primordial sound of <a href="/wiki/Aum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aum">Aum</a> from which all creation proceeds. The severed arms which make up her skirt represent her devotee's karma that she has taken on.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1998pp86-90_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1998pp86-90-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several interpretations of the symbolism behind the commonly represented image of Kali standing on Shiva's supine form. A common interpretation is that Shiva symbolizes <i><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">purusha</a></i>, the universal unchanging aspect of reality, or pure consciousness. Kali represents <i><a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">Prakriti</a></i>, nature or matter, sometimes seen as having a feminine quality of creation of life. The merging of these two qualities represent ultimate reality.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 88">: 88 </span></sup> </p><p>A tantric interpretation sees Shiva as consciousness and Kali as power or energy. Consciousness and energy are dependent upon each other, since Shiva depends on Shakti, or energy, in order to fulfill his role in creation, preservation, and destruction. In this view, without Shakti, Shiva is a corpse—unable to act.<sup id="cite_ref-Dold2003_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dold2003-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 53">: 53 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mantras">Mantras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mantras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kali is closely associated with transcendent knowledge and is regarded as the first of the ten <a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidyas</a>, an amalgamation of goddesses who provide liberating knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 399">: 399 </span></sup> Kali is primarily worshipped in the <a href="/wiki/Shaktism#Kalikula:_family_of_Kali" title="Shaktism">Kalikula</a> worship tradition. The closest way of direct worship is to the forms of <a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bhadrakali" title="Bhadrakali">Bhadrakali</a> (Bhadra in Sanskrit means 'gentle'). One mantra for Kali worship is:<sup id="cite_ref-Chawdri_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chawdri-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="sa" class="poem"> <p>सर्वमङ्गलमाङ्गल्ये शिवे सर्वार्थसाधिके । शरण्ये त्र्यम्बके गौरि नारायणि नमोऽस्तु ते ॥<br /> ॐ जयंती मंगला काली भद्रकाली कपालिनी । दुर्गा क्षमा शिवा धात्री स्वाहा स्वधा नमोऽस्तु‍ते ॥ </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>Sarvamangal-māngalyē śivē sarvārthasādhikē. Śaraṇyē tryambakē Gauri nārāyaṇi namō'stu tē.<br /> Oṃ jayantī mangala kālī bhadrakālī kapālinī . Durgā kṣamā śivā dhātrī svāhā svadhā namō'stu‍tē.<br /> ॐ काली काली महाकाली कालिके परमेश्वरी । सर्वानन्दकरी देवी नारायणि नमोऽस्तुते ।। </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tantra">Tantra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tantra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kali_Yantra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kali_Yantra.jpg/220px-Kali_Yantra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kali_Yantra.jpg/330px-Kali_Yantra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kali_Yantra.jpg/440px-Kali_Yantra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Kali <a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Tantrism the cause of reality is the mutual interaction between male and female or Shiva and Shakti. As a result, goddesses play an important role in the study and practice of <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> Yoga and are essential in understanding the nature of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kali is often mentioned in Tantric iconography, texts and rituals even though <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> received <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>'s wisdom in the form of Tantras.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kali is revered are the highest reality or greatest of all deities in many Tantric texts. The <i>Niruttara-tantra</i> and the <i>Picchila-tantra</i> state that among all mantras Kali's mantras are the greatest. The <i>Kdmadd-tantra</i> mentions that Kali is <i>sacciddnanda</i> or imperishable bliss and Brahman. In other texts like the<i>Yogini-tantra</i>, <i>Kamakhya-tantra</i> and the <i>Niruttara-tantra</i> Kali is referred to as an essential form of <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122–124">: 122–124 </span></sup> </p><p>In Tantric practice, Kali's figure represents death itself. The <i>Karpuradi-stotra,</i> dated to approximately 10th century CE<i>,</i> describes the <i>Pancatattva</i> ritual which is performed on cremation grounds (<i>Samahana-sadhan</i>). It states that a <i><a href="/wiki/Sadhaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhaka">sadhaka</a></i> that meditates on the terrible aspects of Kali's form and confronts her can attain salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122–124">: 122–124 </span></sup> </p><p>The <i>Karpuradi-stotra</i> also describes Kali's gentler form that is young, with a smiling face and with two right hands to dispel fear and offer boons. She is also described as the supreme being of the universe. In this benign form, Kali becomes the goddess who grants salvation when fear is overcome and goes from being a symbol of death to being a symbol of triumph over death.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 124–125">: 124–125 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Bengali_tradition">In Bengali tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In Bengali tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kali_Shakespeare_Sarani_Arnab_Dutta_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kali_Shakespeare_Sarani_Arnab_Dutta_2010.JPG/170px-Kali_Shakespeare_Sarani_Arnab_Dutta_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kali_Shakespeare_Sarani_Arnab_Dutta_2010.JPG/255px-Kali_Shakespeare_Sarani_Arnab_Dutta_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Kali_Shakespeare_Sarani_Arnab_Dutta_2010.JPG/340px-Kali_Shakespeare_Sarani_Arnab_Dutta_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="2060" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Kali trampling on Shiva, worshipped in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idol_of_goddess_Kali_kept_near_Nimtala_ghat_for_Visarjan_or_Immersion_in_the_waters_of_river_Hooghly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Idol_of_goddess_Kali_kept_near_Nimtala_ghat_for_Visarjan_or_Immersion_in_the_waters_of_river_Hooghly.jpg/250px-Idol_of_goddess_Kali_kept_near_Nimtala_ghat_for_Visarjan_or_Immersion_in_the_waters_of_river_Hooghly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Idol_of_goddess_Kali_kept_near_Nimtala_ghat_for_Visarjan_or_Immersion_in_the_waters_of_river_Hooghly.jpg/330px-Idol_of_goddess_Kali_kept_near_Nimtala_ghat_for_Visarjan_or_Immersion_in_the_waters_of_river_Hooghly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Idol_of_goddess_Kali_kept_near_Nimtala_ghat_for_Visarjan_or_Immersion_in_the_waters_of_river_Hooghly.jpg/500px-Idol_of_goddess_Kali_kept_near_Nimtala_ghat_for_Visarjan_or_Immersion_in_the_waters_of_river_Hooghly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Idol of goddess Kali kept near Nimtala ghat for Visarjan or Immersion in the waters of river Hooghly</figcaption></figure> <p>Kali is a central figure in late medieval <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> devotional literature, with such notable devotee poets as <a href="/wiki/Kamalakanta_Bhattacharya_(West_Bengal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (West Bengal)">Kamalakanta Bhattacharya</a> (1769–1821) and <a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a> (1718–1775). With the exception of being associated with <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> as <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>'s consort, Kāli is rarely pictured in Hindu legends and iconography as a motherly figure until Bengali devotions beginning in the early eighteenth century. Even in Bengāli tradition her appearance and habits change little, if at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 126">: 126 </span></sup> </p><p>The Tantric approach to Kāli is to display courage by confronting her on cremation grounds in the dead of night, despite her terrible appearance. In contrast, the Bengali devotee adopts the attitude of a child, coming to love her unreservedly. In both cases, the goal of the devotee is to become reconciled with death and to learn acceptance of the way that things are. These themes are addressed in Rāmprasād's work.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 125–126">: 125–126 </span></sup> Rāmprasād comments in many of his other songs that Kāli is indifferent to his wellbeing, causes him to suffer, brings his worldly desires to nothing and his worldly goods to ruin. He also states that she does not behave like a mother should and that she ignores his pleas.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 128">: 128 </span></sup> </p><p>To be a child of Kāli, Rāmprasād asserts, is to be denied of earthly delights and pleasures. Kāli is said to refrain from giving that which is expected. To the devotee, it is perhaps her very refusal to do so that enables her devotees to reflect on dimensions of themselves and of reality that go beyond the material world.<sup id="cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 128">: 128 </span></sup> </p><p>A significant portion of Bengali devotional music features Kāli as its central theme and is known as <a href="/wiki/Shyama_Sangeet" title="Shyama Sangeet">Shyama Sangeet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kāli is especially venerated in the festival of <a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a> in eastern India – celebrated when the new moon day of <a href="/wiki/Ashwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashwin">Ashwin</a> month coincides with the festival of <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a>. The practice of animal sacrifice is still practiced during Kali Puja in Bengal, Orissa, and Assam, though it is rare outside of those areas. The <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> where this takes place involves the ritual slaying of goats, chickens and sometimes male water buffalos. Throughout India, the practice is becoming less common.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller_Christopher_John_2004_83_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller_Christopher_John_2004_83-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rituals in eastern India temples where animals are killed are generally led by <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a> priests.<sup id="cite_ref-Fuller_Christopher_John_2004_83_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller_Christopher_John_2004_83-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 84, 101–104">: 84, 101–104 </span></sup> A number of <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantric</a> <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a> specify the ritual for how the animal should be killed. A Brahmin priest will recite a mantra in the ear of the animal to be sacrificed, in order to free the animal from the cycle of life and death. Groups such as People for Animals continue to protest animal sacrifice based on court rulings forbidding the practice in some locations.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Tantric_Buddhism">In Tantric Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In Tantric Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troma_Nagmo_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Troma_Nagmo_closeup.jpg/170px-Troma_Nagmo_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Troma_Nagmo_closeup.jpg/255px-Troma_Nagmo_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Troma_Nagmo_closeup.jpg/340px-Troma_Nagmo_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1012" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>Tröma Nagm in Tibetan Buddhism, shares some attributes of Kali.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tantric Kali cults such as the Kaula and Krama had a strong influence on <a href="/wiki/Tantric_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantric Buddhism">Tantric Buddhism</a>, as can be seen in fierce-looking <a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">yoginis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">dakinis</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Vajrayogini" title="Vajrayogini">Vajrayogini</a> and Krodikali.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Tibet, Krodikali (alt. Krodhakali, Kālikā, Krodheśvarī, Krishna Krodhini) is known as <i>Tröma Nagmo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Tibetan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Tibetan language">Classical Tibetan</a>: <span lang="xct">ཁྲོ་མ་ནག་མོ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <span title="Standard Tibetan-language text"><i lang="bo-Latn">khro ma nag mo</i></span>, English: "The Black Wrathful Lady").<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She features as a key deity in the practice tradition of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6d" title="Chöd">Chöd</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Machig_Labdron" class="mw-redirect" title="Machig Labdron">Machig Labdron</a> and is seen as a fierce form of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayogini" title="Vajrayogini">Vajrayogini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other similar fierce deities include the dark blue Ugra Tara and the lion-faced <a href="/wiki/Simhamukha" title="Simhamukha">Simhamukha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Sinhala_Buddhism">In Sinhala Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In Sinhala Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sri Lanka, Kali is venerated and called upon by Buddhists and Hindus. She is a type of mother goddess, sometimes invoked to fight disease,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a maid of the Goddess <a href="/wiki/Pattini" title="Pattini">Pattini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sinhala Buddhism, her origin is explained through her arriving at Munneśvaram from South India, eating humans, and attempting to eat Pattini, who instead tames her.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She is regarded as having seven forms; Bhadrakāli (who is associated with business and gold trade, and prominently worshipped at the Tamil Hindu <a href="/wiki/Munneswaram_temple" title="Munneswaram temple">Munneśvaram</a> temple, though over 80% of its patrons are Sinhala Buddhists. Bhadrakāli priests here interpret her tongue as symbolizing revenge, rather than embarrassment, and she tramples the demon of ignorance<sup id="cite_ref-:2_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), Mahābhadrakāli, Pēnakāli, Vandurukāli (Hanumāpatrakāli), Rīrikāli, Sohonkāli, and Ginikāli.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These forms are subordinate to Kāliammā (the mother of Kāli). Red flowers, silver coins, blood, and oil lamps with mustard oil are offered to her, and as Pattini's servant, she accepts offerings on her behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sohonkāli is the form venerated in one of her most popular temples, the Mōdara Kāli temple in <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her worship in Sri Lanka dates back to at least the 9th century CE, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dharmasena_Thera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dharmasena Thera (page does not exist)">Dharmasena Thera</a> created the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadharma_Ratnavaliya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadharma Ratnavaliya (page does not exist)">Sadharma Ratnavaliya</a> in the 13th century based on an older 5th century work, which actively recontextualizes Kali in a Buddhist context,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exploring the nature of violence and vengeance and how they trap people in cycles until justification, guilt, and good and evil become irrelevant.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kali has been seen as both a demon (though a tamed one, thanks to Pattini<sup id="cite_ref-:2_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and a goddess in Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She and mythical Sinhala Buddhist kings both use demonic fury as a necessary condition of conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yantras are used in relation to her, sourced from the <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a>, later Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">paritta</a> chants, and from non-Buddhist yantras and mantras. The Sādhakayantra is popular, and its corresponding mantra includes Arabic words and Islamic concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worship_in_the_Western_world">Worship in the Western world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Worship in the Western world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theorized_early_worship">Theorized early worship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Theorized early worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A form of Kali worship may have already been transmitted to the west in medieval times by the wandering <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>. A few authors have drawn parallels between Kali worship and the ceremonies of the annual pilgrimage in honor of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sarah" title="Saint Sarah">Saint Sarah</a>, also known as <i>Sara-la-Kali</i> ("Sara the Black", <a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a>: <i lang="rom">Sara e Kali</i>), held at <a href="/wiki/Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer" title="Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer">Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer</a>, a place of <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a> for Roma in the <a href="/wiki/Camargue" title="Camargue">Camargue</a>, in southern France.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lee" title="Ronald Lee">Ronald Lee</a> (2001) notes that the similarities in the ceremonies performed at the shrine if Sainte Sara (called Sara e Kali in Romani) indicate that Kali/Durga worship have been incorporated to a Christian figure.<sup id="cite_ref-McDermott1998p281-305_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDermott1998p281-305-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_modern_times">In modern times</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An academic study of modern-day western Kali enthusiasts noted that, "as shown in the histories of all cross-cultural religious transplants, Kali devotionalism in the West must take on its own indigenous forms if it is to adapt to its new environment."<sup id="cite_ref-McDermott1998p281-305_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDermott1998p281-305-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rachel Fell McDermott, Professor of Asian and Middle Eastern Cultures at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and author of several books on Kali, has noted the evolving views in the West regarding Kali and her worship. In 1998 McDermott wrote that feminists and New Age spiritualists are drawn to Kali because they perceive her to be a symbol of repressed female power, sexuality, and healing but that this is a misinterpretation which stems from a lack of knowledge about Hindu religious tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-McDermott1998p281-305_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDermott1998p281-305-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2003, she amended this view stating that cross-cultural borrowing should be done thoughtfully and is natural due to religious globalization. She further stated that Kali enthusiasts since the early 1990s had sought to take on a more informed approach by incorporating more Indian perspective of her character than feminist and New Age interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-McDermott1998p281-305_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDermott1998p281-305-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The emergence of Kali in the modern times as an image of significance for many women, both Hindu and non-Hindu, has been noteworthy.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 399">: 399 </span></sup> Since the late twentieth century, various <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist movements</a> in the West have associated Kali with <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">women's empowerment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EY_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EY-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_age" class="mw-redirect" title="New age">New age</a> religious and spiritual movements have found in the iconographic representations and mythological stories of Kali an inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Theological" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological">theological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual liberation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EY_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EY-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Réunion"><span id="In_R.C3.A9union"></span>In Réunion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In Réunion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>, an island territory of France in the Indian Ocean, veneration for Saint <a href="/wiki/Expeditus" title="Expeditus">Expeditus</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Saint Expédit</i>) is very popular. The <a href="/wiki/Malbars" title="Malbars">Malbars</a> have Tamil ancestry but are, at least nominally, Catholics. The saint is identified with Kali.<sup id="cite_ref-Suryanarayan_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suryanarayan-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_scholarship">Comparative scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Comparative scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholar Marvin H. Pope in 1965 argues that the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> goddess Kali, who is first attested in the 7th century CE, shares some characteristics with some ancient Near Eastern goddesses, such as wearing a necklace of heads and a belt of severed hands like <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a>, and drinking blood like the Egyptian goddess <a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a> and that therefore that her character might have been influenced by them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopeRöllig1965239_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopeRöllig1965239-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levantine_Anat">Levantine Anat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Levantine Anat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bronze Age epic cycles of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> include a myth according to which the warrior goddess <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a> started attacking warriors, with the text of the myth describing the goddess as gloating and her heart filling with joy and her liver with laughter while attaching the heads of warriors to her back and girding hands to her waist<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope1977606–607_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope1977606–607-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until she is pacified by a message of peace sent by her brother and consort, the god <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baʿlu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope1977601_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope1977601-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hindu goddess Kali similarly wore a necklace of severed heads and a girdle of severed hands, and was pacified by her consort, Śiva, throwing himself under her feet. The sickle sword wielded by Kali might also have been connected to similar sickle swords used in <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">early dynastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope1977608_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope1977608-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egyptian_Sekhmet">Egyptian Sekhmet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Egyptian Sekhmet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> myth, called <span title="English-language romanization"><i lang="en-Latn">The Deliverance of Mankind from Destruction</i></span>, the ancient Egyptian supreme god, the Sun-god <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a>, suspected that mankind was plotting against him, and so he sent the goddess <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a>, who was the incarnation of his violent feminine aspect, the <a href="/wiki/Eye_of_Ra" title="Eye of Ra">Eye of Ra</a>, to destroy his enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope1977607–608_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope1977607–608-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, Hathor appeared as the lion-goddess <a href="/wiki/Sekhmet" title="Sekhmet">Sekhmet</a> and carried out Ra's orders until she became so captured by her blood-lust that she would not stop despite Ra himself becoming distressed and wishing an end to the killing. Therefore, Ra concocted a ruse whereby a plain was flooded with beer which had been dyed red, which Sekhmet mistook for blood and drank until she became too inebriated to continue killing, thus saving humanity from destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope1977607–608_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope1977607–608-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, while killing demons, Kālī became ecstatic with the joy of battle and slaughter and refused to stop, so that the <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> feared she would destroy the world, and she was stopped through ruse when her consort Śiva threw himself under her feet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope1977608_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope1977608-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ms._magazine_Cover_-_Spring_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ms._magazine_Cover_-_Spring_1972.jpg/250px-Ms._magazine_Cover_-_Spring_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ms._magazine_Cover_-_Spring_1972.jpg/330px-Ms._magazine_Cover_-_Spring_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ms._magazine_Cover_-_Spring_1972.jpg/500px-Ms._magazine_Cover_-_Spring_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1746" data-file-height="2305" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ms._(magazine)" title="Ms. (magazine)">Ms.</a></i> magazine cover, 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>A 1939 American <a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">adventure film</a><i>, <a href="/wiki/Gunga_Din_(film)" title="Gunga Din (film)">Gunga Din</a></i>, features a resurgent sect of <a href="/wiki/Thuggee" title="Thuggee">Thuggees</a> as worshippers of Kali who are at war with the British Raj.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Beatles" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatles">Beatles</a>' 1965 film <i><a href="/wiki/Help!_(film)" title="Help! (film)">Help!</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ringo_Starr" title="Ringo Starr">Ringo Starr</a> is pursued by Kali worshippers intending to sacrifice him.<sup id="cite_ref-Magic_Circles_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magic_Circles-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vampires'_Most_Wanted_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vampires'_Most_Wanted-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Temple_of_Doom" title="Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom">Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom</a></i> (1984), an action-adventure film which takes place in 1935, a Thuggee cult of Kali worshippers are villains.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Indian television series, <i><a href="/wiki/Mahakali_%E2%80%94_Anth_Hi_Aarambh_Hai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai">Mahakali — Anth Hi Aarambh Hai</a></i> (2017), has <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> (Mahakali), Shiva's consort, assuming varied forms to destroy evil and protect the innocent.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A modern version of Kali was featured on the cover of the first issue of feminist magazine <i><a href="/wiki/Ms._(magazine)" title="Ms. (magazine)">Ms.</a></i>, published in 1972, with Kali's many arms symbolizing the many tasks of the contemporary American woman.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_lips_logo" title="Tongue and lips logo">tongue and lips logo</a> of the band <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">The Rolling Stones</a>, created in 1971, was inspired by the stuck-out tongue of Kali.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="refBowker2000" class="citation book cs1">Bowker, John (2000). <i>Oxford Concise Dictionary of World Religions</i>. Oxford Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Concise+Dictionary+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Oxford+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="refBunce1997" class="citation book cs1">Bunce, Frederick W. (1997). <i>A Dictionary of Buddhist and Hindu Iconography (Illustrated)</i>. D.K. Print World.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Buddhist+and+Hindu+Iconography+%28Illustrated%29&rft.pub=D.K.+Print+World&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bunce&rft.aufirst=Frederick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="refCraven1997" class="citation book cs1">Craven, Roy C. (1997). <i>Indian Art (revised)</i>. Thames & Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Art+%28revised%29&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Craven&rft.aufirst=Roy+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="refDoniger2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Doniger, Wendy</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kali"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Kali</i></a>. Encyclopædia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online%2C+Kali&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Doniger&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FKali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="refHarshananda1981" class="citation book cs1">Harshananda, Swami (1981). <i>Hindu Gods & Goddesses</i>. Ramakrishna Math.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Gods+%26+Goddesses&rft.pub=Ramakrishna+Math&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Harshananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="refMishra1997" class="citation book cs1">Mishra, T. N. (1997). <i>Impact of Tantra on Religion and Art</i>. D.K. Print World.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Impact+of+Tantra+on+Religion+and+Art&rft.pub=D.K.+Print+World&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=T.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="refSantideva2000" class="citation book cs1">Santideva, Sadhu (2000). <i>Ascetic Mysticism</i>. Cosmo Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ascetic+Mysticism&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Santideva&rft.aufirst=Sadhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Loriliai Biernacki, <i>Renowned Goddess of Desire: Women, Sex, and Speech in Tantra</i> Oxford Scholarship Online: September 2007, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780195327823.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195327823.001.0001</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195327823" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195327823">978-0195327823</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPopeRöllig1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pope, Marvin H.; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_R%C3%B6llig" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang Röllig">Röllig, Wolfgang</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1965). "Syrien: Die Mythologie der Ugariter und Phönizier" [Syria: The Mythology of the Ugarites and Phoenicians]. In <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Wilhelm_Haussig" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Wilhelm Haussig">Haussig, Hans Wilhelm</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (ed.). <i>Götter und Mythen im Vorderen Orient</i> [<i>Gods and Myths in the Middle East</i>] (in German). <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Germany: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Klett_Verlag" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst Klett Verlag">Ernst Klett Verlag</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">217–</span>312.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syrien%3A+Die+Mythologie+der+Ugariter+und+Ph%C3%B6nizier&rft.btitle=G%C3%B6tter+und+Mythen+im+Vorderen+Orient&rft.place=Stuttgart%2C+Germany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E312&rft.pub=Ernst+Klett+Verlag&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Marvin+H.&rft.au=R%C3%B6llig%2C+Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPope1977" class="citation book cs1">Pope, Marvin H. (1977). <i>Song of Songs</i>. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Bible_Series" title="Anchor Bible Series">The Anchor Bible</a>. Vol. 7C. New York City, United States: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-00569-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-00569-2"><bdi>978-0-385-00569-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Song+of+Songs&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+United+States&rft.series=The+Anchor+Bible&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-385-00569-2&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Marvin+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shanmukha Anantha Natha and Shri Ma Kristina Baird, <i>Divine Initiation</i> Shri Kali Publications (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9582324-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-9582324-0-7">0-9582324-0-7</a> – Has a chapter on Mahadevi with a commentary on the <i>Devi Mahatmyam</i> from the Markandeya Purana.</li> <li>Ajit Mookerjee, <i>Kali: The Feminine Force</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-212-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89281-212-5">0-89281-212-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Satyananda_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Satyananda Saraswati">Swami Satyananda Saraswati</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=in__-R6lm6sC">Kali Puja</a></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887472-64-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-887472-64-9">1-887472-64-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a>, <i>Grace and Mercy in Her Wild Hair: Selected Poems to the Mother Goddess</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934252-94-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-934252-94-7">0-934252-94-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Woodroffe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Woodroffe">Sir John Woodroffe</a> (a.k.a. Arthur Avalon) <i>Hymns to the Goddess and Hymn to Kali</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85988-16-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-85988-16-1">81-85988-16-1</a></li> <li>Robert E. Svoboda, <i>Aghora, at the left hand of God</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-914732-21-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-914732-21-8">0-914732-21-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitri_Kitsikis" title="Dimitri Kitsikis">Dimitri Kitsikis</a>, <i>L'Orocc, dans l'âge de Kali</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-89040-359-9" title="Special:BookSources/2-89040-359-9">2-89040-359-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lex_Hixon" title="Lex Hixon">Lex Hixon</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HzNAYrZgtekC">Mother of the Universe: Visions of the Goddess and Tantric Hymns of Enlightenment</a></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8356-0702-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8356-0702-X">0-8356-0702-X</a></li> <li>Neela Bhattacharya Saxena, <i>In the Beginning is Desire: Tracing Kali's Footprints in Indian Literature</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-87981-61-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-87981-61-X">81-87981-61-X</a></li> <li><i>The Goddess Kali of Kolkata</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7476-514-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-7476-514-X">81-7476-514-X</a>) by Shoma A. Chatterji</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Hindu_Lore_and_Legend" title="Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend">Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend</a></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-51088-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-51088-1">0-500-51088-1</a>) by Anna Dallapiccola</li> <li><i>In Praise of The Goddess: The Devimahatmyam and Its Meaning</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89254-080-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89254-080-X">0-89254-080-X</a>) by Devadatta Kali</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-c_j8Xggl0gC">Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess</a></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-791-45008-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-791-45008-2">0-791-45008-2</a>) Edited by Tracy Pintchman</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseofgoddessinh0000pint">The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition</a></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2112-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2112-0">0-7914-2112-0</a>) by Tracy Pintchman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19972617/Phalaharini_Kali_Prabuddha_Bharata_January_2016">Narasimhananda, Swami, Prabuddha Bharata, January 2016, The Phalaharini Kali.</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger1999" class="citation book cs1">Wendy Doniger (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440"><i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i></a></span>. Merriam-Webster. p. 629. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=629&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paul-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReid-Bowen2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Reid-Bowen, Paul (2008). "KĀLĪ AND CAṆḌĪ". In Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203862032/encyclopedia-hinduism-denise-cush-catherine-robinson-michael-york"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">398–</span>399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1267-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-1267-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%C4%80L%C4%AA+AND+CA%E1%B9%86%E1%B8%8C%C4%AA&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E398-%3C%2Fspan%3E399&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0&rft.aulast=Reid-Bowen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9780203862032%2Fencyclopedia-hinduism-denise-cush-catherine-robinson-michael-york&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/rituals-puja/the-significance-of-dus-mahavidya/articleshow/68206997.cms">"The Significance of Dus Mahavidya"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_Of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times Of India">The Times Of India</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+Of+India&rft.atitle=The+Significance+of+Dus+Mahavidya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Freligion%2Frituals-puja%2Fthe-significance-of-dus-mahavidya%2Farticleshow%2F68206997.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynn-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lynn_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lynn_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoulston2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Foulston, Lynn (2008). "ŚAKTI". In Cush, Denise; Robinson, Catherine; York, Michael (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203862032/encyclopedia-hinduism-denise-cush-catherine-robinson-michael-york"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Routledge. p. 730. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1267-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1267-0"><bdi>978-0-7007-1267-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C5%9AAKTI&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=730&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0&rft.aulast=Foulston&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9780203862032%2Fencyclopedia-hinduism-denise-cush-catherine-robinson-michael-york&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EY-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EY_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EY_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EY_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EY_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EY_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EY_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kali">"Kali"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 31 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kali&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FKali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aghoristories.com/tantra/dakshina-kali-khadgamala-stotra-a-hymn-to-the-fierce-and-compassionate-goddess-from-rudrayamal-tantra/?amp=1">"Dakshin Kali Khadgamala Stotra: A Hymn to the Fierce and Compassionate Goddess from Rudrayamal Tantra - Aghori Stories"</a>. <i>aghoristories.com</i>. February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aghoristories.com&rft.atitle=Dakshin+Kali+Khadgamala+Stotra%3A+A+Hymn+to+the+Fierce+and+Compassionate+Goddess+from+Rudrayamal+Tantra+-+Aghori+Stories&rft.date=2024-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faghoristories.com%2Ftantra%2Fdakshina-kali-khadgamala-stotra-a-hymn-to-the-fierce-and-compassionate-goddess-from-rudrayamal-tantra%2F%3Famp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hawley-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hawley_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHawleyWulff1982" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, John Stratton; Wulff, Donna Marie (1982). <i>Sri Ramakrishna: The Spiritual Glow</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sri+Ramakrishna%3A+The+Spiritual+Glow&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=John+Stratton&rft.au=Wulff%2C+Donna+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harding-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harding_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harding_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harding_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harding_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarding1993" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Elizabeth U. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4woiJbQTsBQC"><i>Kali: The Black Goddess of Dakshineswar</i></a>. Nicolas Hays. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814509" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814509"><bdi>978-8120814509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kali%3A+The+Black+Goddess+of+Dakshineswar&rft.pub=Nicolas+Hays&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-8120814509&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4woiJbQTsBQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDaniel-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDaniel_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDaniel_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDaniel_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDaniel_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDaniel_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDaniel_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDaniel_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDaniel2004" class="citation book cs1">McDaniel, June (2004). <i>Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Offering+Flowers%2C+Feeding+Skulls%3A+Popular+Goddess+Worship+in+West+Bengal&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=McDaniel&rft.aufirst=June&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wg992"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Encyclopedia of World Religions. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">220–</span>221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816054589" title="Special:BookSources/9780816054589"><bdi>9780816054589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E220-%3C%2Fspan%3E221&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780816054589&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwg992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coburn111-112-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coburn111-112_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coburn111-112_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoburn1984" class="citation book cs1">Coburn, Thomas (1984). <i>Devī-Māhātmya – Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition</i>. Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0557-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0557-6"><bdi>978-81-208-0557-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dev%C4%AB-M%C4%81h%C4%81tmya+%E2%80%93+Crystallization+of+the+Goddess+Tradition&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass%2C+Delhi&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0557-6&rft.aulast=Coburn&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDermott2001-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McDermott2001_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott2001" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, Rachel Fell (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FeMX2g8lqkAC&pg=PA175"><i>Singing to the Goddess: Poems to Kali and Uma from Bengal</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198030706" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198030706"><bdi>978-0198030706</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Singing+to+the+Goddess%3A+Poems+to+Kali+and+Uma+from+Bengal&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0198030706&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Fell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFeMX2g8lqkAC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urban-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Urban_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUrban2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Urban" title="Hugh Urban">Urban, Hugh B.</a> (2003). "India's Darkest Heart: Kali in the Colonial Imagination". In McDermott, Rachel Fell; Kripal, Jeffrey J. (eds.). <i>Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West</i>. University of California Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92817-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92817-6"><bdi>978-0-520-92817-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India%27s+Darkest+Heart%3A+Kali+in+the+Colonial+Imagination&rft.btitle=Encountering+Kali%3A+In+the+Margins%2C+at+the+Center%2C+in+the+West&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92817-6&rft.aulast=Urban&rft.aufirst=Hugh+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohantySeema2009" class="citation book cs1">Mohanty, Seema; Seema (July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3KyfCUvoAtoC"><i>The Book of Kali</i></a>. Penguin Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-306764-1"><bdi>978-0-14-306764-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Kali&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2009-07&rft.isbn=978-0-14-306764-1&rft.aulast=Mohanty&rft.aufirst=Seema&rft.au=Seema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3KyfCUvoAtoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinsley1997-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1997_15-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1997" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David (1997). <i>Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantric+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine%3A+The+Ten+Mahavidyas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.pub=Berkeley%3A+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wangu2003-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wangu2003_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wangu2003_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWangu2003" class="citation book cs1">Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003). <i>Images of Indian Goddesses</i>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-416-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-416-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-416-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Indian+Goddesses&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-416-5&rft.aulast=Wangu&rft.aufirst=Madhu+Bazaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoulstonAbbott2009" class="citation book cs1">Foulston, Lynn; Abbott, Stuart (2009). <i>Hindu goddesses: beliefs and practices</i>. Brighton: Sussex Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-43-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-43-8"><bdi>978-1-902210-43-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+goddesses%3A+beliefs+and+practices&rft.place=Brighton&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-902210-43-8&rft.aulast=Foulston&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White2000-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White2000_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White2000_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White2000_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-White2000_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="refWhite2000" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Sanjukta (2000). "The Worship of Kali According to the Todala Tantra". In <a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">White, David Gordon</a> (ed.). <i>Tantra in Practice</i>. Princeton Press. p. 466. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-05778-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-05778-8"><bdi>0-691-05778-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Worship+of+Kali+According+to+the+Todala+Tantra&rft.btitle=Tantra+in+Practice&rft.pages=466&rft.pub=Princeton+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-691-05778-8&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Sanjukta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rawson-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rawson_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRawson1973" class="citation book cs1">Rawson, Philip (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tantra00phil"><i>The Art of Tantra</i></a></span>. Thames & Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Tantra&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftantra00phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2003" class="citation book cs1">Williams, George Mason (2003). <i>Handbook of Hindu mythology</i>. Handbooks of world mythology. Santa Barbara (Calif.): ABC-CLIO. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-106-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-106-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-106-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Hindu+mythology&rft.place=Santa+Barbara+%28Calif.%29&rft.series=Handbooks+of+world+mythology&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-106-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=George+Mason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSankaranarayanan2001" class="citation book cs1">Sankaranarayanan, Sri (2001). <i>Glory of the Divine Mother: Devi Mahatmyam</i>. Nesma Books India. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8187936008" title="Special:BookSources/978-8187936008"><bdi>978-8187936008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glory+of+the+Divine+Mother%3A+Devi+Mahatmyam&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Nesma+Books+India&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-8187936008&rft.aulast=Sankaranarayanan&rft.aufirst=Sri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarperBrown2012" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2012). <i>The Roots of Tantra</i>. SUNY Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8890-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8890-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-8890-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Tantra&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8890-4&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Katherine+Anne&rft.au=Brown%2C+Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinsley1998pp86-90-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1998pp86-90_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1998pp86-90_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1998pp86-90_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kinsley1998pp86-90_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1988" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David R. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC"><i>Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">86–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120803947" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120803947"><bdi>978-8120803947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine+in+the+Hindu+Religious+Tradition&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-8120803947&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhgTOZEyrVtIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dold2003-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dold2003_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dold2003_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dold2003_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dold2003_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dold2003_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dold2003_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dold2003_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dold2003_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDold2003" class="citation book cs1">Dold, Patricia (2003). "Kali the Terrific and Her Tests". In McDermott, Rachel Fell; Kripal, Jeffrey J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bMUJyU_C-LkC"><i>Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92817-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92817-6"><bdi>978-0-520-92817-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kali+the+Terrific+and+Her+Tests&rft.btitle=Encountering+Kali%3A+In+the+Margins%2C+at+the+Center%2C+in+the+West&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92817-6&rft.aulast=Dold&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbMUJyU_C-LkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pravrajika_Vedantaprana_2015_p.16-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pravrajika_Vedantaprana_2015_p.16_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pravrajika_Vedantaprana_2015_p.16_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pravrajika_Vedantaprana_2015_p.16_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pravrajika_Vedantaprana_2015_p.16_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pravrajika Vedantaprana, Saptahik Bartaman, Volume 28, Issue 23, Bartaman Private Ltd., 6, JBS Haldane Avenue, 700 105 (ed. 10 October 2015) p.16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKinsley2003" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David R. (2003). "Kali". In McDermott, Rachel Fell; Kripal, Jeffrey J. (eds.). <i>Encountering Kali: in the margins, at the center, in the West</i>. University of California Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92817-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92817-6"><bdi>978-0-520-92817-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kali&rft.btitle=Encountering+Kali%3A+in+the+margins%2C+at+the+center%2C+in+the+West&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92817-6&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPattanaik2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Devdutt_Pattanaik" title="Devdutt Pattanaik">Pattanaik, Devdutt</a> (2014). <i>7 Secrets of the Goddess</i>. Westland. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-84030-58-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-84030-58-2"><bdi>978-93-84030-58-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=7+Secrets+of+the+Goddess&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Westland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-93-84030-58-2&rft.aulast=Pattanaik&rft.aufirst=Devdutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sircar1998-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sircar1998_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSircar1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dineschandra_Sircar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dineschandra Sircar">Sircar, Dineschandra</a> (1998). <i>The Śākta Pīṭhas</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0879-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0879-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0879-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%C5%9A%C4%81kta+P%C4%AB%E1%B9%ADhas&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0879-9&rft.aulast=Sircar&rft.aufirst=Dineschandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kali's_Tongue-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kali's_Tongue_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kali's_Tongue_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMenonShweder1994" class="citation book cs1">Menon, Usha; Shweder, Richard A. (1994). "Kali's Tongue: Cultural Psychology and the Power of Shame in Orissa, India". In Kitayama, Shinobu; Markus, Hazel Rose (eds.). <i>Emotion and Culture: Empirical Studies of Mutual Influence</i>. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association. pp. <span class="nowrap">241–</span>284.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kali%27s+Tongue%3A+Cultural+Psychology+and+the+Power+of+Shame+in+Orissa%2C+India&rft.btitle=Emotion+and+Culture%3A+Empirical+Studies+of+Mutual+Influence&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E284&rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=Usha&rft.au=Shweder%2C+Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutta2011-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta2011_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutta2011_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrishna_Dutta2011" class="citation book cs1">Krishna Dutta (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SZq_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT18"><i>Calcutta: A Cultural and Literary History (Cities of the Imagination)</i></a>. Andrews UK Ltd. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904955-87-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904955-87-0"><bdi>978-1-904955-87-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta%3A+A+Cultural+and+Literary+History+%28Cities+of+the+Imagination%29&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Andrews+UK+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-904955-87-0&rft.au=Krishna+Dutta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSZq_BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chawdri-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chawdri_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChawdhri1992" class="citation book cs1">Chawdhri, L.R. 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Essays in Honour of GJV Prasad</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-89220-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-89220-8"><bdi>978-1-000-89220-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Canon+to+Covid%3A+Transforming+English+Literary+Studies+in+India.+Essays+in+Honour+of+GJV+Prasad&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2023-08-31&rft.isbn=978-1-000-89220-8&rft.aulast=Multani&rft.aufirst=Angelie&rft.au=Pal%2C+Swati&rft.au=Saha%2C+Nandini&rft.au=Shakil%2C+Albeena&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+Arjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqsDGEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dshyama%2Bsangeet%2Bin%2Bbengali%2Btradition%26pg%3DPT50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuller_Christopher_John_2004_83-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fuller_Christopher_John_2004_83_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fuller_Christopher_John_2004_83_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._Fuller2004" class="citation book cs1">J. Fuller, C. (2004). <i>The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India [Paperback]</i> (Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12048-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12048-5"><bdi>978-0-691-12048-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/069112048X">069112048X</a>. <q>Animal sacrifice is still practiced widely and is an important ritual in popular Hinduism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camphor+Flame%3A+Popular+Hinduism+and+Society+in+India+%5BPaperback%5D&rft.pages=83&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12048-5&rft.aulast=J.+Fuller&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDermottb2011" class="citation book cs1">McDermottb, Rachel Fell (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ggBeH_lmUu8C&pg=PR10"><i>Revelry, rivalry, and longing for the goddesses of Bengal: the fortunes of Hindu festivals</i></a>. New York; Chichester: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12918-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12918-3"><bdi>978-0-231-12918-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelry%2C+rivalry%2C+and+longing+for+the+goddesses+of+Bengal%3A+the+fortunes+of+Hindu+festivals&rft.place=New+York%3B+Chichester&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12918-3&rft.aulast=McDermottb&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Fell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DggBeH_lmUu8C%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2002" class="citation book cs1">English, Elizabeth (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50234984"><i>Vajrayoginī: her visualizations, rituals & forms: a study of the cult of Vajrayoginī in India</i></a> (1st Wisdom ed.). Boston: Wisdom Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-329-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-329-X"><bdi>0-86171-329-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50234984">50234984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vajrayogin%C4%AB%3A+her+visualizations%2C+rituals+%26+forms%3A+a+study+of+the+cult+of+Vajrayogin%C4%AB+in+India&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.edition=1st+Wisdom&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50234984&rft.isbn=0-86171-329-X&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F50234984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himalayanart.org/pages/vajrayogini/index.html">The Forms of Vajrayoginī</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821222811/http://www.himalayanart.org/pages/vajrayogini/index.html">Archived</a> 21 August 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Himalayan Art Resources</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himalayanart.org/image.cfm/490.html">"Vajrayogini (Buddhist Deity) – Krodha Kali (Wrathful Black Varahi)"</a>. <i>HimalayanArt</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HimalayanArt&rft.atitle=Vajrayogini+%28Buddhist+Deity%29+%E2%80%93+Krodha+Kali+%28Wrathful+Black+Varahi%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.himalayanart.org%2Fimage.cfm%2F490.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimmer-Brown2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Simmer-Brown" title="Judith Simmer-Brown">Simmer-Brown, Judith</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54964040"><i>Dakini's warm breath: the feminine principle in Tibetan Buddhism</i></a> (1st paperback ed.). Boulder: Shambhala. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-920-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-920-X"><bdi>1-57062-920-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54964040">54964040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dakini%27s+warm+breath%3A+the+feminine+principle+in+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pages=146&rft.edition=1st+paperback&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54964040&rft.isbn=1-57062-920-X&rft.aulast=Simmer-Brown&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F54964040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw2006" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Miranda Eberle (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62342823"><i>Buddhist goddesses of India</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 340, 426. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-12758-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-12758-1"><bdi>0-691-12758-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62342823">62342823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+goddesses+of+India&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=340%2C+426&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62342823&rft.isbn=0-691-12758-1&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Miranda+Eberle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F62342823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymirror.lk/opinion/Three-aspects-of-the--%E2%80%98Dhammika-Paniya%E2%80%99--controversy/172-202661">"Three aspects of the 'Dhammika Paniya' controversy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+aspects+of+the+%27Dhammika+Paniya%27+controversy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymirror.lk%2Fopinion%2FThree-aspects-of-the--%25E2%2580%2598Dhammika-Paniya%25E2%2580%2599--controversy%2F172-202661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailyexpress.lk/commentary/5609/">"Kali is not alien to Sinhala-Buddhism"</a>. 27 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kali+is+not+alien+to+Sinhala-Buddhism&rft.date=2020-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailyexpress.lk%2Fcommentary%2F5609%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBastin1996" class="citation journal cs1">Bastin, Rohan (September 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23171698">"The Regenerative Power of Kali Worship in Contemporary Sinhala Buddhism"</a>. <i>Social Analysis: The International Journal of Anthropology</i> (40): <span class="nowrap">59–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23171698">23171698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Analysis%3A+The+International+Journal+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Regenerative+Power+of+Kali+Worship+in+Contemporary+Sinhala+Buddhism&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=1996-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23171698%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bastin&rft.aufirst=Rohan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23171698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHewamanage2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hewamanage, Wimal (January 2018). "The History of the Kāli Cult and its Implications in Modern Sri Lankan Buddhist Culture". <i>Alternative Spirituality and Religion Review</i>. <b>9</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">246–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5840%2Fasrr2018111353">10.5840/asrr2018111353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternative+Spirituality+and+Religion+Review&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+K%C4%81li+Cult+and+its+Implications+in+Modern+Sri+Lankan+Buddhist+Culture&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E246-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5840%2Fasrr2018111353&rft.aulast=Hewamanage&rft.aufirst=Wimal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srilankaguardian.org/2011/12/sri-kali-and-sri-lanka.html?m=1">"Sri Kali and Sri Lanka"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sri+Kali+and+Sri+Lanka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srilankaguardian.org%2F2011%2F12%2Fsri-kali-and-sri-lanka.html%3Fm%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThera1991" class="citation book cs1">Thera, Dharmasena (1991). <i>The Jewels of the Doctrine</i>. Translated by Obeyesekere, Ranjini. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-0489-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-0489-7"><bdi>0-7914-0489-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewels+of+the+Doctrine&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-7914-0489-7&rft.aulast=Thera&rft.aufirst=Dharmasena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, Bart. <i>Gypsies: Wanderers of the World</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gypsies%3A+Wanderers+of+the+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Bart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFonseca1995" class="citation book cs1">Fonseca, Isabel (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32387216"><i>Bury me standing: the Gypsies and their journey</i></a>. Mazal Holocaust Collection, David Lindroth Inc. (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. <span class="nowrap">106–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-40678-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-40678-6"><bdi>0-679-40678-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32387216">32387216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bury+me+standing%3A+the+Gypsies+and+their+journey&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32387216&rft.isbn=0-679-40678-6&rft.aulast=Fonseca&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F32387216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDermott1998p281-305-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDermott1998p281-305_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDermott1998p281-305_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDermott1998p281-305_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDermott1998p281-305_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcDermott1998" class="citation book cs1">McDermott, Rachel Fell (1998). "The Western Kali". In Hawley, John Stratton (ed.). <i>Devi: Goddesses of India</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">281–</span>305.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Western+Kali&rft.btitle=Devi%3A+Goddesses+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E281-%3C%2Fspan%3E305&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=McDermott&rft.aufirst=Rachel+Fell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suryanarayan-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suryanarayan_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuryanarayan2018" class="citation journal cs1">Suryanarayan, V. (12 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurasiareview.com/12102018-tamils-in-re-union-losing-cultural-identity-analysis/">"Tamils In Re-Union: Losing Cultural Identity – Analysis"</a>. <i>Eurasia Review</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>. <q>Saint Expedit, worshipped locally, is identified with Goddess Kali.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasia+Review&rft.atitle=Tamils+In+Re-Union%3A+Losing+Cultural+Identity+%E2%80%93+Analysis&rft.date=2018-10-12&rft.aulast=Suryanarayan&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiareview.com%2F12102018-tamils-in-re-union-losing-cultural-identity-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopeRöllig1965239-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopeRöllig1965239_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPopeRöllig1965">Pope & Röllig 1965</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope1977606–607-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope1977606–607_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPope1977">Pope 1977</a>, pp. 606–607.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope1977601-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope1977601_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPope1977">Pope 1977</a>, p. 601.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope1977608-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope1977608_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope1977608_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPope1977">Pope 1977</a>, pp. 608.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPope1977607–608-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope1977607–608_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPope1977607–608_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPope1977">Pope 1977</a>, pp. 607–608.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinha2014" class="citation book cs1">Sinha, Babli, ed. (25 February 2014). <i>South Asian Transnationalisms</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">88–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203720707">10.4324/9780203720707</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-71832-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-71832-9"><bdi>978-1-135-71832-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Transnationalisms&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203720707&rft.isbn=978-1-135-71832-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magic_Circles-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Magic_Circles_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcKinney2003" class="citation book cs1">McKinney, Devin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NODXwtg3SIkC&dq=%22Help!%22+Beatles+Kali&pg=PA78"><i>Magic Circles: The Beatles in Dream and History</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01202-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01202-8"><bdi>978-0-674-01202-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+Circles%3A+The+Beatles+in+Dream+and+History&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01202-8&rft.aulast=McKinney&rft.aufirst=Devin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNODXwtg3SIkC%26dq%3D%2522Help%21%2522%2BBeatles%2BKali%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vampires'_Most_Wanted-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vampires'_Most_Wanted_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnright2011" class="citation book cs1">Enright, Laura (30 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kbM7fOH5SI0C&dq=%22Help!%22+Beatles+Kali&pg=PT12"><i>Vampires' Most Wanted: The Top 10 Book of Bloodthirsty Biters, Stake-wielding Slayers, and Other Undead Oddities</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Potomac_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Potomac Books">Potomac Books</a>, Inc. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-752-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-752-4"><bdi>978-1-59797-752-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vampires%27+Most+Wanted%3A+The+Top+10+Book+of+Bloodthirsty+Biters%2C+Stake-wielding+Slayers%2C+and+Other+Undead+Oddities&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011-06-30&rft.isbn=978-1-59797-752-4&rft.aulast=Enright&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkbM7fOH5SI0C%26dq%3D%2522Help%21%2522%2BBeatles%2BKali%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGanguly2017" class="citation book cs1">Ganguly, Swagato (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r_0wDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Indiana+Jones+and+the+Temple+of+Doom%22+kali&pg=PT12"><i>Idolatry and the Colonial Idea of India: Visions of Horror, Allegories of Enlightenment</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1351584678" title="Special:BookSources/978-1351584678"><bdi>978-1351584678</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idolatry+and+the+Colonial+Idea+of+India%3A+Visions+of+Horror%2C+Allegories+of+Enlightenment&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1351584678&rft.aulast=Ganguly&rft.aufirst=Swagato&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr_0wDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Indiana%2BJones%2Band%2Bthe%2BTemple%2Bof%2BDoom%2522%2Bkali%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNathan2017" class="citation web cs1">Nathan, Leona (23 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.india.com/entertainment/mahakali-anth-hi-aarambh-hai-pooja-sharma-says-playing-mahakali-is-a-lifetime-experience-2342973/">"Mahakali – Anth Hi Aarambh Hai: Pooja Sharma Says, Playing Mahakali Is A Lifetime Experience"</a>. <i>India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News | India.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+News%2C+Breaking+News%2C+Entertainment+News+%7C+India.com&rft.atitle=Mahakali+%E2%80%93+Anth+Hi+Aarambh+Hai%3A+Pooja+Sharma+Says%2C+Playing+Mahakali+Is+A+Lifetime+Experience&rft.date=2017-07-23&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Leona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.india.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmahakali-anth-hi-aarambh-hai-pooja-sharma-says-playing-mahakali-is-a-lifetime-experience-2342973%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLemakHopkins-Benton2017" class="citation book cs1">Lemak, Jennifer A.; Hopkins-Benton, Ashley (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tuo_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204"><i>Votes for Women: Celebrating New York's Suffrage Centennial</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6732-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-6732-0"><bdi>978-1-4384-6732-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Votes+for+Women%3A+Celebrating+New+York%27s+Suffrage+Centennial&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-6732-0&rft.aulast=Lemak&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+A.&rft.au=Hopkins-Benton%2C+Ashley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtuo_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonald2012" class="citation web cs1">Donald, Brooke (27 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.stanford.edu/news/2012/january/gloria-steinem-talk-012712.html">"The feminist struggle continues, Gloria Steinem says, encouraging a Stanford audience toward 'one new subversive thing'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+University&rft.atitle=The+feminist+struggle+continues%2C+Gloria+Steinem+says%2C+encouraging+a+Stanford+audience+toward+%27one+new+subversive+thing%27&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft.aulast=Donald&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2012%2Fjanuary%2Fgloria-steinem-talk-012712.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoscarelli2015" class="citation news cs1">Coscarelli, Joe (7 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/08/arts/music/art-of-the-rolling-stones-behind-that-zipper-and-that-tongue.html">"Art of the Rolling Stones: Behind That Zipper and That Tongue"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611105409/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/08/arts/music/art-of-the-rolling-stones-behind-that-zipper-and-that-tongue.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Art+of+the+Rolling+Stones%3A+Behind+That+Zipper+and+That+Tongue&rft.date=2015-06-07&rft.aulast=Coscarelli&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F06%2F08%2Farts%2Fmusic%2Fart-of-the-rolling-stones-behind-that-zipper-and-that-tongue.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFornatale2013" class="citation book cs1">Fornatale, Peter (2013). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/50licksmythsstor00forn"><i>50 Licks: Myths and Stories from Half a Century of the Rolling Stones</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/50licksmythsstor00forn/page/126">126</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408833834" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408833834"><bdi>978-1408833834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Licks%3A+Myths+and+Stories+from+Half+a+Century+of+the+Rolling+Stones&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1408833834&rft.aulast=Fornatale&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F50licksmythsstor00forn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKali" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kali&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kali">Kali</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/21px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/42px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/40px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/60px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Kali</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kali" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Kali">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Kali" class="extiw" title="q:Kali">Quotations</a></b> from Wikiquote</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Kali_the_Mother" class="extiw" title="s:Kali the Mother">Texts</a></b> from Wikisource</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132127" class="extiw" title="d:Q132127">Data</a></b> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shaktism175" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shaktism" title="Template:Shaktism"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrakali" title="Bhadrakali">Bhadrakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/120px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/250px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3162" data-file-height="3632" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmani_(Matrika)" title="Brahmani (Matrika)">Brahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maheshvari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maheshvari">Maheshvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaumari">Kaumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavi_(Matrika_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)">Vaishnavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani_(Matrika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrani (Matrika)">Indrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Mahavidya)" title="Tara (Mahavidya)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Tripura Sundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuvaneshvari" title="Bhuvaneshvari">Bhuvaneshvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairavi" title="Bhairavi">Bhairavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhinnamasta" title="Chhinnamasta">Chhinnamasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhumavati" title="Dhumavati">Dhumavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagalamukhi" title="Bagalamukhi">Bagalamukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalatmika" title="Kamalatmika">Kamalatmika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shailaputri" title="Shailaputri">Shailaputri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharini" title="Brahmacharini">Brahmacharini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandraghanta" title="Chandraghanta">Chandraghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushmanda" title="Kushmanda">Kushmanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandamata" title="Skandamata">Skandamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayani" title="Katyayani">Katyayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaratri" title="Kalaratri">Kalaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahagauri" title="Mahagauri">Mahagauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhidhatri" title="Siddhidhatri">Siddhidhatri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vimala_Temple" title="Vimala Temple">Bimala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat_Kali_Temple" title="Kalighat Kali Temple">Kalighat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Temple" title="Kamakhya Temple">Kamakhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taratarini_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Taratarini Temple">Taratarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulja_Bhavani_Temple" title="Tulja Bhavani Temple">Tulja Bhavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Temple,_Kolhapur" title="Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur">Mahalakshmi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Shakta_pithas" title="Category:Shakta pithas">More...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuratapini_Upanishad" title="Tripuratapini Upanishad">Tripuratapini Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana_Upanishad" title="Bhavana Upanishad">Bhavana Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saubhagyalakshmi_Upanishad" title="Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad">Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati-rahasya_Upanishad" title="Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad">Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Regional variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hindu_deities_and_texts170" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_deities_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu deities and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hindu_deities_and_texts170" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">texts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Ishana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nir%E1%B9%9Bta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirṛta">Nirṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsha" title="Amsha">Amsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryaman" title="Aryaman">Aryaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaga" title="Bhaga">Bhaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daksha" title="Daksha">Daksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhatri">Dhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Hindu_god)" title="Mitra (Hindu god)">Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parjanya" title="Parjanya">Parjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushan" title="Pushan">Pushan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitr" title="Savitr">Savitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvashtri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tvashtri">Tvashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Vivasvat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Navagraha" title="Navagraha">Navagraha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihaspati" title="Brihaspati">Brihaspati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budha" title="Budha">Budha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketu_(mythology)" title="Ketu (mythology)">Ketu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangala" title="Mangala">Mangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahu" title="Rahu">Rahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shani" title="Shani">Shani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukra" title="Shukra">Shukra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other Important</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyaus" title="Dyaus">Dyaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamadeva" title="Kamadeva">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hindu Om symbol"><img alt="Hindu Om symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/60px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">Prakriti</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri" title="Gayatri">Gayatri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other Important</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prithvi" title="Prithvi">Prithvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaya" title="Chhaya">Chhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga_(goddess)" title="Ganga (goddess)">Ganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Shachi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavidyas">Mahavidyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rati" title="Rati">Rati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohini_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rohini (goddess)">Rohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjna" title="Sanjna">Sanjna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushas" title="Ushas">Ushas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamuna_in_Hinduism" title="Yamuna in Hinduism">Yami</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Other deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsara" title="Apsara">Apsaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura" title="Asura">Asuras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daitya" title="Daitya">Daitya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danava_(Hinduism)" title="Danava (Hinduism)">Danava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandharva" title="Gandharva">Gandharvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuladevata" title="Kuladevata">Kuladevatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnara" title="Kinnara">Kinnaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimpurushas" title="Kimpurushas">Kimpurushas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maruts" title="Maruts">Maruts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitri" title="Pitri">Pitṛs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rakshasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribhus" title="Ribhus">Ribhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhyas" title="Sadhyas">Sadhyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Vahanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasu" title="Vasu">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyadhara" title="Vidyadhara">Vidyadharas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakshas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Texts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132127#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1037" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132127#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1037" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132127#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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