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England</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: 18th century England"> <meta name="keywords" content="18th century England"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="18th century England"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1654</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: 18th century England</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1654</span> Revitalising Warsaw: The Significance of Incorporating 18th Century Art in Post-War Architecture Reconstruction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aleksandra%20Kondraciuk">Aleksandra Kondraciuk</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The reconstruction of post-war architecture in Warsaw is an important and complex project that requires physical restoration and cultural preservation. The incorporation of 18th-century art within the renovated structures of the urban area forms a crucial aspect of the reconstruction procedure. Information was gathered by interviewing current residents, examining additional data, and researching archival materials. This form of art was once a thriving cultural centre in Warsaw, playing a significant role in its history. Adding it to the rebuilt structures links them to the city’s vibrant past, making them more meaningful for locals and visitors. The reconstructed buildings showcase 18th-century art forms, including sketches, drawings, and paintings, accurately replicating the original buildings’ architectural details and decorative elements. These art forms elevate the buildings from mere functional spaces to works of art themselves, thus augmenting the beauty and distinctiveness of the city, setting it apart from other cities worldwide. Furthermore, this art form symbolises the city’s tenacity in adversity and destruction. Revitalising Warsaw requires rebuilding its physical structures, restoring its cultural identity, and preserving its rich history. Incorporating 18th-century art into the post-war architectural reconstruction process is a powerful way to achieve these goals and maintain the city. This approach acknowledges the city’s history and cultural significance, fostering a sense of continuity between the past and present, which is crucial for the city’s future growth and prosperity. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=18th-century%20art" title="18th-century art">18th-century art</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building%20reconstruction" title=" building reconstruction"> building reconstruction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20preservation" title=" cultural preservation"> cultural preservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-war%20architecture" title=" post-war architecture"> post-war architecture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168403/revitalising-warsaw-the-significance-of-incorporating-18th-century-art-in-post-war-architecture-reconstruction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/168403.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">74</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1653</span> Theatre, Tea-Time and Harpsichords: Women’s Entertainment and Sensibility in Eighteenth-Century England </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayako%20Otomo">Ayako Otomo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper will examines the rise of a feminine orientation regarding arts and culture associated with the notion of Sensibility during the early part of the English long eighteenth century. As is widely known, the prosperous modernisation that occurred in this period was a significant factor in the nation taking a leading role in the emergent Enlightenment via the social, political and scientific advancement of Britain. As a result, this prompted the relaxing of the strictures of class and gender hierarchies in line with the new consumerism and cosmopolitanism of the nation. Accordingly, there was a significant increase of female involvement in artistic and cultural consumption. This can be understood in terms of the notion of Sensibility, associating it further with the fields of physiology, psychology and aesthetics, indebted in their turn to British Empiricism. This paper first traces the background of how women were recognisably involved in artistic and cultural circulation within an historical perspective that is articulated by the notion of Sensibility. Then, the discussion turns to the confluence of the issues of female association, creativity and the feminisation of the aesthetic of the arts and culture employing an interdisciplinary perspective. Arts and culture can also classified by public and private social spheres and gender according to Jürgen Habermas. The relationship between women and the theatre became a public issue. Music-making such as playing the harpsichord, reading, and conversation within the ritualistic teatime space dominated many of the artistic and cultural activities within the domestic private sphere. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=theatre" title="theatre">theatre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arts" title=" arts"> arts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensibility" title=" sensibility"> sensibility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=18th%20century%20England" title=" 18th century England "> 18th century England </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22582/theatre-tea-time-and-harpsichords-womens-entertainment-and-sensibility-in-eighteenth-century-england" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22582.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1652</span> Structural Analysis and Evolution of 18th Century Ottoman Imperial Mosques (1750-1799) in Comparison with the Classical Period Examples</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20Demir">U. Demir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> 18th century which is the period of 'change' in the Ottoman Empire, affects the architecture as well, where the Classical period is left behind, architecture is differentiated in the form language. This change is especially noticeable in monumental buildings and thus manifested itself in the mosques. But, is it possible to talk about the structural context of the 'change' which has been occurred in decoration? The aim of this study is to investigate the changes and classical relations of the 18th century mosques through plan schedules and structure systems. This study focuses on the monumental mosques constructed during the reign of the three sultans who ruled in the second half of the century (Mustafa the 3rd 1757-1774, Abdülhamid the 1st 1774-1789 and Selim the 3rd). According to their construction years these are 'Ayazma, Laleli, Zeyneb Sultan, Fatih, Beylerbeyi, Şebsefa Kadın, Eyüb Sultan, Mihrişah Valide Sultan and Üsküdar-Selimiye' mosques. As a plan scheme, four mosques have a square or close to a rectangular square scheme, while the others have a rectangle scheme and showing the longitudinal development of the mihrab axis. This situation is widespread throughout the period. In addition to the longitudinal development plan, which is the general characteristic of the 18th century mosques, the use of the classical plan schemes continued in the same direction. Spatialization of the mihrab area was applied to the five mosques while other mosques were applied as niches on the wall surface. This situation is widespread in the period of the second half of the century. In the classical period, the lodges may be located at the back of the mosques interior, not interfering with the main worship area. In the period, the lodges were withdrawn from the main worship area. They are separated from the main interior with their own structural and covering systems. The plans seem to be formed as a result of the addition of lodge parts to the northern part of the Classical period mosques. The 18th century mosques are the constructions where the change of the architectural language and style can be observed easily. This change and the break from the classical period manifest themselves quickly in the structural elements, wall surface decorations, pencil work designs, small scale decor elements, motifs. The speed and intensity of change in the decor does not occur the same as in structural context. The mosque construction rules from the traditional and classical era still continues in the century. While some mosque structures have a plan which is inherited from the classical successor, some of were constructed with the same classical period rules. Nonetheless, the location and transformation of the lodges, which are affecting the interior design, are noteworthy. They provide a significant transition on the way to the new language of the mosque design that will be experienced in the next century. It is intended to draw attention to the structural evolution of the 18th century Ottoman architecture through the royal mosques within the scope of this conference. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mosque%20structure" title="mosque structure">mosque structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ottoman%20architecture" title=" Ottoman architecture"> Ottoman architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20evolution" title=" structural evolution"> structural evolution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=18th%20century%20architecture" title=" 18th century architecture"> 18th century architecture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82791/structural-analysis-and-evolution-of-18th-century-ottoman-imperial-mosques-1750-1799-in-comparison-with-the-classical-period-examples" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82791.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">200</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1651</span> The Reception of the Notion of Soul as Vis Representativa in Kant’s Pre-critical Philosophy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simone%20D%27Armi">Simone D'Armi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The notion of the representational soul is widely discussed within the German metaphysical landscape of the 18th century. The enunciation of the notion implies, within the 18th-century German rationalism, a number of generally accepted metaphysical notions. However, in the pre-critical writings of Immanuel Kant, it is possible to identify a critical stance towards this notion. The paper thematizes two central aspects: on the one hand, it discusses the notion of the vis of the representative soul, and on the other, it addresses the question of the fundamental forces ( Grundkraefte) of the soul. The aim of the present paper is to show how Kant, in the Nova Dilucidatio and in his Lectures on Metaphysics, probably delivered in the mid-1770s, despite the Wolffian terminology he employed in the field of psychology, criticizes the central aspects connected with the notion of the soul as a representative force. Beginning with a critical analysis of the relationship between Kantian ideas and those of some key exponents of German metaphysical rationalism, it emerges how the Kantian position stands as an alternative to its own historical context. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=German%20metaphysics" title="German metaphysics">German metaphysics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soul" title=" soul"> soul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power" title=" power"> power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-critical%20philosophy" title=" pre-critical philosophy"> pre-critical philosophy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181576/the-reception-of-the-notion-of-soul-as-vis-representativa-in-kants-pre-critical-philosophy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181576.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">61</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1650</span> Rethinking the History of an Expanding City through Its Images: Birmingham, England, the Nineteenth Century</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lin%20Chang">Lin Chang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Birmingham, England was a town in the late-eighteenth century and became the nation’s second largest city in the late nineteenth century. The city expanded rapidly in terms of its population and size. Three generations of artists from a local family, the Lines, made a large number of drawings and paintings depicting the growth and changes of their city. At first sight, the meaning of the pictures seems straight-forward: providing records of what were torn down and newly-built. However, except for being read as maps, the pictures reveal a struggle in vision as to whether unsightly manufactories and their smoking chimneys should be visualized and how far the borders of the town should have been positioned and understood as they continued to grow and encroached upon its immediate countryside. This art-historic paper examines some topographic views by the Lines family and explores how they, through unusual depiction of rural and urban scenery, manage to give form to the borderlands between the country and the city. This paper argues that while the idea of the country and the city seems to be common sense, the two realms actually pose difficulty for visual representation as to where exactly their borders are and the idea itself has dichotomized the way people consider landscape imageries to be. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=suburb" title=" suburb"> suburb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20fringes" title=" urban fringes"> urban fringes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landscape" title=" landscape"> landscape</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71726/rethinking-the-history-of-an-expanding-city-through-its-images-birmingham-england-the-nineteenth-century" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71726.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">197</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1649</span> Gabriel Mtsire’s "The Golden Spring" and Its Primary Sources, Textual and Content Changes Based on Cultural Development in the Context of the 4th-20th Centuries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Georgi%20Kalandadze">Georgi Kalandadze</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For studying the development of world civilizations, textual sources that have undergone textological and worldview changes are of great importance. The conference will discuss the collection of the XVIII century "The Golden Spring", compiled by Gabriel Mtsire, which includes texts of John Chrysostom. John Chrysostom lived in the 4th century and his writings correspond to the culture of readers of that time. In the 10th-11th centuries, the works of John Chrysostom were translated into Georgian by Euthymius of Athos. These texts correspond to the requirements of the Georgian society of the 10th-11th centuries. In the 18th century, Gabriel Mtsire collected and edited these texts to make them more understandable to his modern readers. In the 20th century, these texts were again adapted. Thus, the present study provides an opportunity to evaluate and outline the linguistic and content transformation process of the same work over 16 centuries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gabriel%20mtsire" title="gabriel mtsire">gabriel mtsire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=john%20chrysostom" title=" john chrysostom"> john chrysostom</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=euthymius%20the%20athonite" title=" euthymius the athonite"> euthymius the athonite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20golden%20spring" title=" the golden spring"> the golden spring</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166769/gabriel-mtsires-the-golden-spring-and-its-primary-sources-textual-and-content-changes-based-on-cultural-development-in-the-context-of-the-4th-20th-centuries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166769.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">85</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1648</span> The Map of Cassini: An Accurate View of Current Border Between Spain and France</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barbara%20Polo%20Martin">Barbara Polo Martin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During the 18th century, the border between Spain and France underwent various changes, primarily due to territorial agreements, wars, and treaties between the two nations and other European powers. For studying these changes, the Cassini maps remain valuable historical documents, offering a glimpse into the landscape and geography of 18th-century France and its neighboring regions, including the border between Spain and France. However, it's essential to recognize that these maps may not reflect modern political boundaries or territorial changes that have occurred since their creation. The project was initiated by King Louis XV in 1744 and continued by his successor, Louis XVI. The primary objective was to produce accurate maps of France, which would serve various purposes, including military, administrative, and scientific. The Cassini maps were groundbreaking for their time, as they were among the earliest attempts to create topographic maps on a national scale. They covered the entirety of France and were based on meticulous surveying and cartographic techniques. The maps featured precise geographic details, including elevation contours, rivers, roads, forests, and settlements. This study aims to analyze this rich and unknown cartography of France, study the rich place names it offers, as well as the accuracy of delimitations created over time between both empires in a historical way but also through a Geographical Information System. This study will offer a deeper knowledge about the cartography that supposes the beginning of topography in Europe. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cartography" title="cartography">cartography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=engineering" title=" engineering"> engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=borders" title=" borders"> borders</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Spain" title=" Spain"> Spain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=France" title=" France"> France</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cassini" title=" Cassini"> Cassini</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184015/the-map-of-cassini-an-accurate-view-of-current-border-between-spain-and-france" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/184015.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">60</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1647</span> Towards Effective Public Consultation and Participation in Nigeria: Lessons from Shoreline Management Plans (SMPs) Activities in England</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Taye%20O.%20Famuditi">Taye O. Famuditi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonathan%20Potts"> Jonathan Potts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malcolm%20Bray"> Malcolm Bray</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper examines the shoreline management planning policy in England and its suitability for ameliorating the diverse environmental problems associated with Nigeria’s coastal zones. It examines the success of SMPs in England since the mid-1990s and progress achieved, with the aim of understudying the current management approach that can be transferred to Nigeria to strengthen its adoption, and as a necessary corollary, implementation of the SMPs. This paper also examines key elements of the shoreline management frameworks in England and provides answers to the question: Would shoreline management planning approach in England be appropriate and feasible in Nigeria? It further concludes that many of the action plans and principles of participation should be adoptable provided that a participatory approach that involves all stakeholders including community members and relevant sectorial ministries as well as appropriate legal framework is encouraged. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shoreline%20management%20plans" title="shoreline management plans">shoreline management plans</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coastal%20zone%20management" title=" coastal zone management"> coastal zone management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stakeholder%20engagement" title=" stakeholder engagement"> stakeholder engagement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participatory%20approach" title=" participatory approach"> participatory approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9729/towards-effective-public-consultation-and-participation-in-nigeria-lessons-from-shoreline-management-plans-smps-activities-in-england" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9729.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1646</span> History of Textiles and Fashion: Gender Symbolism in the Context of Colour</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Damayanthie%20Eluwawalage">Damayanthie Eluwawalage</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Historically, the color-coded attire demarcated differences, for example, differences in social position and differences in gender, etc. Distinctive colors are worn by different classes in medieval England. By the twentieth-century Western society, certain colors were firmly associated with the specific gender; as pink for girls, and blue for boys. The color-coded gender phenomenon was a novelty at the turn of the twentieth-century and became widely practiced after World War II. Prior to that era, there were no distinctions or differences in the dress of younger children, in relation to their gender. In the nineteenth century, pink suits were highly acceptable for gentlemen’s attire. Frenchmen in the eighteenth-century wore colors with an infinite range of hues like pink, plum, white, cream, blue, yellow, puce and sea green. Nineteenth-century European male austerity, primarily caused by the usage of sombre colors such as black, white and grey, has been described as an element for dignity, control and morality. In the nineteenth century, there were many color-associated distinctions, as certain colors were reserved for the unmarried, the single or the aged. Two luminous colors in one dress was ‘vulgar’ and yellow was generally regarded as unladylike. Yellow was the color utilised for most correctional attire. Orange was prohibited for the unmarried. Fashionable dressing in the nineteenth century was more gender-differentiated than in previous centuries. Masculine austerity, emphasized a shift in class relations. As a result of that shift, male attire became more uniform, homogeneous and integrated (amongst the classes), than its traditional hierarchal approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=textiles" title="textiles">textiles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fashion" title=" fashion"> fashion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gender%20symbolism" title=" gender symbolism"> gender symbolism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=color" title=" color"> color</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32632/history-of-textiles-and-fashion-gender-symbolism-in-the-context-of-colour" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32632.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">489</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1645</span> A Study of Binding Methods and Techniques in Safavid Era Emphasizing on Iran Shahnamehs (16-18th Century AD/10-12th Century AH)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashrafosadat%20Mousavi%20Laer">Ashrafosadat Mousavi Laer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elaheh%20Moravej"> Elaheh Moravej</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The art of binding was simple and elementary at the beginning of Islam. This art thrived gradually and continued its development as an independent art. Identification of the binding techniques and used materials in covers and investigation of the arrays give us indexes for the better identification of different doctrines and methods of that time. The catalogers of the manuscripts usually pay attention to four items: gender, color, art elegances, injury, and exquisiteness of the cover. The criterion for classification of the covers is their art nature and gender. 15th century AD (9th century AH) was the period of the binding art development in which the most beautiful covers were produced by the so-called method of ‘burning’. At 16th century AD (10th century AH), in Safavid era, art changed completely and a fundamental evolution occurred in the technique and method of binding. The greatest change in this art was the extensive use of stamp that was made mostly of steel and copper. Theses stamps were presses against leather. These covers were called ‘beat’. In this paper, writing and bookbinding of about 32 Shahnamehs of Safavid era available in the Iranian libraries and museums are studied. An analytical-statistical study shows that four methods have been used including beat, burning, mosaic, and oily. 69 percent of the covers of these copies are cardboards with a leathery coating (goatskin) and have been produced by burning and beat methods. Its reasons are that these two methods have been common methods in Safavid era and performing them was only feasible on leather and the most desirable and commonly used leather of that time was goatskin which was the best option for cover legend durability and preserving the book and it was more durable because it had been made of goat skin. In addition, it had prepared a suitable opportunity for the binding artist’s creativity and innovation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Safavid%20era" title=" Safavid era"> Safavid era</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bookbinding" title=" bookbinding"> bookbinding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beat%20cover" title=" beat cover"> beat cover</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=burning%20cover" title=" burning cover"> burning cover</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34892/a-study-of-binding-methods-and-techniques-in-safavid-era-emphasizing-on-iran-shahnamehs-16-18th-century-ad10-12th-century-ah" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/34892.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">238</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1644</span> Climate Change Effect on the Dynamic Modulus Property of Asphalt Concrete in Southern England Using UKCP09</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Idiata">David Idiata</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is directed at using the UKCP09 climate change projection tool to predict the effect of climate change on the dynamic modulus of asphalt concrete is Southern England knowing that there is a pressing challenge directly facing infrastructure in the urban cities in the world today due to climate change. Climate change causes change in the environment which in turn impacts on the long-term structural performance of structures. From the projection values obtained, it was discovered that as the temperature increases, the dynamic modulus reduces and this effect was more on the South West which have temperature range of 36.8 oC to 48.3 oC and dynamic modulus range of 2,212 MPa to 1256 MPa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dynamic%20modulus" title="dynamic modulus">dynamic modulus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asphalt%20concrete" title=" asphalt concrete"> asphalt concrete</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=UKCP09" title=" UKCP09"> UKCP09</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Southern%20England" title=" Southern England"> Southern England</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72546/climate-change-effect-on-the-dynamic-modulus-property-of-asphalt-concrete-in-southern-england-using-ukcp09" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72546.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">360</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1643</span> The Process of Sanctification: A Bourdieusian Approach to the Declension of Power in New England Puritan Clergy</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Scott%20Jackson">W. Scott Jackson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper explains the declension of Puritan clerical power following the Great Migration up until when Massachusetts lost its charter in 1684. Historian Perry Miller argued that an overall declension in Puritan culture occurred during this period. However, that notion has been dispelled. There is a resurging field exploring declension in areas outside of Miller’s scope of Puritan culture. I determine that colonial New England existed as a functional theocracy by using Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of symbolic capital to explain clerical power through symbolic and religious misdirection and conversion. I explore civil and economic power struggles in colonial New England during the decades following the Great Migration to establish that Puritan culture did not largely decline. Instead, it was the Puritan clergy’s power that waned during this period. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bourdieu" title="Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Historical%20Sociology" title=" Historical Sociology"> Historical Sociology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Symbolic%20Capital" title=" Symbolic Capital"> Symbolic Capital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Puritan" title=" Puritan"> Puritan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120623/the-process-of-sanctification-a-bourdieusian-approach-to-the-declension-of-power-in-new-england-puritan-clergy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120623.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1642</span> Improving Access to Palliative Care for Heart Failure Patients in England Using a Health Systems Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alex%20Hughes">Alex Hughes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Patients with advanced heart failure develop specific palliative care needs due to the progressive symptom burden and unpredictable disease trajectory. NICE guidance advises that palliative care should be provided to patients with both cancer and non-cancer conditions as and when required. However, there is some way to go before this guidance is consistently and effectively implemented nationwide in conditions such as heart failure. The Ambitions for Palliative and End of Life Care: A national framework for local action in England provides a set of foundations and ambitions which outline a vision for what high-quality palliative and end-of-life care look like in England. This poster aims to critically consider how to improve access to palliative care for heart failure patients in England by analysing the foundations taken from this framework to generate specific recommendations using Soft Systems Methodology (SSM). The eight foundations analysed are: ‘Personalised care planning’, ‘Shared records’, ‘Evidence and information’, ‘Involving, supporting and caring for those important to the dying Person’, ‘Education and training’, ‘24/7 access’, ‘Co-design’ and ‘Leadership.’ A number of specific recommendations have been generated which highlight a need to close the evidence-policy gap and implement policy with sufficient evidence. These recommendations, alongside the creation of an evidence-based national strategy for palliative care and heart failure, should improve access to palliative care for heart failure patients in England. Once implemented, it will be necessary to evaluate the effect of these proposals to understand if access to palliative care for heart failure patients actually improves. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=access" title="access">access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20systems" title=" health systems"> health systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heart%20failure" title=" heart failure"> heart failure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=palliative%20care" title=" palliative care"> palliative care</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146017/improving-access-to-palliative-care-for-heart-failure-patients-in-england-using-a-health-systems-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146017.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1641</span> The Role of Women in Shaping and Sustaining the Zulu Monarchy in the Late 18th and 19th Centuries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hebert%20Sihle%20Ntuli">Hebert Sihle Ntuli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> From the beginning, women had a great contribution or share in shaping history by different means during different epochs. Africa in general and South Africa in particular, are replete with many examples of female dynasties, regents and rulers who took up positions of leadership through periods of nation-building and wars of resistance. Zulu culture is fraught with a plethora of women who contributed in shaping Zulu monarchy to what it became in the late 18th and 19th centuries. The aim of this paper is to discuss the contribution of women in shaping and sustaining Zulu monarchy during the period in question. This work adopted qualitative research method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zulu%20monarchy" title="Zulu monarchy">Zulu monarchy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women" title=" women"> women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=princess%20Mkabayi" title=" princess Mkabayi"> princess Mkabayi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Queen%20Nandi" title=" Queen Nandi"> Queen Nandi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Queen%20Monase" title=" Queen Monase"> Queen Monase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156681/the-role-of-women-in-shaping-and-sustaining-the-zulu-monarchy-in-the-late-18th-and-19th-centuries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156681.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">141</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1640</span> The Impact of the Plagal Cadence on Nineteenth-Century Music</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jason%20Terry">Jason Terry</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Beginning in the mid-nineteenth century, hymns in the Anglo-American tradition often ended with the congregation singing ‘amen,’ most commonly set to a plagal cadence. While the popularity of this tradition is well-known still today, this research presents the origins of this custom. In 1861, Hymns Ancient & Modern deepened this convention by concluding each of its hymns with a published plagal-amen cadence. Subsequently, hymnals from a variety of denominations throughout Europe and the United States heavily adopted this practice. By the middle of the twentieth century the number of participants singing this cadence had suspiciously declined; however, it was not until the 1990s that the plagal-amen cadence all but disappeared from hymnals. Today, it is rare for songs to conclude with the plagal-amen cadence, although instrumentalists have continued to regularly play a plagal cadence underneath the singers’ sustained finalis. After examining a variety of music theory treatises, eighteenth-century newspaper articles, manuscripts & hymnals from the last five centuries, and conducting interviews with a number of scholars around the world, this study presents the context of the plagal-amen cadence through its history. The association of ‘amen’ and the plagal cadence was already being discussed during the late eighteenth century, and the plagal-amen cadence only grew in attractiveness from that time forward, most notably in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Throughout this research, the music of Thomas Tallis, primarily through his Preces and Responses, is reasonably shown to be the basis for the high status of the plagal-amen cadence in nineteenth- and twentieth-century society. Tallis’s immediate influence was felt among his contemporary English composers as well as posterity, all of whom were well-aware of his compositional styles and techniques. More importantly, however, was the revival of his music in nineteenth-century England, which had a greater impact on the plagal-amen tradition. With his historical title as the father of English cathedral music, Tallis was favored by the supporters of the Oxford Movement. Thus, with society’s view of Tallis, the simple IV–I cadence he chose to pair with ‘amen’ attained a much greater worth in the history of Western music. A musical device such as the once-revered plagal-amen cadence deserves to be studied and understood in a more factual light than has thus far been available to contemporary scholars. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=amen%20cadence" title="amen cadence">amen cadence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Plagal-amen%20cadence" title=" Plagal-amen cadence"> Plagal-amen cadence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=singing%20hymns%20with%20amen" title=" singing hymns with amen"> singing hymns with amen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thomas%20Tallis" title=" Thomas Tallis"> Thomas Tallis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56759/the-impact-of-the-plagal-cadence-on-nineteenth-century-music" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/56759.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">233</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1639</span> The Divan Poets Whose Works Have Been Composed in the 17th Century</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mehmet%20Nuri%20Parmaks%C4%B1z">Mehmet Nuri Parmaksız</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ottoman poetry and Ottoman music have been inseparable art branches for centuries. The best examples of music and poems created in the same periods have been the most prominent proof of this. These periods without doubt have been 17th and 18th centuries. Since the poems written in these periods were better than those in the other periods, composers composed many of the poems of these periods and still keep composing. Music composers did not discriminate the poets of the poems they would compose, and composed the poems coherent with the meaning and form. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=music" title="music">music</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=17th%20ottoman%20divan%20poetry" title=" 17th ottoman divan poetry"> 17th ottoman divan poetry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ottoman%20poets" title=" ottoman poets"> ottoman poets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poems" title=" poems"> poems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10594/the-divan-poets-whose-works-have-been-composed-in-the-17th-century" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10594.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">404</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1638</span> Socialist Ideology in Africa: A Comparative Study of Pre and Post Socialism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haymanot%20Gebre-Amlak">Haymanot Gebre-Amlak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Selamawit%20Gebre-Amlak"> Selamawit Gebre-Amlak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since its original declaration in the 18th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels's Communist Manifesto has become one of the most influential political tracts. Socialism is a political path that leads towards communism by fostering a cooperative economy through the creation of cooperative enterprises, common ownership, state ownership, or shared equity. The ultimate objective of communism is to bring everyone working toward the same collective goal of a healthy, happy, and free society. The European establishment of 19-century colonial rule over the continent of Africa reinforced inflows of European investment and forced a profound change in the operation of labor and land markets. The colonial era and forced labor schemes in Africa lasted for several decades. When exiting from colonialism, these African countries were attracted to socialism’s ideology to bridge the social gap and freedom to their society. In this paper, we compare a pre and post socialist ideology and the impact in various African countries. We analyse the different aspects, which led to inconsistent outcomes. Our finding indicates that while they have some facets in common, each African country had a unique interpretation and influence from the socialist ideology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=African%20politics" title="African politics">African politics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socialism%20in%20Africa" title=" socialism in Africa"> socialism in Africa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=African%20history" title=" African history"> African history</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Africa" title=" Africa"> Africa</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129913/socialist-ideology-in-africa-a-comparative-study-of-pre-and-post-socialism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129913.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1637</span> Facilitating Curriculum Access for Pupils with Vision Impairments: An Analysis of the Role of Specialist Teachers in England and Turkey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kubra%20Akbayrak">Kubra Akbayrak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In parallel with increasing inclusive practice for pupils with vision impairments, the role of specialist teachers who have specialized in the area of vision impairment has dramatically changed in recent years. This study, therefore, aims to provide a holistic perspective towards the distinctive role of specialist teachers of pupils with vision impairments in different educational settings (including mainstream settings, special school settings, etc.) in Turkey and England. Within the scope of the study, semi-structured interviews have been conducted with 17 specialist teachers in Turkey and 14 specialist teachers in England in order to reveal the perception of specialist teachers regarding their roles in different educational settings as well as their perception towards their pre-service training. As this study is a part of an ongoing PhD research, the qualitative data through semi-structured interviews will be analyzed through using Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory as a theoretical framework in order to provide a holistic view regarding the role of specialist teachers particularly in facilitating curriculum access for pupils with vision impairments in England and Turkey. However, the initial findings broadly illustrate that specialist teachers who work in special school settings have different understanding regarding their roles compared to specialist teachers who work in mainstream settings in relation to promoting independence for pupils with vision impairments. The initial findings also imply that specialist teachers in England and Turkey have different perception about their roles in relation to providing specialist advice and guidance for families of pupils. With the completion of the analysis of the study, it is hoped that the findings will provide an insight into the role of specialist teachers in order to provide implication for programmes which prepare specialist teachers of pupils with vision impairments. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=curriculum%20access" title="curriculum access">curriculum access</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pupils%20with%20vision%20impairments" title=" pupils with vision impairments"> pupils with vision impairments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=specialist%20teachers" title=" specialist teachers"> specialist teachers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=special%20education" title=" special education"> special education</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86753/facilitating-curriculum-access-for-pupils-with-vision-impairments-an-analysis-of-the-role-of-specialist-teachers-in-england-and-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86753.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">232</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1636</span> Examining Kokugaku as a Pattern of Defining Identity in Global Comparison </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M%C3%A1ria%20Ildik%C3%B3%20Farkas">Mária Ildikó Farkas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Kokugaku of the Edo period can be seen as a key factor of defining cultural (and national) identity in the 18th and early 19th century based on Japanese cultural heritage. Kokugaku focused on Japanese classics, on exploring, studying and reviving (or even inventing) ancient Japanese language, literature, myths, history and also political ideology. ‘Japanese culture’ as such was distinguished from Chinese (and all other) cultures, ‘Japanese identity’ was thus defined. Meiji scholars used kokugaku conceptions of Japan to construct a modern national identity based on the premodern and culturalist conceptions of community. The Japanese cultural movement of the 18-19th centuries (kokugaku) of defining cultural and national identity before modernization can be compared not to the development of Western Europe (where national identity strongly attached to modern nation states) or other parts of Asia (where these emerged after the Western colonization), but rather with the ‘national awakening’ movements of the peoples of East Central Europe, a comparison which have not been dealt with in the secondary literature yet. The role of a common language, culture, history and myths in the process of defining cultural identity – following mainly Miroslav Hroch’s comparative and interdisciplinary theory of national development – can be examined compared to the movements of defining identity of the peoples of East Central Europe (18th-19th c). In the shadow of a cultural and/or political ‘monolith’ (China for Japan and Germany for Central Europe), before modernity, ethnic groups or communities started to evolve their own identities with cultural movements focusing on their own language and culture, thus creating their cultural identity, and in the end, a new sense of community, the nation. Comparing actual texts (‘narratives’) of the kokugaku scholars and Central European writers of the nation building period (18th and early 19th centuries) can reveal the similarities of the discourses of deliberate searches for identity. Similar motives of argument can be identified in these narratives: ‘language’ as the primary bearer of collective identity, the role of language in culture, ‘culture’ as the main common attribute of the community; and similar aspirations to explore, search and develop native language, ‘genuine’ culture, ‘original’ traditions. This comparative research offering ‘development patterns’ for interpretation can help us understand processes that may be ambiguously considered ‘backward’ or even ‘deleterious’ (e.g. cultural nationalism) or just ‘unique’. ‘Cultural identity’ played a very important role in the formation of national identity during modernization especially in the case of non-Western communities, who had to face the danger of losing their identities in the course of ‘Westernization’ accompanying modernization. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20identity" title="cultural identity">cultural identity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Japanese%20modernization" title=" Japanese modernization"> Japanese modernization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kokugaku" title=" kokugaku"> kokugaku</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=national%20awakening" title=" national awakening"> national awakening</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83516/examining-kokugaku-as-a-pattern-of-defining-identity-in-global-comparison" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/83516.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">271</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1635</span> The Impact of Using Technology Tools on Preparing English Language Learners for the 21st Century</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ozlem%20Kaya">Ozlem Kaya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> 21st-century learners are energetic and tech-savvy, and the skills and the knowledge required in this century are complex and challenging. Therefore, teachers need to find new ways to appeal to the needs and interests of their students and meet the demands of the 21st century at the same time. One way to do so in English language learning has been to incorporate various technology tools into classroom practices. Although teachers think these practices are effective and their students enjoy them, students may have different perceptions. To find out what students think about the use of technology tools in terms of developing 21st-century skills and knowledge, this study was conducted at Anadolu University School of Foreign Languages. A questionnaire was administered to 40 students at elementary level. Afterward, semi-structured interviews were held with 8 students to provide deeper insight into their perceptions. The details of the findings of the study will be presented and discussed during the presentation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=21st%20century%20skills" title="21st century skills">21st century skills</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technology%20tools" title=" technology tools"> technology tools</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perception" title=" perception"> perception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=English%20Language%20Learning" title=" English Language Learning"> English Language Learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62471/the-impact-of-using-technology-tools-on-preparing-english-language-learners-for-the-21st-century" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62471.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1634</span> The Impact of Deprivation on the Prevalence of Common Mental Health Disorders in Clinical Commissioning Groups across England: A Retrospective, Cross-Sectional Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed-Hareef%20Asunramu">Mohammed-Hareef Asunramu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sana%20Hashemi"> Sana Hashemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raja%20Ohri"> Raja Ohri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luc%20Worthington"> Luc Worthington</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nadia%20Zaman"> Nadia Zaman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junkai%20Zhu"> Junkai Zhu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: The 2012 Health and Social Care Act committed to a ‘parity of esteem between mental and physical health services. Although this investment, aimed to both increase the quality of services and ensure the retention of mental health staff, questions remained regarding its ability to prevent mental health problems. One possible solution is a focus on the social determinants of health which have been shown to impact mental health. Aim: To examine the relationship between the index of multiple deprivations (IMD) and the prevalence of common mental health disorders (CMD) for CCGs in NHS England between 2019 and 2020. Design and setting: Cross-sectional analysis of 189 CCGs in NHS England. Methods: A multivariate linear regression model was utilized with CMD as outcome variable and IMD, age and ethnicity as explanatory variables. Datasets were obtained from Public Health England and the latest UK Census. Results: CCG IMD was found to have a significantly positive relationship with CMD. For every 1-point increase in IMD, CMD increases by 0.25%. Ethnicity had a significantly positive relationship with CMD. For every 1% increase in the population that identifies as BME, there is a 0.03% increase in CMD. Age had a significantly negative relationship with CMD. For every 1% increase in the population aged 60+, there is a 0.11% decrease in CMD. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that addressing mental health issues may require a multi-pronged approach. Beyond budget increases, it is essential to prioritize health equity, with careful considerations towards ethnic minorities and different age brackets. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deprivation" title="deprivation">deprivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20inequality" title=" health inequality"> health inequality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mental%20health" title=" mental health"> mental health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20determinants" title=" social determinants"> social determinants</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145742/the-impact-of-deprivation-on-the-prevalence-of-common-mental-health-disorders-in-clinical-commissioning-groups-across-england-a-retrospective-cross-sectional-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/145742.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1633</span> Quantitative Assessment of the Motivating Impact of Divine Leadership on Followers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parviz%20Abadi">Parviz Abadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There is evidence that leadership has been the subject of research since the 18th Century, with Thomas Carlyle’s proposal of the Great Man theory. Since that time there has been ample research on various theories and styles of leadership while the definition of leadership is still undergoing development. In this context, ‘Divine Leadership’ has been defined. Another aspect of organizational success has been deemed to be follower motivation. Consequently, the research's objective was to assess this leadership's impact by evaluating the relationship with follower motivation. This entailed proposing a theoretical model to depict several hypotheses. Subsequently, the research performed a quantitative study of the relationship of Divine Leadership with Follower Motivation. The findings yielded a conclusion indicating a high reliability of 95% for the data collected through the field survey. Moreover, Divine Leadership exhibited a statistically significant positive association with Follower Motivation. Furthermore, it was illustrated that Religiosity moderates the relationship between Divine Leadership and Motivation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leadership" title="leadership">leadership</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management" title=" management"> management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=motivation" title=" motivation"> motivation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religiosity" title=" religiosity"> religiosity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=followers" title=" followers"> followers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187945/quantitative-assessment-of-the-motivating-impact-of-divine-leadership-on-followers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/187945.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">41</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1632</span> Autonomy in Healthcare Organisations: A Comparative Case Study of Middle Managers in England and Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maryam%20Zahmatkesh">Maryam Zahmatkesh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Middle managers form a significant occupational category in organisations. They undertake a vital role, as they sit between the operational and strategic roles. Traditionally they were acting as diplomat administrators, and were only in power to meet the demands of professionals. Following the introduction of internal market, in line with the principles of New Public Management, middle managers have been considered as change agents. More recently, in the debates of middle managers, there is emphasis on entrepreneurialism and enacting strategic role. It was assumed that granting autonomy to the local organisations and the inception of semi-autonomous hospitals (Foundation Trusts in England and Board of Trustees in Iran) would give managers more autonomy to act proactively and innovatively. This thesis explores the hospital middle managers’ perception of and responses to public management reforms (in particular, hospital autonomy) in England and Iran. In order to meet the aims of the thesis, research was undertaken within the interpretative paradigm, in line with social constructivism. Data were collected from interviews with forty-five middle managers, observational fieldwork and documentary analysis across four teaching university hospitals in England and Iran. The findings show the different ways middle managers’ autonomy is constrained in the two countries. In England, middle managers have financial and human recourses, but their autonomy is constrained by government policy and targets. In Iran, middle managers are less constrained by government policy and targets, but they do not have financial and human resources to exercise autonomy. Unbalanced autonomy causes tension and frustration for middle managers. According to neo-institutional theory, organisations are deeply embedded within social, political, economic and normative settings that exert isomorphic and internal population-level pressures to conform to existing and established modes of operation. Health systems which are seeking to devolve autonomy to middle managers must appreciate the multidimensional nature of the autonomy, as well as the wider environment that organisations are embedded, if they are about to improve the performance of managers and their organisations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autonomy" title="autonomy">autonomy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=healthcare%20organisations" title=" healthcare organisations"> healthcare organisations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=middle%20managers" title=" middle managers"> middle managers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20public%20management" title=" new public management"> new public management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53964/autonomy-in-healthcare-organisations-a-comparative-case-study-of-middle-managers-in-england-and-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53964.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">310</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1631</span> Reforming Corporate Criminal Liability in English Law: Lessons and Experiences from Canada</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Kong%20Shan%20Ho">John Kong Shan Ho</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In June 2022, the Law Commission of England and Wales published an options paper to examine how the law on corporate criminal liability can be reformed under the English system. The paper merely details options for reform and does not seek to make recommendations. However, the paper has ruled out the “respondeat superior” approach of the US and “corporate culture” approach of Australia as reform options. On balance, the preferred reform option of the Law Commission is the “senior officer” approach as currently adopted in Canada. This article is written against such background and argues that due to similarities between the English and Canadian systems, the latter’s approach is more ideal to be adopted by the former as a model for reform in this area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corporate%20criminal%20liability" title="corporate criminal liability">corporate criminal liability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identification%20principle" title=" identification principle"> identification principle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=directing%20mind%20and%20will" title=" directing mind and will"> directing mind and will</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=England" title=" England"> England</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Canada" title=" Canada"> Canada</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153726/reforming-corporate-criminal-liability-in-english-law-lessons-and-experiences-from-canada" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/153726.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">105</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1630</span> The Emotional Experience of Urban Ruins and the Exploration of Urban Memory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan%20Jia%20China">Yan Jia China</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ruins is a kind of historical intention, which is also the current real existence of developing city. Zen culture of ancient China has a profound esthetic emotion, similarly, the west establish the concept of aesthetics of relic along with the Romanism’s (such as Rousseau etc.) sentiment to historical ruins at the end of 18th century. Nowadays, with the decline of traditional industrial society as well as the rise of post-industrial age, contemporary society must face the ruins and garbage problem which is left by industrial society. Commencing from the perspective of emotion and memory, this paper analyzes the importance for emotional needs as well as their existing status of several projects, such as the Capital Steelworks in Beijing (industrial devastation), the Shibati old section in Chongqing (urban slums) and the Old Hurva Synagogue in Jerusalem (ruins of war). It emphasizes urban design which is started from emotion and the sustainable development of city memory through managing the urban ruins which is criticized by people with the perspective of ecology and art. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cultural%20heritage" title="cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20ruins" title=" urban ruins"> urban ruins</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ecology" title=" ecology"> ecology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emotion" title=" emotion"> emotion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20urban%20memory" title=" sustainable urban memory "> sustainable urban memory </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30383/the-emotional-experience-of-urban-ruins-and-the-exploration-of-urban-memory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30383.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">440</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1629</span> Perceptions of Islamic Education Teachers on the Implementation of 21st Century Learning Practices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hafizul%20Rasdi">Hafizul Rasdi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was conducted to find out the perceptions of Islamic Education teachers on the implementation of 21st century learning practices in Kuching, Sarawak. This study uses the field method. Eight respondents were selected based on the interviews and focus group discussions conducted among teachers in four primary school in Kuching, Sarawak. This study is focused to find out the perceptions of Islamic Education teachers on the implementation of 21st century learning as well as the importance of 21st century learning in the subject of Islamic Education. Data were collected using library research, semi-structured interview transcripts and focus group discussions. Data analysis methods used was descriptive analysis. The findings of the study have shown that Islamic Education teachers in primary school in Kuching, Sarawak agreed on the implementation of 21st Century Learning Practices in Islamic Education subject. The finding also show that the application of 21st Century Learning Practices in the subject of Islamic Education can help improve students mastery of the subject. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=perceptions" title="perceptions">perceptions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20education" title=" Islamic education"> Islamic education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=21st%20century%20learning%20practices" title=" 21st century learning practices"> 21st century learning practices</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teachers" title=" teachers"> teachers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162924/perceptions-of-islamic-education-teachers-on-the-implementation-of-21st-century-learning-practices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/162924.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">67</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1628</span> Preschool Teachers' Teaching Performance in Relation to Their Technology and 21st Century Skills</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vida%20Dones-Jimenez">Vida Dones-Jimenez </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main purpose of this study is to determine the preschool teachers’ technology and 21st-century skills and its relation to teachers’ performance. The participants were 94 preschool teachers and 59 school administrators from the CDAPS member schools. The data were collected by using 21st Century Skill, developed by ISSA (2009), Technology Skills of Teachers Survey (2013) and Teacher Performance Evaluation Criteria and Descriptors (200) was modified by the current researcher to suit the needs of her study and was administered personally by her. The surveys were designed to measure the participants’ 21st-century skills, technology skills and teaching performance. The result of the study indicates that the majority of the preschool teachers are the college graduate. Most of them are in the teaching profession for 0 to 10 years. It also indicated that the majority of the school administrators are masters’ degree holder. The preschool teachers are outstanding in their teaching performance as rated by the school administrators. The preschool teachers are skillful in using technology, and they are very skillful in executing the 21st-century skills in teaching. It was further determined that no significant difference between preschool teachers 21st-century skill in regards to educational attainment same as with the number of years in teaching, likewise with their technology skills. Furthermore, the study has shown that there is a very weak relationship between technology and 21st-century skills of preschool teachers, a weak relationship between technology skills and teaching performance and a very weak relationship between 21st-century skills and teaching performance were also established. The study recommends that the preschool teachers should be encouraged to enroll in master degree programs. School administrators should support the implementation of newly adopted technologies and support faculty members at various levels of use and experience. It is also recommended that regular review of the professional development plan be undertaken to upgrade 21st-century teaching and learning skills of preschool teachers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preschool%20teacher" title="preschool teacher">preschool teacher</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=teaching%20performance" title=" teaching performance"> teaching performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technology" title=" technology"> technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=21st%20century%20skills" title=" 21st century skills"> 21st century skills</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67918/preschool-teachers-teaching-performance-in-relation-to-their-technology-and-21st-century-skills" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/67918.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">399</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1627</span> The Architectural Conservation and Restoration Problems of Istanbul’s “Yalı” Waterfront Mansions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zeynep%20Tanr%C4%B1verdi">Zeynep Tanrıverdi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Bosphorus is an international waterway in Istanbul city of Turkey connecting the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea. The Bosphorus, which has formed an important part of the silhouette of Istanbul throughout history, has also influenced the design of the coastal structures built around it. The waterfront mansions, which are located on both sides of the Bosphorus by the sea, and can be generally of two or three storeys, are called “yalı”. The yalı buildings with their architectural characteristics of the traditional Turkish House are the most grandiose examples of Ottoman residential architecture. However, the classical Ottoman yalı architecture of the 18th century can only be seen in engravings, and today only the modest and smaller yalı examples from the 19th century can be seen because of their disappearance over time. The study aims to reveal the architectural conservation and restoration problems of waterfront mansions and propose solutions for them. Firstly, the development of the waterfront mansion architecture in Bosphorus was evaluated in its historical process. Secondly, the waterfront mansions and their architectural features were explained. Thirdly, the architectural conservation and restoration problems that caused the disappearance of waterfront mansions were discussed. These problems include disruptions in legal regulations and practices about the Bosphorus, dramatic changes in Turkey’s socio-cultural life from the Ottoman Empire to the present, inadequacies in economic resources, negative environmental effects, and errors in restoration works. Finally, solution suggestions were proposed for the problems that threaten the protection of waterfront mansions. In the study, literature on waterfront mansions was reviewed using historical reports, photographs, maps, and drawings in archival documents. It is hoped that this study will contribute the conservation of the “Yalı” waterfront mansions, which occupy a particular role in the cultural heritage of Turkey, and to their transmission with their authentic values to the next generation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bosphorus%20architecture" title="bosphorus architecture">bosphorus architecture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conservation" title=" conservation"> conservation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heritage" title=" heritage"> heritage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Istanbul" title=" Istanbul"> Istanbul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waterfront%20mansions%20%28yal%C4%B1%29" title=" waterfront mansions (yalı)"> waterfront mansions (yalı)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174508/the-architectural-conservation-and-restoration-problems-of-istanbuls-yali-waterfront-mansions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174508.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">77</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1626</span> The Voyage of Adolfo Caminha to the USA: The Discourse about Americanism in Brazil in the Late Nineteenth Century</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maxwel%20F.%20Silva">Maxwel F. Silva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jos%C3%A9%20Geraldo%20Pedrosa"> José Geraldo Pedrosa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper is a study about the voyage of Adolfo Caminha to the USA in the late nineteenth century described in “No país dos ianques”. The hypothesis is that the USA constitutes a civilizing reference that moves away from Europe. The Americanism expression it means that the Yankees have invented a new repertoire through which built a new idea of civilization. The base is European, but your architecture is new. This paper is not concerned with the meanings and uses of the Americanism expression among the Yankees, but with the ways in which the America were understood by otherness, especially in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In this way, this study discusses the concept of Americanism in the thought of Adolfo Caminha and it is relation with the Brazil in the late nineteenth century, especially in questions about democracy, liberty and progress. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adolfo%20Caminha" title="Adolfo Caminha">Adolfo Caminha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Americanism" title=" Americanism"> Americanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discourse" title=" discourse"> discourse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=voyage" title=" voyage"> voyage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18369/the-voyage-of-adolfo-caminha-to-the-usa-the-discourse-about-americanism-in-brazil-in-the-late-nineteenth-century" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18369.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">552</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1625</span> Sociolinguistics and Language Change</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Banazzouz%20Halima">Banazzouz Halima</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Throughout the ages, language has been viewed not only as a simple code of communicating information but rather as the most powerful and versatile medium of maintaining relationships with other people. While,by the end of the 18th century, such matters of scientific investigation concerning the study of human language began to occur under the scope of “Linguistics” generally defined as the scientific study of language. Linguistics, thus, provides a growing body of scientific knowledge about language which can guide the activity of the language teacher and student as well. Moreover,as times passed, the linguistic development engaged language in a broadly practiced academic discipline having relationship with other sciences such as: psychology, sociology, anthropology etc. Therefore, “Sociolinguistics” was given birth during the 1960’s. In fact, the given abstract is mainly linguistic, inserted under the scope of “Sociolinguistics” and by far it highlights on the process of linguistic variation and language change to show that all languages change through time and linguistic systems may vary from one speech community to another providing there is a sense of vitality where people of different parts of the globe may mutually and intelligibly communicate and comprehend each other. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=language%20change-sociolinguistics" title="language change-sociolinguistics">language change-sociolinguistics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20context-speech%20community" title=" social context-speech community"> social context-speech community</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vitality%20of%20language" title=" vitality of language"> vitality of language</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linguistic%20variation" title=" linguistic variation"> linguistic variation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20dialectology" title=" urban dialectology"> urban dialectology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20dialectology" title=" urban dialectology"> urban dialectology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15717/sociolinguistics-and-language-change" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15717.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">628</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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