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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>More than one calendar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-More_than_one_calendar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle More than one calendar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-More_than_one_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Festival_calendar_(lunisolar)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festival_calendar_(lunisolar)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Festival calendar (lunisolar)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festival_calendar_(lunisolar)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intercalation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercalation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Intercalation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercalation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_of_months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_of_months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Names of months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_of_months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2.1</span> <span>List of months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Days_of_the_month" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Days_of_the_month"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Days of the month</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Days_of_the_month-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>State calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Manipulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seasonal_calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seasonal_calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Seasonal calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seasonal_calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dating_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dating events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="تقويم اليونان القديم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقويم اليونان القديم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendari_%C3%A0tic" title="Calendari àtic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calendari àtic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attischer_Kalender" title="Attischer Kalender – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Attischer Kalender" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Αττικό ημερολόγιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αττικό ημερολόγιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_%C3%A1tico" title="Calendario ático – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calendario ático" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atika_kalendaro" title="Atika kalendaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Atika kalendaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="گاه‌شماری آتیکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاه‌شماری آتیکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendrier_attique" title="Calendrier attique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calendrier attique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_%C3%A1tico" title="Calendario ático – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calendario ático" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8B%B0%EC%BC%80%EB%A0%A5" title="아티케력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아티케력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalender_Attika" title="Kalender Attika – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalender Attika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_attico" title="Calendario attico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calendario attico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99" title="לוח השנה האטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוח השנה האטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendarium_Atticum" title="Calendarium Atticum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Calendarium Atticum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Атички календар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Атички календар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attische_kalender" title="Attische kalender – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Attische kalender" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AB%E6%9A%A6" title="アッティカ暦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アッティカ暦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calend%C3%A1rio_%C3%A1tico" title="Calendário ático – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calendário ático" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Аттический год – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аттический год" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atick%C3%BD_kalend%C3%A1r" title="Atický kalendár – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Atický kalendár" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ati%C5%A1ki_koledar" title="Atiški koledar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Atiški koledar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Атички календар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Атички календар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ati%C4%8Dki_kalendar" title="Atički kalendar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Atički kalendar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attikalainen_kalenteri" title="Attikalainen kalenteri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Attikalainen kalenteri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аттичний календар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аттичний календар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%9B%86" title="阿提卡曆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿提卡曆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q758195#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Lunisolar calendar</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Poseideon" redirects here. It may also refer to places named in his name, like <a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Bassit" title="Ras al-Bassit">Ras al-Bassit</a>, Syria.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hekatombaion" redirects here. For the town of ancient Achaea, see <a href="/wiki/Hecatombaeon" title="Hecatombaeon">Hecatombaeon</a>.</div> <p>The <b>Attic calendar</b> or <b>Athenian calendar</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar calendar</a> beginning in midsummer with the lunar month of Hekatombaion, in use in ancient <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a>, the ancestral territory of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Athens">Athenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>. It is sometimes called the <b>Greek calendar</b> because of Athens's cultural importance, but it is only one of many <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">ancient Greek calendars</a>. </p><p>Although relatively abundant, the evidence for the Attic calendar is still patchy and often contested. As it was well known in Athens and of little use outside Attica, no contemporary source set out to describe the system as a whole. Further, even during the well-sourced 5th and 4th centuries BC, the calendar underwent changes, not all perfectly understood. As such, any account given of it must be a tentative reconstruction. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_focus">Local focus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attic_calendar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Local focus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Attic calendar was an exclusively local phenomenon, used to regulate the internal affairs of the Athenians, with little relevance to the outside world. For example, just across the border in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, the months had different names, and the year even began in midwinter. In Athens, the year began six months later, just after midsummer. Furthermore, while Greek months were supposed to begin with the first sighting of the <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a>, it was determined locally and with a degree of variability. In many years, the months in the two communities would have more or less coincided, but there is no sign that they tried to keep the days of the month exactly aligned, as they would have seen no reason to do so. </p><p>The divide between these neighbouring calendars perhaps reflected the traditional hostility between the two communities. Had the Boeotians been speakers of an <a href="/wiki/Ionic_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic dialect">Ionic dialect</a>, the one spoken in Athens, there would have been overlap in the names of months. An example is the island of <a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a>, where the calendar shared four out of twelve month-names with Athens, but not in the same places in the year. There, even though the island was under some degree of Athenian control from around 479 to 314 BC, the year started, as with the Boeotians, at <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">midwinter</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="More_than_one_calendar">More than one calendar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attic_calendar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: More than one calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Athenians lived under a number of simultaneous calendars that were used to fix days for different purposes. How much each calendar meant to individuals probably depended on how they lived. They may be set out as follows: </p> <ul><li>A lunisolar festival calendar of 12 months based on the cycle of the moon and accommodating the solar year</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">democratic</a> state calendar of 10 arbitrary months</li> <li>An agricultural calendar of <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a> using star risings to fix points in time</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festival_calendar_(lunisolar)"><span id="Festival_calendar_.28lunisolar.29"></span>Festival calendar (lunisolar)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attic_calendar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Festival calendar (lunisolar)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intercalation">Intercalation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attic_calendar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intercalation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The year was meant to begin with the first sighting of the <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a> after the summer <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a>. Ideally, the solstice would occur toward the end of Skirophorion, the final month of the year. </p><p>The new year would then begin on the day after the first sliver of the new moon was seen (or presumed to be seen). However, because the relation of these two events, solstice and new moon, is variable, the date of the new year (in relation to a <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a> date) could move by up to a month. </p><p>This linking of solar and lunar years defines the calendar as <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar</a>. Because 12 lunar months are approximately 11 days shorter than a solar year, using a purely lunar calendar (such as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> one) removes any relation between the months and the seasons, causing the months to creep backwards over the seasons. By tying the start of their year to the summer solstice Athenians forced the months to relate, with some elasticity, to the seasons. </p><p>In order to deal with the 11-day difference between 12 lunar months and 1 solar cycle, when it was judged that the months had slid back enough (roughly every three years), an extra month was inserted ("<a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">intercalated</a>"), leading to a leap year with about 384 days in it. The extra month was achieved by repeating an existing month so that the same month name was used twice in a row. The sixth month, Poseideon, is most frequently mentioned as the month that was repeated; however months 1, 2, 7, and 8 (Hekatombaiōn, Metageitniōn, Gameliōn, and Anthesteriōn) are also attested as being doubled.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various cycles were in existence for working out exactly which years needed to add a thirteenth month. A nineteen-year cycle, the <a href="/wiki/Metonic_cycle" title="Metonic cycle">Metonic cycle</a>, was developed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Athens">Athens</a> by the astronomers <a href="/wiki/Meton" class="mw-redirect" title="Meton">Meton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euctemon" title="Euctemon">Euctemon</a> (known to be active in 432 BC), could have been used to pattern the insertion of leap years to keep the lunar and solar years aligned with some accuracy. There is, however, no sign that any such system was in fact used in Athens, whose calendar seems to have been administered on an <i>ad hoc</i> basis.<br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Names_of_months">Names of months</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attic_calendar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Names of months"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first function of this calendar was to set the days for the <a href="/wiki/Religious_festival" title="Religious festival">religious festivals</a>. In a <a href="/wiki/County_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="County fair">county fair</a> role, they encompassed a much broader range of activities than the word "religious" suggests and were central to the life of the city. </p><p>The Athenian months were named after gods and festivals. In this the calendar differed from the <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> models that lie behind all Greek lunar calendars. In the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a> prototypes, for instance, the months were named after the main agricultural activity practised in that month. Many <a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Athenian festivals</a> had links with different stages of the agricultural cycle, such as festivals of planting or harvest. It perhaps added to the need to keep <a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar calendars</a> roughly aligned, though this was not always achieved. The farming year, however, was not the primary focus of the calendar. </p><p>At Athens month 6, Poseideon, took its name directly from the god <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>. More commonly, the god appears in the form of a cult title. (A cult title is the name or aspect under which a god was worshipped at a particular festival.) Examples are Maimakterion, named after <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> ("the rager") and Metageitnion, after <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> as helper of <a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">colonists</a>. </p><p>Of all of the months, only the eighth, Anthesterion, was named directly after the major festival celebrated in its month, the <a href="/wiki/Anthesteria" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a>. While the month-naming festivals of Pyanepsia, Thargelia and Skira were relatively important, some of the grandest celebrations in the life of the city are not recognised in the name of the month. Examples are the <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Great Dionysia</a> held in Elaphebolion (month 9) and the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathenaia">Panathenaia</a> are only indirectly recognised in Hekatombaion (month 1), named after the <i><a href="/wiki/Hecatomb" title="Hecatomb">hekatombe</a></i>, the sacrifice of a "hundred oxen" held on the final night of the Panathenaia. More often than not, the festival providing the month name is minor or obsolete. For instance, the second month, Metageitnion, is named after a cult title of the god Apollo, but there is no trace of a festival bearing the name. The same goes for months 5 and 6, Maimakterion and Poseideon. </p><p>The calendars of the <a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionian</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> (along the western coastline of modern Turkey) often share month names with Athens. For instance, at <a href="/wiki/Miletos" class="mw-redirect" title="Miletos">Miletos</a> four of the same month names were in use, namely Thargelion, Metageitnion, Boedromion and Pyanepsion, and the last of these even occupied the same position as month four in both communities. Traditionally, these Ionian cities were founded by colonists from Attica (perhaps around 1050 BC). It may be then that the Athenian month names refer to a festival schedule some hundreds of years out of date. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="List_of_months">List of months</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attic_calendar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: List of months"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The correlation suggested here between the Athenian months and those of the modern (<a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a>) calendar is loose, and, in some years, it might have been off by over a month. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Summer (Θέρος) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><b>Hekatombaiōn</b> (Ἑκατομβαιών)</td> <td>July/August </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><b>Metageitniōn</b> (Μεταγειτνιών)</td> <td>August/September </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><b>Boedromiōn</b> (Βοηδρομιών)</td> <td>September/October </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Autumn (Φθινόπωρον) </th></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><b>Pyanepsiōn</b> (Πυανεψιών)</td> <td>October/November </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><b>Maimakteriōn</b> (Μαιμακτηριών)</td> <td>November/December </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><b>Poseideōn</b> (Ποσειδεών)</td> <td>December/January </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Winter (Χεῖμα) </th></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><b>Gamēliōn</b> (Γαμηλιών)</td> <td>January/February </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><b>Anthestēriōn</b> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%88%CE%BD%CE%B8%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:Ἀνθεστηριών">Ἀνθεστηριών</a>)</td> <td>February/March </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><b>Elaphēboliōn</b> (Ἐλαφηβολιών)</td> <td>March/April </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Spring (Ἔαρ) </th></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><b>Mounuchiōn</b> (Μουνυχιών)</td> <td>April/May </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><b>Thargēliōn</b> (Θαργηλιών)</td> <td>May/June </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><b>Skirophoriōn</b> (Σκιροφοριών)</td> <td>June/July </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Days_of_the_month">Days of the month</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attic_calendar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Days of the month"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The months were 29 or 30 days in length, loosely in alternation, since the Moon orbits the Earth in roughly 29.5 days. However, rather than following a set scheme (such as the popular rhyme "Thirty days hath September..."), the duration of each month was declared just before month's end in an attempt to latch the first of the following month onto the upcoming <a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a>. The short months of 29 days were known as "hollow" and the ones with 30 days as "full". </p><p>Each month was divided into three phases of ten days associated with the waxing moon, the full moon and the waning moon. The naming of the days was complex. The first day of the month was simply <i>noumenia</i> or new moon, a name used in virtually every Greek calendar. From there the days were numbered up to the 20th day. For the final third of the month the numbering turned around to do a countdown from ten to the last day. Only the middle phase had numbers for the days running higher than 10 and even these were often phrased as "the third over ten" and so forth. In the wings of the month, the numbered days ran 2–10 and then 10–2. Days in these sections were distinguished from each other by adding the participle "waxing" and "waning" to the month name. In the centre of the month with its unambiguous numbering there was no need for this, though later the term "of the middling month" was used. The final day of the month was called <i>henē kai nea</i>, "the old and the new". Peculiar to Athens, this name presents the day as bridging the two moons or months. Elsewhere in Greece this day was usually called the 30th. </p><p>Athenian festivals were divided between the 80 or so annually recurring celebrations and a set of monthly holy days clustered around the beginning of each month. They were often the birthdays of gods, the Greeks thinking of <a href="/wiki/Birthday" title="Birthday">birthdays</a> as a monthly rather than a yearly recurrence. Every month, days 1–4 and 6–8 were all sacred to particular gods or divine entities, amounting to some 60 days a year: </p> <ul><li>Day 1: <a href="/wiki/New_Moon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Moon">New Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noumenia" title="Noumenia">Noumenia</a>.</li> <li>Day 2: Agathos <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (mythology)">Daimon</a></li> <li>Day 3: <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>'s Birthday</li> <li>Day 4: <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eros_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eros (mythology)">Eros</a></li> <li>Day 6: <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>' Birthday</li> <li>Day 7: <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>'s Birthday</li> <li>Day 8: <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Monthly and annual festivals were not usually allowed to fall on the same days so every festival month had an opening phase with exactly recurrent practices and celebrations while in the body of each month was a unique schedule of festival days. </p><p>A parallel function of this calendar was the positioning of the perhaps 15 or so forbidden days on which business should not be transacted. </p><p>Rather than considering the month as a simple duration of thirty days, the three-part numbering scheme focuses on the Moon itself. In particular the waning days 10–2 and the waxing days 2–10 frame the crucial moment where the moon vanishes and then reappears. </p><p>A date under this scheme might be "the third (day) of Thargelion waning", meaning the 28th day of Thargelion. </p> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <caption>Names of the days of the month </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Moon waxing</th> <th>Moon full</th> <th>Moon waning </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/New_moon" title="New moon">new moon</a></td> <td>11th</td> <td>later 10th </td></tr> <tr> <td>2nd waxing</td> <td>12th</td> <td>9th waning </td></tr> <tr> <td>3rd waxing</td> <td>13th</td> <td>8th waning </td></tr> <tr> <td>4th waxing</td> <td>14th</td> <td>7th waning </td></tr> <tr> <td>5th waxing</td> <td>15th</td> <td>6th waning </td></tr> <tr> <td>6th waxing</td> <td>16th</td> <td>5th waning </td></tr> <tr> <td>7th waxing</td> <td>17th</td> <td>4th waning </td></tr> <tr> <td>8th waxing</td> <td>18th</td> <td>3rd waning </td></tr> <tr> <td>9th waxing</td> <td>19th</td> <td>2nd waning </td></tr> <tr> <td>10th waxing</td> <td>earlier 10th</td> <td>old and new [moon] </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To summarise the days with special names. </p> <ul><li>The first day: <i><a href="/wiki/Noumenia" title="Noumenia">noumenia</a></i>, or new moon.</li> <li>The last day: <i>henē kai nea</i>, the "old and the new".</li> <li>The 21st day: "the later tenth". The Attic month had three days named "tenth" (equivalent in a straight sequence to the 10th, 20th, and 21st days). These were distinguished as <ul><li>10th: "the tenth (of the month) waxing"</li> <li>20th: "the earlier tenth" (i.e. waning)</li> <li>21st: "the later tenth" (i.e. waning)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>This strange juxtapositioning of the two days called the tenth, the earlier and the later, further highlighted the shift into the moon's waning phase. </p><p>When a month was to last 29 instead of 30 days (a "hollow" month), the last day of the month ("the old and new") was pulled back by one day. That is to say, the "second day of the waning month" (the 29th in straight sequence) was renamed as month's end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_calendar">State calendar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attic_calendar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: State calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Ionians, the Athenians had always been divided into four tribes. Although the tribes were never abolished, one of the key reforms at the creation of <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">democracy</a> after 506 BC was to distribute citizens under a new system of ten tribes to try to ensure even participation across the whole community. From then on, ten became a kind of hallmark number for the democracy, as so much citizen activity was done through the ten tribes. (For instance, the 10 generals leading the 10 regiments, the 10 sets of public arbitrators, the 10 treasurers of the Delian league and so on.) </p><p>This decimal ordering extended to the creation of a supplementary calendar with ten months. Each year, each tribe contributed 50 members to the council of 500 (<a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">boule</a>), which played an important role in the administration of the city. For one tenth of the year, each tribal fifty was on duty, with a third of them in the council chamber at all times as an executive committee for the state. Their period of office was known as a '<a href="/wiki/Prytany" class="mw-redirect" title="Prytany">prytany</a>' or state month. </p><p>In the 5th century, the calendar was solar-based by using a year of 365 or 366 days and paying no attention at all to the phases of the moon. One likely arrangement is that the ten <a href="/wiki/Prytany" class="mw-redirect" title="Prytany">prytanies</a> were divided between six months of 37 days followed by four months of 36 days. That would be parallel to the arrangement in the 4th century explained below. </p><p>From several synchronized datings that survive, it is evident that the political and the festival years did not have to begin or end on the same days. The political new year is attested 15 days either way from the start of the festival year. The system is known from the 420s; whether it had been in place from the beginning of the ten-month system is not clear. </p><p>However, in 407 BC the two calendars were synchronized to start and end on the same days. Hereafter as described in the 4th century <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Athenians_(Aristotle)" title="Constitution of the Athenians (Aristotle)">Constitution of the Athenians</a></i> the civic year was arranged as follows: </p> <ul><li>Months 1–4 lasted 36 days (39 in leap years?)</li> <li>Months 5–10 lasted 35 days (38 in leap years?)</li></ul> <p>In years with an extra month <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(timekeeping)" title="Intercalation (timekeeping)">intercalated</a> into the festival calendar, the political months were probably lengthened to 39 and 38 days, a method that would have maintained the balance between the tribes. Evidence, however, is lacking. </p><p>In the Macedonian period (307/306 – 224/223 BC), with twelve tribes (and the prytanies), evidence shows that the month and the prytany were not coterminous and that, in general, the six first prytanies had 30 days and the last six had 29 days and that in an intercalary year, the 384 days are equally subdivided. (Meritt, 1961: Ch.VI) </p><p>In the Thirteen Phylai period (224/223 – 201/200 BC), it would be expected that in an intercalary year prytanies and months must have been fairly evenly matched and that in an ordinary year, the conciliar year was made up of three prytanies of 28 days followed by ten prytanies of 27 days, but there is strong evidence that the first prytany had usually 27 days. (Meritt, 1961: Ch.VII) </p><p>The political months had no name but were numbered and given in conjunction with the name of the presiding tribe (which, as determined by lot at the expiry of their predecessors' term, gave no clue as to the time of year). The days were numbered with a straightforward sequence, running from 1 to the total number of days for that month. </p><p>One of the main roles of the civic calendar was to position the four <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">assembly</a> meetings to be held each <a href="/wiki/Prytany" class="mw-redirect" title="Prytany">prytany</a>. If possible, assembly meetings were not held on festival days, including the monthly festival days clustered at the start of each month. As a result, the meetings were bunched slightly toward the end of the month and made to dodge especially the larger festivals. </p><p>A date under this calendar might run "the 33rd day in the 3rd prytany, that of the tribe Erechtheis", the style used in Athenian state documents (surviving only as <a href="/wiki/Inscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Inscription">inscriptions</a>). Sometimes, however, a dating in terms of the festival calendar is added as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manipulation">Manipulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attic_calendar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Attic calendar was determined on the ground, month by month and year by year, in the light of immediate concerns, political or military. It was in the control of <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrates</a>, who were not <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">astronomers</a>. How heavyhanded the interference was is controversial. Some scholars believe that if a festival date fell on a day needed for an <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">assembly</a> meeting, an extra day could be inserted by simply repeating the same day name. </p><p>There is clear evidence that it was done later. In Athens in 271 BC, just before the Great <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a>, four days were inserted between Elaphebolion 9 and 10, putting the calendar on hold. Presumably, it was to gain extra rehearsal time for the festival with its performances of <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_comedy" title="Ancient Greek comedy">comedy</a>. A similar story comes from the 5th century BC but at <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>: the Argives, launching a <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> in the shadow of the holy month of Karneios when fighting was banned, decided to freeze the calendar to add some extra days of war. However, their allies rejected the rearrangement and went home.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a>' <i>Clouds</i>, a comedy from 423 BC, contains a speech whose complaint is brought from the Moon: the Athenians have been playing round with the months, "running them up and down" so that human activity and the divine order are completely out of kilter: "When you should be holding sacrifices, instead you are torturing and judging."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A situation is known to have applied in the 2nd century BC, when the festival calendar was so out of sync with the actual cycles of the moon that the <a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">lunisolar</a> date was sometimes given under two headings, one "according to the god", apparently the Moon, and the other "according to the <a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archon</a>", the festival calendar itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Feeney2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feeney2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seasonal_calendar">Seasonal calendar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attic_calendar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Seasonal calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A third calendar regulating Athenian lives was solar or seasonal. As such, it was fundamental for seasonal activities like farming and sailing. Within the broad divisions of the seasons, it relied on star risings and settings to mark more precise points in time. Star risings are the days when particular <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> or <a href="/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation">constellations</a> that have been below the <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a> during hours of darkness first appear after sunset.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Needs to be double checked, likely should be heliacal rising, which is stars that rise just before sunrise (January 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Different star risings were keyed to various farm tasks, such as when to harvest: <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> in the <i>Works and Days</i> urges the farmer to harvest when the <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a> rises (an event which elsewhere is set to mark the end of spring). Such a system was part of general Greek tradition, but fitted to local geography and conditions. Hesiod also uses the rising of <a href="/wiki/Arcturus" title="Arcturus">Arcturus</a> to mark the ending of winter and marks the start of Spring with the coming of the sparrows. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">seasons</a> were not viewed by Greeks as dividing the year into four even blocks but rather spring and autumn were shorter tail sections of the overarching seasons, summer and winter. The divisions could be formalised by using star risings or settings in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>: for instance, winter is defined in one medical text as the period between the setting of the <a href="/wiki/Pleiades" title="Pleiades">Pleiades</a> and the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The older tradition as seen in Hesiod's <i>Works and Days</i> was extended by astronomical research to the creation of star calendars known as <i><a href="/wiki/Parapegma" class="mw-redirect" title="Parapegma">parapegmas</a></i>. They were stone or wooden tablets listing a sequence of astronomical events, each with a peg hole beside it. Lines of bare peg holes were used to count the "empty days" between what were taken as the significant celestial events. Often set up in town squares (<a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agoras</a>), the tablets put the progression of the year on public display. </p><p>This system would have been fundamental to an individual's sense of the advancing year, but it barely intersected with the festival or state calendars. They were more civic in character and required managing to maintain their coherence with the year of the seasons. The seasonal and <a href="/wiki/Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">sidereal</a> calendar, on the other hand, was immune to interference so <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> could date by the rising of Arcturus without having to wade into the confusion of disconnected city-state calendars.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Heliacal_rising" title="Heliacal rising">Heliacal rising</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dating_events">Dating events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attic_calendar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dating events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern calendar, as well as regulating the immediate year, is part of a system of chronology that allows events to be dated far into the future and the past so a given date includes day, month and year. </p><p>By contrast, the Attic calendar had little interest in ordering the sequence of years. As in other Greek cities, the name of one of the yearly magistrates, at Athens known as the eponymous <a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archon</a>, was used to identify the year in relation to others. The sequence of years was matched to a list of names that could be consulted. Instead of citing a numbered year, one could locate a year in time by saying that some event occurred "when X. was archon". That allowed the years to be ordered back in time for a number of generations into the past, but there was no way of dating forward beyond ordinary human reckoning (as in expressions such as "ten years from now"). </p><p>There was, for instance, no use of a century divided into decades. A four-year cycle was important, which must have helped structure a sense of the passing years: at Athens, the festival of the <a href="/wiki/Panathenaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Panathenaia">Panathenaia</a> was celebrated on a grander scale every fourth year as the Great Panathenaia, but that was not used as the basis of a dating system. </p><p>As both narrowly local and cyclical in focus then, the calendar did not provide a means for dating events in a comprehensible way between cities. A dating system using the four-yearly <a href="/wiki/Olympiad" title="Olympiad">Olympiads</a> was devised by the Greek <a href="/wiki/Sicilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicilia">Sicilian</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(historian)" title="Timaeus (historian)">Timaeus</a> (born c. 350 BC) as a tool for historical research, but it was probably never important on a local level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attic_calendar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">ancient Greek calendars</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine calendars</a>, which succeeded them</li> <li>Attic Calendar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epistemeacademy.org/calendars/yearly_calendar.html?year1=2020&vADBC=AD&CCode=Attic&day=1">Date Converter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attic_calendar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 50em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHannah2005" class="citation book cs1">Hannah, Robert (2005). <i>Greek and Roman Calendars: Constructions of Time in the Classical World</i>. Bristol Classical Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0715633015" title="Special:BookSources/0715633015"><bdi>0715633015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+Calendars%3A+Constructions+of+Time+in+the+Classical+World&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Bristol+Classical+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0715633015&rft.aulast=Hannah&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttic+calendar" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.mein-adventskalender.de">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikalson1975" class="citation book cs1">Mikalson, Jon D. (1975). <i>Ancient Greek Religion</i>. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+Religion&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Mikalson&rft.aufirst=Jon+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttic+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, 5.54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristophanes. <i>Clouds</i>, 615–626.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feeney2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Feeney2008_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenis_Feeney2008" class="citation book cs1">Denis Feeney (1 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QqDtYEFtMIAC&pg=PA195"><i>Caesar's Calendar: Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25801-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25801-3"><bdi>978-0-520-25801-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caesar%27s+Calendar%3A+Ancient+Time+and+the+Beginnings+of+History&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25801-3&rft.au=Denis+Feeney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQqDtYEFtMIAC%26pg%3DPA195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttic+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>. <i>On the Regimen</i>, 3.68.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thucydides, 2.78.2.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attic_calendar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burkert, W. <i>Greek Religion</i>. Oxford, 1985.</li> <li>Dunn, F. M. <i>Tampering with the Calendar</i> (<i>Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik</i>), 1999, p. 123, 213–231.</li> <li>Hannah, R. <i>Greek and Roman Calendars: Constructions of Time in the Ancient World</i>. London, 2005.</li> <li>Meritt, B. D. <i>The Athenian Year</i>. Berkeley, 1961.</li> <li>Mikalson, J. D. <i>The Sacred and Civil Calendar of the Athenian Year</i>. Princeton, 1975.</li> <li>Planeaux, C.S. <i>The Athenian Year Primer: Attic Time-Reckoning and the Julian Calendar</i>. Washington D.C. 2021.</li> <li>Pritchett, W. K. and O. Neugebauer. <i>The Calendars of Athens</i>. Athens, 1947.</li> <li>Samuel, Alan E. <i>Greek and Roman Chronology</i>, Muenchen: Beck'sche, 1972</li> <li><i>Oxford Classical Dictionary</i>, 2nd edition, 1996: Calendar, Meton, Euctemon, Time reckoning, Birthday.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calendars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In wide use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In more<br />limited use</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_calendar" title="Akan calendar">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_calendar" title="Assamese calendar">Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí</a> <ul><li>Badí‘</li></ul></li> <li>Bali <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pawukon_calendar" title="Pawukon calendar">Pawukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi calendar">Bangladeshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_calendar" title="Borana calendar">Borana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthly_Branches" title="Earthly Branches">Earthly Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Stems" title="Heavenly Stems">Heavenly Stems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Germanic heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_calendar" title="Hmong calendar">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali</a> <ul><li>medieval</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish</a> <ul><li>Gaelic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasli_calendar" title="Fasli calendar">Fasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">Tabular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_calendar" title="Kurdish calendar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_Panchang" title="Tirhuta Panchang">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_calendar" title="Meitei calendar">Manipuri (Meitei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_calendar" title="Melanau calendar">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calendar" title="Mongolian calendar">Mongolian</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_Sambat" title="Yele Sambat">Yele Sambat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Nisga’a_calendar/life" title="Nisga'a">Nisg̱a'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar" title="Romanian calendar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_calendar" title="Shona calendar">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_calendar" title="Somali calendar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_calendar" title="Sotho calendar">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_months" title="Macedonian months">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_calendar" title="Thai calendar">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_calendar" title="Tripuri calendar">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_calendar" title="Tulu calendar">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calendar" title="Vietnamese calendar">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_calendar" title="Xhosa calendar">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_calendar" title="Zulu calendar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar round">Calendar round</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Christian variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar">Arabian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnalp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Tōnalpōhualli">Tōnalpōhualli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Xiuhpōhualli">Xiuhpōhualli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_calendar" title="Bulgar calendar">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_calendar" title="Cham calendar">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Culāsakaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coligny_calendar" title="Coligny calendar">Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_calendar" title="Enoch calendar">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_calendar" title="Florentine calendar">Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca calendar">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecontad_calendar" title="Pentecontad calendar">Pentecontad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisan_calendar" title="Pisan calendar">Pisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar"><i>Rumi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_calendar" title="Soviet calendar">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_renaming_of_Turkmen_months_and_days_of_week" title="2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a> <ul><li>anthropological</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a> <ul><li>historiographical</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian</a> <ul><li>Martian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamspell" title="Dreamspell">Dreamspell</a> <ul><li>New Age</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics#Pataphysical_calendar" title="'Pataphysics">'Pataphysical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Reform proposals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanke%E2%80%93Henry_Permanent_Calendar" title="Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar">Hanke–Henry Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar" title="International Fixed Calendar">International Fixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Calendar" title="Pax Calendar">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_calendar" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry454" title="Symmetry454">Symmetry454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Calendar" title="World Calendar">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Displays and<br />applications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendaring_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendaring software">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(stationery)" title="Calendar (stationery)">Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Year naming<br />and numbering</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs" title="Era of the Martyrs">Anno Martyrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Chinese Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human (Holocene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">Nirayana system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yugas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discworld_(world)#Calendar" title="Discworld (world)">Discworld</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanaess#Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanaess">Greyhawk</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth calendar">Middle-earth</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardate" title="Stardate">Stardate</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Calendars" title="Category:Calendars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attic_calendar&oldid=1243903694">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Attic_calendar&oldid=1243903694</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Obsolete_calendars" title="Category:Obsolete 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