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<span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਦਿੱਖ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa" class=""><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93&returnto=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ" class=""><span>ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8&returnto=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਣ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਪਰ ਇਹ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਵੋ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ਹੋਰ ਚੋਣਾਂ" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਨਿੱਜੀ ਸੰਦ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_pa.wikipedia.org&uselang=pa"><span>ਦਾਨ</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%93&returnto=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਸਲਾਹ ਦਿੱਤੀ ਜਾਂਦੀ ਹੈ; ਹਾਲਾਂਕਿ ਇਹ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ਖ਼ਾਤਾ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8&returnto=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਤੁਹਾਨੂੰ ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਣ ਲਈ ਪ੍ਰੇਰਿਆ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ; ਪਰ ਇਹ ਕੋਈ ਲਾਜ਼ਮੀ ਨਹੀਂ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ਦਾਖ਼ਲ ਹੋਵੋ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਬਾਹਰ ਹੋਏ ਸੰਪਾਦਕਾਂ ਲਈ ਸਫ਼ੇ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3" aria-label="ਸੰਪਾਦਨ ਬਾਰੇ ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣੋ"><span>ਹੋਰ ਜਾਣੋ</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ਯੋਗਦਾਨ</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਸ IP ਪਤੇ ਤੋਂ ਹੋਈਆਂ ਸੋਧਾਂ ਬਾਰੇ ਗੱਲਬਾਤ [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ਗੱਲ-ਬਾਤ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ਸਾਈਟ"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ਸ਼ਬਦਾਵਲੀ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਸ਼ਬਦਾਵਲੀ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>ਸ਼ਬਦਾਵਲੀ</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-ਸ਼ਬਦਾਵਲੀ-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>ਸ਼ਬਦਾਵਲੀ ਉਪਭਾਗ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ</span> </button> <ul id="toc-ਸ਼ਬਦਾਵਲੀ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ਨਿਰੁਕਤੀ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਨਿਰੁਕਤੀ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>ਨਿਰੁਕਤੀ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਨਿਰੁਕਤੀ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ਹਵਾਲੇ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ਹਵਾਲੇ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ਹਵਾਲੇ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ਹਵਾਲੇ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਦੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਦੀ ਸਾਰਣੀ ਨੂੰ ਟੌਗਲ ਕਰੋ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ਸ਼ਮਨਵਾਦ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ਕਿਸੇ ਹੋਰ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਲੇਖ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ। 96 ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਹੈ" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjamanisme" title="Sjamanisme – ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sjamanisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ਅਫ਼ਰੀਕੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شامانية – ਅਰਬੀ" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شامانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਬੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="شامانيه – ਅਰਬੀ (ਮਿਸਰੀ)" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شامانيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਬੀ (ਮਿਸਰੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamanismu" title="Xamanismu – ਅਸਤੂਰੀ" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xamanismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ਅਸਤੂਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eamanizm" title="Şamanizm – ਅਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨੀ" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şamanizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ਅਜ਼ਰਬਾਈਜਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="شامانیزم – ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਜ਼ੇਰੀ" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شامانیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਅਜ਼ੇਰੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Шаманлыҡ – ਬਸ਼ਕੀਰ" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шаманлыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="ਬਸ਼ਕੀਰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0aman%C4%97zmos" title="Šamanėzmos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Šamanėzmos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шаманізм – ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шаманізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шаманізм – ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ (ਰਵਾਇਤੀ)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Шаманізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="ਬੇਲਾਰੂਸੀ (ਰਵਾਇਤੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Шаманизъм – ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆਈ" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Шаманизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ਬੁਲਗਾਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%9D%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ওঝাবাদ – ਬੰਗਾਲੀ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওঝাবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ਬੰਗਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamanisme" title="Xamanisme – ਕੈਟਾਲਾਨ" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xamanisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ਕੈਟਾਲਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="شەمەنیزم – ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شەمەنیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਕੁਰਦਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0amanismus" title="Šamanismus – ਚੈੱਕ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šamanismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ਚੈੱਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamanaeth" title="Siamanaeth – ਵੈਲਸ਼" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siamanaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ਵੈਲਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanisme" title="Shamanisme – ਡੈਨਿਸ਼" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Shamanisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ਡੈਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schamanismus" title="Schamanismus – ਜਰਮਨ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schamanismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ਜਰਮਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σαμανισμός – ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαμανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism – ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Shamanism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Camanismo" title="Ŝamanismo – ਇਸਪੇਰਾਂਟੋ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝamanismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ਇਸਪੇਰਾਂਟੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamanismo" title="Chamanismo – ਸਪੇਨੀ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chamanismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ਸਪੇਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0amanism" title="Šamanism – ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆਈ" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šamanism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ਇਸਟੋਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamanismo" title="Xamanismo – ਬਾਸਕ" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Xamanismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="ਬਾਸਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="شمن‌باوری – ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شمن‌باوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ਫ਼ਾਰਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0amanismi" title="Šamanismi – ਫਿਨਿਸ਼" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Šamanismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="ਫਿਨਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamanisme" title="Chamanisme – ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chamanisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ਫਰਾਂਸੀਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="ਚੰਗੇ ਲੇਖ"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjamanisme" title="Sjamanisme – ਪੱਛਮੀ ਫ੍ਰਿਸੀਅਨ" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sjamanisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਫ੍ਰਿਸੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamanachas" title="Seamanachas – ਆਇਰਸ਼" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Seamanachas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ਆਇਰਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamanism" title="Chamanism – ਗੂਈਆਨੀਸ ਕਰੀਓਲ ਫਰੈਂਚ" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Chamanism" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="ਗੂਈਆਨੀਸ ਕਰੀਓਲ ਫਰੈਂਚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamanismo" title="Xamanismo – ਗੈਲਿਸ਼ਿਅਨ" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xamanismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ਗੈਲਿਸ਼ਿਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avapaje" title="Avapaje – ਗੁਆਰਾਨੀ" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Avapaje" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="ਗੁਆਰਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="שמאניזם – ਹਿਬਰੂ" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שמאניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ਹਿਬਰੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE" title="ओझा – ਹਿੰਦੀ" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओझा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ਹਿੰਦੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0amanizam" title="Šamanizam – ਸਰਬੋ-ਕ੍ਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਅਨ" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šamanizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ਸਰਬੋ-ਕ੍ਰੋਏਸ਼ੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1m%C3%A1nizmus" title="Sámánizmus – ਹੰਗਰੀਆਈ" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sámánizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ਹੰਗਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շամանություն – ਅਰਮੀਨੀਆਈ" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շամանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ਅਰਮੀਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanisme" title="Shamanisme – ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shamanisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਡੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciamanesimo" title="Sciamanesimo – ਇਤਾਲਵੀ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sciamanesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ਇਤਾਲਵੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%8A%E1%96%93%E1%92%83%E1%91%AF%E1%96%85" title="ᐊᖓᒃᑯᖅ – ਇੰਕਟੀਟੂਤ" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐊᖓᒃᑯᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="ਇੰਕਟੀਟੂਤ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="シャーマニズム – ਜਪਾਨੀ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャーマニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ਜਪਾਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="შამანიზმი – ਜਾਰਜੀਆਈ" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შამანიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ਜਾਰਜੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Бақсылық – ਕਜ਼ਾਖ਼" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бақсылық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="ਕਜ਼ਾਖ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4%EB%A8%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%A6%98" title="샤머니즘 – ਕੋਰੀਆਈ" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤머니즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ਕੋਰੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Шаманчылык – ਕਿਰਗੀਜ਼" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Шаманчылык" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="ਕਿਰਗੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanismus" title="Samanismus – ਲਾਤੀਨੀ" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Samanismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਤੀਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schamanismus" title="Schamanismus – ਲਕਜ਼ਮਬਰਗਿਸ਼" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schamanismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="ਲਕਜ਼ਮਬਰਗਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjamanisme" title="Sjamanisme – ਲਿਮਬੁਰਗੀ" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjamanisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="ਲਿਮਬੁਰਗੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0amanizmas" title="Šamanizmas – ਲਿਥੁਆਨੀਅਨ" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šamanizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ਲਿਥੁਆਨੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0amanisms" title="Šamanisms – ਲਾਤੀਵੀ" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Šamanisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ਲਾਤੀਵੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шаманизмась – ਮੋਕਸ਼ਾ" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Шаманизмась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="ਮੋਕਸ਼ਾ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samanisma" title="Samanisma – ਮਾਲਾਗੈਸੀ" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Samanisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ਮਾਲਾਗੈਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Шаманизам – ਮੈਕਡੋਨੀਆਈ" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Шаманизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ਮੈਕਡੋਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D3%A9_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B3%D3%A9%D0%BB" title="Бөө мөргөл – ਮੰਗੋਲੀ" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бөө мөргөл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="ਮੰਗੋਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepawangan" title="Kepawangan – ਮਲਯ" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kepawangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ਮਲਯ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC" title="နတ်သမားတော်ဘာသာ – ਬਰਮੀ" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နတ်သမားတော်ဘာသာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ਬਰਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="धामीझाँक्री – ਨੇਪਾਲੀ" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="धामीझाँक्री" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="ਨੇਪਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjamanisme" title="Sjamanisme – ਡੱਚ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sjamanisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ਡੱਚ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjamanisme" title="Sjamanisme – ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਨਿਓਨੌਰਸਕ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sjamanisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਨਿਓਨੌਰਸਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjamanisme" title="Sjamanisme – ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਬੋਕਮਲ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sjamanisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ਨਾਰਵੇਜਿਆਈ ਬੋਕਮਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamanisme" title="Chamanisme – ਓਕਸੀਟਾਨ" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chamanisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ਓਕਸੀਟਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0amanizmu" title="Šamanizmu – ਲਿਵੀ-ਕਾਰੇਲੀਅਨ" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Šamanizmu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="ਲਿਵੀ-ਕਾਰੇਲੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szamanizm" title="Szamanizm – ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szamanizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ਪੋਲੈਂਡੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="شمن باوري – ਪਸ਼ਤੋ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شمن باوري" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="ਪਸ਼ਤੋ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xamanismo" title="Xamanismo – ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xamanismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ਪੁਰਤਗਾਲੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paqu_yachaq" title="Paqu yachaq – ਕਕੇਸ਼ੁਆ" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Paqu yachaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="ਕਕੇਸ਼ੁਆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98amanism" title="Șamanism – ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Șamanism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ਰੋਮਾਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шаманизм – ਰੂਸੀ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шаманизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ਰੂਸੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism – ਸਕਾਟਸ" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Shamanism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="ਸਕਾਟਸ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0amanizam" title="Šamanizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Šamanizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shamanism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0amanizmus" title="Šamanizmus – ਸਲੋਵਾਕ" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šamanizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="ਸਲੋਵਾਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0amanizem" title="Šamanizem – ਸਲੋਵੇਨੀਆਈ" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šamanizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="ਸਲੋਵੇਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanizmi" title="Shamanizmi – ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆਈ" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shamanizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="ਅਲਬਾਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0amanizam" title="Šamanizam – ਸਰਬੀਆਈ" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Šamanizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="ਸਰਬੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schamanism" title="Schamanism – ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Schamanism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ਸਵੀਡਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஷாமன் மதம் – ਤਮਿਲ" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஷாமன் மதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="ਤਮਿਲ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82" title="షామానిజం – ਤੇਲਗੂ" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="షామానిజం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="ਤੇਲਗੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="เชมัน – ਥਾਈ" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เชมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ਥਾਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eamanizm" title="Şamanizm – ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨ" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Şamanizm" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="ਤੁਰਕਮੇਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanismo" title="Shamanismo – ਤਗਾਲੋਗ" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Shamanismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="ਤਗਾਲੋਗ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eamanizm" title="Şamanizm – ਤੁਰਕੀ" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şamanizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ਤੁਰਕੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Шаманлык – ਟਾਟਾਰ (ਸਿਰਿਲਿਕ ਲਿਪੀ)" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шаманлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="ਟਾਟਾਰ (ਸਿਰਿਲਿਕ ਲਿਪੀ)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Хамнаашкын – ਤੁਵੀਨੀਅਨ" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Хамнаашкын" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="ਤੁਵੀਨੀਅਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89" title="شامان دىنى – ਉਇਗੁਰ" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="شامان دىنى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ਉਇਗੁਰ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шаманізм – ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਆਈ" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шаманізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ਯੂਕਰੇਨੀਆਈ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="شمن پرستی – ਉਰਦੂ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شمن پرستی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ਉਰਦੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shomonlik" title="Shomonlik – ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shomonlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ਉਜ਼ਬੇਕ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaman_gi%C3%A1o" title="Shaman giáo – ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Shaman giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ਵੀਅਤਨਾਮੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanismo" title="Shamanismo – ਵੈਰੇ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Shamanismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ਵੈਰੇ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E6%95%99" title="萨满教 – ਚੀਨੀ ਵੂ" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨满教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਵੂ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="შამანიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შამანიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="שאמאניזם – ਯਿਦਿਸ਼" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שאמאניזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="ਯਿਦਿਸ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%BB%A1%E6%95%99" title="萨满教 – ਚੀਨੀ" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨满教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sat-bo%C3%A1n-k%C3%A0u" title="Sat-boán-kàu – ਚੀਨੀ ਮਿਨ ਨਾਨ" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sat-boán-kàu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="ਚੀਨੀ ਮਿਨ ਨਾਨ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%BB%BF%E6%95%99" title="薩滿教 – ਕੈਂਟੋਨੀਜ਼" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="薩滿教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="ਕੈਂਟੋਨੀਜ਼" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42042#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="ਅੰਤਰਭਾਸ਼ਾਈ ਕੜੀਆਂ ਸੋਧੋ" class="wbc-editpage">ਜੋੜ ਸੋਧੋ</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="ਨਾਂ-ਥਾਂ"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਸਫ਼ਾ ਵੇਖੋ [c]" accesskey="c"><span>ਸਫ਼ਾ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4:%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਬਾਰੇ ਚਰਚਾ (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>ਗੱਲਬਾਤ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਰੂਪ ਬਦਲੋ" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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accesskey="e"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6&action=history" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਪਿਛਲੇ ਦੁਹਰਾਅ [h]" accesskey="h"><span>ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਵੇਖੋ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਸੰਦ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ਸੰਦ" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ਸੰਦ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਸੰਦ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="ਹੋਰ ਚੋਣਾਂ" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਕਾਰਵਾਈਆਂ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6"><span>ਪੜ੍ਹੋ</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6&action=edit" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਸਰੋਤ ਦਾ ਕੋਡ ਸੋਧੋ [e]" accesskey="e"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6&action=history"><span>ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਵੇਖੋ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਆਮ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%8B%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%87_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%A8/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ ਦੇ ਸਾਰੇ ਸਫ਼ਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਸੂਚੀ, ਜੋ ਇੱਥੇ ਜੋੜਦੇ ਹਨ [j]" accesskey="j"><span>ਇੱਥੇ ਕੀ ਆ ਕੇ ਜੁੜਦਾ ਹੈ</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" rel="nofollow" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਤੋਂ ਜੋੜੇ ਗਏ ਸਫ਼ਿਆਂ ਵਿਚ ਹਾਲੀਆ ਤਬਦੀਲੀਆਂ [k]" accesskey="k"><span>ਸਬੰਧਤ ਤਬਦੀਲੀਆਂ</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%87" title="ਸਾਰੇ ਖ਼ਾਸ ਸਫ਼ਿਆਂ ਦੀ ਲਿਸਟ [q]" accesskey="q"><span>ਖ਼ਾਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6&oldid=764230" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਇਸ ਸੋਧ ਲਈ ਸਥਾਈ ਕੜੀ"><span>ਪੱਕੀ ਕੜੀਆਂ</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>ਸਫ਼ਾ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:CiteThisPage&page=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6&id=764230&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦਾ ਹਵਾਲੇ ਦੇਣ ਸਬੰਧੀ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ"><span>ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦਾ ਹਵਾਲਾ ਦਿਉ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BC%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25A8%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25A6"><span>ਛੋਟਾ ਯੂਆਰਐੱਲ ਪ੍ਰਾਪਤ ਕਰੋ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BC%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25A8%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25A6"><span>QR ਕੋਡ ਡਾਊਨਲੋਡ ਕਰੋ</span></a></li><li id="t-shorturl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/s/22zt" title="ਸਾਂਝਾ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਇਸ ਛੋਟੀ ਕੜੀ ਦੀ ਨਕਲ ਕਰੋ"><span>ਛੋਟਾ ਯੂਆਰਐੱਲ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਛਾਪੋ / ਬਰਾਮਦ ਕਰੋ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6"><span>ਇੱਕ ਕਿਤਾਬ ਬਣਾਓ</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6&action=show-download-screen"><span>PDF ਵਜੋਂ ਡਾਊਨਲੋਡ ਕਰੋ</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6&printable=yes" title="ਇਸ ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦਾ ਛਪਣਯੋਗ ਰੂਪ [p]" accesskey="p"><span>ਛਪਣਯੋਗ ਸੰਸਕਰਣ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ਹੋਰ ਪ੍ਰਾਜੈਕਟਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Shaman" hreflang="en"><span>ਵਿਕੀਮੀਡੀਆ ਕਾਮਨਜ਼</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42042" title="ਡਾਟਾ ਭੰਡਾਰ ਦੀ ਸਮੱਗਰੀ ਨਾਲ ਕੜੀ ਜੋੜੋ [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ਵਿਕੀਡਾਟਾ ਆਈਟਮ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ਸਫ਼ੇ ਦੇ ਸੰਦ"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ਦਿੱਖ"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ਦਿੱਖ</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ਸਾਈਡਬਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਜਾਓ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ਲੁਕਾਓ</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ, ਇੱਕ ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਵਿਸ਼ਵਕੋਸ਼ ਤੋਂ</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pa" dir="ltr"><p><b>ਸ਼ਮਨਵਾਦ</b> ਜਾਂ <b>ਸ਼ਾਮਨਵਾਦ</b> ਇੱਕ ਅਕੀਦਾ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਅਭਿਆਸੀ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਚੇਤਨਾ ਦੀਆਂ ਬਦਲੀਆਂ ਅਵਸਥਾਵਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਹੁੰਚ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ ਤਾਂ ਜੋ ਉਹ ਆਤਮਕ ਆਪਣੇ ਅਕੀਦੇ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਰੂਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਨੂੰ ਦੇਖ ਸਕਣ ਅਤੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਗੱਲਬਾਤ ਕਰਨ ਦੇ ਯੋਗ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਪਾਰਦਰਸ਼ੀ ਊਰਜਾਵਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਕਬਜ਼ੇ ਵਿੱਚ ਕਰ ਕੇ ਇਸ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਵਿੱਚ ਕੰਮ ਲੈਂਦਾ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ਅਕੀਦਿਆਂ ਅਤੇ ਅਭਿਆਸਾਂ ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੂੰ "ਸ਼ਮਨਿਕ" ਸ਼੍ਰੇਣੀਬੱਧ ਕੀਤਾ ਗਿਆ ਹੈ, ਨੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਵਿਭਿੰਨ ਵਿਸ਼ਿਆਂ ਦੇ ਵਿਦਵਾਨਾਂ ਨੂੰ ਖਿੱਚਿਆ ਹੈ, ਜਿਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਮਾਨਵ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ, ਪੁਰਾਤੱਤਵ-ਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ, ਇਤਿਹਾਸਕਾਰ, ਧਾਰਮਿਕ-ਅਧਿਐਨ ਵਿਦਵਾਨ, ਦਾਰਸ਼ਨਿਕ ਅਤੇ ਮਨੋਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਹਨ। ਇਸ ਵਿਸ਼ੇ 'ਤੇ ਸੈਂਕੜੇ ਕਿਤਾਬਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਅਕਾਦਮਿਕ ਪੇਪਰ ਤਿਆਰ ਕੀਤੇ ਗਏ ਹਨ, ਇੱਕ ਹਾਣੀ-ਰੀਵਿਊ-ਸ਼ੁਦਾ ਅਕਾਦਮਿਕ ਰਸਾਲਾ ਸ਼ਮਨਵਾਦ ਦੇ ਅਧਿਐਨ ਲਈ ਸਮਰਪਿਤ ਹੈ। ਵੀਹਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਵਿਚ, ਟੱਕਰਾਵੇਂ-ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰਕ ਅੰਦੋਲਨਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਸ਼ਾਮਲ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਪੱਛਮੀ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨੇ ਆਧੁਨਿਕ ਜਾਦੂ-ਧਾਰਮਿਕ ਅਭਿਆਸਾਂ ਦੀ ਸਿਰਜਣਾ ਕੀਤੀ ਹੈ ਅਤੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਨੇ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਭਰ ਤੋਂ ਮੂਲਵਾਸੀ ਧਰਮਾਂ ਦੇ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦੇ ਵਿਚਾਰਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵਤ ਹੋ ਕੇ ਅਜਿਹੀ ਸਥਿਤੀ ਪੈਦਾ ਕੀਤੀ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਨੂੰ <i>ਨਵ-ਸ਼ਮਨਵਾਦ</i> ਜਾਂ ਨਵ-ਸ਼ਮਨਵਾਦੀ ਲਹਿਰ ਕਿਹਾ ਜਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਇਸਨੇ ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੀਆਂ ਨਵ-ਪੈਗਨ ਅਭਿਆਸਾਂ ਦੇ ਵਿਕਾਸ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵਤ ਕੀਤਾ ਹੈ, ਅਤੇ ਨਾਲ ਹੀ ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰਕ ਨਿਰਧਾਰਨ, ਸ਼ੋਸ਼ਣ ਅਤੇ ਗ਼ਲਤ ਜਾਣਕਾਰੀ ਦੇਣ ਦੇ ਦੋਸ਼ਾਂ ਦਾ ਸਾਹਮਣਾ ਕਰਨਾ ਪਿਆ ਹੈ,<sup id="cite_ref-Waveland_Press_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waveland_Press-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਜਦੋਂ ਬਾਹਰਲੇ ਨਿਰੀਖਕਾਂ ਨੇ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰਾਂ ਦੀ ਪ੍ਰਤੀਨਿਧਤਾ ਕਰਨ ਦੀ ਕੋਸ਼ਿਸ਼ ਕੀਤੀ ਹੈ ਜਿਸ ਨਾਲ ਉਹ ਸਬੰਧਤ ਨਹੀਂ ਹਨ।<sup id="cite_ref-Wernitznig2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernitznig2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hobson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hobson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਸ਼ਬਦਾਵਲੀ"><span id=".E0.A8.B8.E0.A8.BC.E0.A8.AC.E0.A8.A6.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B5.E0.A8.B2.E0.A9.80"></span>ਸ਼ਬਦਾਵਲੀ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਸ਼ਬਦਾਵਲੀ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ਨਿਰੁਕਤੀ"><span id=".E0.A8.A8.E0.A8.BF.E0.A8.B0.E0.A9.81.E0.A8.95.E0.A8.A4.E0.A9.80"></span>ਨਿਰੁਕਤੀ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਨਿਰੁਕਤੀ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0:Witsen%27s_Shaman.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Witsen%27s_Shaman.JPG/220px-Witsen%27s_Shaman.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Witsen%27s_Shaman.JPG/330px-Witsen%27s_Shaman.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Witsen%27s_Shaman.JPG/440px-Witsen%27s_Shaman.JPG 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption> ਡੱਚ ਨਿਕੋਲੇਸ ਵਿਟਸੇਨ ਦੁਆਰਾ 17 ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਵਿਚ, ਇੱਕ ਸਾਈਬੇਰੀਅਨ ਸ਼ਮਨ ਦਾ ਸਭ ਤੋਂ ਮੁਢਲਾ ਜਾਣਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਚਿੱਤਰਨ। ਵਿਟਸੇਨ ਨੇ ਉਸਨੂੰ "ਸ਼ੈਤਾਨ ਦਾ ਪੁਜਾਰੀ" ਆਖਿਆ ਅਤੇ ਸ਼ੈਤਾਨੀ ਗੁਣਾਂ ਦਾ ਧਾਰਨੀ ਵਿਖਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਨਹੁੰਦਰਾਂ ਵਾਲੇ ਪੰਜੇ ਉਲੀਕ ਦਿੱਤੇ।<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>ਸ਼ਬਦ <i>ਸ਼ਮਨਵਾਦ</i> ਦਾ ਮੂਲ ਸ਼ਾਇਦ <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਤੁੰਗੁਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ">ਮਾਂਚੂ-</a><a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਤੁੰਗੁਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ">ਤੁੰਗੁਸੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ</a> ਦੇ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਸ਼ਮਨ, ਮਤਲਬ, "ਜਿਹੜਾ ਜਾਣਦਾ ਹੈ" ਤੋਂ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਸ਼ਬਦ <i>ਸ਼ਮਨ</i> ਏਵੇਂਕੀ ਸ਼ਬਦ <i>ਸ਼ਮਾਨ, ਤੋਂ</i> ਵੀ ਉਪਜਿਆ ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਤੁੰਗੁਜ਼ਿਕ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਨੂੰ ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿੱਚ ਰੂਸ ਨੇ ਸਾਈਬੇਰੀਆ ਵਿੱਚ ਮੂਲ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਗੱਲਬਾਤ ਕਰਦਿਆਂ ਅਪਣਾਇਆ ਗਿਆ। ਇਹ ਜਲਾਵਤਨ ਰੂਸੀ ਚਰਚਮੈਨ ਅਵਵਾਕੁਮ ਦੀਆਂ ਯਾਦਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਪਾਇਆ ਮਿਲਦਾ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ਇਸ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਨੂੰ ਡੱਚ ਯਾਤਰੀ, ਨਿਕੋਲਸ ਵਿਟਸੇਨ ਅਖ਼ੀਰ 17 ਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਪੱਛਮੀ ਯੂਰਪ ਲਿਆਇਆ ਸੀ, ਜਿਸ ਨੇ ਤੁੰਗੁਜ਼ਿਕ - ਅਤੇ Samoyedic - ਬੋਲਣ ਵਾਲੇ ਸਾਇਬੇਰੀਆ ਦੇ ਆਦਿਵਾਸੀ ਲੋਕਾਂ ਦਾ ਜ਼ਿਕਰ ਆਪਣੀ ਕਿਤਾਬ <i>Noord en Oost Tataryen</i> (1692) ਵਿੱਚ ਕੀਤਾ ਹੈ।<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ਐਡਮ ਬ੍ਰਾਂਡ, ਲਬੇਕ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਵਪਾਰੀ ਸੀ, ਜਿਸਨੇ 1698 ਵਿੱਚ ਚੀਨ ਵਿੱਚ ਇੱਕ ਰੂਸੀ ਦੂਤਘਰ ਬਾਰੇ ਆਪਣਾ ਬਿਰਤਾਂਤ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ਿਤ ਕੀਤਾ ਸੀ; ਉਸੇ ਸਾਲ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ਤ ਹੋਈ ਉਸ ਦੀ ਪੁਸਤਕ ਦੇ ਅਨੁਵਾਦ ਨੇ ਅੰਗਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਬੋਲਣ ਵਾਲਿਆਂ ਦੀ <i>ਸ਼ਮਨ</i> ਸ਼ਬਦ ਨਾਲ ਵਾਕਫੀਅਤ ਕਰਵਾਈ ਸੀ।<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ਹਵਾਲੇ"><span id=".E0.A8.B9.E0.A8.B5.E0.A8.BE.E0.A8.B2.E0.A9.87"></span>ਹਵਾਲੇ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="ਭਾਗ ਸੋਧ: ਹਵਾਲੇ"><span>ਸੋਧੋ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r636460">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r765793">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSingh2017" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Manvir (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318255042">"The cultural evolution of shamanism"</a>. <i>Behavioral and Brain Sciences</i>. <b>41</b>: e66: 1–61. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0140525X17001893">10.1017/S0140525X17001893</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (identifier) (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28679454">28679454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+and+Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+cultural+evolution+of+shamanism&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=e66%3A+1-61&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0140525X17001893&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28679454&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Manvir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F318255042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFGredig2009" class="citation book cs1">Gredig, Florian (2009). <i>Finding New Cosmologies</i>. Berlin: Lit Verlag Dr. W. Hopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+New+Cosmologies&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Lit+Verlag+Dr.+W.+Hopf&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Gredig&rft.aufirst=Florian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waveland_Press-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Waveland_Press_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFKehoe2000" class="citation book cs1">Kehoe, Alice Beck (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shamansreligiona0000keho"><i>Shamans and religion: an anthropological exploration in critical thinking</i></a>. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8:%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A4/978-1-57766-162-7" title="ਖ਼ਾਸ:ਕਿਤਾਬ ਸਰੋਤ/978-1-57766-162-7"><bdi>978-1-57766-162-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shamans+and+religion%3A+an+anthropological+exploration+in+critical+thinking&rft.place=Prospect+Heights%2C+Ill.&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-57766-162-7&rft.aulast=Kehoe&rft.aufirst=Alice+Beck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshamansreligiona0000keho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wernitznig2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wernitznig2_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wernitznig, Dagmar, <i>Europe's Indians, Indians in Europe: European Perceptions and Appropriations of Native American Cultures from Pocahontas to the Present</i>. University Press of America, 2007: p.132. "What happens further in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plastic_Shaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plastic Shaman (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Plastic Shaman</a>'s [fictitious] story is highly irritating from a perspective of cultural hegemony. The Injun elder does not only willingly share their spirituality with the white intruder but, in fact, must come to the conclusion that this intruder is as good an Indian as they are themselves. Regarding Indian spirituality, the Plastic Shaman even out-Indians the actual ones. The messianic element, which Plastic Shamanism financially draws on, is installed in the Yoda-like elder themselves. They are the ones – while melodramatically parting from their spiritual offshoot – who urge the Plastic Shaman to share their gift with the rest of the world. Thus Plastic Shamans wipe their hands clean of any megalomaniac or missionizing undertones. Licensed by the authority of an Indian elder, they now have every right to spread their wisdom, and if they make (quite more than) a buck with it, then so be it. The neocolonial ideology attached to this scenario leaves less room for cynicism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobson-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hobson_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Hobson, "The Rise of the White Shaman as a New Version of Cultural Imperialism." in: Hobson, Gary, ed. <i>The Remembered Earth</i>. Albuquerque, NM: Red Earth Press; 1978: 100–08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shamanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamanism (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Hutton 2001</a>. p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r765793"><cite id="CITEREFRonald2011" class="citation book cs1">Ronald, Hutton (2011). <i>Shamans: Siberian Spirituality and the Western Imagination</i>. TPB. <a href="/w/index.php?title=OCLC_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OCLC (identifier) (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/940167815">940167815</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shamans%3A+Siberian+Spirituality+and+the+Western+Imagination&rft.pub=TPB&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F940167815&rft.aulast=Ronald&rft.aufirst=Hutton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpa.wikipedia.org%3A%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Juha Janhunan, Siberian shamanistic terminology, <i>Memoires de la Societe finno-ougrienne</i> 1986, 194:97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Written before 1676, first printed in 1861; see <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shamanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamanism (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Hutton 2001</a>. p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shamanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shamanism (ਸਫ਼ਾ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ)">Hutton 2001</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Brand, <i>Driejaarige Reize naar China</i>, Amsterdam 1698; transl. <i>A Journal of an Ambassy</i>, London 1698; see Laufer B., "Origin of the Word Shaman," <i>American Anthropologist,</i> 19 (1917): 361–71 and Bremmer J., "Travelling souls? Greek shamanism reconsidered", in Bremmer J.N. (ed.), <i>The Rise and Fall of the Afterlife,</i> London: Routledge, 2002, pp. 7–40. 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