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data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croates_blancs" title="Croates blancs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Croates blancs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijeli_Hrvati" title="Bijeli Hrvati – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bijeli Hrvati" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croati_bianchi" title="Croati bianchi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Croati bianchi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Early Slavic tribe and ethnic group</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg/220px-East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg/330px-East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg/440px-East_Slavic_tribes_peoples_8th_9th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="767" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>European territory inhabited by <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> circa 700–850 AD.</figcaption></figure> The White Croats (<a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: Bijeli Hrvati; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Biali Chorwaci; <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: Bieli Chorváti; <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Білі хорвати, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: Bili khorvaty), also known simply as Croats, were a group of <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavic</a> tribes that lived between <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic</a> tribes in the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> north of the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a> and Southeastern-Southern <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>), and in Northeastern <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. Debates continue over the origin of the Croats and related topics. Their ethnonym is usually considered to be of Iranian origin, and historians regard them one of the oldest Slavic tribes or tribal alliances that formed prior to the 6th century CE. They were an East Slavic tribe, but bordered both East Slavic groups (<a href="/wiki/Dulebes" title="Dulebes">Dulebes</a> and their related <a href="/wiki/Buzhans" title="Buzhans">Buzhans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volhynians" title="Volhynians">Volhynians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tivertsi" title="Tivertsi">Tivertsi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ulichs" title="Ulichs">Ulichs</a>) in Western Ukraine; and West Slavic tribes (<a href="/wiki/Lendians" title="Lendians">Lendians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vistulans" title="Vistulans">Vistulans</a>) in southeastern Poland, controlling an important trade route from East to Central Europe. Archaeologically the Croats were mostly related to the <a href="/wiki/Korchak_culture" title="Korchak culture">Korchak</a> and Luka-Raikovets cultures identified with the <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a> (while their connection to the <a href="/wiki/Antes_people" title="Antes people">Antes</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Penkovka_culture" title="Penkovka culture">Penkovka culture</a> remains a matter of dispute). Their area is characterized by use of stone defenses, tiled tombs (and <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgan</a>-like tombs), stone ovens, and many large, fortified settlements and cult buildings. They practiced <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a>. Foreign medieval authors documented the Croats in historical sources and legends, and had their own <a href="/wiki/Origo_gentis" title="Origo gentis">origo gentis</a>. In the late-6th and early-7th centuries, some of the Croats migrated from their homeland, <a href="/wiki/White_Croatia" title="White Croatia">White or Great Croatia</a> in the Carpathians, to the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>), becoming ancestors of the modern <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>. They probably were among the Slavs who with the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a> plundered the Roman provinces, but when settled they revolted against the Avars and soon started accepting Christianity during the time of <a href="/wiki/Porga_of_Croatia" title="Porga of Croatia">Porga</a> (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7th century), the first known <a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">archon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Croatia" title="Duchy of Croatia">Duchy of Croatia</a>. Other Croats who stayed in their Carpathian homeland continued to practise paganism and formed a tribal proto-state with the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>-like <a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">gords</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plisnesk" class="mw-redirect" title="Plisnesk">Plisnesk</a>, Stilsko, Revno, <a href="/wiki/Halych" title="Halych">Halych</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terebovlia" title="Terebovlia">Terebovlia</a> (among other) in Western Ukraine, which lasted until the very end of the 10th century. They were pressured and influenced by more centralized polities: <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Poland">Duchy of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a>. After their defeat by Kievan Rus', on their territory were organized East Slavic principalities of <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Peremyshl" title="Principality of Peremyshl">Peremyshl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Terebovlia" title="Principality of Terebovlia">Terebovlia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zvenyhorod_Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Zvenyhorod Principality">Zvenyhorod</a> and finally the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halych" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Halych">Principality of Halych</a>. According to some modern sources, the ethnic name of White Croats was possibly preserved in parts of Western Ukraine and Southern Poland until the 19th and early-20th centuries. Historians see the northern White Croats as having become assimilated into the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a> nationalities, and as having been precursors of the <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Croats&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Croats_and_Croatia" title="Names of the Croats and Croatia">Names of the Croats and Croatia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horovathos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Horovathos.jpg/220px-Horovathos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Horovathos.jpg/330px-Horovathos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Horovathos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tanais_Tablets" title="Tanais Tablets">Tanais Tablets</a> B containing the name Χοροάθος (Horoáthos).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolemaic_map_Scythia_1598.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ptolemaic_map_Scythia_1598.jpg/220px-Ptolemaic_map_Scythia_1598.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ptolemaic_map_Scythia_1598.jpg/330px-Ptolemaic_map_Scythia_1598.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Ptolemaic_map_Scythia_1598.jpg/440px-Ptolemaic_map_Scythia_1598.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy%27s_world_map" title="Ptolemy's world map">Ptolemaic map</a> of <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a>, 1598. The Horinei are mentioned below <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>.</figcaption></figure> It is generally believed that the <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Croatia">Croatian ethnonym</a> – Hrvat, Horvat and Harvat – etymologically is not of Slavic origin, but a borrowing from <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak199095-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roncevic93-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Charvát2010-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013115,_168,_444-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201898-6">[6]</a> According to the most plausible theory by <a href="/wiki/Max_Vasmer" title="Max Vasmer">Max Vasmer</a>, it derives from *(fšu-)haurvatā- (cattle guardian),<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arumaa1976-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trunte1990-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201286–100,_129-11">[11]</a> more correctly <a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Proto-Ossetian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages#Alanian" title="Scythian languages">Alanian</a> *xurvæt- or *xurvāt-, in the meaning of "one who guards" ("guardian, protector").<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> It is considered that the ethnonym is first attested in anthroponyms Horoúathos, Horoáthos, and Horóathos on the two <a href="/wiki/Tanais_Tablets" title="Tanais Tablets">Tanais Tablets</a>, found in the Greek colony of <a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a> at the shores of <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> in the late 2nd and early 3rd century AD, at the time when the colony was surrounded by Iranian speaking <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeršakNikšić2007262-13">[13]</a> However, acceptance of any non-Slavic etymology is problematic because it implies an ethnogenesis relationship with the specific ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200425-14">[14]</a> There is no mention of an Iranian tribe named as Horoat in the historical sources, but it was not uncommon for Slavic tribes to get their tribal names from anthroponyms of their forefathers and chiefs of the tribe, like in the case of <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dulebes" title="Dulebes">Dulebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radimichs" title="Radimichs">Radimichs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vyatichi" title="Vyatichi">Vyatichi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200436–37,_40–43-15">[15]</a> Any mention of the Croats before the 9th century is uncertain, and there were several loose attempts at tracing; Struhates, Auhates, and <a href="/wiki/Krobyzoi" title="Krobyzoi">Krobyzoi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarčinko2000318–319,_433-16">[16]</a> Horites by <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a> in 418 AD,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarčinko2000318–319,_433-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990127-17">[17]</a> and the Harus (original form Hrws,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanylenko20041–32-18">[18]</a> some read Hrwts;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠkegro200513-19">[19]</a> Hros, Hrus) at the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>, near the mythical <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200688,_91–92-20">[20]</a> mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Rhetor" title="Zacharias Rhetor">Zacharias Rhetor</a> in 550 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarčinko2000318–319,_433-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanylenko20041–32-18">[18]</a> The Hros some relate to the <a href="/wiki/Rus_(name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus (name)">ethnonym</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanylenko20041–32-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200687–95-21">[21]</a> The distribution of the Croatian ethnonym in the form of toponyms in later centuries is considered to be hardly accidental because it is related with Slavic migrations to <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="South Europe">South Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200414-22">[22]</a> The epithet "white" for the Croats and their homeland is usually related to the use of colors for <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction#Northern_Eurasia" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal directions</a> among Eurasian people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201223–24,_37–41-23">[23]</a> That is, it meant "Western Croats",<a href="#cite_note-Charvát2010-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov2012167-24">[24]</a> or "Northern Croats",<a href="#cite_note-Niederle2015-25">[25]</a> in comparison to Eastern Carpathian lands where they lived before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEОвчинніков2000153-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuchynko2015139–140-27">[27]</a> The epithet "great" (megali) probably was not just an association with size as could signify an "old, ancient" or "former" homeland,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković201284–88-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201224,_42–47-29">[29]</a> for the White Croats and Croats when they were new arrivals in the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEОвчинніков2000153-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990122–125-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200627-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013146,_262-32">[32]</a> In semantical comparison, as the color "white" besides the meaning "Western" of something/someone could also mean "younger" (later also associated with "unbaptized"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201229-33">[33]</a>), the association with "great" is contradictory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201225–26-34">[34]</a> The ethnonym with the epithet was also questioned lexically and grammatically by linguists like <a href="/wiki/Petar_Skok" title="Petar Skok">Petar Skok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Rospond" title="Stanisław Rospond">Stanisław Rospond</a>, Jerzy Nalepa and Heinrich Kunstmann, who argued that the Byzantines did not differentiate Slavic "bělъ-" (white) from "velъ-" (big, great), and because of common Greek <a href="/wiki/Betacism" title="Betacism">betacism</a>, the "Belohrobatoi" should be read as "Velohrobatoi" ("Velohrovatoi"; "Great/Old Croats" not "White Croats").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201226–28-35">[35]</a> The possible confusion could have happened if the original Slavic form "velo-" was transcribed to Greek alphabet and then erroneously translated, but such a conclusion is not always accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201228-36">[36]</a> Although the early medieval Croatian tribes in the scholarship are often called as White Croats, there's a scholarly dispute whether it is a correct term as some scholars differentiate the tribes according to separate regions and that the term implies only the medieval Croats who lived in Central Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi198348–50-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-EUHKhorvaty-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Croats&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Croats" title="Origin hypotheses of the Croats">Origin hypotheses of the Croats</a></div> Some scholars etymologically, and archaeologically due to burial mounds, drew parallels between Carpathian Croats and Slavs with the <a href="/wiki/Carpi_(people)" title="Carpi (people)">Carpi</a>, who previously lived in the territory of Carpathian Mountains,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006115–116-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006a37-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201287–89-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuchynko2015140-44">[44]</a> but such theory was never taken seriously.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFylypchuk2015a13-45">[45]</a> Another more common theorization is related to the first Iranian tribes who lived on the shores of the Sea of Azov, <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, who arrived there c. 7th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990100–101-46">[46]</a> Around the 6th century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> began their migration westwards, gradually subordinating the Scythians by the 2nd-century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990101–102-47">[47]</a> During this period there was substantial cultural and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_borrowings#Slavic_and_Iranian" title="Proto-Slavic borrowings">linguistic</a> contact between the <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990102-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200642–54-49">[49]</a> and in this environment were formed the <a href="/wiki/Antes_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antes (people)">Antes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013115,_168-50">[50]</a> Antes were Slavic people who lived in that area and to the West between <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a> from the 4th until the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990110-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200684-52">[52]</a> Some think that the Croats were part of the Antes tribal polity who migrated to <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> in the 3rd–4th century, under pressure by invading <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990115–116-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200684–87-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013444,_451,_501,_516-55">[55]</a> Others related them to the early <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a> or saw them as a mixture of both Antes and Sclaveni.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201285–86,_168-56">[56]</a> Some argue that they lived in the Carpathians until the Antes were attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a> in 560, and the polity was finally destroyed in 602 by the same Avars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKošćak1995111-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006141-58">[58]</a> The early Croats' migration to <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>, with Pannonian Avars in the 6th century or during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (610–641), some see as a possible continuation of the previous conflict and contacts between the Antes and Avars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeršakNikšić2007263-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006141-58">[58]</a> In a similar fashion, regardless of Iranian or Slavic etymology of their name, <a href="/wiki/Henryk_%C5%81owmia%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Łowmiański">Henryk Łowmiański</a> argued that the tribe was formed by the end of the 3rd and not later than the 5th century in <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200442–43-60">[60]</a> during the peak of the Huns and their leader <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a>, but such localization is historiographically and archaeologically unproven and could only have been in <a href="/wiki/Prykarpattia" title="Prykarpattia">Prykarpattia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov2012155–157,_180-61">[61]</a> They probably formed around late 4th and first half of the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov2012165-62">[62]</a> It is considered that they probably were one of oldest and largest Slavic tribal formations until 6th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimoshchuk1995b165–174-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolovko201886-64">[64]</a> Some argue that the large Proto-Slavic tribe or tribal alliance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200414-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013168,_444,_451,_501,_516-65">[65]</a> separated somewhere between 7th and 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201250,_58–59,_155–157,_163,_180-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tadeusz51-67">[67]</a> The activity of the Avars is argued to have resulted with assumed breaking of the tribal group into Carpathian (Prykarpattia and <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia</a> in Western Ukraine), Western or White (the Upper <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> river in <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov_Region" title="Prešov Region">Prešov Region</a> in Eastern Slovakia, and Northeastern <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>), and Southern (in the Balkans).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013168,_444,_451-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuchynko2015142-69">[69]</a> It is considered that the Croatian tribes from Prykarpattia and Zakarpattia in Ukraine were related to the Croatian tribes from Poland-Bohemia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013168,_444,_451-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201893-70">[70]</a> However, the same ethnic name does not necessarily mean all the tribes had the same ancestry, as well the dating and supposed existence, separation and location of different tribal groups is a matter of much debate due to lack of evidence, historical sources and their interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200412,_23,_47,_58,_68-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201248–63,_171-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201893–94-73">[73]</a> There is a dispute among Slavic scholars as to whether the Croats were of Irani-<a href="/wiki/Alans" title="Alans">Alanic</a>, East Slavic, or West Slavic origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi198349-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20024-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.199153,_56-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201258-77">[77]</a> Whether the early Croats were Slavs who had taken a name of Iranian origin, or whether they were ruled by a Sarmatian elite and were Slavicized Sarmatians, cannot be resolved, but is considered that they arrived as Slavic people when entered the Balkans. The possibility of Irani-Sarmatian elements among, or influences upon, early Croatian ethnogenesis cannot be entirely excluded,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzino2010113,_21-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roncevic93-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990305–306-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠkegro200512-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris199315-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-LangstonPeti-Stantic2014-82">[82]</a> but most probably was negligible by the Early Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-Goldstein93-83">[83]</a> The dispute on affiliation with West and East Slavs is also disputed on linguistic grounds because the Croats are linguistically closer to East Slavs.<a href="#cite_note-Tadeusz51-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik196295-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański20048–9,_11,_13–14,_22-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201260–63,_80-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoitovych201047–48-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Croats&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/White_Croatia" title="White Croatia">White Croatia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Croats&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Croatian_ethnonym_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Distribution_of_Croatian_ethnonym_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg/220px-Distribution_of_Croatian_ethnonym_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Distribution_of_Croatian_ethnonym_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg/330px-Distribution_of_Croatian_ethnonym_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Distribution_of_Croatian_ethnonym_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg/440px-Distribution_of_Croatian_ethnonym_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>The range of Slavic ceramics of the <a href="/wiki/Penkovka_culture" title="Penkovka culture">Prague-Penkovka culture</a> marked in black, all known ethnonyms of Croats are within this area. Presumable migration routes of Croats are indicated by arrows, per V.V. Sedov (1979).</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nestor_the_Chronicler" title="Nestor the Chronicler">Nestor the Chronicler</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a> (12th century), which information and convoluted viewpoint were often compiled and influenced by use of various sources of different origin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201231–35-88">[88]</a> mentions the White Croats, calling them Horvate Belii or Hrovate Belii, the name depending upon which manuscript of his is referred to: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"Over a long period the Slavs settled beside the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, where the Hungarian and Bulgarian lands now lie. From among these Slavs, parties scattered throughout the country and were known by appropriate names, according to the places where they settled. Thus some came and settled by the river <a href="/wiki/Morava_(river)" title="Morava (river)">Morava</a>, and were named <a href="/wiki/Moravians_(tribe)" title="Moravians (tribe)">Moravians</a>, while others were called <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>. Among these same Slavs are included the White Croats, the Serbs, and the <a href="/wiki/Carantanians" title="Carantanians">Carinthians</a>. For when the Vlakhs (Romans) attacked the Danubian Slavs, settled among them, and did them violence, the latter came and made their homes by the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>, and were then called <a href="/wiki/Lendians" title="Lendians">Lyakhs</a>. Of these same Lyakhs some were called <a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Polyanians</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici">Lutichians</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Mazovians</a>, and still others <a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(Slavic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)">Pomorians</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor195353-89">[89]</a></blockquote> Most what is known about the early history of White Croats comes from the work by the Byzantine emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a> (10th century).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990116–117-90">[90]</a> In the 30th chapter, "The Story of the Province of Dalmatia" Constantine wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Croats at that time were dwelling beyond <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bagibareia</a>, where the Belocroats are now. From them split off a family, namely of five brothers, Kloukas and Lobelos and Kosentzis and Mouchlo and Chrobatos, and two sisters, Touga and Bouga, who came with their folk to Dalmatia and found this land under the rule of the Avars. After they had fought one another for some years, the Croats prevailed and killed some of the Avars and the remainder they compelled to be subject to them... The rest of the Croats stayed over near Francia, and are now called the Belocroats, that is, the White Croats, and have their own archon; they are subject to <a href="/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto</a>, the great king of Francia, which is also Saxony, and are unbaptized, and intermarry and are friendly with the Turks. From the Croats who came to Dalmatia, a part split off and took rule of <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Illyricum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>. They too had an independent archon, who would maintain friendly contact, though through envoys only, with the archon of Croatia... From that time they remained independent and autonomous, and they requested holy baptism from Rome, and bishops were sent and baptized them in the time of their Archon <a href="/wiki/Porga_of_Croatia" title="Porga of Croatia">Porinos</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković2012111–122-91">[91]</a></blockquote> In the previous 13th chapter which described the Hungarian neighbors Franks to the West, Pechenegs to the North, and <a href="/wiki/Moravians_(tribe)" title="Moravians (tribe)">Moravians</a> to the South, it is also mentioned that "on the other side of the mountains, the Croats are neighboring the Turks", however as are mentioned Pechenegs to the North while in the 10th century the Croats are mentioned as the Southern neighbors of the Hungarians, the account is of uncertain meaning,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200471–72-92">[92]</a> but most probably referring to Croats living "on the other side" of <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201270–73-93">[93]</a> It is considered that the described 7th century homeland and migration's starting point is anachronistic based on partly available information about contemporary 10th century White Croats,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak1995141–143,_147-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013450–451-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201248,_54,_58,_61–63-96">[96]</a> and the 6-7th century existence and location of White Croats and Croatia to the West of the Eastern Carpathians or Carpathian Mountains was never proved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200412–13,_99-97">[97]</a> It is considered that Constantine VII was referring to the 10th century <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a> which controlled parts of Southern Poland and Western Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200415,_82,_84-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013450–451-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković201289,_111,_113,_120-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201221-100">[100]</a> From the 30th chapter can be observed that the Croats lived "beyond Bavaria" in the sense East of it, in Bohemia and Lesser Poland, because the original source of information was of Western Roman origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200475-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković2012111–113-102">[102]</a> White Croatia in the 7th century could not border Francia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković2012120-103">[103]</a> and Frankish sources do not mention and know anything about the Croats implying they must have lived much further to the East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200458-104">[104]</a> They could have been the neighbors of the Franks as early as 846 or 869 when Duchy of Bohemia was under the control of Eastern Francia. Otto I ruled the Moravians only from 950, and the White Croats were also part of the Moravian state, at least from 929.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković2012120-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Gy%C3%B6rffy" title="György Györffy">György Györffy</a> argued that the White Croats were allies of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> (Turks),<a href="#cite_note-Chrzanowski2008-105">[105]</a> but "neither in 929 nor in 950 could be Bohemia described as being in good relations with Hungary", as part of White Croatia was in the realm of Bohemia, and friendly relations between Bohemia and Magyars were established after 955.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik196298–99-106">[106]</a> White Croats since 906 until 955, or since 955, were in friendly and matrimonial relations with the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949297-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik196299,_118-108">[108]</a> A similar story to the 30th chapter is mentioned in the work by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Archdeacon" title="Thomas the Archdeacon">Thomas the Archdeacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historia_Salonitana" title="Historia Salonitana">Historia Salonitana</a> (13th century), where he recounts how seven or eight tribes of nobles, who he called Lingones, arrived from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025%E2%80%931385)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)">Poland</a> and settled in Croatia under <a href="/wiki/Totila" title="Totila">Totila</a>'s leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeršakNikšić2007259-109">[109]</a> According to the Archdeacon, they were called <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, but also Slavs, depending on the names brought by those who came from Polish and Bohemian lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990129–130-110">[110]</a> Some scholars consider Lingones to be a distortion of the name for the Polish tribe of <a href="/wiki/Lendians" title="Lendians">Lendians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990130-111">[111]</a> The reliability to the claim adds the recorded oral tradition of <a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Zahumlje" title="Michael of Zahumlje">Michael of Zahumlje</a> from DAI that his family originates from the unbaptized inhabitants of the river Vistula called as Litziki,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201899–100-112">[112]</a> identified with <a href="/wiki/Widukind_of_Corvey" title="Widukind of Corvey">Widukind</a>'s Licicaviki, also referring to the Lendians (Lyakhs).<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins1962-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paszkiewicz1977-114">[114]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87" title="Tibor Živković">Tibor Živković</a>, the area of the Vistula where the ancestors of Michael of Zahumlje originate was the place where White Croats would be expected.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In the 31st chapter, "Of the Croats and of the Country They Now Dwell in" Constantine wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"(It should be known) that the Croats who now live in the regions of Dalmatia are descended from the unbaptized Croats, also called the "white", who live beyond Turkey and next to Francia, and they border the Slavs, the unbaptized <a href="/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)" title="Sorbs (tribe)">Serbs</a>... These same Croats arrived as refugees to the emperor of the Romaioi Heraclius before the Serbs came as refugees to the same Emperor Heraclius, at that time when the Avars had fought and expelled from those parts the Romani... Now, by the command of the Emperor Heraclius, these same Croats fought and expelled the Avars from those parts, and, by mandate of Heraclius the emperor they settled down in that same country of the Avars, where they now dwell. These same Croats had the father of <a href="/wiki/Porga_of_Croatia" title="Porga of Croatia">Porga</a> for their archon at that time... (It should be known) that ancient Croatia, also called "white", is still unbaptized to this day, as are also its neighboring Serbs. They muster fewer horsemen as well as fewer foot than baptized Croatia, because they are constantly plundered by the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Turks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>. Nor do they have either sagēnai or <a href="/wiki/Kondura_(ship)" title="Kondura (ship)">kondourai</a> or merchant ships, because they live far away from sea; it takes 30 days of travel from the place where they live to the sea. The sea to which they come down to after 30 days, is that which is called <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">dark</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković201249,_54,_83,_88-116">[116]</a></blockquote> According to the 31st chapter, the Pechenegs were Eastern neighbors of the White Croats, those living around Upper Dniester in Western Ukraine, in the second half of the 9th century and early 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962130-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković201289-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201265,_69-119">[119]</a> In that time Franks and Hungarians plundered Moravia, and White or Great Croatia was probably part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962130-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković201289-118">[118]</a> Some scholars relate Vita Methodii's account about "the mighty prince on the Vistula" who persecuted Christians in his land, but was attacked and defeated by <a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_I_of_Moravia" title="Svatopluk I of Moravia">Svatopluk I of Moravia</a> (870–894), possibly indicating conquest and integration of White Croatia into Great Moravia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik195694-120">[120]</a> It is notable that in both chapters they are noted to be "unbaptized" <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">pagans</a>, a description only additionally used for the Moravians and <a href="/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)" title="Sorbs (tribe)">White Serbs</a>. Such an information probably came from an Eastern source because particular religious affiliation was of interest to the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> as well as to Arabian historians and explorers who carefully recorded them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200479-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Dvornik" title="Francis Dvornik">Francis Dvornik</a> doubted the claim about paganism of Croats because were part of already Christianized realms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949297-107">[107]</a> Some scholars believe that the "dark sea" is a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962130-117">[117]</a> however, more probable is a reference to the Black Sea because in DAI there's no reference to the Baltic Sea, the chapter has information usually found in 10th century Arabian sources like of <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a>, the Black Sea was of more interest to the Eastern merchants and Byzantine Empire, and its Persian name "Dark Sea" (axšaēna-) was already well known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200478-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201249–50,_56,_78–80-123">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Map_of_Europe_for_the_Illustration_of_King_Alfred%27s_Anglo-Saxon_translation_of_Orosius._Engraved_by_J._Bayly.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_Map_of_Europe_for_the_Illustration_of_King_Alfred%27s_Anglo-Saxon_translation_of_Orosius._Engraved_by_J._Bayly.jpg/220px-A_Map_of_Europe_for_the_Illustration_of_King_Alfred%27s_Anglo-Saxon_translation_of_Orosius._Engraved_by_J._Bayly.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_Map_of_Europe_for_the_Illustration_of_King_Alfred%27s_Anglo-Saxon_translation_of_Orosius._Engraved_by_J._Bayly.jpg/330px-A_Map_of_Europe_for_the_Illustration_of_King_Alfred%27s_Anglo-Saxon_translation_of_Orosius._Engraved_by_J._Bayly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A_Map_of_Europe_for_the_Illustration_of_King_Alfred%27s_Anglo-Saxon_translation_of_Orosius._Engraved_by_J._Bayly.jpg/440px-A_Map_of_Europe_for_the_Illustration_of_King_Alfred%27s_Anglo-Saxon_translation_of_Orosius._Engraved_by_J._Bayly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3254" data-file-height="3220" /></a><figcaption>A map of Europe based on the information by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a>'s work (9th century), showing Honithi around river <a href="/wiki/Warta" title="Warta">Warta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> in Poland, per <a href="/wiki/Daines_Barrington" title="Daines Barrington">D. Barrington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Reinhold_Forster" title="Johann Reinhold Forster">J. R. Forster</a> & <a href="/wiki/Georg_Forster" title="Georg Forster">G. Forster</a> (18th century).</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a> in his Geography of Europe (888–893) relying on <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Orosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Orosius">Orosius</a>, recorded that, "These Moravians have, to the west of them, the Thuringians, and Bohemians, and part of the Bavarians ... to the east of the country Moravia, is country of the Wisle, and to the east of them are the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a>, who were formerly <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>. To the north-east of the Moravians are the <a href="/wiki/Glomacze" class="mw-redirect" title="Glomacze">Dalamensan</a>, and to the east of the Dalamensan are the Horithi, and to the north of the Dalamensan are the <a href="/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)" title="Sorbs (tribe)">Surpe</a>, and to the west of them are the Sysele. To the north of the Horithi is <a href="/wiki/Mazovia" title="Mazovia">Mægtha-land</a>, and north of the Mægtha-land are the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sermende</a> even to the <a href="/wiki/Riphean_Mountains" title="Riphean Mountains">Rhipæan mountains</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth185937,_53–54-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngram180772-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200453–60-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201252-127">[127]</a> According to Richard Ekblom, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Labuda" title="Gerard Labuda">Gerard Labuda</a>, and Łowmiański the issue with positioning in the work is present for <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> while the data is accurate for the continent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200448–53-128">[128]</a> Some scholars correct the north-east position of Dalamensan to north-west.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200456-129">[129]</a> Sysele are the Siusler-Susłowie, one of the Sorbian tribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200457-130">[130]</a> The location of Croats is usually interpreted to be East of Czechia around river <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Neisse" title="Eastern Neisse">Eastern Neisse</a> or Upper Vistula in Poland, or possibly around <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> in Czechia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200457–59-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201252–53-132">[132]</a> Their location does not necessarily mean their whole territory, it could enter it from the direction of the east, as Alfred evidently did not know well Slavic borders to the East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200457–58-133">[133]</a> According Łowmiański, with the fact that the Frankish chronicles do not mention Croats, while Silesian Croats are a historiographical construction without evidence in historical sources, it indicates that the Croats lived around river Vistula in southern Poland exactly south of Mazovia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200451,_58–60-134">[134]</a> In southern and southeastern Poland are usually placed tribes of <a href="/wiki/Vistulans" title="Vistulans">Vistulans</a> and Lendians, which Łowmiański and <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Lehr-Sp%C5%82awi%C5%84ski" title="Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński">Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński</a> considered as tribes of Croats after happened a division of the Croatian tribal alliance in the 7th century,<a href="#cite_note-Tadeusz51-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200451,_57–60,_94,_125–126-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201251–52,_56,_59-136">[136]</a> but other scholars disagree with the identification of Vistulans and Lendians with the Croats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201256-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoitovych201126,_29-138">[138]</a> Croats seemingly were not recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Geographer" title="Bavarian Geographer">Bavarian Geographer</a> (9th century), however, some scholars assumed that the unknown Sittici ("a region with many peoples and heavily fortified cities") and Stadici ("an infinite population with 516 gords"), located on a route between <a href="/wiki/Buzhans" title="Buzhans">Busani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulichs" title="Ulichs">Unlizi</a>, were part of the Carpathian Croats tribal association,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoncha201217-139">[139]</a> or that the Croats were part of these unknown tribal designations in <a href="/wiki/Prykarpattia" title="Prykarpattia">Prykarpattia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKugutjak201726-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk2009-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201732-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201813-143">[143]</a> In the list of Bavarian Geographer, this region would have largest number of cities and people, which does correspond to the population density and number of settlements since medieval times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk2009-141">[141]</a> Others saw <a href="/wiki/Lendians" title="Lendians">Lendizi</a> (98), <a href="/wiki/Vistulans" title="Vistulans">Vuislane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silesians_(tribe)" title="Silesians (tribe)">Sleenzane</a> (50), Fraganeo (40; <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a><a href="#cite_note-Charvát2010-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-BerendUrbańczyk2013-144">[144]</a>), Lupiglaa (30 gords), <a href="/wiki/Opolans" title="Opolans">Opolini</a> (20), and <a href="/wiki/Golensizi" title="Golensizi">Golensizi</a> (5) as possible tribes of Croats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200459-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański2013120-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Niederle2015-25">[25]</a> More detailed information is given by Arabian historians and explorers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949270–272-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Rustah" title="Ahmad ibn Rustah">Ahmad ibn Rustah</a> from the beginning of the 10th century recounts that the land of Pechenegs is ten days away from the Slavs and that the city in which lives Swntblk is called ʒ-r-wāb (Džervab > Hrwat), where every month Slavs do three-day long trade fair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990212–213-148">[148]</a> Swntblk is called "king of kings", has riding horses, sturdy armor, eats mare's milk, and is more important than Subanj (considered Slavic title <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDupan" title="Župan">župan</a>), who is his deputy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky2008262–263-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949271-150">[150]</a> In work by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%CA%BF%C4%ABd_Gard%C4%93z%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī">Abu Saʿīd Gardēzī</a> (11th century) the city is also mentioned as ʒ(h)-rāwat,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990212-151">[151]</a> or Džarvat,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov2012161-152">[152]</a> and as Hadrat by <a href="/wiki/Sharaf_al-Zaman_al-Marwazi" title="Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi">Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi</a> (11th century).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov2012161-152">[152]</a> In the same way, 10th century Arab historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a> in his work <a href="/wiki/The_Meadows_of_Gold" title="The Meadows of Gold">The Meadows of Gold</a> mentioned Harwātin or Khurwātīn between Moravians, Chezchs and <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200462-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990211-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimonyi2015295,_319-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Jacob" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham ben Jacob">Abraham ben Jacob</a> in the same century probably has the only Iranian form of the name which is closest to the Vasmer's reconstructed form, hajrawās or hīrwās.<a href="#cite_note-DanylenkoNomachi2019-156">[156]</a> The Persian geography book <a href="/wiki/Hudud_al-%27Alam" title="Hudud al-'Alam">Hudud al-'Alam</a> (10th century), which has information from 9th century, in the area of Slavs mentioned their two capital cities, Wabnit (actually Wāntit, considered as reference to <a href="/wiki/Vyatichi" title="Vyatichi">Vyatichi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200462,_64,_66-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEОвчинніков2000157–158-158">[158]</a> or Antes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990212–213-148">[148]</a>), the first city East of Slavs, and Hurdāb (Khurdāb), a big city where ruler S.mūt-swyt resides, located below the mountains (probably Carpathians) on river Rūtā (most probably <a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a>), which springs from the mountains and is on the frontier between Pechenegs (ten days), Hungarians (two days), and Kievan Rus'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200462,_66-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990211–212-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEОвчинніков2000156–157-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov2012161-152">[152]</a> In the chronicles of the time word šahr meant "country, state, city" – thus Hurdāb represented Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990212-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006a32-162">[162]</a> It was a common practice to call a whole region and country by the capital or well-known city, as well a city by the tribal name, especially if was on the periphery where the first contacts of merchants and researchers took place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200461–63-163">[163]</a> Although it is generally accepted that Swntblk refers to Svatopluk I (870–894), it was puzzling that the country in which he lived and ruled over was called by the sources as Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200461–63,_65-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Vernadsky" title="George Vernadsky">George Vernadsky</a> also considered that the details on the king's custom of life is evidence of Alanic and Eurasian nomadic origin of the ruling caste among those Slavs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky2008262–263-149">[149]</a> Most probable reason for the use of the Croatian name in the East among Arabs is due to trade routes which led to and passed through the lands of <a href="/wiki/Buzhans" title="Buzhans">Buzhans</a>, Lendians and Vistulans connecting the city of Kraków with the city of Prague, implying they were partly dependent to the rule of Svatopluk I. These facts exclude the possibility of referring to Croats in Bohemia, placing them in Lesser Poland on the territory of Lendians and Vistulans (Kraków and <a href="/wiki/Cherven_Cities" title="Cherven Cities">Cherven Cities</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949272-165">[165]</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200464–68-166">[166]</a> or more probably the Revno complex on river Prut in Western Ukraine,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201821-167">[167]</a> and generally in Prykarpattia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEОвчинніков2000156–157-161">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LEROY-BEAULIEU(1893)_p1.097_RUSSIA_IN_THE_9th_CENTURY.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LEROY-BEAULIEU%281893%29_p1.097_RUSSIA_IN_THE_9th_CENTURY.jpg/220px-LEROY-BEAULIEU%281893%29_p1.097_RUSSIA_IN_THE_9th_CENTURY.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LEROY-BEAULIEU%281893%29_p1.097_RUSSIA_IN_THE_9th_CENTURY.jpg/330px-LEROY-BEAULIEU%281893%29_p1.097_RUSSIA_IN_THE_9th_CENTURY.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/LEROY-BEAULIEU%281893%29_p1.097_RUSSIA_IN_THE_9th_CENTURY.jpg/440px-LEROY-BEAULIEU%281893%29_p1.097_RUSSIA_IN_THE_9th_CENTURY.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1823" data-file-height="2370" /></a><figcaption>Map of 9th century <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a> with location of White Croats in today's <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a>, per <a href="/wiki/Henri_Jean_Baptiste_Anatole_Leroy-Beaulieu" title="Henri Jean Baptiste Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu">H. J. B. A. Leroy-Beaulieu</a> & F. S. Weller (1893).</figcaption></figure> Nestor described how many East Slavic tribes of "...the <a href="/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" title="Polans (eastern)">Polyanians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Drevlians" title="Drevlians">Derevlians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Severians" title="Severians">Severians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Radimichs" title="Radimichs">Radimichians</a>, and the Croats lived at peace".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor195356-168">[168]</a> In 904–907, "Leaving <a href="/wiki/Igor_of_Kiev" title="Igor of Kiev">Igor</a> (914–945) in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleg of Novgorod">Oleg</a> (879–912) attacked the Greeks. He took with him a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Varangians" title="Varangians">Varangians</a>, Slavs, <a href="/wiki/Chuds" class="mw-redirect" title="Chuds">Chuds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krivichs" title="Krivichs">Krivichians</a>, Merians, <a href="/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" title="Polans (eastern)">Polyanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Severians" title="Severians">Severians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drevlians" title="Drevlians">Derevlians</a>, Radimichians, Croats, <a href="/wiki/Dulebes" title="Dulebes">Dulebians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tivertsi" title="Tivertsi">Tivercians</a>, who are pagans. All these tribes are known as Great <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a> by the Greeks. With this entire force, Oleg sallied forth by horse and by ship, and the number of his vessels was two thousand".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor195364-169">[169]</a> The list indicates that the closest tribal neighbours were Dulebes-<a href="/wiki/Volhynians" title="Volhynians">Volhynians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201254,_69-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200497-171">[171]</a> The fact no Lechitic tribe was part of Oleg's conquest it is more probable that those Croats were located on river Dniester rather than Vistula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200498-172">[172]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> (980–1015) conquered several Slavic tribes and cities to the West,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20024-75">[75]</a> in 992 he "attacked the Croats. When he had returned from the Croatian War, the Pechenegs arrived on the opposite side of the Dnieper".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1953119-173">[173]</a> Since then those Croats became part of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kievan Rus">Kievan Rus</a> and are not mentioned anymore in that territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990144-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20024-75">[75]</a> It seems that Croatian tribes who lived in the area of <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> got conquered because had too many large tribal capitals with local lords who probably didn't act in a centralized and nationalized manner (polycentric proto-state<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201817-175">[175]</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201481-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201815-177">[177]</a> were pressured by Bohemian, Polish and Hungarian principalities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201817–18-178">[178]</a> while were attacked by Kievan Rus' because inhibited Rus' free access to the Vistula valley trade route,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanak201332-179">[179]</a> and did not want to submit to Kievan centralism and accept Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006123-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201481-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolovko201890-181">[181]</a> After the attack on Croats and Polish marches, Rurikids expanded their realm on the Croatian territory which would be known as <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Peremyshl" title="Principality of Peremyshl">Principality of Peremyshl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Terebovlia" title="Principality of Terebovlia">Terebovlia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zvenyhorod_Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Zvenyhorod Principality">Zvenyhorod</a> and eventually <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halych" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Halych">Principality of Halych</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1953250-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi198356-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2000113-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006a39-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201473–75,_89–91,_96-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201733-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201742–43-188">[188]</a> It is considered that Croatian nobility probably survived and retained local influence, becoming the core of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nobility_of_Galicia" title="Ukrainian nobility of Galicia">Galician nobility</a>, who continued to control routes, trade with salt and livestock among others,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201817-175">[175]</a> but also with internal nationalization oppose Kiev.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201818-189">[189]</a> To the upper accounts by the historians were related the Vladimir the Great's conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Cherven_Cities" title="Cherven Cities">Cherven Cities</a> in 981, and Annales Hildesheimenses note that Vladimir threatened to attack the Duke of Poland, <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a> (992 to 1025), in 992.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949299–300-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200496-191">[191]</a> Polish chronicler <a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Kad%C5%82ubek" title="Wincenty Kadłubek">Wincenty Kadłubek</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Chronica_seu_originale_regum_et_principum_Poloniae" title="Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae">Chronica Polonorum</a> (12–13th century) recounted that Bolesław I the Brave conquered some "Hunnos seu Hungaros, Cravatios et Mardos, gentem validam, suo mancipavit imperio".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990144-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201274-192">[192]</a> The occurrence of the Croatian name together with the Hungarians and Pechenegs and not Moravians and Bohemians, and the fact during the period of Bolesław I the Brave the Polish realm expanded to the territory later-known as Western and Eastern Galicia, indicates that the mentioned Croats most probably lived on the territory of Carpathians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201274–75-193">[193]</a> In the Hebrew book <a href="/wiki/Josippon" title="Josippon">Josippon</a> (10th century) are listed four Slavic ethnic names from <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> to <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>; Mwr.wh (Moravians), Krw.tj (Croats), Swrbjn (<a href="/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)" title="Sorbs (tribe)">Sorbs</a>), Lwcnj (Lučané or Lusatians), and also an East-West trade route Lwwmn (Lendians), Kr. Kr (Krakow), and Bzjm/Bwjmjn (Bohemians).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990214-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200484–86-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201253,_66–67-196">[196]</a> Since the Croats are placed between Moravians and Serbs it identified the Croatian realm with the Duchy of Bohemia, arguably also on Vistula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200484–86-195">[195]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t_v_X._stolet%C3%AD_za_Boleslava_I._a_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t_v_X._stolet%C3%AD_za_Boleslava_I._a_II.jpg/220px-%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t_v_X._stolet%C3%AD_za_Boleslava_I._a_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t_v_X._stolet%C3%AD_za_Boleslava_I._a_II.jpg/330px-%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t_v_X._stolet%C3%AD_za_Boleslava_I._a_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t_v_X._stolet%C3%AD_za_Boleslava_I._a_II.jpg/440px-%C4%8Cesk%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t_v_X._stolet%C3%AD_za_Boleslava_I._a_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Borders of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavn%C3%ADk_dynasty" title="Slavník dynasty">Slavník dynasty</a> under <a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Boleslaus I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia">Boleslaus II</a> of <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a> in the 10th century. Duchy's territory included parts of today's Poland and Ukraine.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kmeny.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kmeny.png/220px-%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kmeny.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kmeny.png/330px-%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kmeny.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kmeny.png/440px-%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kmeny.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>The presumed, but disputable,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200468–71,_84,_89–91,_93–95,_98–99,_126-197">[197]</a> location of Croatian tribes (blue, yellow) in present-day <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> during the 10th century, per V.V. Sedov (2002).</figcaption></figure> According to 10th century First Old Slavonic Legend about <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia</a>, after his murder in 929 or 935 which ordered his brother <a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Boleslaus I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200468–69,_112–113-198">[198]</a> their mother <a href="/wiki/Drahom%C3%ADra" title="Drahomíra">Drahomíra</a> fled in exile to Xorvaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990150-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEОвчинніков2000154-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVach2006255–256-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kalhous2012-202">[202]</a> This is the first local account of the Croatian name in Slavic language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200468-203">[203]</a> While some considered that those Croats lived near Prague,<a href="#cite_note-Kantor1983-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kalhous2012-202">[202]</a> others noted that in the case of noble and royal fugitives tried to find security as distant as possible, indicating these Croats probably were located more to the East around Vistula valley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200468–71-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacArtney2008-206">[206]</a> There were also some attempts to relate with Croats an anonymous neighbor ruler (vicinus subregulus) who was unsuccessfully helped by <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Thuringia" title="Duchy of Thuringia">Thuringians</a> at war against Boleslaus I, but the evidence is inconclusive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200470–71-207">[207]</a> The Prague Charter from 1086 AD but with data from 973 mentions that on the Northeastern frontier of the Prague diocese lived "Psouane, Chrouati et altera Chrowati, Zlasane...".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990148-208">[208]</a> It is very rare that on a small territory lived two tribes of the same name, possibly indicating that the Crouati were probably settled East of <a href="/wiki/Zlicans" title="Zlicans">Zlicans</a> and West of <a href="/wiki/Moravians_(tribe)" title="Moravians (tribe)">Moravians</a> having a territory around the Elbe river, while the other Chrowati were present in Silesia or along the Upper Vistula in Poland because the diocese expanded up to Kraków and rivers <a href="/wiki/Bug_(river)" title="Bug (river)">Bug</a> and <a href="/wiki/Styr" title="Styr">Styr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200419,_87–89,_94–95-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013428-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990149-211">[211]</a> The Eastern part of the diocese territory was part of the Moravian expansion in the 9th and Bohemian expansion in the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200487-212">[212]</a> Some scholars located these Czech Croats within the territory of present-day <a href="/wiki/Chrudim" title="Chrudim">Chrudim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hradec_Kr%C3%A1lov%C3%A9" title="Hradec Králové">Hradec Králové</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libice_nad_Cidlinou" title="Libice nad Cidlinou">Libice</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C5%82odzko" title="Kłodzko">Kłodzko</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVach2006239-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidajewicz2006267–268-214">[214]</a> Vach argued that they had the most developed techniques of building fortifications among the Czech Slavs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVach2006240–242-215">[215]</a> Many scholars consider that the <a href="/wiki/Slavn%C3%ADk_dynasty" title="Slavník dynasty">Slavník dynasty</a> (and possibly related Bohemian duke <a href="/wiki/Witizla" title="Witizla">Witizla</a> from 895<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1956104–105-216">[216]</a>), who competed with the <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a> for control over Bohemia and eventually succumbed to them, was of White Croat origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962116-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200419,_94-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013431-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-BerendUrbańczyk2013-144">[144]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Slavn%C3%ADks" title="Massacre of the Slavníks">massacre of the Slavníks</a> in 995 and unification of Bohemia, the Croats aren't mentioned anymore in that territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990151-220">[220]</a> However, Łowmiański considered that the Bohemian location and existence of the Croats is very disputable,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200468–71,_84,_89–91,_93–95,_98–99,_126-197">[197]</a> and those sources mentioning Croats and Croatia at the Carpathian Mountains never mention them around river Elbe in Bohemia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200468-203">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg" title="Thietmar of Merseburg">Thietmar of Merseburg</a> recorded in 981 toponym Chrvuati vicus (also later recorded in 11th–14th century), which is present-day <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fkorbetha" title="Großkorbetha">Großkorbetha</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Halle_(Saale)" title="Halle (Saale)">Halle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merseburg" title="Merseburg">Merseburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saxony-Anhalt" title="Saxony-Anhalt">Saxony-Anhalt</a>, Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990158-221">[221]</a> The Chruuati (901) and Chruuati (981) near Halle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarčinko2000183-222">[222]</a> In charter by <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a> is recorded Chruazzis (1012), by <a href="/wiki/Henry_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry III</a> as Churbate (1055), by <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> as Grawat (also Curewate, 1086). This settlement today is Korbetha on river <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fenfels" title="Weißenfels">Weißenfels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990158-221">[221]</a> In the 10th–12th centuries Croatian name can be often found in the territory of <a href="/wiki/March_of_Carinthia" title="March of Carinthia">March</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Duchy</a> of Carinthia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFokt2004-223">[223]</a> as well <a href="/wiki/March_of_Styria" title="March of Styria">March</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Duchy</a> of Styria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990161–167-224">[224]</a> In 954, Otto I in his charter mentions <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDupa" title="Župa">župa</a> Croat – "hobas duas proorietatis nostrae in loco Zuric as in pago Crouuati et in ministerio Hartuuigi",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990161-225">[225]</a> and again in 961 pago Crauuati.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990161–162-226">[226]</a> The pago Chruuat is also mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a> (979), and pago Croudi by <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990162-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legends">Legends</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Croats&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legends">edit</a>]</div> According to Czech and Polish chronicles, the legendary <a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus">Lech and Czech</a> came from (White) Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEОвчинніков2000154-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990151-220">[220]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Dalimil" title="Chronicle of Dalimil">Chronicle of Dalimil</a> (14th century) recounts "V srbském jazyku jest země, jiežto Charvaty jest imě; v téj zemi bieše Lech, jemužto jmě bieše Čech".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990151-220">[220]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alois_Jir%C3%A1sek" title="Alois Jirásek">Alois Jirásek</a> recounted as "Za Tatrami, v rovinách při řece Visle rozkládala se od nepaměti charvátská země, část prvotní veliké vlasti slovanské" (Behind the <a href="/wiki/Tatra_Mountains" title="Tatra Mountains">Tatra Mountains</a>, in the plains of the river <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>, stretched from immemorial time Charvátská country (<a href="/wiki/White_Croatia" title="White Croatia">White Croatia</a>), the initial part of the great Slavic homeland), and V té charvátské zemi bytovala četná plemena, příbuzná jazykem, mravy, způsobem života (In Charvátská existed numerous tribes, related by language, manners, and way of life).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJirásek2015-228">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_T%C5%99e%C5%A1t%C3%ADk" title="Dušan Třeštík">Dušan Třeštík</a> noted that the chronicle tells Czech came with six brothers from Croatia which once again indicates seven chiefs/tribes like in the Croatian <a href="/wiki/Origo_gentis" title="Origo gentis">origo gentis</a> legend from the 30th chapter of De Administrando Imperio.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlimov2015153-229">[229]</a> It is considered that the chronicle refers to the Carpathian Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov201215-230">[230]</a> One of the legendary figures <a href="/wiki/Kyi,_Shchek_and_Khoryv" title="Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv">Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv</a> who founded <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>, brother Khoryv or Horiv, and its oronym Khorevytsia, is often related to the Croatian ethnonym.<a href="#cite_note-Dictionary1982-231">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalyckij2006106–107-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200699–102,_109-233">[233]</a> This legend, recorded by Nestor, has similar Armenian transcript from the 7th-8th century, in which Horiv is mentioned as Horean.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalyckij2006107-234">[234]</a> Paščenko related his name, beside to the Croatian ethnonym, to solar deity <a href="/wiki/Khors" title="Khors">Khors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200699–102,_109-233">[233]</a> Near Kiev there's a stream where previously existed large homonymous village Horvatka or Hrovatka (destroyed in the time of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>), which flows into <a href="/wiki/Stuhna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuhna River">Stuhna River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrižak2006106–107-235">[235]</a> In the vicinity are parts of the <a href="/wiki/Serpent%27s_Wall" title="Serpent's Wall">Serpent's Wall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrižak2006187-236">[236]</a> Some scholars consider that Croats could have been mentioned in the Old English and Nordic epic poems, like the verse in the Old English poem <a href="/wiki/Widsith" title="Widsith">Widsith</a> (10th century), which is similar to the one in <a href="/wiki/Hervarar_saga_ok_Hei%C3%B0reks" title="Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks">Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks</a> (13th century), where prior the battle between Goths and Huns, <a href="/wiki/Heidrek" title="Heidrek">Heidrek</a> died in Harvaða fjöllum (Carpathian Mountains<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrass201575-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey201453-238">[238]</a>) which is sometimes translated as "beneath the mountains of Harvathi",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949285-239">[239]</a> considered somewhere beneath Carpathian Mountains near river Dnieper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200430–31-240">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewicki200695-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerLarrington2013245-242">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201896-243">[243]</a> Lewicki argued that <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>, as in the case of Alfred the Great where called Croats Horithi, often distorted foreign Slavic names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewicki200695–96-244">[244]</a> The legendary Czech hermit from the 9th century, <a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%C3%BD_Ivan" class="extiw" title="cz:Svatý Ivan">Svatý Ivan</a>, is mentioned as the son of certain king Gestimul or Gostimysl, who according to the Czech chronicles descended from the Croats or <a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVašica2008242,_244,_247–248,_250–258-245">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_age">Modern age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Croats&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern age">edit</a>]</div> Polish writer Kazimierz Władysław Wóycicki released work Pieśni ludu Białochrobatów, Mazurów i Rusi z nad Bugu in 1836.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990121–122-246">[246]</a> In 1861, in the statistical data about population in <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> governorship released by Mikhail Lebedkin, were counted Horvati with 17,228 people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990145-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimonyi2015295,_319-155">[155]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Immigration_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Immigration Commission">United States Congress Joint Immigration Commission</a> which ended in 1911, Polish immigrants to the United States born in around <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> reportedly declared themselves as Bielochrovat (i.e. White Croat), which with Krakus and Crakowiak/Cracovinian was "names applying to subdivisions of the Poles".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Immigration_Commission191122,_40,_43,_88,_105-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-Novaković1977-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nikčević2002-250">[250]</a> The Northern Croats contributed and assimilated into Czech, Polish and Ukrainian ethnos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200414-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006131-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStruk1993189Ph_–_Sr._Vol._4-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> They are considered as the predecessors of the <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20055-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201278-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1995-256">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> specifically Dolinyans,<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Boykos</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Boikos-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsuls</a>,<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemkos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201529-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Migration_to_Croatia">Migration to Croatia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Croats&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Migration to Croatia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antae" class="mw-redirect" title="Antae">Antae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations_to_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe">Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maurice%27s_Balkan_campaigns" title="Maurice's Balkan campaigns">Maurice's Balkan campaigns</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oton_Ivekovic,_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg/220px-Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg/330px-Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg/440px-Oton_Ivekovic%2C_Dolazak_Hrvata_na_Jadran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>The Coming of the Croats to the Adriatic (1905) by <a href="/wiki/Oton_Ivekovi%C4%87" title="Oton Iveković">Oton Iveković</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Migration_of_the_Croats.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Migration_of_the_Croats.png/220px-Migration_of_the_Croats.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Migration_of_the_Croats.png/330px-Migration_of_the_Croats.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Migration_of_the_Croats.png/440px-Migration_of_the_Croats.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Presumed migration routes of White Croats in the 6th-7th century.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antae" class="mw-redirect" title="Antae">Antae</a>, including the White Croats, invaded and settled the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> since the 6th and 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.199126–41-266">[266]</a> Their exact place of migration to the Balkans is uncertain, but it is generally argued to be from the region of Galicia (Western Ukraine and Southeastern-Southern Poland) along an Eastern route through the Pannonian Basin and alongside Eastern Carpathians according to historical-archaeological and linguistical data about the main movement of the Avars and Slavs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik19567,_29,_34,_63-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962117-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201260–64-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKardaras201893-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201812–13-271">[271]</a> and that "served as a direct link between Eastern and Southern Slavs".<a href="#cite_note-Tadeusz51-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boikos-259">[259]</a> Other scholars considered it to be from around Bohemia and Silesia-Lesser Poland along a Western route through the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Gate" title="Moravian Gate">Moravian Gate</a>, but that is disputable because there is no historical source and was never proved that the Croats lived there in the 7th or even 9-10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEОвчинніков2000153-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013450–451-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200410–12,_68,_99-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201248–63-273">[273]</a> There exist several hypotheses on the date and historical context of the migration to the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> in the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>, most often being related to the Pannonian Avars activity in late 6th and early 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak1995147-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201259–64-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013169,_175–177,_444,_450-276">[276]</a> It is not clear whether some unnamed Slavs or the Croats plundered the same province and <a href="/wiki/Salona" title="Salona">Salona</a> together with the Avars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoitovych201045–47-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec2020154-159,_162–166-278">[278]</a> The migration of the Croats according to narrative in DAI is commonly dated between 622 and 627,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962117-268">[268]</a> or 622–638,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković201259-279">[279]</a> but the account can be interpreted as a date when the Croats revolted against the Avars after the Croatian migration and settlement in Dalmatia in the late 6th and early 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013182,_450-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010406,_425,_444-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoitovych201045–47-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201260–64-269">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec2020154–159,_162–166-282">[282]</a> It is considered that the uprising happened after failed <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(626)" title="Siege of Constantinople (626)">Siege of Constantinople (626)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962117,_124-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeršakSilić2002211–213-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013450-285">[285]</a> or during the Slavic uprising led by <a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Samo</a> against the Avars in 632,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990217-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201262-287">[287]</a> or around 635–641 when the Avars were defeated by <a href="/wiki/Kubrat" title="Kubrat">Kubrat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013182-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec2020154–157-289">[289]</a> As the Avars were enemies of the Byzantine Empire the involvement of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> on the side of Croats, and organizing relations with "barbarians" from Roman cities perspective and tradition, cannot be entirely excluded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962124-290">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak199575-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013450-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKardaras201894-292">[292]</a> According to other theorization the migration of the Croats in the 7th century was the second and final Slavic migratory wave to the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990217-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201262-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.199153,_56-76">[76]</a> It is related to the thesis by <a href="/wiki/Bogo_Grafenauer" title="Bogo Grafenauer">Bogo Grafenauer</a> about the double migration of South Slavs, that both migrations in DAI are not part of the same story and event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200423–24-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak199555-294">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201897-295">[295]</a> Although it is possible that some Croatian tribes were present among Slavs in the first Slavic-Avar wave in the 6th century, it is argued that the Croatian migration (from Zakarpattia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak199555-294">[294]</a>), seen as of a separate warrior elite group which started anti-Avar rebellions, in the second wave was or not equally numerous to make a significant common-linguistical influence into already present Slavs and natives,<a href="#cite_note-Tadeusz51-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200423–24-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201262-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.199137,_53,_56-296">[296]</a> or was made of large units with significantly larger number.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013176,_446,_460-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.199153-298">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010404–408,_424–425,_444-299">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leontii_Voitovych" title="Leontii Voitovych">Leontii Voitovych</a> instead advances the idea of two separate waves of Croats, first massive wave (587–614) from Galicia forced their way through Pannonia, Bosnia and started the conquest of Dalmatia while second wave (626–630) from West of Galicia finished it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoitovych201045–47,_52–53-300">[300]</a> The theory on dual division and migration of the Slavs is criticized for being unnatural and improbable with current argumentation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200413-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabijanić200920–27-302">[302]</a> Since the 10th century both Roman and Slavic tradition tried to explain their distant history and depict others (barbarians) or themselves (Slavs) in more positive or negative light.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak199576-303">[303]</a> Such theorizations are based on literal interpretation of anachronistic and semi-historical narrative from passages in DAI, and according to more critical historiographical, archaeological and linguistic data and interpretations, the Croats mainly or exclusively arrived with the Avars in the first massive wave from the Eastern Carpathians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201260–64-269">[269]</a> Whatever the case, the Croats had to be strong and well-organized enough to get a new homeland by war and victory over Avars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010406,_425,_444-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201221-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec2020157-304">[304]</a> On the basis of archaeological data between the late 6th and early 9th century and emergence of cremation burials, it is considered that the dating of Slavic/Croat migration and settlement in Croatia to the beginning of the 7th century is generally reliable.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> However, it's unclear whether some regional and chronological archaeological differences between Northern, Western and Southern Croatia in the end of 6th until early 8th century are result of two separate Slavic waves (via Moravian Gate and Podunavlje),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekić201633,_105,_168–169,_178–182-321">[321]</a> as well it is difficult, practically impossible,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201263–64-322">[322]</a> to differentiate Croats from other Sclaveni and Antae.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabijanić20091–8,_100–101,_152-323">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec2020155–156,_166,_170-324">[324]</a> Conservatively, the "Old Croat" archaeological period is dated between 7th and early 9th century,<a href="#cite_note-Belos00-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec2020171-325">[325]</a> and were found archaeological parallels in Southeastern (Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania) and Central-Eastern (Slovakia, Czechia, Eastern Austria, Poland and Ukraine) countries.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> <a href="/wiki/Zdenko_Vinski" title="Zdenko Vinski">Zdenko Vinski</a> and <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Седов, Валентин Васильевич">V. V. Sedov</a> argued that the rare findings of objects and ceramics of the first group of Slavs (Sclaveni) of the <a href="/wiki/Prague-Korchak_culture" title="Prague-Korchak culture">Prague-Korchak culture</a> dated to the end of 6th and beginning of the 7th century were followed by more numerous second group of Slavs (Antes) of the <a href="/wiki/Penkovka_culture" title="Penkovka culture">Prague-Penkovka culture</a> with artifacts of <a href="/wiki/Martynivka_Treasure" title="Martynivka Treasure">Martinovka culture</a> from Ukraine (found in Dalmatian and Pannonian part of Croatia), while the "Old Croatian" archaeological findings from the 8th–9th century indicate social-political stabilization and stratification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013159–169,_175–177,_444,_450–452-330">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić201039,_44-331">[331]</a> Another group of historians and archaeologists, like <a href="/wiki/Lujo_Margeti%C4%87" title="Lujo Margetić">L. Margetić</a>, A. Milošević, M. Ančić and V. Sokol argued late 8th-early 9th century migration of Croats as Frankish vassals during the <a href="/wiki/Avar_March" title="Avar March">Frank-Avar war</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzino2010175,_179–180-332">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić201620–22,_27–37-333">[333]</a> but it does not have enough evidence and arguments,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabijanić200920–27-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzino2010180–182-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić201631–38-335">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak2018103-336">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-BilogrivicCaroli18-337">[337]</a> it's not supported in written sources,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzino2010181-338">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić201634-339">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKardaras201893-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-BilogrivicCaroli18-337">[337]</a> and is not usually accepted by mainstream scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-Petrinec05-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzino2010181–182-340">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-BilogrivicCaroli18-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić201034,_37–38,_48-341">[341]</a> In the territory of present-day Croatia, it is considered as archaeologically certain that by the last-third of the 7th century disappear Roman <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a> and Germanic cultural traces in most part of the region and that there's no obvious continuity between native settlements and cemeteries with newly arrived population and paganism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić2018a10–14-342">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec202014,_151,_158,_166-343">[343]</a> The data shows sudden change of native lifestyle, defensive use and desolation of <a href="/wiki/Villa_rustica" title="Villa rustica">villa rustica</a> and other smaller cities, destruction of churches and else dated at the end of 6th until mid-7th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekić2016138,_157–160-344">[344]</a> What differentiated Croats from other contemporary Slavs was that Croats or partly brought or very early accepted the practice of inhumation from Roman-Christian natives (possibly gradually accepting Christianity already by 8th century<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec202039,_43–45,_155,_166-346">[346]</a> Besides cremation and skeletal cemeteries, the Slavs in eighth and ninth century North Dalmatia also buried their skeletal remains in <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> which "could be a reflection of this process in the broader Slavic sphere" (among East Slavs and central region of West Slavs).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekić201629,_164,_173-347">[347]</a> As assimilated with the remaining Roman population who withdrew to the coastal mountains, cities and islands,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak2018104–105-348">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013446-349">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekić2016138–139,_158–160-350">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec202013,_15-351">[351]</a> the size and influence of the autochthonous population on the modern Croatian ethnogenesis is disputed depending on the interpretation of the archaeological data, considering them as a minority with significant cultural influence or as a majority who outnumbered the Slavs.<a href="#cite_note-Petrinec05-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić201039–41-352">[352]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekić2016177–178-353">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić2018a6-354">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec2020167–170-355">[355]</a> However, archaeological and anthropological data indicate that Slavs/Croats were not in small numbers, probably migrated and settled in several waves, contacts with natives were more prominent in Western and almost non-existent in Pannonian part of Croatia, and that the first Slavs/Croats settled near old-Roman sites in North Dalmatia in the second half of 7th and more prominently since early 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabijanić20091–8,_100–101,_152-323">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekić2016160,_173–174,_177–178-356">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić2018a12–15-357">[357]</a> According to anthropological <a href="/wiki/Craniometry" title="Craniometry">craniometric</a> studies they arrived as biological homogeneous Slavic group of people without significant similarity to Scythians-Sarmatians and Avars (see <a href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Croats#Anthropology" title="Origin hypotheses of the Croats">Origin hypotheses of the Croats#Anthropology</a>). Medieval Croatian sites in Dalmatia were more closely related to Slavic sites in distant Poland rather than in <a href="/wiki/Slavs_in_Lower_Pannonia" title="Slavs in Lower Pannonia">Lower Pannonia</a> (possibly indicating that the account from DAI about the splitting off a part of the Dalmatian Croats who took rule of Pannonia was related to the political rule rather than ethnic origin),<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a> and Carpathian Croats sites in Western Ukraine were also close to medieval Croats which "testify for their common origin".<a href="#cite_note-Rudych2015-362">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rudych2014-363">[363]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archeology">Archeology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Croats&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Archeology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0750_Ukraine.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/0750_Ukraine.png/220px-0750_Ukraine.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/0750_Ukraine.png/330px-0750_Ukraine.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/0750_Ukraine.png/440px-0750_Ukraine.png 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption>The range of Luka-Raikovets culture marked in yellow, and approximate location of Carpathian Croats (Білі Хорвати, "Bili Khorvaty") in the 7th–9th century.</figcaption></figure> According to Sedov, all early mentions of Croatian ethnonym are in the areas where ceramics of <a href="/wiki/Penkovka_culture" title="Penkovka culture">Prague-Penkovka culture</a> were found. It originated in the area between <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>, and later expanded to the West and South, and its bearers were the Antes tribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov1979131–132-364">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990130–134-365">[365]</a> A. V. Majorov and others criticized Sedov's consideration, who almost exclusively related the Croats with Penkovka culture and the Antes, because the territory the Croats inhabited in the middle and upper Dniester and the upper Vistula was part of <a href="/wiki/Prague-Korchak_culture" title="Prague-Korchak culture">Prague-Korchak culture</a> related to <a href="/wiki/Sclaveni" title="Sclaveni">Sclaveni</a> which was characteristic for the <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a>-type (burial mounds, barrows, <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgan</a>) burial which was also found in the upper Elbe territory where presumably lived the Czech Croats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201285,_131,_168-366">[366]</a> Their association with Antes, mainly promoted in Sedov's work, is in contradiction with scientific knowledge about historical, archaeological, political and ethnic evidence of the migration period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov2012131-367">[367]</a> Western Ukraine was a contact area between these two cultures in an ethnoculturally diverse environment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201817-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201813-143">[143]</a> and they possibly were representatives of both these archaeological cultures and formed before them at the least late 4th or during the 5th century in the area of the intertwining of these cultures around the Dniester basin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201285–86,_168-56">[56]</a> It is considered that the Carpathian Croats later between 7th and 10th century were part of the <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Лука-райковецька культура">Luka-Raikovets culture</a>, which developed from Prague-Korchak culture, and was characteristic for East Slavic tribes, besides Croats, including <a href="/wiki/Buzhans" title="Buzhans">Buzhans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drevlians" title="Drevlians">Drevlians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" title="Polans (eastern)">Polans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tivertsi" title="Tivertsi">Tivertsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulichs" title="Ulichs">Ulichs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volhynians" title="Volhynians">Volhynians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kozak1999-368">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-EUHKhorvaty-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territorial_and_ethnic_border_of_White_Croats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Territorial_and_ethnic_border_of_White_Croats.jpg/220px-Territorial_and_ethnic_border_of_White_Croats.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Territorial_and_ethnic_border_of_White_Croats.jpg/330px-Territorial_and_ethnic_border_of_White_Croats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Territorial_and_ethnic_border_of_White_Croats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Territorial and ethnic border of (White) Croats according to Ukrainian archaeologists and historians.</figcaption></figure> According to recent archaeological research of material culture and conclusions on the ethno-tribal affiliation and territorial borders of the Carpathian region from 6th until 10th century, the tribal territory of the Croats ("Great Croatia") is unanimously considered by Ukrainian archaeologists to have included Prykarpattia and Zakarpattia (almost all lands of historical region of Galicia), with eastern border the Upper Dniester basin, south-eastern the <a href="/wiki/Khotyn" title="Khotyn">Khotyn</a> upland beginning near <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi" title="Chernivtsi">Chernivtsi</a> on the Prut River and ending in Khotyn on the Dniester River, northern border the watershed of the Western Bug and Dniester River, and western border in Western Carpathian ridges at <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82oka" title="Wisłoka">Wisłoka</a> the right tributary of Upper Vistula in Southeastern Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimoshchuk1995a217-371">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201473-372">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuchynko2015141–143-373">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolovko201886-64">[64]</a> In the Eastern Bukovina region bordered with Tiversti, in Eastern Podolia with Ulichs, to the North along Upper Bug River with Dulebes-Buzhans-Volhynians, to the Northwest with Lendians and West with Vistulans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuchynko2015141–143-373">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a> The analysis of housing types, and especially oven cookers in Western Ukraine which "were made out of stone (the Middle and the Upper Dniester areas), or clay (mud and butte types, Volynia)", differentiates main tribal alliances of Croats and Volhynians, but also from Tiversti and Drevlians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohoralskyy20186,_9,_16,_180–182,_193–194-375">[375]</a> The craniometric studies of medieval burial grounds and modern population in the region of Galicia show that the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Carpathians" title="Ukrainian Carpathians">Ukrainian Carpathians</a> population makes a separate anthropological zone of Ukraine, with medieval "Eastern Croats" being "morphologically and statistically different from dolichocranic and mesocephalic massive populations at the lands of the Volynians, the Tyvertsi, and the Drevlyans".<a href="#cite_note-Rudych2015-362">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rudych2014-363">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-Segeda2001-376">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a> It seems that the Eastern Carpathians were not yet border between East and West Slavs as Zakarpattia's archaeological material was Prague-Korchak and Luka-Raikovets culture of East Slavs, only later with some West Slavic influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201276-378">[378]</a> The areal of Croats in the 9th-10th century is considered to have been in the valley of <a href="/wiki/Laborec" title="Laborec">Laborec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzh" title="Uzh">Uzh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borzhava" title="Borzhava">Borzhava</a> and was densely populated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201276-378">[378]</a> The border with the Slovaks to the West was between rivers Laborec and <a href="/wiki/Ondava" title="Ondava">Ondava</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201276–77-379">[379]</a> By the 7th century the Croats started to establish <a href="/wiki/Horod" title="Horod">Horods</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gord_(archaeology)" title="Gord (archaeology)">Gord</a>), and at least since 8th century fortified them with stone defensive works,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMogytychMogytych2018253-380">[380]</a> which became a commerce and trade centers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20024-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a> was an important geographical location because it connected via an overland route city of Kiev in the East with <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> and other cities in the West, as well as northwest to the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, southwest to the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian Basin</a> and southeast to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20024-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolovko201887–88-381">[381]</a> Along these routes they founded the settlements of <a href="/wiki/Halych" title="Halych">Halych</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zvenyhorod" title="Zvenyhorod">Zvenyhorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terebovlia" title="Terebovlia">Terebovlia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a> (possibly founded by <a href="/wiki/Lendians" title="Lendians">Lendians</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod" title="Uzhhorod">Uzhhorod</a> among many others, of which the last was ruled by a mythical ruler <a href="/wiki/Laborec_(ruler)" title="Laborec (ruler)">Laborec</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20024-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20055-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201819-383">[383]</a> With such position, they had in control part of the Eastern European <a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Amber Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk2009-141">[141]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5..JPG/220px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5..JPG/330px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5..JPG/440px-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5..JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Mound of the <a href="/wiki/Grad_(Slavic_settlement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grad (Slavic settlement)">gord</a> <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5)" class="extiw" title="uk:Стільсько (городище)">Stilsko</a>.</figcaption></figure> Archaeological excavations held between 1981 and 1995 which researched Early Middle Age Gords in Prykarpattia and Western Podolia dated between 9th–11th century found that fortified Gords with a range of 0.2 ha made 65%, those of 2 ha 20%, and more than 2 ha 15% in that region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006a34–35-384">[384]</a> There were more than 35 Gords, including big Gords like <a href="/wiki/Plisnesk_archaeological_complex" title="Plisnesk archaeological complex">Plisnesk</a>, Stilsko, Terebovlia, Halych, Przemyśl, Revno, <a href="/wiki/Krylos" title="Krylos">Krylos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernecha_Hora_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chernecha Hora Street (page does not exist)">Chernecha Hora Street</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="uk:Вулиця Чернеча Гора">uk</a>]-Voznesensk Street in <a href="/wiki/Lychakivskyi_District" title="Lychakivskyi District">Lychakivskyi District</a>), Lukovyshche, Rokitne II in Roztochya region, Podillya, <a href="/wiki/Zhydachiv" title="Zhydachiv">Zhydachiv</a>, Kotorin complex, Klyuchi, Stuponica, Pidhorodyshche, Hanachivka, Solonsko, Mali Hrybovychi, Stradch, Dobrostany among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2000113–120-385">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006a38–39-386">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimoshchuk201520–21-387">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201475–80-388">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201820–22-389">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoloshchuk202139-390">[390]</a> Only 12 of them survived until the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2000120-391">[391]</a> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in its inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Wooden_tserkvas_of_the_Carpathian_region_in_Poland_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wooden tserkvas of the Carpathian region in Poland and Ukraine">Wooden tserkvas of the Carpathian region in Poland and Ukraine</a> also mentions two large gords at the villages of Pidhoroddya and Lykovyshche near <a href="/wiki/Rohatyn" title="Rohatyn">Rohatyn</a> dated between 6th and 8th century and identified with the White Croats.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-263">[263]</a> To the Croats are attributed two Gords of unusually big dimensions and each of them could inhabit tens of thousands of people – Plisnesk with a surface of 450 ha, including a fortress with a pagan center, surrounded by seven long and complex lines of protection, several smaller settlements in the near vicinity, more than 142 <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">burial mounds</a> with both cremation and inhumation partly belonging to warriors and else,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201478–79-392">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFylypchuk2015b38–64-393">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[394]</a> located near village <a href="/wiki/Pidhirtsi" title="Pidhirtsi">Pidhirtsi</a> and since 2015 regionally protected as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_reserves_in_Ukraine" title="List of historic reserves in Ukraine">Historic and Cultural Reserve</a> "<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%C2%AB%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%C2%BB" class="extiw" title="uk:Історико-культурний заповідник «Давній Пліснеськ»">Ancient Plisnesk</a>";<a href="#cite_note-395">[395]</a> and <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5)" class="extiw" title="uk:Стільсько (городище)">Stilsko</a> with a surface of 250 ha, including a fortress of 15 ha, defensive line of 10 km,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij20042-396">[396]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201475-397">[397]</a> located on river Kolodnitsa (used for navigation of ships as was connected to most important river in the region, Dniester<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013a212-398">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201476-399">[399]</a>) between current village <a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5)" class="extiw" title="uk:Стільсько (городище)">Stilsko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006a37-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006b68–71-400">[400]</a> In the vicinity of Stilsko were also found some of the only examples of a pre-Christian period cult building among Slavs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij20042–7-401">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013a220–221-402">[402]</a> for one of which Korčinskij assumed a possible connection with the medieval descriptions of a temple dedicated to the deity <a href="/wiki/Khors" title="Khors">Khors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006a37-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006b71-403">[403]</a> Until 2008 near Stilsko have been found more than 50 settlements of open type dated between 8th–10th century,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013a210–212-404">[404]</a> as well around 200 burial mounds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013a221-405">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201476-399">[399]</a> The proto-state of Great Croatia had strong <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>-like states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201473–75-406">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFylypchuk2015b38–64-393">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-Interview2015-407">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201818–19-408">[408]</a> Stilsko, Plisnesk, Halych, Revno, Terebovlia and Przemyśl are argued to have been large "tribal" capitals in 9–10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013a212-398">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201473–75-406">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-Interview2015-407">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201732-142">[142]</a> According to archaeological material, Plisnesk, Stilsko and many other settlements and pagan shrines by the end of the 10th and beginning of the 11th century temporary ceased to exist with the extensive layers of fire traces interpreted as evidence of the "Croatian War" by the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> in the end of the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013b264-409">[409]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201481–82-410">[410]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFylypchuk2015b48-411">[411]</a> It had a devastating effect on the administrative division and population of Eastern Galicia (Great Croatia), ultimately stopping their process of becoming a single unified and centralized state.<a href="#cite_note-Interview2015-407">[407]</a> However, the archaeological data, and 11th century revival of some capitals as East Slavic principalities (<a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Peremyshl" title="Principality of Peremyshl">Peremyshl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Terebovlia" title="Principality of Terebovlia">Terebovlia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zvenyhorod_Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Zvenyhorod Principality">Zvenyhorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Halych" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Halych">Halych</a>), show a high economic, demographic, military defense, administrative and political organization in the territory of White Croats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006b70-412">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201475–80,_89–91,_96-413">[413]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201820-414">[414]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolovko201889–90-415">[415]</a> Excavations of many Slavic kurgan tombs in the Carpathian Mountains in the 1930s and 1960s were also attributed to the Croats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006113-416">[416]</a> Compared to other East Slavic tribes, the area of the Croats stands out because of very present tiled tombs,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013502-417">[417]</a> and in the 11th and 13th century their appearance in Western Dnieper region is attributed to the Croats, and sometimes also Tivertsi,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006118-418">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-419">[419]</a> and Ulichs.<a href="#cite_note-420">[420]</a> In the territory of Czech Republic, a significant number of graves with kurgans dated 8th–10th century have been found around the Elbe river where was the presumed territory by the White Croats and Zlicans, as well among Dulebes in the South, and Moravians in the East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013430,_435–437-421">[421]</a> The graves with kurgans in northeastern Czechia and lower Silesia, where are usually located the White Croats, can also indicate a Lechite-Croatian contact zone with <a href="/wiki/Upper_Lusatia" title="Upper Lusatia">Upper Lusatia</a>, and these burial customs are main difference between White Croatian and White Serbian territory sites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVatseba2018383,_389–390-422">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVatseba2019127-423">[423]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Croats&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Croatian tribes were like other Slavs <a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">polytheists</a> – <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006143-424">[424]</a> Their worldview intertwined with worship of power and war, to which raised places of worship, and demolished those of others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006144,_146-425">[425]</a> These worships were in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and consequently in conflict when Christianism became official religion among the Slavs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006144-426">[426]</a> The White Croats at the earliest historical sources are mentioned as pagans, and they were similar to the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> who also received Christianity late (988).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006145,_147-427">[427]</a> Some rude form of Christianity probably was introduced before that date, but the land and its people can not be considered as Christian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962118-428">[428]</a> Slavs often related places of worship with the natural environment, like hills, forests, and water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006145-429">[429]</a> According to Nestor, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> in 980 raised on a hill near his fort <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a> of Slavic gods; <a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khors" title="Khors">Khors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Da%C5%BEbog" class="mw-redirect" title="Dažbog">Dažbog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stribog" title="Stribog">Stribog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simargl" title="Simargl">Simargl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mokosh" title="Mokosh">Mokosh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006123-180">[180]</a> but as he converted to Christianity in 988 one of the probable reasons Vladimir attacked Croats in 992 was because they didn't want to abandon their old beliefs and accept Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006123-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201481-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolovko201890-181">[181]</a> Some scholars derived Croatian ethnonym from the Iranian word for Sun – <a href="/wiki/Hvare-khshaeta" title="Hvare-khshaeta">Hvar</a> which is related to Iranian <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">solar deity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200659-430">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201292-431">[431]</a> and argued possibility that in the ethnonym of the Croats could be seen archaic religion and mythology – the worship of the Slavic solar deity Khors (Sun, heavenly fire, force, war<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200679-432">[432]</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimoshchuk201519-433">[433]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEОвчинніков2000159-434">[434]</a> which possibly is of Iranian origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201292-431">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200667–82,_109–111-435">[435]</a> The assumption is supported by pagan shrines with solar signs on stone walls found on territory of Croats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201292-431">[431]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimoshchuk201519-433">[433]</a> Stone sanctuaries, including of "great mother" (Mokosh), located in the territory of <a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hutsulshchyna</a> in Western Ukrainian Carpathians are considered as expression of worship spanning since prehistory to the time of early Slavs (White Croats).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKugutjak201818–19,_60,_95,_98–99,_102–103-436">[436]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Radoslav_Kati%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Radoslav Katičić">Radoslav Katičić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitomir_Belaj" title="Vitomir Belaj">Vitomir Belaj</a> and others research, upon arrival to present-day Croatia, the pagan Slavic customs, folklore, and toponyms related to Perun, <a href="/wiki/Veles_(god)" title="Veles (god)">Veles</a>, Mokosh among others were preserved much longer than previously thought although Adriatic Croats were Christianized by the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak2018144–148-437">[437]</a> With the process of Christianization, Perun was substituted with <a href="/wiki/St._Elijah" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Elijah">St. Ilija</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Vitus" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Vitus">St. Vid</a>, Veles with <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">St. Mihovil</a>, Mokosh mainly with <a href="/wiki/Helena,_mother_of_Constantine_I#Sainthood" title="Helena, mother of Constantine I">St. Jelena</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary">St. Mary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yarilo" title="Yarilo">Yarilo</a> with <a href="/wiki/St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="St. George">St. Juraj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-438">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekić201632-439">[439]</a> Traces of old tradition can be found in customs and songs of Kolade, Ladarice, Kraljice, <a href="/wiki/Perperuna_and_Dodola" class="mw-redirect" title="Perperuna and Dodola">Perperuna and Dodola</a> among others and held in periods of <a href="/wiki/Jurjevo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jurjevo">Jurjevo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_John%27s_Eve" title="Saint John's Eve">Ivandan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-440">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[441]</a> According to Belaj's ethnological research in Croatia, the Croats old homeland must have been somewhere in Transcarpathia near <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> as share "Volhynian worldview" with Buzhans, Dulebes and Volhynians, and considering latest finds of Prague pottery in Croatia, it "bear witness that at least a part of the population of today's Croatia (and nearby Slovenia) most certainly immigrated from Volhynia".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelajBelaj201876,_79,_87–88-442">[442]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origo_gentis">Origo gentis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Croats&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Origo gentis">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Origo_gentis" title="Origo gentis">origo gentis</a> about five brothers and two sisters who came with their folk to Dalmatia, recorded in Constantine VII's work De Administrando Imperio, was probably part of an oral tradition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.199153,_56-76">[76]</a> which contradicts the role of <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> in the arrival of Croats to Dalmatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201895-443">[443]</a> It is similar to other medieval origo gentis stories (see for e.g. <a href="/wiki/Origo_Gentis_Langobardorum" title="Origo Gentis Langobardorum">Origo Gentis Langobardorum</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201895-443">[443]</a> and some consider it has the same source as the story of <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> recorded by <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor" title="Theophanes the Confessor">Theophanes the Confessor</a> in which the Bulgars subjugated <a href="/wiki/Seven_Slavic_tribes" title="Seven Slavic tribes">Seven Slavic tribes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201889-444">[444]</a> and similarly, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Archdeacon" title="Thomas the Archdeacon">Thomas the Archdeacon</a> in his work <a href="/wiki/Historia_Salonitana" title="Historia Salonitana">Historia Salonitana</a> mentions that seven or eight tribes of nobles, who he called <a href="/wiki/Lendians" title="Lendians">Lingones</a>, arrived from <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a> and settled in Croatia under Totila's leadership,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeršakNikšić2007259-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlimov2015153-229">[229]</a> as well parallels in <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> account about five men and two maidens of the <a href="/wiki/Hyperboreans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperboreans">Hyperboreans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik196297-445">[445]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKardaras201895-446">[446]</a> In Archdeacon's account is possibly reflected a <a href="/wiki/Lechites" title="Lechites">Lechitic</a> origin of the Croats, while in the Croatian origo gentis a migration of seven tribes and chieftains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik195664-447">[447]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990222-448">[448]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKardaras201893-270">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec202050–51-449">[449]</a> Curiously, Croats are seemingly the only Slavic people who had a <a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">saga</a> about the period of their migration,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlimov2015142-450">[450]</a> and the names are the earliest example of pan-Slavic totemic heroes.<a href="#cite_note-KalikUchitel2018-451">[451]</a> Also, compared to other early medieval stories none of them mentions female personalities, but do late medieval Kievan, Polish and Czech chronicles,<a href="#cite_note-LajoyeDynda2019-452">[452]</a> which could indicate a specific tribal and social organization among the Croats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201897-295">[295]</a> For example, Łowmiański considered the <a href="/wiki/Mazovians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazovians">Mazovians</a>, Dulebes, Croats and <a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti">Veleti</a> among the oldest Slavic tribes because Mazovians ethnonym was often related to <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a> (-maz-) while the land of women in North Europe was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a>, as well women's city West of Russian lands by Abraham ben Jacob.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013481-453">[453]</a> According to Aleksei S. Shchavelev, they rather and most likely represent Karna and Zhelya, an ancient pair of symbolic and mythopoetic female characters of Slavic traditional ritual of lamentation for the dead ("grief and howl", "sorrow and hardship") found in Kievan chronicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchavelev2007158–159-454">[454]</a> Another vagueness is a reason and meaning that one of the brothers had a Croatian ethnonym as a name, perhaps indicating he was more important than the other brothers, was a representative of the most prominent clan or tribe around which other gathered, or that the Croats were only one identity among others with which the Adriatic Croats tried to bring legitimacy to the Croatian Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201897-295">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldstein93-83">[83]</a> According to Shchavelev, the origo gentis shows early tribal, while later news about Porga the early princely tradition, alongside motif of wandering and finding new homeland, presence of female "rulers", multi-stage formation of power and else found in other Slavic legends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchavelev2007158–159-454">[454]</a> The origin of the names of five brothers, two sisters and first ruler are a matter of dispute. They are often considered to be of non-Slavic origin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962117-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roncevic93-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.199153,_56-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gusic69-455">[455]</a> and genuine names, as the anonymous Slavic narrator (probably a Croat) couldn't invent the non-Slavic names of their ancestors in the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković2012114-456">[456]</a> <a href="/wiki/J.J._Mikkola" class="mw-redirect" title="J.J. Mikkola">J.J. Mikkola</a> considered them to be of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic language">Turkic</a>-Avar origin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200434–35-457">[457]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990126–127-458">[458]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargetić200132-459">[459]</a> Vladimir Košćak of possible Iranian-Alanic origin,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990126,_218-460">[460]</a> Karel Oštir as <a href="/wiki/History_of_Proto-Slavic#Pre-Slavic" title="History of Proto-Slavic">pre-Slavic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Gusic69-455">[455]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Loma" title="Aleksandar Loma">Aleksandar Loma</a> and Shchavelev proposed four-five Slavic variants,<a href="#cite_note-Shchavelev18-461">[461]</a> while Alemko Gluhak saw parallels to <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a> languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990218–221-462">[462]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Zakrzewski" title="Stanisław Zakrzewski">Stanisław Zakrzewski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire_(historian)" title="Henri Grégoire (historian)">Henri Grégoire</a> rejected Turkic origin, and related them to Slavic toponyms in Poland and Slovakia (rejected by Labuda and Grafenauer<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962117-268">[268]</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200417,_35-463">[463]</a> and idea of Avar chiefs "was generally rejected".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962116-217">[217]</a> Josip Modestin connected their names to toponyms from region of <a href="/wiki/Lika" title="Lika">Lika</a> in Croatia, where early Croats settled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak200021-464">[464]</a> According to Gluhak, names Kloukas, Lobelos, Kosentzes and possibly Mouchlo don't seem to be part of Scythian or Alanic name directory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990218-465">[465]</a> Nevertheless, the sometimes presumed non-Slavic etymology of the names doesn't indicate non-Slavic ethnic identity or origin of White Croats. Borrowing of foreign names was common practice between Sarmatians, Goths and Huns, and as such could indicate close sociocultural and political relations between White Croats and non-Slavic people in their ancestral and new homeland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec202070–71-466">[466]</a> Brothers: <ul><li>Kloukas; has Greek suffix "-as", thus the root Klouk- has several derivations; Mikkola considered Turkic Külük, while Tadeusz Lewicki Slavic Kuluk and Kluka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990126-467">[467]</a> Grégoire related it with cities <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> or <a href="/wiki/G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Głogów">Głogów</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratay200393-468">[468]</a> Modestin related it to village Kukljić.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak200021-464">[464]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Klai%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Klaić">Vjekoslav Klaić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ma%C5%BEurani%C4%87" title="Vladimir Mažuranić">Vladimir Mažuranić</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Kukar_family" title="Kukar family">Kukar family</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_noble_tribes_of_Croatia" title="Twelve noble tribes of Croatia">Twelve noble tribes of Croatia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Klaic15-469">[469]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMažuranić1908–1922408-470">[470]</a> Mažuranić additionally related to contemporary surnames Kukas, Kljukaš, Kljuk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMažuranić1908–1922408,_555-471">[471]</a> Loma proposed Czechoslovakian kluk (arrow, beak).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoma1999121-472">[472]</a> Gluhak noted several Prussian and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> personal names and toponyms with root *klauk-, which relates to sound-writing verbs *klukati (peck) and *klokotati (gurgle).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990218-465">[465]</a> Shchavelev derived from клок волос.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchavelev2007158-473">[473]</a> Another consideration is it corresponds to mythical figures, Czech <a href="/wiki/Duke_Krok" title="Duke Krok">Krok</a> and Polish <a href="/wiki/Krakus" title="Krakus">Krak</a> meaning the "raven".<a href="#cite_note-KalikUchitel2018-451">[451]</a></li> <li>Lobelos; Mikkola considered it a name of uncertain Avar ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990126-467">[467]</a> Grégoire related it with city <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratay200393-468">[468]</a> Modestin related it to <a href="/wiki/Lovinac" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovinac">Lovinac</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak200021-464">[464]</a> similarly Shchavelev considered it is related to the Proto-Slavic root *lov (hunt).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchavelev2007158-473">[473]</a> Rački considered Ljub, Lub, Luben, while Mažuranić noted similar contemporary surnames like Lubel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMažuranić1908–1922408,_607-474">[474]</a> Osman Karatay considered common Slavic shift Lobel < Alpel (as in Lab < <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratay200392-475">[475]</a> Gluhak noted many Baltic personal names with root *lab- and *lob- e.g. Labelle, Labulis, Labal, Lobal, which derive from *lab- (good) or lobas (bays, ravine, valley).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990219-476">[476]</a> Another consideration is it corresponds as male equivalent to female mythical figures, Czech <a href="/wiki/Libu%C5%A1e" title="Libuše">Libuše</a> and Kievan <a href="/wiki/Kyi,_Shchek_and_Khoryv" title="Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv">Lybed</a>, meaning the "swan".<a href="#cite_note-KalikUchitel2018-451">[451]</a></li> <li>Kosentzis; Mikkola considered Turkic suffix "-či", and derived it from Turkic koš (camp), košun (army).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990126-467">[467]</a> Grégoire related it with city <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratay200393-468">[468]</a> Modestin related it to <a href="/wiki/Kosinj" title="Kosinj">Kosinj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak200021-464">[464]</a> Mažuranić considered it similar to contemporary male names Kosan, Kosanac, Kosančić and Kosinec.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMažuranić1908–1922408,_528-477">[477]</a> Hauptmann derived from Sarmatian Kasagos.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949290-478">[478]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962117-268">[268]</a> Many scholars consider relation with Old-Slavic title word *kosez or *kasez, that meant social class members who freely elected the <a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">knez</a> of Carantania (658–828). In the 9th century they became nobles, and their tradition preserved until the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949289-479">[479]</a> There were many toponyms with the title in Slovenia, but also in <a href="/wiki/Lika" title="Lika">Lika</a> in Croatia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990127-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gusic69-455">[455]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shchavelev18-461">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoma1999121-472">[472]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec202041-480">[480]</a> Gluhak also noted Baltic names with root *kas- which probably derives from kàsti (dig), and <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a> Kossintes, Cosintos, Cositon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990128–129-481">[481]</a> Loma considered to be an evidence of Polish-Old Croatian <a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">isogloss</a> kъsçzъ in both the personal name and Polish Ksiądz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201255-482">[482]</a> Shchavelev derived it from коса/оселец and related it to the Polish name of mythical figure <a href="/wiki/Cho%C5%9Bcisko" title="Chościsko">Chościsko</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> of Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchavelev2007158-473">[473]</a></li> <li>Mouchlo; Mikkola related it to the name of 6th century Hunnic (<a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgar</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratay200392-475">[475]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kutrigurs" title="Kutrigurs">Kutrigur</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolden199299-483">[483]</a>) ruler Mougel/Mouâgeris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990126-467">[467]</a> Modestin related it to Mohl(j)ić.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak200021-464">[464]</a> Mažuranić considered tribe and toponym Mohlić also known as Moglić or Maglić in former Bužani župa, as well medieval toponym or name Mucla, contemporary surnames Muhoić, Muglič, Muhvić, and Macedonian village <a href="/wiki/Mogila,_North_Macedonia" title="Mogila, North Macedonia">Mogila</a> (Turk. Muhla).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMažuranić1908–1922408,_528,_677,_688-484">[484]</a> Emil Petrichevich-Horváth related it to the <a href="/wiki/Mogorovi%C4%87_family" title="Mogorović family">Mogorović family</a>, one of the Croatian "twelve noble tribes".<a href="#cite_note-EmilPH-485">[485]</a> Gluhak noted <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> muklus and Latvian muka which refer to the mud and marshes, and Prussian names e.g. Mokil, Mokyne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990220-486">[486]</a> Shchavelev similarly derived from Proto-Slavic мъхъ (Bulgarian мухъл, Lithuanian musos, "forest moss and mold").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchavelev2007158-473">[473]</a></li> <li>Chrobatos; read as Hrovatos, is generally considered as an anthroponym representing Croatian ethnonym Hrvat/Horvat, and the Croatian tribe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990222-448">[448]</a> Some scholars like <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a> related it with the Turkic name of the Bulgars khan <a href="/wiki/Kubrat" title="Kubrat">Kubrat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeršakNikšić2007259-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratay200386–91-487">[487]</a> This etymology is improbable,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949287–288-488">[488]</a> beside from historical viewpoint, as in all forms of Kubrat's name, the letter "r" is third consonant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratay200386–91-487">[487]</a></li></ul> Sisters: <ul><li>Touga; Mikkola related it with male Turkic name Tugai.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990126-467">[467]</a> Shchavelev noted it to be an obvious Greek transcription of Slavic word tuga (sadness, Proto-Slavic *tǫga) and related it to mythological Karna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchavelev2007158–159-454">[454]</a> Loma related it to <a href="/wiki/Iron_Ossetian" title="Iron Ossetian">Iron Ossetian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Digor_Ossetian" title="Digor Ossetian">Digor Ossetian</a> *tūg/tog (strong, heavy).<a href="#cite_note-Shchavelev18-461">[461]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoma1999122-489">[489]</a> Gluhak noted <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>-<a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> *touga (fog, darkness), which meaning wouldn't be much different from other names with Baltic derivation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990221-490">[490]</a> Modestin and Klaić related it to the <a href="/wiki/Tugomiri%C4%87_family" title="Tugomirić family">Tugomirić family</a> who are one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_noble_tribes_of_Croatia" title="Twelve noble tribes of Croatia">twelve noble tribes of Croatia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak200021-464">[464]</a> as well Klaić noted that in 852 was a settlement Tugari in the Kingdom of Croatia which people in Latin sources were called as Tugarani and Tugarini,<a href="#cite_note-Klaic15-469">[469]</a> while Mažuranić noted certain Tugina and župan Tugomir,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMažuranić1908–1922408,_1473-491">[491]</a> and Loma personal names Tugomir/Tugomer among medieval Croats and Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoma1999122-489">[489]</a> There also existed 10th century <a href="/wiki/Hevelli" title="Hevelli">Hevelli</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Great#Slavic_wars" title="Otto the Great">Tugumir</a>, while personal name Tugomir and toponym Tugost/Tugast in medieval Poland and Bohemia.<a href="#cite_note-492">[492]</a></li> <li>Bouga; Mikkola related it with male Turkic name Buga, while Lewicki noted Turkic name of Hun Bokhas, Peceneg Bogas, and two generals of Arabian kalifs, Bogaj.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990126–127-458">[458]</a> Shchavelev rejected Turkic names because they were never used as female names, derived it instead from Slavic word выть (howl) and related it to mythological Zhelya.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShchavelev2007158–159-454">[454]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shchavelev18-461">[461]</a> Loma proposed Vuga < Sarmatian *Vaugii- < Iranian Vahukii (vahu-, "good").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoma1999121-472">[472]</a> Grégoire, Loma and others mostly related it with the <a href="/wiki/Bug_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug River">Bug River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoma1999121-472">[472]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaratay200393-468">[468]</a> Modestin and Klaić related it to East-Slavic medieval tribe <a href="/wiki/Buzhans" title="Buzhans">Buzhans</a> who lived on Bug River, as well medieval Croatian tribe Bužani and its župa Bužani or Bužane.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak200021-464">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-Klaic15-469">[469]</a> Gluhak noted Proto-Slavic word *buga which in Slavic languages mean "swamp" like places, and the river Bug itself derives from.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990221-490">[490]</a></li></ul> First ruler: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porga_of_Croatia" title="Porga of Croatia">Porga</a> from 31st chapter according to Loma and Živković derives from Iranian pouru-gâo, "rich in cattle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoma1999122-489">[489]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković201254-493">[493]</a> Mažuranić noted it was a genuine personal name in medieval Croatia at least since 12th as well Bosnia since 13th century in the form of Porug (Porugh de genere Boić, nobilis de Tetachich near terrae Mogorovich), Poruga, Porča, Purća / Purča, and Purđa (vir nobilis nomine Purthio quondam Streimiri).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMažuranić1908–192289,_253,_942,_1007,_1010,_1029,_1197,_1619-494">[494]</a> However, in the 30th chapter, it is named Porin, and recently Milošević, Alimov, and Budak supported a thesis which considered these names as two variants of the Slavic deity <a href="/wiki/Perun" title="Perun">Perun</a>, as a heavenly ruler and not an actual secular ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlimov2015141–164-495">[495]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201895–96-496">[496]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Croats&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Croats" title="Genetic studies on Croats">Genetic studies on Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_migrations_to_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe">Slavic migrations to Southeastern Europe</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Croats&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak199095-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak199095_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roncevic93-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roncevic93_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roncevic93_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roncevic93_2-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRončević1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rončević, Dunja Brozović (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/158278?lang=en">"Na marginama novijih studija o etimologiji imena Hrvat"</a> [On some recent studies about the etymology of the name Hrvat]. Folia onomastica Croatica (in Croatian) (2): 7–23. Retrieved 21 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folia+onomastica+Croatica&rft.atitle=Na+marginama+novijih+studija+o+etimologiji+imena+Hrvat&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7-23&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ron%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dunja+Brozovi%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F158278%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatasović2008" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ranko_Matasovi%C4%87" title="Ranko Matasović">Matasović, Ranko</a> (2008), Poredbenopovijesna gramatika hrvatskoga jezika [A Comparative and Historical Grammar of Croatian] (in Croatian), Zagreb: <a href="/wiki/Matica_hrvatska" title="Matica hrvatska">Matica hrvatska</a>, p. 44, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-150-840-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-150-840-7"><bdi>978-953-150-840-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poredbenopovijesna+gramatika+hrvatskoga+jezika&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Matica+hrvatska&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-953-150-840-7&rft.aulast=Matasovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ranko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Charvát2010-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Charvát2010_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charvát2010_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Charvát2010_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharvát2010" class="citation book cs1">Charvát, Petr (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_B5DwAAQBAJ">The Emergence of the Bohemian State</a>. Brill. pp. 78, 80, 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4459-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-4459-6"><bdi>978-90-474-4459-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Bohemian+State&rft.pages=78%2C+80%2C+102&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-474-4459-6&rft.aulast=Charv%C3%A1t&rft.aufirst=Petr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ_B5DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013115,_168,_444-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov2013115,_168,_444_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedov2013">Sedov 2013</a>, pp. 115, 168, 444. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201898-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak201898_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudak2018">Budak 2018</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohl1970" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pohl, Heinz-Dieter (1970). "Die slawischen Sprachen in Jugoslawien" [The Slavic languages in Yugoslavia]. Der Donauraum (in German). 15 (1–2): 72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7767%2Fdnrm.1970.15.12.63">10.7767/dnrm.1970.15.12.63</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:183316961">183316961</a>. <q>Srbin, Plural Srbi: "Serbe", wird zum urslawischen *sirbŭ "Genosse" gestellt und ist somit slawischen Ursprungs41. Hrvat "Kroate", ist iranischer Herkunft, über urslawisches *chŭrvatŭ aus altiranischem *(fšu-)haurvatā, "Viehhüter"42.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Donauraum&rft.atitle=Die+slawischen+Sprachen+in+Jugoslawien&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7767%2Fdnrm.1970.15.12.63&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A183316961%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pohl&rft.aufirst=Heinz-Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arumaa1976-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Arumaa1976_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArumaa1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arumaa, Peeter (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C2NXAAAAYAAJ">Urslavische Grammatik: Einführung in das vergleichende Studium der slavischen Sprachen</a> (in German). C. Winter. p. 180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-533-02283-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-533-02283-1"><bdi>978-3-533-02283-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urslavische+Grammatik%3A+Einf%C3%BChrung+in+das+vergleichende+Studium+der+slavischen+Sprachen&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=C.+Winter&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-3-533-02283-1&rft.aulast=Arumaa&rft.aufirst=Peeter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC2NXAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunstmann1982" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kunstmann, Heinrich (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RsFmAAAAMAAJ">"Über den Namen der Kroaten"</a> [About the name of the Croatians]. Die Welt der Slaven (in German). 27: 131–136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+der+Slaven&rft.atitle=%C3%9Cber+den+Namen+der+Kroaten&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=131-136&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Kunstmann&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRsFmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trunte1990-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Trunte1990_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrunte1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trunte, Hartmut (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_29gAAAAMAAJ">Slovĕnʹskʺi i︠a︡zykʺ: Ein praktisches Lehrbuch des Kirchenslavischen in 30 Lektionen: zugleich eine Einführung in die slavische Philologie</a> (in German). Sagner. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87690-716-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87690-716-1"><bdi>978-3-87690-716-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slov%C4%95n%CA%B9sk%CA%BAi+i%EF%B8%A0a%EF%B8%A1zyk%CA%BA%3A+Ein+praktisches+Lehrbuch+des+Kirchenslavischen+in+30+Lektionen%3A+zugleich+eine+Einf%C3%BChrung+in+die+slavische+Philologie&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Sagner&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-87690-716-1&rft.aulast=Trunte&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_29gAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201286–100,_129-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201286–100,_129_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, pp. 86–100, 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatasović2019" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ranko_Matasovi%C4%87" title="Ranko Matasović">Matasović, Ranko</a> (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/228825?lang=en">"Ime Hrvata"</a> [The Name of Croats], Jezik (Croatian Philological Society) (in Croatian), 66 (3), Zagreb: 81–97</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jezik+%28Croatian+Philological+Society%29&rft.atitle=Ime+Hrvata&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=81-97&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Matasovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ranko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F228825%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeršakNikšić2007262-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeršakNikšić2007262_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeršakNikšić2007">Heršak & Nikšić 2007</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200425-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200425_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200436–37,_40–43-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200436–37,_40–43_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 36–37, 40–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarčinko2000318–319,_433-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarčinko2000318–319,_433_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarčinko2000318–319,_433_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarčinko2000318–319,_433_16-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarčinko2000">Marčinko 2000</a>, pp. 318–319, 433. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990127-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990127_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990127_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDanylenko20041–32-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanylenko20041–32_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanylenko20041–32_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDanylenko20041–32_18-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanylenko2004">Danylenko 2004</a>, pp. 1–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŠkegro200513-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŠkegro200513_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŠkegro2005">Škegro 2005</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200688,_91–92-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200688,_91–92_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaščenko2006">Paščenko 2006</a>, pp. 88, 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200687–95-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200687–95_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaščenko2006">Paščenko 2006</a>, pp. 87–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200414-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200414_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200414_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200414_22-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201223–24,_37–41-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201223–24,_37–41_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, pp. 23–24, 37–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov2012167-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov2012167_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-Niederle2015-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niederle2015_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niederle2015_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiederle2015" class="citation journal cs1">Niederle, Josef (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283258220">"Alemure, Cumeoberg, Mons Comianus, Omuntesberg, Džrwáb, Wánít. Lokalizace záhadných míst z úsvitu dějin Moravy"</a> [Localization of enigmatic places from the early history of Moravia and Slavs]. Skalničkářův rok. 71A. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1805-1170">1805-1170</a>. Retrieved 21 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skalni%C4%8Dk%C3%A1%C5%99%C5%AFv+rok&rft.atitle=Alemure%2C+Cumeoberg%2C+Mons+Comianus%2C+Omuntesberg%2C+D%C5%BErw%C3%A1b%2C+W%C3%A1n%C3%ADt.+Lokalizace+z%C3%A1hadn%C3%BDch+m%C3%ADst+z+%C3%BAsvitu+d%C4%9Bjin+Moravy&rft.volume=71A&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1805-1170&rft.aulast=Niederle&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F283258220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEОвчинніков2000153-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEОвчинніков2000153_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEОвчинніков2000153_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEОвчинніков2000153_26-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFОвчинніков2000">Овчинніков 2000</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuchynko2015139–140-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuchynko2015139–140_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuchynko2015">Kuchynko 2015</a>, pp. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković201284–88-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽivković201284–88_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŽivković2012">Živković 2012</a>, pp. 84–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201224,_42–47-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201224,_42–47_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, pp. 24, 42–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990122–125-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990122–125_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, pp. 122–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200627-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200627_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaščenko2006">Paščenko 2006</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2013146,_262-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2013146,_262_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim2013">Kim 2013</a>, pp. 146, 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201229-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201229_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201225–26-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201225–26_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201226–28-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201226–28_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, pp. 26–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201228-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201228_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi198348–50-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi198348–50_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagocsi1983">Magocsi 1983</a>, pp. 48–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-EUHKhorvaty-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EUHKhorvaty_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EUHKhorvaty_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСиниця2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Синиця, Є.В. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Khorvaty">"ХОРВАТИ"</a>. Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History (in Ukrainian). Vol. 10. <a href="/wiki/Naukova_Dumka" title="Naukova Dumka">Naukova Dumka</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASU_Institute_of_History_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="NASU Institute of History of Ukraine">NASU Institute of History of Ukraine</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-00-1359-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-00-1359-9"><bdi>978-966-00-1359-9</bdi></a>. <q>Їх часто необґрунтовано називають також "білими хорватами". Це пов'язано з тим, що східноєвроп. Х. помилково ототожнюють з "хорватами білими" (згадуються в недатованій частині "Повісті временних літ" в одному ряду із сербами й хорутанами) та "білохорватами" (фігурують у трактаті візант. імп. Константина VII Багрянородного "Про управління імперією"); насправді в обох випадках ідеться про слов'ян. племена на Балканах – предків населення сучасної Хорватії... єдине з літописних племен, для котрого "Повість временних літ" не вказує територію розселення. Локалізація Х. у Прикарпатті та, можливо, Закарпатті базується на двох підставах: 1) у цих регіонах у 8—10 ст. поширені пам'ятки райковецької культури, притаманної всім східнослов'ян. племенам Правобережжя в зазначений час; 2) ця частина ареалу райковецької к-ри лежить поза межами розселення ін. літописних племен, згаданих у "Повісті временних літ". Гомогенність райковецьких старожитностей, які не членуються на відносно чіткі локальні варіанти, не дає змоги конкретизувати кордони Х. та їхніх сусідів (волинян/бужан на пн. та пн. сх., уличів на пд. сх. і тиверців на пд.). Певною особливістю райковецьких пам'яток Прикарпаття є поширеність городищ-сховищ, що були одночасно сакральними центрами (мали капища та "довгі будинки"-контини, призначені для общинних бенкетів-братчин).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A5%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%98&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukrainian+History&rft.pub=Naukova+Dumka%2C+NASU+Institute+of+History+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-966-00-1359-9&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F&rft.aufirst=%D0%84.%D0%92.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.org.ua%2F%3Ftermin%3DKhorvaty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoitovych2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leontii_Voitovych" title="Leontii Voitovych">Voitovych, Leontii</a> (2011). "Проблема "білих хорватів"". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clio.lnu.edu.ua/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96-%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8.-%E2%80%93-%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0-2011.pdf">Галицько-волинські етюди</a> (PDF). Біла Церква. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-2083-97-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-2083-97-2"><bdi>978-966-2083-97-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 July 2019. <q>Trans.: Proceeding from the above, Transcarpathian Croats and Croats lived near Dniester and San Rivers would be more correct to call Carpathian Croats, as Ya. Isayevich suggested, and not White Croats, as most Ukrainian and Russian authors write. White Croats were located in the upper reaches of the Vistula and Oder, in Saala and White Elster, where S. Panteleich sought out entire areas that still enjoyed autonomy in the 14th–15th centuries, and the remnants of toponymy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%22%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%22&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96+%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8&rft.place=%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-966-2083-97-2&rft.aulast=Voitovych&rft.aufirst=Leontii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclio.lnu.edu.ua%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F11%2F%25D0%2593%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D1%2586%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE-%25D0%25B2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596-%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%258E%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8.-%25E2%2580%2593-%25D0%2591%25D1%2596%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0-%25D0%25A6%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFА._В._Майоров2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">А. В. Майоров (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/4696984">"ХОРВА́ТЫ ВОСТОЧНОСЛАВЯ́НСКИЕ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a> (in Russian). Bolshaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopediya, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>. <q>По данным ср.-век. письм. источников и топонимии, хорваты локализуются на северо-западе Балкан (предки совр. хорватов); на части земель в бассейнах верхнего течения Эльбы, Вислы, Одры, возможно, и Моравы (белые хорваты, по-видимому, в значении "западные"); на северо-востоке Прикарпатья (отчасти и в Закарпатье).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A5%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%92%D0%90%CC%81%D0%A2%D0%AB+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A7%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9B%D0%90%D0%92%D0%AF%CC%81%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%95&rft.btitle=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Bolshaya+Rossiyskaya+Entsiklopediya%2C+Russian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2017&rft.au=%D0%90.+%D0%92.+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fdomestic_history%2Ftext%2F4696984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006115–116-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006115–116_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaščenko2006">Paščenko 2006</a>, pp. 115–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006a37-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006a37_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006a37_42-1">b</a> <a 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Libron. pp. 177, 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7396-749-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7396-749-6"><bdi>978-83-7396-749-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kronika+S%C5%82owian%3A+Polanie&rft.pages=177%2C+192&rft.pub=Libron&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-83-7396-749-6&rft.aulast=Chrzanowski&rft.aufirst=Witold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDWMiAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik196298–99-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik196298–99_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1962">Dvornik 1962</a>, p. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949297-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949297_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949297_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1949">Dvornik 1949</a>, pp. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik196299,_118-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik196299,_118_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1962">Dvornik 1962</a>, p. 99, 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeršakNikšić2007259-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeršakNikšić2007259_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeršakNikšić2007259_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeršakNikšić2007259_109-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeršakNikšić2007">Heršak & Nikšić 2007</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990129–130-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990129–130_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, pp. 129–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990130-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990130_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201899–100-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak201899–100_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudak2018">Budak 2018</a>, p. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins1962-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins1962_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Romilly_Jenkins" title="Romilly Jenkins">Jenkins, Romilly James Heald</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=96ybRW9sLA4C">Constantine Porphyrogenitus, De Adminstrando Imperio: Volume 2, Commentary</a>. 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Greenwood Press. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-8757-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-8757-0"><bdi>978-0-8371-8757-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Russian+Nation&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-8757-0&rft.aulast=Paszkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Henryk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DleTXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽivković2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87" title="Tibor Živković">Živković, Tibor</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rastko.rs/cms/files/books/5ab96732d39f6">"О северним границама Србије у раном средњем веку"</a> [On the northern borders of Serbia in the early middle ages]. Zbornik Matice srpske za istoriju (in Serbian). 63/64: 11. <q>Plemena u Zahumlju, Paganiji, Travuniji i Konavlima Porfirogenit naziva Srbima,28 razdvajajuči pritom njihovo političko od etničkog bića.29 Ovakvo tumačenje verovatno nije najsrećnije jer za Mihaila Viševića, kneza Zahumljana, kaže da je poreklom sa Visle od roda Licika,30 a ta je reka isuviše daleko od oblasti Belih Srba i gde bi pre trebalo očekivati Bele Hrvate. To je prva indicija koja ukazuje da je srpsko pleme možda bilo na čelu većeg saveza slovenskih plemena koja su sa njim i pod vrhovnim vodstvom srpskog arhonta došla na Balkansko poluostrvo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zbornik+Matice+srpske+za+istoriju&rft.atitle=%D0%9E+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5+%D1%83+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83&rft.volume=63%2F64&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rastko.rs%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Fbooks%2F5ab96732d39f6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković201249,_54,_83,_88-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽivković201249,_54,_83,_88_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŽivković2012">Živković 2012</a>, pp. 49, 54, 83, 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962130-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962130_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962130_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962130_117-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1962">Dvornik 1962</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković201289-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽivković201289_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽivković201289_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFŽivković2012">Živković 2012</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201265,_69-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201265,_69_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, pp. 65, 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik195694-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik195694_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1956">Dvornik 1956</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200479-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200479_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200478-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200478_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201249–50,_56,_78–80-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201249–50,_56,_78–80_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, pp. 49–50, 56, 78–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth185937,_53–54-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth185937,_53–54_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBosworth1859">Bosworth 1859</a>, p. 37, 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngram180772-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngram180772_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIngram1807">Ingram 1807</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200453–60-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200453–60_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 53–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201252-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201252_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200448–53-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200448–53_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 48–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200456-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200456_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200457-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200457_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200457–59-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200457–59_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 57–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201252–53-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201252–53_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, p. 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200457–58-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200457–58_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200451,_58–60-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200451,_58–60_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 51, 58–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200451,_57–60,_94,_125–126-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200451,_57–60,_94,_125–126_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 51, 57–60, 94, 125–126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201251–52,_56,_59-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201251–52,_56,_59_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, pp. 51–52, 56, 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201256-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201256_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoitovych201126,_29-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoitovych201126,_29_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVoitovych2011">Voitovych 2011</a>, p. 26, 29:H. Łowmiański also decided that at least one of the tribes of Croats named in the Prague Privilege could be without hesitation located on Vistula and identified with Vistulans, thus, without any justification, omitting the remarks of Vladislav Kentshinsky and the conclusions of J. Vidayevich, who did not admit the possibility of identifying the Vistulans with the Croats. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoncha201217-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoncha201217_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoncha2012">Koncha 2012</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKugutjak201726-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKugutjak201726_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKugutjak2017">Kugutjak 2017</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk2009-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomenchuk2009_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomenchuk2009_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomenchuk2009_141-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomenchuk2009">Tomenchuk 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201732-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201732_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201732_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomenchuk2017">Tomenchuk 2017</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201813-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201813_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201813_143-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomenchuk2018">Tomenchuk 2018</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-BerendUrbańczyk2013-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BerendUrbańczyk2013_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BerendUrbańczyk2013_144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerendUrbańczykWiszewski2013" class="citation book cs1">Berend, Nora; Urbańczyk, Przemysław; Wiszewski, Przemysław (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5eNRAgAAQBAJ">Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c.900–c.1300</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-65139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-65139-5"><bdi>978-1-107-65139-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Europe+in+the+High+Middle+Ages%3A+Bohemia%2C+Hungary+and+Poland%2C+c.900%E2%80%93c.1300&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-65139-5&rft.aulast=Berend&rft.aufirst=Nora&rft.au=Urba%C5%84czyk%2C+Przemys%C5%82aw&rft.au=Wiszewski%2C+Przemys%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5eNRAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200459-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200459_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański2013120-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański2013120_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2013">Łowmiański 2013</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949270–272-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949270–272_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1949">Dvornik 1949</a>, p. 270–272. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990212–213-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990212–213_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990212–213_148-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, pp. 212–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVernadsky2008262–263-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky2008262–263_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVernadsky2008262–263_149-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVernadsky2008">Vernadsky 2008</a>, pp. 262–263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949271-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949271_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1949">Dvornik 1949</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990212-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990212_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990212_151-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov2012161-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov2012161_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov2012161_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov2012161_152-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200462-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200462_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990211-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990211_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimonyi2015295,_319-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimonyi2015295,_319_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimonyi2015295,_319_155-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZimonyi2015">Zimonyi 2015</a>, pp. 295, 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-DanylenkoNomachi2019-156"><a href="#cite_ref-DanylenkoNomachi2019_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWexler2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)" title="Paul Wexler (linguist)">Wexler, Paul</a> (2019). 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Brill. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22980-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22980-8"><bdi>978-90-04-22980-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+a+Duchy%3A+The+Political+and+Ecclesiastical+Structures+of+Early+P%3Femyslid+Bohemia&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22980-8&rft.aulast=Kalhous&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhY-JMg8Cd-0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200468-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200468_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200468_203-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kantor1983-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Kantor1983_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantor1983" class="citation book cs1">Kantor, Marvin (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDYAAAAMAAJ">Medieval Slavic Lives of Saints and Princes</a>. University of Michigan, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures. pp. 150, 157, 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930042-44-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930042-44-8"><bdi>978-0-930042-44-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Slavic+Lives+of+Saints+and+Princes&rft.pages=150%2C+157%2C+160&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan%2C+Department+of+Slavic+Languages+and+Literatures&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-930042-44-8&rft.aulast=Kantor&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRMDYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200468–71-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200468–71_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 68–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-MacArtney2008-206"><a href="#cite_ref-MacArtney2008_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacArtney2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carlile_Aylmer_Macartney" title="Carlile Aylmer Macartney">MacArtney, C. A.</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ry5eOQpGvQ8C">The Magyars in the Ninth Century</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 126, 136–138, 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08070-5"><bdi>978-0-521-08070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magyars+in+the+Ninth+Century&rft.pages=126%2C+136-138%2C+149&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08070-5&rft.aulast=MacArtney&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dry5eOQpGvQ8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200470–71-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200470–71_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990148-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990148_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200419,_87–89,_94–95-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200419,_87–89,_94–95_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 19, 87–89, 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013428-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov2013428_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedov2013">Sedov 2013</a>, p. 428. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990149-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990149_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200487-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200487_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVach2006239-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVach2006239_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVach2006">Vach 2006</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWidajewicz2006267–268-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWidajewicz2006267–268_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWidajewicz2006">Widajewicz 2006</a>, pp. 267–268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVach2006240–242-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVach2006240–242_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVach2006">Vach 2006</a>, pp. 240–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1956104–105-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1956104–105_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1956">Dvornik 1956</a>, p. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962116-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962116_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962116_217-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1962">Dvornik 1962</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200419,_94-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200419,_94_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 19, 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013431-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov2013431_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedov2013">Sedov 2013</a>, p. 431. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990151-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990151_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990151_220-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990151_220-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990158-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990158_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990158_221-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarčinko2000183-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarčinko2000183_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarčinko2000">Marčinko 2000</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFokt2004-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFokt2004_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFokt2004">Fokt 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990161–167-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990161–167_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, pp. 161–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990161-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990161_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990161–162-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990161–162_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, pp. 161–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990162-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990162_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJirásek2015-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJirásek2015_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJirásek2015">Jirásek 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlimov2015153-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlimov2015153_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlimov2015153_229-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlimov2015">Alimov 2015</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov201215-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov201215_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedov2012">Sedov 2012</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dictionary1982-231"><a href="#cite_ref-Dictionary1982_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaroslav_Rudnyckyj1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Rudnyckyj" title="Jaroslav Rudnyckyj">Jaroslav Rudnyckyj</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rudnycky_slovnyk_tom2.cropped.ocr">An Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language: Parts 12–22</a> (in English and Ukrainian). Vol. 2. Winnipeg: <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_Ukraine" title="National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine">Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences (UVAN)</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rudnycky_slovnyk_tom2.cropped.ocr/page/n482">968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+Ukrainian+Language%3A+Parts+12%E2%80%9322&rft.place=Winnipeg&rft.pages=968&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Free+Academy+of+Sciences+%28UVAN%29&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Jaroslav+Rudnyckyj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frudnycky_slovnyk_tom2.cropped.ocr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalyckij2006106–107-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalyckij2006106–107_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalyckij2006">Malyckij 2006</a>, pp. 106–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200699–102,_109-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200699–102,_109_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200699–102,_109_233-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaščenko2006">Paščenko 2006</a>, pp. 99–102, 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalyckij2006107-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalyckij2006107_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalyckij2006">Malyckij 2006</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrižak2006106–107-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrižak2006106–107_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrižak2006">Strižak 2006</a>, pp. 106–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrižak2006187-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrižak2006187_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStrižak2006">Strižak 2006</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPendergrass201575-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPendergrass201575_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPendergrass2015">Pendergrass 2015</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShippey201453-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShippey201453_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShippey2014">Shippey 2014</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949285-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1949285_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1949">Dvornik 1949</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200430–31-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200430–31_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 30–31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewicki200695-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewicki200695_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewicki2006">Lewicki 2006</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerLarrington2013245-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerLarrington2013245_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerLarrington2013">Acker & Larrington 2013</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201896-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak201896_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudak2018">Budak 2018</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewicki200695–96-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewicki200695–96_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewicki2006">Lewicki 2006</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVašica2008242,_244,_247–248,_250–258-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVašica2008242,_244,_247–248,_250–258_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVašica2008">Vašica 2008</a>, pp. 242, 244, 247–248, 250–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990121–122-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990121–122_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, pp. 121–122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990145-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990145_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Immigration_Commission191122,_40,_43,_88,_105-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUnited_States_Immigration_Commission191122,_40,_43,_88,_105_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUnited_States_Immigration_Commission1911">United States Immigration Commission 1911</a>, pp. 22, 40, 43, 88, 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-Novaković1977-249"><a href="#cite_ref-Novaković1977_249-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovaković1977" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Novaković, Relja (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5K0BAAAAMAAJ">Odakle su Srbi dos̆li na Balkansko poluostrvo</a> (in Serbo-Croatian). Beograd: Istorijski institut. p. 335.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Odakle+su+Srbi+dos%CC%86li+na+Balkansko+poluostrvo&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Istorijski+institut&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Novakovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Relja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5K0BAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nikčević2002-250"><a href="#cite_ref-Nikčević2002_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikčević2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nikčević, Vojislav (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t2ccAQAAIAAJ">Kroatističke studije</a> (in Serbo-Croatian). Erasmus Naklada. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789536132584" title="Special:BookSources/9789536132584"><bdi>9789536132584</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kroatisti%C4%8Dke+studije&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Erasmus+Naklada&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9789536132584&rft.aulast=Nik%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vojislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt2ccAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006131-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006131_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaščenko2006">Paščenko 2006</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStruk1993189Ph_–_Sr._Vol._4-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStruk1993189Ph_–_Sr._Vol._4_252-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStruk1993">Struk 1993</a>, p. 189, Ph – Sr. Vol. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CW%5CH%5CWhiteCroatians.htm">"White Croatians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a>. 2005. <q>They are believed to be the ancestors of certain Ukrainians, specifically the Hutsuls...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=White+Croatians&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CW%255CH%255CWhiteCroatians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20055-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20055_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20055_254-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2005">Magocsi 2005</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201278-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201278_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1995-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi1995_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagocsi1995">Magocsi 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotta2014" class="citation book cs1">Motta, Giuseppe (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GnUxBwAAQBAJ">Less than Nations: Central-Eastern European Minorities after WWI, Volumes 1 and 2</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5859-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5859-5"><bdi>978-1-4438-5859-5</bdi></a>. <q>There were different theories to explain the presence of Rusyns. In his The settlements, economy and history of the Rusyns of Subcarpathia (1923) A. Hodinka wondered if Russians arrived before the Magyars, at the same time or later? Were they White Croats? Slavs who mixed with nomad Vlachs?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Less+than+Nations%3A+Central-Eastern+European+Minorities+after+WWI%2C+Volumes+1+and+2&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-5859-5&rft.aulast=Motta&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGnUxBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFИ.А._Бойко2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">И.А. Бойко (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/3456468">"ДОЛЫНЯ́НЕ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a> (in Russian). Bolshaya Rossiyskaya Entsiklopediya, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>. <q>Сформировались на основе вост.-слав. населения 7–9 вв. (хорваты, или белые хорваты), вошедшего в 10 в.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%AB%D0%9D%D0%AF%CC%81%D0%9D%D0%95&rft.btitle=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Bolshaya+Rossiyskaya+Entsiklopediya%2C+Russian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2016&rft.au=%D0%98.%D0%90.+%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fethnology%2Ftext%2F3456468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boikos-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boikos_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boikos_259-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabii-Karpynska2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rabii-Karpynska, Sofiia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CB%5CO%5CBoikos.htm">"Boikos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a>. <q>The Boikos are believed to be the descendants of the ancient Slavic tribe of White Croatians that came under the rule of the Kyivan Rus' state during the reign of Prince Volodymyr the Great. Before the Magyars occupied the Danube Lowland this tribe served as a direct link between the Eastern and Southern Slavs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boikos&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Rabii-Karpynska&rft.aufirst=Sofiia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CB%255CO%255CBoikos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> Article from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. 1984. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3362-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3362-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-3362-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3362-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВ.А._Войналович2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">В.А. Войналович (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Bojky">"БОЙКИ"</a>. Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History (in Ukrainian). Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Naukova_Dumka" title="Naukova Dumka">Naukova Dumka</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASU_Institute_of_History_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="NASU Institute of History of Ukraine">NASU Institute of History of Ukraine</a>. p. 688. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/966-00-0734-5" title="Special:BookSources/966-00-0734-5"><bdi>966-00-0734-5</bdi></a>. <q>Гадають, що Б. – нащадки давнього слов'ян. племені білих хорватів, яких Володимир Святославич приєднав до Київської Русі</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%9E%D0%99%D0%9A%D0%98&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukrainian+History&rft.pages=688&rft.pub=Naukova+Dumka%2C+NASU+Institute+of+History+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=966-00-0734-5&rft.au=%D0%92.%D0%90.+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.org.ua%2F%3Ftermin%3DBojky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolae_PavliucVolodymyr_SichynskyStanisław_Vincenz2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Nicolae Pavliuc; Volodymyr Sichynsky; Stanisław Vincenz (2001) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CH%5CU%5CHutsuls.htm">"Hutsuls"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3362-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-3362-8"><bdi>978-0-8020-3362-8</bdi></a>. <q>The Slavic White Croatians inhabited the region in the first millennium AD; with the rise of Kyivan Rus', they became vassals of the new state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hutsuls&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-3362-8&rft.au=Nicolae+Pavliuc&rft.au=Volodymyr+Sichynsky&rft.au=Stanis%C5%82aw+Vincenz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CH%255CU%255CHutsuls.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЛ.В._Ковпак2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Л.В. Ковпак (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Guculy">"ГУЦУЛИ"</a>. Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History (in Ukrainian). Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Naukova_Dumka" title="Naukova Dumka">Naukova Dumka</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASU_Institute_of_History_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="NASU Institute of History of Ukraine">NASU Institute of History of Ukraine</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/966-00-0632-2" title="Special:BookSources/966-00-0632-2"><bdi>966-00-0632-2</bdi></a>. <q>Г. – нащадки давніх слов'ян. племен – білих хорватів, тиверців й уличів, які в 10 ст. входили до складу Київської Русі ... Питання походження назви "гуцули" остаточно не з'ясоване. Найпоширеніша гіпотеза – від волоського слова "гоц" (розбійник), на думку ін., від слова "кочул" (пастух).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%A3%D0%A6%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%98&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukrainian+History&rft.pub=Naukova+Dumka%2C+NASU+Institute+of+History+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=966-00-0632-2&rft.au=%D0%9B.%D0%92.+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.org.ua%2F%3Ftermin%3DGuculy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_263-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1424.pdf">"Wooden Tserkvas of the Carpathian Region in Poland and Ukraine"</a> (PDF) (Press release). Warsaw – Kiev. UNESCO. 2011. pp. 153, 9. Retrieved 3 August 2020. <q>The city of Rohatyn is situated at the crossroads of routes leading to Halych, Lviv and Ternopil. Evidence of two large White Croatian towns (6th–8th centuries) was found near Rohatyn at the villages of Pidhoroddya and Lykovyshche. One of them is likely to have been Old Rohatyn ... The Lemkos an ethnic group inhabiting the Eastern Carpathians, between the River of Poprad to the west and the rivers of Oslava and Laborec to the east. The ethnic shape of the Lemko territory was affected by the Wallachian colonization in 14th–16th centuries, the influx of a Ruthenian-influenced Slovak population and the settlement of a Slavic tribe called the White Croats, who had inhabited this part of the Carpathians since the 5th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wooden+Tserkvas+of+the+Carpathian+Region+in+Poland+and+Ukraine&rft.place=Warsaw+%E2%80%93+Kiev&rft.pages=153%2C+9&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fuploads%2Fnominations%2F1424.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201529-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201529_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagocsi2015">Magocsi 2015</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvan_KatchanovskiKohutNebesioYurkevich2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Katchanovski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Katchanovski (page does not exist)">Ivan Katchanovski</a>; Kohut, Zenon E.; Nebesio, Bohdan Y.; Yurkevich, Myroslav (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-h6r57lDC4QC">Historical Dictionary of Ukraine</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7847-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7847-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7847-1</bdi></a>. <q>In the opinion of some scholars, the ancestors of the Lemkos were the White Croatians, who settled the Carpathian region between the seventh and tenth centuries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Ukraine&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7847-1&rft.au=Ivan+Katchanovski&rft.au=Kohut%2C+Zenon+E.&rft.au=Nebesio%2C+Bohdan+Y.&rft.au=Yurkevich%2C+Myroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-h6r57lDC4QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.199126–41-266"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.199126–41_266-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.1991">Van Antwerp Fine Jr. 1991</a>, pp. 26–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik19567,_29,_34,_63-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik19567,_29,_34,_63_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1956">Dvornik 1956</a>, p. 7, 29, 34, 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962117-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962117_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962117_268-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962117_268-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962117_268-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962117_268-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1962">Dvornik 1962</a>, p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201260–64-269">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201260–64_269-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201260–64_269-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201260–64_269-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, pp. 60–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKardaras201893-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKardaras201893_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKardaras201893_270-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKardaras201893_270-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKardaras2018">Kardaras 2018</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201812–13-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201812–13_271-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomenchuk2018">Tomenchuk 2018</a>, p. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200410–12,_68,_99-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200410–12,_68,_99_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 10–12, 68, 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201248–63-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201248–63_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, p. 48–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak1995147-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak1995147_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudak1995">Budak 1995</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201259–64-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201259–64_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, pp. 59–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013169,_175–177,_444,_450-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov2013169,_175–177,_444,_450_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedov2013">Sedov 2013</a>, pp. 169, 175–177, 444, 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoitovych201045–47-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoitovych201045–47_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoitovych201045–47_277-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFVoitovych2010">Voitovych 2010</a>, p. 45–47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec2020154-159,_162–166-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilipec2020154-159,_162–166_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFilipec2020">Filipec 2020</a>, p. 154-159, 162–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković201259-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽivković201259_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŽivković2012">Živković 2012</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013182,_450-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov2013182,_450_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedov2013">Sedov 2013</a>, pp. 182, 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010406,_425,_444-281">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2010406,_425,_444_281-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2010406,_425,_444_281-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeather2010">Heather 2010</a>, pp. 406, 425, 444. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec2020154–159,_162–166-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilipec2020154–159,_162–166_282-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFilipec2020">Filipec 2020</a>, p. 154–159, 162–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962117,_124-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962117,_124_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1962">Dvornik 1962</a>, p. 117, 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeršakSilić2002211–213-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeršakSilić2002211–213_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeršakSilić2002">Heršak & Silić 2002</a>, pp. 211–213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013450-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov2013450_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov2013450_285-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedov2013">Sedov 2013</a>, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990217-286">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990217_286-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990217_286-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201262-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201262_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201262_287-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201262_287-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013182-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov2013182_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedov2013">Sedov 2013</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec2020154–157-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilipec2020154–157_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFilipec2020">Filipec 2020</a>, p. 154–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962124-290"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962124_290-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1962">Dvornik 1962</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak199575-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak199575_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudak1995">Budak 1995</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKardaras201894-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKardaras201894_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKardaras2018">Kardaras 2018</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200423–24-293">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200423–24_293-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200423–24_293-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak199555-294">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak199555_294-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak199555_294-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudak1995">Budak 1995</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201897-295">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak201897_295-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak201897_295-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak201897_295-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudak2018">Budak 2018</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.199137,_53,_56-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.199137,_53,_56_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.1991">Van Antwerp Fine Jr. 1991</a>, pp. 37, 53, 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013176,_446,_460-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov2013176,_446,_460_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedov2013">Sedov 2013</a>, pp. 176, 446, 460. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.199153-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.199153_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Antwerp_Fine_Jr.1991">Van Antwerp Fine Jr. 1991</a>, p. 53...if few Slaveni had come into the Western territories under the Avars, probably many more did so now, in the wake of the new conquerors </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2010404–408,_424–425,_444-299"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather2010404–408,_424–425,_444_299-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeather2010">Heather 2010</a>, pp. 404–408, 424–425, 444:It is also unclear whether their arrival represented a further major wave of Slavic immigration into the north-western Balkans, or whether they functioned essentially as an organizing element for Slavic groups already present there but formerly subject to Avar domination ... third type of Slavic migrant group that was either large enough or militarily specialized enough to throw off Avar domination ... On the other hand, the historical evidence for much larger Slavic social units on the move (whether ‘tribal’ or military specialists – if such, indeed, were the Serbs and Croats) ... Second, Avars were responsible for the spread of the larger 'tribal' Slavic communities into the Balkans after 610, which would have been impossible if the former had not destroyed Roman frontier security. But these were the same Slavs who had been alternately fighting and serving the Avars over the previous fifty years, so there is every reason to suppose that they also wanted to put themselves, not to mention their wives and children, out of the latter’s reach. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoitovych201045–47,_52–53-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoitovych201045–47,_52–53_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVoitovych2010">Voitovych 2010</a>, p. 45–47, 52–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200413-301"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŁowmiański200413_301-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŁowmiański2004">Łowmiański 2004</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFabijanić200920–27-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabijanić200920–27_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFabijanić200920–27_302-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFabijanić2009">Fabijanić 2009</a>, p. 20–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak199576-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak199576_303-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudak1995">Budak 1995</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec2020157-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilipec2020157_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFilipec2020">Filipec 2020</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-Belos00-305">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Belos00_305-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belos00_305-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belos00_305-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelošević2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Belošević, Janko (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://morepress.unizd.hr/journals/index.php/pov/article/view/2231">"Razvoj i osnovne značajke starohrvatskih grobalja horizonta 7.-9. stoljeća na povijesnim prostorima Hrvata"</a>. Radovi (in Croatian). 39 (26): 71–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15291%2Fradovipov.2231">10.15291/radovipov.2231</a>. 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Vjesnik Za Arheologiju I Povijest Dalmatinsku (in Croatian). 98 (1): 173, 192–197. Retrieved 30 June 2022. <q>Nalaze grobne keramike s područja Hrvatske u više je navrata razmatrao J. Belošević, te došao do zaključka da se otkriveno posuđe s obzirom na oblik može podijeliti na ono tipično slavenskih oblika (jajoliki i kružno-jajoliki lonci poput primjerka s Bukorovića podvornice) i ono koje odražava kasnoantičke tradicije (lonci s ručkama i vrčevi s izljevom).119 U tehnološkom smislu, kao i zbog načina ukrašavanja, može se zaključiti da sve to posuđe nastaje pod utjecajem kasnoantičke keramičke produkcije. Ono, međutim, ne predstavlja dokaz o znatnijem sudjelovanju starosjedilačkoga stanovništva u oblikovanju nove etničke slike u Dalmaciji, kako je to, na osnovi pojedinih keramičkih nalaza, pokušao protumačiti A. Milošević.120 Upravo obrnuto, pojava posuđa u grobovima prvi je materijalni dokaz kojim je obilježena prisutnost novog naroda na ovim prostorima, a nikad i nigdje nije zabilježena na grobljima 6. i ranog 7. stoljeća, koja se sa sigurnošću mogu pripisati starijem stanovništvu (npr. Knin-Greblje, Korita-Duvno).121 Osim toga, prilaganje posuđa povezano je s poganskim pogrebnim običajima kakvi su, bez obzira na određeni stupanj barbarizacije, nespojivi s kršćanskom pripadnošću spomenutog stanovništva...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vjesnik+Za+Arheologiju+I+Povijest+Dalmatinsku&rft.atitle=Dva+starohrvatska+groblja+u+Biskupiji+kod+Knina&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=173%2C+192-197&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Petrinec&rft.aufirst=Maja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F2526&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ivancan06-307">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ivancan06_307-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ivancan06_307-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvančanTkalčec2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ivančan, Tajana Sekelj; Tkalčec, Tatjana (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/12009">"Slavensko paljevinsko groblje na položaju Duga ulica 99 u Vinkovcima"</a>. Prilozi (in Croatian and German). 23: 195. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prilozi&rft.atitle=Slavensko+paljevinsko+groblje+na+polo%C5%BEaju+Duga+ulica+99+u+Vinkovcima&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=195&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ivan%C4%8Dan&rft.aufirst=Tajana+Sekelj&rft.au=Tkal%C4%8Dec%2C+Tatjana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Fen%2F12009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvančan2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ivančan, Tajana Sekelj (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/108784">"Ranosrednjovjekovni koštani propletači s nalazišta Torčec – Prečno pole: prilog poznavanju slavenskog naseljavanja Podravine"</a>. 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Archaeologia Adriatica (in Croatian). 3 (1): 305–322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15291%2Farcheo.1064">10.15291/archeo.1064</a>. 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All'Insegna del Giglio (Fl): All'Insegna del Giglio. pp. 361–362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7814-540-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7814-540-5"><bdi>978-88-7814-540-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+pottery+on+the+eastern+Adriatic+in+context+of+interaction+between+the+Slavs+and+autochthonous+population&rft.place=All%27Insegna+del+Giglio+%28Fl%29&rft.pages=361-362&rft.pub=All%27Insegna+del+Giglio&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-88-7814-540-5&rft.aulast=Fabijani%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tomislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8092683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabijanić2013" class="citation book cs1">Fabijanić, Tomislav (2013). 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Rostra (in Croatian). 7 (7): 41–42, 47, 49, 53, 57. 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Prilozi (in Croatian and Slovak). 24: 304–305. Retrieved 30 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prilozi&rft.atitle=Problematika+pravokutnih+i+elipsoidnih+zemunica+kod+Slavena&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=304-305&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=%C5%A0alkovsk%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Fen%2Fclanak%2F40608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekić2016105,_107,_113–114,_153,_168–169-327"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBekić2016105,_107,_113–114,_153,_168–169_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBekić2016">Bekić 2016</a>, p. 105, 107, 113–114, 153, 168–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić2018a8–9-328"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić2018a8–9_328-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilogrivić2018a">Bilogrivić 2018a</a>, p. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-Belos00-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-Petrinec05-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ivancan06-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gusar09-309">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bekic2013C14-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekić201221–27-315">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stingl16-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekić2016105,_107,_113–114,_153,_168–169-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić2018a8–9-328">[328]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013159–169,_175–177,_444,_450–452-330"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov2013159–169,_175–177,_444,_450–452_330-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedov2013">Sedov 2013</a>, pp. 159–169, 175–177, 444, 450–452. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić201039,_44-331"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić201039,_44_331-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilogrivić2010">Bilogrivić 2010</a>, pp. 39, 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzino2010175,_179–180-332"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzino2010175,_179–180_332-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDzino2010">Dzino 2010</a>, pp. 175, 179–180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić201620–22,_27–37-333"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić201620–22,_27–37_333-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilogrivić2016">Bilogrivić 2016</a>, p. 20–22, 27–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzino2010180–182-334"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzino2010180–182_334-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDzino2010">Dzino 2010</a>, pp. 180–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić201631–38-335"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić201631–38_335-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilogrivić2016">Bilogrivić 2016</a>, p. 31–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak2018103-336"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak2018103_336-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudak2018">Budak 2018</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-BilogrivicCaroli18-337">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BilogrivicCaroli18_337-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BilogrivicCaroli18_337-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BilogrivicCaroli18_337-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilogrivić2018" class="citation book cs1">Bilogrivić, Goran (2018). "Carolingian Weapons and the Problem of Croat Migration and Ethnogenesis". In Danijel Dzino; Ante Milošević; Trpimir Vedriš (eds.). Migration, Integration and Connectivity on the Southeastern Frontier of the Carolingian Empire. Brill. pp. 86–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004380134_007">10.1163/9789004380134_007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38013-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-38013-4"><bdi>978-90-04-38013-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165889390">165889390</a>. <q>...The interpretation of Carolingian finds from Croatia and adjacent areas seems more probable in such a context. This does not negate early medieval migrations, which surely have occurred, but not as a single closed event in a fixed moment of time and, apparently, not at the turn of the 8th and 9th centuries. Neither the material, nor the written sources support that. The Carolingian influence on early medieval Croatia was quite considerable and quite important, as was shown by the exhibition "Croats and Carolingians" in 2000/2001. For the formation of early medieval Croat identity and their ethnogenesis it was possibly the key element. However, it had hardly anything to do with the presumed migration of the Croats.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carolingian+Weapons+and+the+Problem+of+Croat+Migration+and+Ethnogenesis&rft.btitle=Migration%2C+Integration+and+Connectivity+on+the+Southeastern+Frontier+of+the+Carolingian+Empire&rft.pages=86-99&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165889390%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004380134_007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-38013-4&rft.aulast=Bilogrivi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Goran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzino2010181-338"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzino2010181_338-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDzino2010">Dzino 2010</a>, pp. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić201634-339"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić201634_339-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilogrivić2016">Bilogrivić 2016</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzino2010181–182-340"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzino2010181–182_340-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDzino2010">Dzino 2010</a>, pp. 181–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić201034,_37–38,_48-341"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić201034,_37–38,_48_341-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilogrivić2010">Bilogrivić 2010</a>, pp. 34, 37–38, 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić2018a10–14-342"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilogrivić2018a10–14_342-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBilogrivić2018a">Bilogrivić 2018a</a>, p. 10–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec202014,_151,_158,_166-343"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilipec202014,_151,_158,_166_343-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFilipec2020">Filipec 2020</a>, p. 14, 151, 158, 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekić2016138,_157–160-344"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBekić2016138,_157–160_344-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBekić2016">Bekić 2016</a>, p. 138, 157–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarak2021" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jarak, Mirja (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/en/clanak/386849">"Groblja i nalazi 7. i 8. stoljeća i formiranje identiteta u ranosrednjovjekovnoj Hrvatskoj"</a> [Cemeteries and findings from the 7th and 8th centuries and the making of identities in early-medieval Croatia]. Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu (in Croatian and English). 54 (1): 225–240. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52064%2Fvamz.54.1.13">10.52064/vamz.54.1.13</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245082805">245082805</a>. 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Retrieved 17 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83&rft.btitle=Antropolohi%C3%AD%C3%A0%3A+navchal%27ny%C4%AD+posibnyk+dl%C3%AD%C3%A0+studentiv+humanitarnykh+spet%CC%81s%CC%80ial%27noste%C4%AD+vyshchykh+navchal%27nykh+zakladiv&rft.place=Kyiv&rft.pub=Lybid&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=966-06-0165-4&rft.aulast=Segeda&rft.aufirst=Sergei+Petrovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fizbornyk.org.ua%2Fsegeda%2Fse03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegeda2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Segeda, Sergei Petrovich (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?Z21ID=&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=1.%203.%201">"УКРАЇНА, ДЕРЖАВА: АНТРОПОЛОГІЯ ДАВНЬОГО ТА СУЧАСНОГО НАСЕЛЕННЯ"</a>. Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History (in Ukrainian). Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Naukova_Dumka" title="Naukova Dumka">Naukova Dumka</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASU_Institute_of_History_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="NASU Institute of History of Ukraine">NASU Institute of History of Ukraine</a>. pp. 38–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-00-1676-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-00-1676-7"><bdi>978-966-00-1676-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%87%D0%9D%D0%90%2C+%D0%94%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%96%D0%90%D0%92%D0%90%3A+%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%86%D0%AF+%D0%94%D0%90%D0%92%D0%9D%D0%AC%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%A2%D0%90+%D0%A1%D0%A3%D0%A7%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%9E+%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%AF&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukrainian+History&rft.pages=38-49&rft.pub=Naukova+Dumka%2C+NASU+Institute+of+History+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-966-00-1676-7&rft.aulast=Segeda&rft.aufirst=Sergei+Petrovich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresource.history.org.ua%2Fcgi-bin%2Feiu%2Fhistory.exe%3FZ21ID%3D%26I21DBN%3DEIU%26P21DBN%3DEIU%26S21STN%3D1%26S21REF%3D10%26S21FMT%3Deiu_all%26C21COM%3DS%26S21CNR%3D20%26S21P01%3D0%26S21P02%3D0%26S21P03%3DTRN%3D%26S21COLORTERMS%3D0%26S21STR%3D1.%25203.%25201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201276-378">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201276_378-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201276_378-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201276–77-379"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201276–77_379-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMogytychMogytych2018253-380"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMogytychMogytych2018253_380-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMogytychMogytych2018">Mogytych & Mogytych 2018</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolovko201887–88-381"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolovko201887–88_381-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolovko2018">Holovko 2018</a>, p. 87–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazarenko2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Nazarenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Nazarenko">Nazarenko, Alexander</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230103230209/https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/2139156">"ЛЕНДЗЯ́НЕ"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/2139156">the original</a> on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%94%D0%97%D0%AF%CC%81%D0%9D%D0%95&rft.btitle=Great+Russian+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Nazarenko&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigenc.ru%2Fdomestic_history%2Ftext%2F2139156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201819-383"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201819_383-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomenchuk2018">Tomenchuk 2018</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006a34–35-384"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006a34–35_384-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorčinskij2006a">Korčinskij 2006a</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2000113–120-385"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2000113–120_385-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorčinskij2000">Korčinskij 2000</a>, pp. 113–120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006a38–39-386"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006a38–39_386-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorčinskij2006a">Korčinskij 2006a</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETimoshchuk201520–21-387"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimoshchuk201520–21_387-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTimoshchuk2015">Timoshchuk 2015</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201475–80-388"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHupalo201475–80_388-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHupalo2014">Hupalo 2014</a>, pp. 75–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201820–22-389"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201820–22_389-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomenchuk2018">Tomenchuk 2018</a>, p. 20–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVoloshchuk202139-390"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVoloshchuk202139_390-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVoloshchuk2021">Voloshchuk 2021</a>, pp. 39:The city [Halych] belonged to a group of grandiose Croatian settlements (Plisnesk, Revna, Stylske, Iliv, etc.), stretching along the course of the Upper Dniester, bordering on its lower part with the settlement of the Ulychs and Tiverts (gentes), and closely coexisting with the carriers of the Scandinavian subculture at least in the 10th century. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2000120-391"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2000120_391-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorčinskij2000">Korčinskij 2000</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201478–79-392"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHupalo201478–79_392-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHupalo2014">Hupalo 2014</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFylypchuk2015b38–64-393">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFylypchuk2015b38–64_393-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFylypchuk2015b38–64_393-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFylypchuk2015b">Fylypchuk 2015b</a>, pp. 38–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFФилипчук" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Филипчук, Михайло Андрійович. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Plisnesk">"ПЛІСНЕСЬК"</a>. Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 17 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%9B%D0%86%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%AC%D0%9A&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukrainian+History&rft.aulast=%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA&rft.aufirst=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.org.ua%2F%3Ftermin%3DPlisnesk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plisnesk.com.ua/?p=567">Пліснеський археологічний комплекс</a> (in Ukrainian), published by Municipal institution of the Lviv Regional Council "Administration of historical and cultural reserve "Ancient Plisnesk", 2017 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij20042-396"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij20042_396-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorčinskij2004">Korčinskij 2004</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201475-397"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHupalo201475_397-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHupalo2014">Hupalo 2014</a>, pp. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013a212-398">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013a212_398-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013a212_398-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorčinskij2013a">Korčinskij 2013a</a>, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201476-399">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHupalo201476_399-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHupalo201476_399-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHupalo2014">Hupalo 2014</a>, pp. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006b68–71-400"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006b68–71_400-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorčinskij2006b">Korčinskij 2006b</a>, pp. 68–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij20042–7-401"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij20042–7_401-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorčinskij2004">Korčinskij 2004</a>, pp. 2–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013a220–221-402"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013a220–221_402-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorčinskij2013a">Korčinskij 2013a</a>, pp. 220–221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006b71-403"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006b71_403-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorčinskij2006b">Korčinskij 2006b</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013a210–212-404"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013a210–212_404-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorčinskij2013a">Korčinskij 2013a</a>, pp. 210–212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013a221-405"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013a221_405-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorčinskij2013a">Korčinskij 2013a</a>, p. 221. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201473–75-406">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHupalo201473–75_406-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHupalo201473–75_406-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHupalo2014">Hupalo 2014</a>, pp. 73–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-Interview2015-407">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Interview2015_407-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interview2015_407-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interview2015_407-2">c</a> Орест-Дмитро Вільчинський, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholicnews.org.ua/nam-nemaie-chogo-stidatisya-mi-ne-krashchi-i-ne-girshi-vid-inshih-ievropeyskih-narodiv">Нам немає чого стидатися – ми не кращі і не гірші від інших європейських народів</a>" (interview with archaeologist Филипчук Михайло Андрійович: in Ukrainian), Католицький Оглядач, 2 August 2015, quote: Під час походу Володимира на хорватів (992–993 рр.) городище було спалене. Повертаючись до того часу, про який ми зараз говоримо, потрібно сказати, що похід Володимира Великого був нищівним для Галичини, тобто для тодішньої Великої Хорватії (нехрещеної). Населення не хотіло підкоритися Київському князю, оскільки тут було уже своє протодержавне об'єднання – Велика Хорватія, яке перебувало у процесі становлення держави, як колись було у постгомерівській Греції, коли міста-поліси формували Афінський і Пелопоннеський союзи. В той час у нас усе групувалося довкола Галича і це зафіксовано в східних, візантійських та західних писемних джерелах. «Прихід» Володимира в Галичину цілковито руйнує наявну тут територіально-адміністративну інфраструктуру, основою якої були міста-держави, тобто поліси. Отже, слід думати, що ми маємо справу з величезним переселенням частини наших пращурів у Володимир-Суздальську землю. А ще частина населення, не підкорившись загарбникам, пішла на Балкани, у Хорватію, яка там виникла за часів візантійського царя Іраклія в 617 році. Тобто, в ХІ столітті в Галичині склалася дуже важка ситуація, тому вона не випадково практично зникає зі сторінок писемних джерел. Не дивно, що сказане знаходить своє підтвердження і в археологічних джерелах. Так, якщо в кінці Х століття в українському Прикарпатті функціонувало щонайменше 86 міст (разом з культовими центрами) і понад 500 селищ (усе це до тепер знайдено, але очевидно їх було більше), то в ХІ столітті в ми ледве нараховуємо до 40 населених пунктів. Похід Володимира на хорватів – це був страшний катаклізм. Подібна ситуація була і в тих землях, які захопили Болєслав І і його син Мєшко ІІ на території сучасної Польщі. На цих теренах Велика Хорватія сягала західніше від Кракова. І тому не випадково, коли в середині ХІІ століття відроджується Галич, давньоруське місто повторює матрицю старохорватських міст-держав. Тому, коли Володимир йшов війною на хорватів, він мав, якесь певне моральне оправдання – хрещення закоренілих поган. Але не відкидаймо його політичні та економічні інтереси. Адже, з одного боку цей «поганський клин» знаходився на практично ключовій позиції Бурштинового шляху, контролюючи перехід з басейну Балтійського моря у басейн Чорного, а також і тогочасна політична експансія руської та польської держав, очевидно вимагала оптимального політичного вирішення цього питання. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201818–19-408"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201818–19_408-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomenchuk2018">Tomenchuk 2018</a>, p. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013b264-409"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2013b264_409-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorčinskij2013b">Korčinskij 2013b</a>, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201481–82-410"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHupalo201481–82_410-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHupalo2014">Hupalo 2014</a>, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFylypchuk2015b48-411"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFylypchuk2015b48_411-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFylypchuk2015b">Fylypchuk 2015b</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006b70-412"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKorčinskij2006b70_412-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorčinskij2006b">Korčinskij 2006b</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHupalo201475–80,_89–91,_96-413"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHupalo201475–80,_89–91,_96_413-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHupalo2014">Hupalo 2014</a>, pp. 75–80, 89–91, 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201820-414"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomenchuk201820_414-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomenchuk2018">Tomenchuk 2018</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolovko201889–90-415"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolovko201889–90_415-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolovko2018">Holovko 2018</a>, p. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006113-416"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006113_416-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaščenko2006">Paščenko 2006</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013502-417"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov2013502_417-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedov2013">Sedov 2013</a>, p. 502. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006118-418"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006118_418-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaščenko2006">Paščenko 2006</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLutsyk2021" class="citation journal cs1">Lutsyk, Iryna (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repozytorium.ur.edu.pl/handle/item/7278">"The Medieval Christian Necropolis in the Kopachyntsi hillfort (Ukraine). Unpublished Research Materials"</a>. Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia. 16: 142–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15584%2Fanarres.2021.16.7">10.15584/anarres.2021.16.7</a>. Retrieved 17 June 2022. <q>As for the issue of the genesis of the practice of burial under stone slabs and why this rite was widespread mainly in the western part of Ukraine, with the exception of the under the slab cemetery in Buky, Kyiv region, no clear answer exists. There are several main hypotheses among researchers. They were identified first as separate categories by S. Pyvovarov: 1. Social and material – O. Ratych, J. Kalaga, M. Hanuliak (Ratič 1976, 176–177; Hanuliak 1979; Kalaga 2014, 136); 2. Ethnic, which suggests belonging of this type of burial to the tribes of Tyvertsi – B. Tymoshchuk, V. Siedov, V. Voinarovskyi (Timoŝuk 1969, 56; Sedov 1982, 128; Vojnarovsʹkij 1992, 41–42), Croats – E. Timofieiev, V. Petehyrych, O. Motsia (Timofeev 1961, 69; Petegirič 1990, 73; Mocâ 1994, 31), Croats-Tivertsi – I. Voznyi (Voznij 2009, 365), late Croats-Halychans – B. Tomenchuk (Tomenčuk 2006, 110); 3. Pagan – V. Petehyrych and O. Motsia (Petegirič 1990, 73; Mocâ 1994, 31); 4. Evolution-functional – B. Tomenchuk (Tomenčuk 2006, 110); 5. Christianization – S. Pyvovarov, S. Mayarchak (Pivovarov 2006, 169–171; Maârčak 2018, 278–280).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analecta+Archaeologica+Ressoviensia&rft.atitle=The+Medieval+Christian+Necropolis+in+the+Kopachyntsi+hillfort+%28Ukraine%29.+Unpublished+Research+Materials&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=142-143&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15584%2Fanarres.2021.16.7&rft.aulast=Lutsyk&rft.aufirst=Iryna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepozytorium.ur.edu.pl%2Fhandle%2Fitem%2F7278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFМоця_О.П.2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Моця О.П. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Kurgani_Shidnoslovyanski">"КУРГАНИ СХІДНОСЛОВ'ЯНСЬКІ"</a>. Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History (in Ukrainian). Vol. 5. <a href="/wiki/Naukova_Dumka" title="Naukova Dumka">Naukova Dumka</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASU_Institute_of_History_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="NASU Institute of History of Ukraine">NASU Institute of History of Ukraine</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-00-0855-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-00-0855-4"><bdi>978-966-00-0855-4</bdi></a>. <q>З'являються на рубежі 2-ї пол. 1 тис., замінюючи безкурганні поховання (крім територій уличів, тіверців і хорватів).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%A3%D0%A0%D0%93%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%98+%D0%A1%D0%A5%D0%86%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%92%27%D0%AF%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%AC%D0%9A%D0%86&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukrainian+History&rft.pub=Naukova+Dumka%2C+NASU+Institute+of+History+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-966-00-0855-4&rft.au=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%8F+%D0%9E.%D0%9F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.org.ua%2F%3Ftermin%3DKurgani_Shidnoslovyanski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_ignored_ISBN_errors" title="Category:CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESedov2013430,_435–437-421"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESedov2013430,_435–437_421-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSedov2013">Sedov 2013</a>, pp. 430, 435–437. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVatseba2018383,_389–390-422"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVatseba2018383,_389–390_422-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVatseba2018">Vatseba 2018</a>, pp. 383, 389–390. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVatseba2019127-423"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVatseba2019127_423-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVatseba2019">Vatseba 2019</a>, pp. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006143-424"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006143_424-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaščenko2006">Paščenko 2006</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006144,_146-425"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006144,_146_425-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaščenko2006">Paščenko 2006</a>, pp. 144, 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006144-426"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006144_426-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaščenko2006">Paščenko 2006</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006145,_147-427"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006145,_147_427-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaščenko2006">Paščenko 2006</a>, pp. 145, 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962118-428"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik1962118_428-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1962">Dvornik 1962</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006145-429"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko2006145_429-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaščenko2006">Paščenko 2006</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200659-430"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200659_430-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaščenko2006">Paščenko 2006</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajorov201292-431">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201292_431-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201292_431-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajorov201292_431-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajorov2012">Majorov 2012</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200679-432"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200679_432-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaščenko2006">Paščenko 2006</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETimoshchuk201519-433">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimoshchuk201519_433-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETimoshchuk201519_433-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTimoshchuk2015">Timoshchuk 2015</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEОвчинніков2000159-434"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEОвчинніков2000159_434-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFОвчинніков2000">Овчинніков 2000</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200667–82,_109–111-435"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaščenko200667–82,_109–111_435-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPaščenko2006">Paščenko 2006</a>, pp. 67–82, 109–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKugutjak201818–19,_60,_95,_98–99,_102–103-436"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKugutjak201818–19,_60,_95,_98–99,_102–103_436-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKugutjak2018">Kugutjak 2018</a>, pp. 18–19, 60, 95, 98–99, 102–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak2018144–148-437"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak2018144–148_437-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudak2018">Budak 2018</a>, pp. 144–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelaj2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Belaj, Vitomir (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/45118">"Poganski bogovi i njihovi kršćanski supstituti"</a> [Pagan gods and their Christian substitutes]. Studia ethnologica Croatica (in Croatian). 21 (1): 169–197. Retrieved 2 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+ethnologica+Croatica&rft.atitle=Poganski+bogovi+i+njihovi+kr%C5%A1%C4%87anski+supstituti&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=169-197&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Belaj&rft.aufirst=Vitomir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F45118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBekić201632-439"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBekić201632_439-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBekić2016">Bekić 2016</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDragić2007" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dragić, Marko (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bib.irb.hr/299913">"Ladarice, kraljice i dodole u hrvatskoj tradicijskoj kulturi i slavenskom kontekstu"</a> [Ladarice, Queens and Dodole in Croatian Traditionary Culture and Slavic Context]. Hercegovina, godišnjak za kulturno i povijesno naslijeđe (in Croatian). 21: 275.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hercegovina%2C+godi%C5%A1njak+za+kulturno+i+povijesno+naslije%C4%91e&rft.atitle=Ladarice%2C+kraljice+i+dodole+u+hrvatskoj+tradicijskoj+kulturi+i+slavenskom+kontekstu&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=275&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Dragi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Marko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bib.irb.hr%2F299913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDragić2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dragić, Marko (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bib.irb.hr/363806">Poetika i povijest hrvatske usmene književnosti</a> [Poetics and History of Croatian Oral Literature] (in Croatian). Split: Filozofski fakultet Sveučilišta u Splitu. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-7395-16-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-7395-16-2"><bdi>978-953-7395-16-2</bdi></a>. <q>Mnogi povjesničari, filozofi, etnolozi i antropolozi navode da su Hrvati iz svoje izakarpatske prapostojbine u današnje domovine donijeli jedino svoju tradicijsku kulturu. Odjeci te kulture opažaju se u suvremenim zapisima obrednih lirskih pjesama koje su pjevale Kolede, Ladarice, Kraljice, Dodole (Prporuše, Preporuše) kao i u obrednim pjesmama koje su se izvodile uz Božić, Jurjevdan (23. travnja), Ivandan (24. lipnja) i dr.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetika+i+povijest+hrvatske+usmene+knji%C5%BEevnosti&rft.place=Split&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Filozofski+fakultet+Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1ta+u+Splitu&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-953-7395-16-2&rft.aulast=Dragi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Marko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bib.irb.hr%2F363806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelajBelaj201876,_79,_87–88-442"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelajBelaj201876,_79,_87–88_442-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelajBelaj2018">Belaj & Belaj 2018</a>, pp. 76, 79, 87–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201895-443">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak201895_443-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak201895_443-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudak2018">Budak 2018</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201889-444"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak201889_444-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudak2018">Budak 2018</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik196297-445"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik196297_445-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1962">Dvornik 1962</a>, p. 97:Grafenauer has, moreover, very convincingly shown ... the impossibility of an hypothesis put forward by Budimir ... that C.'s account of the second migration of the Croats was only an adaptation of tales preserved by Herodotus ... about the origin of the Scythians and of the Delian story about Hyperboreans </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKardaras201895-446"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKardaras201895_446-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKardaras2018">Kardaras 2018</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDvornik195664-447"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDvornik195664_447-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDvornik1956">Dvornik 1956</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990222-448">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990222_448-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGluhak1990222_448-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGluhak1990">Gluhak 1990</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFilipec202050–51-449"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFilipec202050–51_449-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFilipec2020">Filipec 2020</a>, p. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlimov2015142-450"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlimov2015142_450-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlimov2015">Alimov 2015</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-KalikUchitel2018-451">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KalikUchitel2018_451-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KalikUchitel2018_451-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KalikUchitel2018_451-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudith_KalikAlexander_Uchitel2018" class="citation book cs1">Judith Kalik; Alexander Uchitel (11 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbJjDwAAQBAJ">Slavic Gods and Heroes</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-02868-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-02868-4"><bdi>978-1-351-02868-4</bdi></a>. <q>the names of the pan-Slavic totemic ancestral figures: Kloukas corresponds to the Czech Krok and to the Polish Krak—the raven—and Lobelos is a male counterpart of the Czech Libuše and the Kievan Lybed'—the swan. The distorted form of these names probably appeared in Constantine's treatise because of the thirdhand or even fourth-hand nature of the information, which was ultimately derived from the Croatian historical tradition, but reached Constantine through several intermediary sources. Nevertheless, the Croatian material is the earliest evidence available for the names of pan-Slavic totemic heroes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavic+Gods+and+Heroes&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-07-11&rft.isbn=978-1-351-02868-4&rft.au=Judith+Kalik&rft.au=Alexander+Uchitel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZbJjDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LajoyeDynda2019-452"><a href="#cite_ref-LajoyeDynda2019_452-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLajoye2019" class="citation book cs1">Lajoye, Patrice (2019). "Sovereigns and sovereignty among pagan Slavs". In Patrice Lajoye (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mAnDxwEACAAJ">New Researches on the Religion and Mythology of the Pagan Slavs</a>. 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Wedzki (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QqlmAAAAMAAJ">Słownik starożytności słowiańskich: T-W</a> (in Polish). <a href="/wiki/Ossolineum" title="Ossolineum">Ossolineum</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAN" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="PAN">PAN</a>. pp. 199–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-04-00463-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-04-00463-4"><bdi>978-83-04-00463-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C5%82ownik+staro%C5%BCytno%C5%9Bci+s%C5%82owia%C5%84skich%3A+T-W&rft.pages=199-200&rft.pub=Ossolineum%2C+PAN&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-83-04-00463-4&rft.au=T.+Lewicki%2C+S.+Urbanczyk%2C+J.+Strzelczyk%2C+H.+Popowska-Taborska%2C+A.+Wedzki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQqlmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEŽivković201254-493"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEŽivković201254_493-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFŽivković2012">Živković 2012</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMažuranić1908–192289,_253,_942,_1007,_1010,_1029,_1197,_1619-494"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMažuranić1908–192289,_253,_942,_1007,_1010,_1029,_1197,_1619_494-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMažuranić1908–1922">Mažuranić 1908–1922</a>, pp. 89, 253, 942, 1007, 1010, 1029, 1197, 1619. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlimov2015141–164-495"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlimov2015141–164_495-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlimov2015">Alimov 2015</a>, pp. 141–164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudak201895–96-496"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBudak201895–96_496-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBudak2018">Budak 2018</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Croats&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerLarrington2013" class="citation book cs1">Acker, Paul; Larrington, Carolyne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hZXUGvXii4UC">Revisiting the Poetic Edda: Essays on Old Norse Heroic Legend</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22787-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22787-5"><bdi>978-1-136-22787-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revisiting+the+Poetic+Edda%3A+Essays+on+Old+Norse+Heroic+Legend&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-22787-5&rft.aulast=Acker&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Larrington%2C+Carolyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhZXUGvXii4UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlimov2015" class="citation journal cs1">Alimov, Denis Jevgenjevič (2015). "Hrvati, kult Peruna i slavenski gentilizam (Komentari na hipotezu Ante Miloševića o identitetu Porina i Peruna)" [Croats, the cult of Perun and Slavic "gentilism". (A Comment on the hypothesis of Ante Miloševic about the identity of Porin and Perun)]. Starohrvatska Prosvjeta. III (42): 141–164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Starohrvatska+Prosvjeta&rft.atitle=Hrvati%2C+kult+Peruna+i+slavenski+gentilizam+%28Komentari+na+hipotezu+Ante+Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87a+o+identitetu+Porina+i+Peruna%29&rft.volume=III&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=141-164&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Alimov&rft.aufirst=Denis+Jevgenjevi%C4%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekić2012" class="citation book cs1">Bekić, Luka (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348572968">"Keramika praškog tipa u Hrvatskoj"</a>. Dani Stjepana Gunjače 2, Zbornik radova sa Znanstvenog skupa "Dani Sjepana Gunjače 2": Hrvatska srednjovjekovna povijesno-arheološka baština, Međunarodne teme. Split: Muzej hrvatskih arheoloških spomenika. pp. 21–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-6803-36-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-6803-36-1"><bdi>978-953-6803-36-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Keramika+pra%C5%A1kog+tipa+u+Hrvatskoj&rft.btitle=Dani+Stjepana+Gunja%C4%8De+2%2C+Zbornik+radova+sa+Znanstvenog+skupa+%22Dani+Sjepana+Gunja%C4%8De+2%22%3A+Hrvatska+srednjovjekovna+povijesno-arheolo%C5%A1ka+ba%C5%A1tina%2C+Me%C4%91unarodne+teme&rft.place=Split&rft.pages=21-35&rft.pub=Muzej+hrvatskih+arheolo%C5%A1kih+spomenika&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-953-6803-36-1&rft.aulast=Beki%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Luka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F348572968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekić2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bekić, Luka (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348500715">Rani srednji vijek između Panonije i Jadrana: ranoslavenski keramički i ostali arheološki nalazi od 6. do 8. stoljeća</a> [Early medieval between Pannonia and the Adriatic: early Slavic ceramic and other archaeological finds from the sixth to eighth century] (in Croatian and English). Pula: Arheološki muzej Istre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-8082-01-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-8082-01-6"><bdi>978-953-8082-01-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rani+srednji+vijek+izme%C4%91u+Panonije+i+Jadrana%3A+ranoslavenski+kerami%C4%8Dki+i+ostali+arheolo%C5%A1ki+nalazi+od+6.+do+8.+stolje%C4%87a&rft.place=Pula&rft.pub=Arheolo%C5%A1ki+muzej+Istre&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-953-8082-01-6&rft.aulast=Beki%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Luka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F348500715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelajBelaj2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vitomir_Belaj" title="Vitomir Belaj">Belaj, Vitomir</a>; Belaj, Juraj (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bib.irb.hr/988715">"Around and below Divuša: The Traces of Perun's Mother Arrival into Our Lands"</a>. Zbornik Instituta za arheologiju / Serta Instituti Archaeologici, Vol. 10. Sacralization of Landscape and Sacred Places. Proceedings of the 3rd International Scientific Conference of Mediaeval Archaeology of the Institute of Archaeology. Zagreb: Institute of Archaeology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-6064-36-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-6064-36-6"><bdi>978-953-6064-36-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Around+and+below+Divu%C5%A1a%3A+The+Traces+of+Perun%27s+Mother+Arrival+into+Our+Lands&rft.btitle=Zbornik+Instituta+za+arheologiju+%2F+Serta+Instituti+Archaeologici%2C+Vol.+10.+Sacralization+of+Landscape+and+Sacred+Places.+Proceedings+of+the+3rd+International+Scientific+Conference+of+Mediaeval+Archaeology+of+the+Institute+of+Archaeology&rft.place=Zagreb&rft.pub=Institute+of+Archaeology&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-953-6064-36-6&rft.aulast=Belaj&rft.aufirst=Vitomir&rft.au=Belaj%2C+Juraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bib.irb.hr%2F988715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilogrivić2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bilogrivić, Goran (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/63323">"Čiji kontinuitet? Konstantin Porfirogenet i hrvatska arheologija o razdoblju 7–9. stoljeća"</a> [Whose continuity? Constantine Porphyrogenitus and Croatian archaeology on the period of the 7th to the 9th centuries]. Radovi (in Croatian). 42 (1). Zagreb: Institute of Croatian History, Faculty of Philosophy Zagreb, FF press: 37–48 – via Hrčak – Portal znanstvenih časopisa Republike Hrvatske.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radovi&rft.atitle=%C4%8Ciji+kontinuitet%3F+Konstantin+Porfirogenet+i+hrvatska+arheologija+o+razdoblju+7%E2%80%939.+stolje%C4%87a&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-48&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Bilogrivi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Goran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F63323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilogrivić2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Bilogrivić, Goran (24 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darhiv.ffzg.unizg.hr/id/eprint/6293/1/Bilogrivi%C4%87,%20Goran.pdf">Etnički identiteti u ranosrednjovjekovnoj Hrvatskoj – materijalni i pisani izvori</a> [Ethnic identities in Early Medieval Croatia – material and written sources] (PDF) (PhD). Zagreb: <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Humanities_and_Social_Sciences,_University_of_Zagreb" title="Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb">Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Etni%C4%8Dki+identiteti+u+ranosrednjovjekovnoj+Hrvatskoj+%E2%80%93+materijalni+i+pisani+izvori&rft.inst=Faculty+of+Humanities+and+Social+Sciences%2C+University+of+Zagreb&rft.date=2016-02-24&rft.aulast=Bilogrivi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Goran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarhiv.ffzg.unizg.hr%2Fid%2Feprint%2F6293%2F1%2FBilogrivi%25C4%2587%2C%2520Goran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilogrivić2018a" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bilogrivić, Goran (2018a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/220231">"Urne, Slaveni i Hrvati. O paljevinskim grobovima i doseobi u 7. stoljeću"</a>. Zb. Odsjeka povij. Znan. Zavoda povij. Druš. Znan. Hrvat. Akad. Znan. Umjet. (in Croatian). 36: 1–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21857%2Fydkx2crd19">10.21857/ydkx2crd19</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189548041">189548041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zb.+Odsjeka+povij.+Znan.+Zavoda+povij.+Dru%C5%A1.+Znan.+Hrvat.+Akad.+Znan.+Umjet.&rft.atitle=Urne%2C+Slaveni+i+Hrvati.+O+paljevinskim+grobovima+i+doseobi+u+7.+stolje%C4%87u&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21857%2Fydkx2crd19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189548041%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bilogrivi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Goran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2F220231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1859" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bosworth" title="Joseph Bosworth">Bosworth, Joseph</a> (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T3NOI16_vyEC">King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon Version of the Compendium History of the World bz Orosius</a>. London: Longman, Brown, Green.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Alfred%27s+Anglo-Saxon+Version+of+the+Compendium+History+of+the+World+bz+Orosius&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT3NOI16_vyEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudak1995" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Budak, Neven, ed. (1995), Etnogeneza Hrvata [Ethnogenesis of Croats] (in Croatian), Matica hrvatska, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-6014-45-9" title="Special:BookSources/953-6014-45-9"><bdi>953-6014-45-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etnogeneza+Hrvata&rft.pub=Matica+hrvatska&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=953-6014-45-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudak2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neven_Budak" title="Neven Budak">Budak, Neven</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leykam-international.hr/publikacija.php?id=167">Hrvatska povijest od 550. do 1100</a> [Croatian history from 550 until 1100]. 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Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas (52): 1–32. <q>And the tribe which lives near them [the Amazons] is the Harus [Hrus/Hros], tall, big-limbed men, who have no weapons of war, and horses cannot carry them because of the bigness of their limbs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jahrb%C3%BCcher+f%C3%BCr+Geschichte+Osteuropas&rft.atitle=The+name+Rus%27%3A+In+search+of+a+new+dimension&rft.issue=52&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Danylenko&rft.aufirst=Andrii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDvornik1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dvornik" title="Francis Dvornik">Dvornik, Francis</a> (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RYOAQAAMAAJ">The Making of Central and Eastern Europe</a>. 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KKnihy.cz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788088061144" title="Special:BookSources/9788088061144"><bdi>9788088061144</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4&rft.btitle=Star%C3%A9+pov%C4%9Bsti+%C4%8Desk%C3%A9&rft.pub=KKnihy.cz&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9788088061144&rft.aulast=Jir%C3%A1sek&rft.aufirst=Alois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAjqMBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKardaras2018" class="citation book cs1">Kardaras, Georgios (2018). 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Maveda. pp. 210–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-7029-27-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-7029-27-2"><bdi>978-953-7029-27-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=O+povijesnoj+okolici+stiljskoga+gradi%C5%A1ta+od+kraja+8.+stolje%C4%87a+do+po%C4%8Detka+11.+st.&rft.btitle=Bijeli+Hrvati+III&rft.pages=210-224&rft.pub=Maveda&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-953-7029-27-2&rft.aulast=Kor%C4%8Dinskij&rft.aufirst=Orest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorčinskij2013b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Korčinskij, Orest (2013b). "Stiljsko gradište" [Gord of Stilsko]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.). Bijeli Hrvati III [White Croats III] (in Croatian). 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Етнологія (in Ukrainian). 7: 139–144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%94%D0%86%D0%9B+%D0%86%D0%86%D0%86.+%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F.+%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.+%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%CA%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE.+%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F&rft.atitle=Croats+in+Manuscripts%3A+Problem+of+Ethno-tribal+Belonging+and+Political+Dependence+%28Historical+Aspects%29&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=139-144&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kuchynko&rft.aufirst=Mykhailo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevnuir.vnu.edu.ua%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F9061%2F1%2F27.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKugutjak2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kugutjak, Mykola (2017). 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Department of Ukrainian Language and Literature at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb. pp. 20–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-55390-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-55390-4-9"><bdi>978-953-55390-4-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spomenici+povijesti+i+kulture%3A+Gradi%C5%A1ta+Pruto-Bystryc%27koga+podgorja&rft.btitle=Prikarpatska+Galicija&rft.pages=20-31&rft.pub=Department+of+Ukrainian+Language+and+Literature+at+the+Faculty+of+Philosophy%2C+University+of+Zagreb&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-953-55390-4-9&rft.aulast=Kugutjak&rft.aufirst=Mykola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F895289.4xPrikarpatska_Galicija_Prijelom_11_05_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKugutjak2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kugutjak, Mykola (2018). Paščenko, Jevgenij; Fuderer, Tetyana (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bib.irb.hr:8443/967502/download/967502.6Kugitjak-Kamena_Svetita_Ukrajinskih_Karpata_11_04_2018.pdf">Kamena svetišta ukrajinskih Karpata (prijevodi s ukrajinskoga)</a> [Stone Shrines of Ukrainian Charpatians (Translations from Ukrainian)] (PDF) (in Croatian). Department of Ukrainian Language and Literature at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-55390-5-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-55390-5-6"><bdi>978-953-55390-5-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kamena+sveti%C5%A1ta+ukrajinskih+Karpata+%28prijevodi+s+ukrajinskoga%29&rft.pub=Department+of+Ukrainian+Language+and+Literature+at+the+Faculty+of+Philosophy%2C+University+of+Zagreb&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-953-55390-5-6&rft.aulast=Kugutjak&rft.aufirst=Mykola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bib.irb.hr%3A8443%2F967502%2Fdownload%2F967502.6Kugitjak-Kamena_Svetita_Ukrajinskih_Karpata_11_04_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewicki2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lewicki, Tadeusz (2006) [1951]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiwumpz.iz.poznan.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=915">"Najstarije spominjanje Višljana u izvorima (Najdawniejsza wzmianka źródłowa o Wiślanach)"</a> [The earliest mention of the Vistulans in sources]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.). Bijeli Hrvati I [White Croats I] (in Croatian). Maveda. pp. 86–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-7029-04-2" title="Special:BookSources/953-7029-04-2"><bdi>953-7029-04-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Najstarije+spominjanje+Vi%C5%A1ljana+u+izvorima+%28Najdawniejsza+wzmianka+%C5%BAr%C3%B3d%C5%82owa+o+Wi%C5%9Blanach%29&rft.btitle=Bijeli+Hrvati+I&rft.pages=86-99&rft.pub=Maveda&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=953-7029-04-2&rft.aulast=Lewicki&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archiwumpz.iz.poznan.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fdocmetadata%3Fid%3D915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoma1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Loma" title="Aleksandar Loma">Loma, Aleksandar</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=13754">"Serbisches und kroatisches Sprachgut bei Konstantin Porphyrogennetos"</a>. 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"O identificiranju naziva Bavarskoga geografa" [About the identification of names by Bavarian Geographer]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.). Bijeli Hrvati III [White Croats III] (in Croatian). Maveda. pp. 109–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-7029-27-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-7029-27-2"><bdi>978-953-7029-27-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=O+identificiranju+naziva+Bavarskoga+geografa&rft.btitle=Bijeli+Hrvati+III&rft.pages=109-137&rft.pub=Maveda&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-953-7029-27-2&rft.aulast=%C5%81owmia%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Henryk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŁowmiański2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Henryk_%C5%81owmia%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Łowmiański">Łowmiański, Henryk</a> (2004) [1964]. Nosić, Milan (ed.). Hrvatska pradomovina (Chorwacja Nadwiślańska in Początki Polski) [Croatian ancient homeland] (in Croatian). Translated by Kryżan-Stanojević, Barbara. Maveda. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/831099194">831099194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hrvatska+pradomovina+%28Chorwacja+Nadwi%C5%9Bla%C5%84ska+in+Pocz%C4%85tki+Polski%29&rft.pub=Maveda&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F831099194&rft.aulast=%C5%81owmia%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Henryk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul Robert</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qgTrJm85sDQC">Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide</a>. 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XVIII (4). Carpatho-Rusyn Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Carpatho-Rusyn+American&rft.atitle=The+Carpatho-Rusyns&rft.volume=XVIII&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcarpatho-rusyn.org%2Fcra%2Fchap3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul Robert</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CdiIa8n7SsgC">The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia as Ukraine's Piedmont</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4738-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4738-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-4738-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Ukrainian+Nationalism%3A+Galicia+as+Ukraine%27s+Piedmont&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-4738-0&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCdiIa8n7SsgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (30 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rnMOAQAAMAAJ&q=Laborec">Our people: Carpatho-Rusyns and their descendants in North America</a>. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-611-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86516-611-0"><bdi>978-0-86516-611-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+people%3A+Carpatho-Rusyns+and+their+descendants+in+North+America&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft.date=2005-07-30&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-611-0&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrnMOAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DLaborec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul Robert</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TA1zVKTTsXUC">A History of Ukraine: The Land and Its Peoples</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1021-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-1021-7"><bdi>978-1-4426-1021-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ukraine%3A+The+Land+and+Its+Peoples&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-1021-7&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTA1zVKTTsXUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Robert_Magocsi" title="Paul Robert Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul Robert</a> (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzj2DAAAQBAJ">With Their Backs to the Mountains: A History of Carpathian Rus? and Carpatho-Rusyns</a>, Central European University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-615-5053-46-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-615-5053-46-7"><bdi>978-615-5053-46-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Their+Backs+to+the+Mountains%3A+A+History+of+Carpathian+Rus%3F+and+Carpatho-Rusyns&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-615-5053-46-7&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzj2DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajorov2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Majorov, Aleksandr Vjačeslavovič (2012), Velika Hrvatska: etnogeneza i rana povijest Slavena prikarpatskoga područja [Great Croatia: ethnogenesis and early history of Slavs in the Carpathian area] (in Croatian), Zagreb, Samobor: <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Croatian_Dragon" title="Brethren of the Croatian Dragon">Brethren of the Croatian Dragon</a>, Meridijani, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-6928-26-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-6928-26-2"><bdi>978-953-6928-26-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Velika+Hrvatska%3A+etnogeneza+i+rana+povijest+Slavena+prikarpatskoga+podru%C4%8Dja&rft.place=Zagreb%2C+Samobor&rft.pub=Brethren+of+the+Croatian+Dragon%2C+Meridijani&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-953-6928-26-2&rft.aulast=Majorov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+Vja%C4%8Deslavovi%C4%8D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalyckij2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Malyckij, Oleksandr (2006) [1990]. "Hrvati u uvodnom nedatiranom dijelu Nestorove kronike "Povijest minulih ljeta"" [Croats in the introductory non-dated part of the Nestor's chronicle "History of the past years"]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.). Bijeli Hrvati I [White Croats I] (in Croatian). Maveda. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-7029-04-2" title="Special:BookSources/953-7029-04-2"><bdi>953-7029-04-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hrvati+u+uvodnom+nedatiranom+dijelu+Nestorove+kronike+%22Povijest+minulih+ljeta%22&rft.btitle=Bijeli+Hrvati+I&rft.pub=Maveda&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=953-7029-04-2&rft.aulast=Malyckij&rft.aufirst=Oleksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarčinko2000" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marčinko, Mato (2000), Indoiransko podrijetlo Hrvata [Indo-Iranian origin of Croats] (in Croatian), Naklada Jurčić, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-6462-33-8" title="Special:BookSources/953-6462-33-8"><bdi>953-6462-33-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indoiransko+podrijetlo+Hrvata&rft.pub=Naklada+Jur%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=953-6462-33-8&rft.aulast=Mar%C4%8Dinko&rft.aufirst=Mato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargetić2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lujo_Margeti%C4%87" title="Lujo Margetić">Margetić, Lujo</a> (2001). Dolazak Hrvata [Arrival of the Croats]. Split: Književni krug Split. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9531631697" title="Special:BookSources/9531631697"><bdi>9531631697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dolazak+Hrvata&rft.place=Split&rft.pub=Knji%C5%BEevni+krug+Split&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9531631697&rft.aulast=Margeti%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Lujo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMažuranić1908–1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ma%C5%BEurani%C4%87" title="Vladimir Mažuranić">Mažuranić, Vladimir</a> (1908–1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prinosizahrvatsk00mazu">Prinosi za hrvatski pravno-povijesni rječnik</a> [Contributions to the Croatian legal-historical dictionary]. JAZU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prinosi+za+hrvatski+pravno-povijesni+rje%C4%8Dnik&rft.pub=JAZU&rft.date=1908%2F1922&rft.aulast=Ma%C5%BEurani%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinosizahrvatsk00mazu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMogytychMogytych2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mogytych, Ivan; Mogytych, Roman (2018). "Peculiarities of stone building techniques and architectural forms of the Galician, Volhynian architecture (10th–14st centuries)". In Voloshchuk, Myroslav Mykhajlovych (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifoonsku.ucoz.ua/Halicz_jornal/Halicz_czasopismo_nr3.pdf">Галич: збірник наукових праць</a> (PDF) (in Ukrainian). Vol. 3. Ivano-Frankivsk: Лілея-НВ. pp. 252–272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-668-456-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-668-456-4"><bdi>978-966-668-456-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Peculiarities+of+stone+building+techniques+and+architectural+forms+of+the+Galician%2C+Volhynian+architecture+%2810th%E2%80%9314st+centuries%29&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%3A+%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C&rft.place=Ivano-Frankivsk&rft.pages=252-272&rft.pub=%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F-%D0%9D%D0%92&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-966-668-456-4&rft.aulast=Mogytych&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Mogytych%2C+Roman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fifoonsku.ucoz.ua%2FHalicz_jornal%2FHalicz_czasopismo_nr3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris1993" class="citation book cs1">Norris, H. T. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RGmzir-ITtUC">Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World</a>. Univ of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-977-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-977-5"><bdi>978-0-87249-977-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+Balkans%3A+Religion+and+Society+Between+Europe+and+the+Arab+World&rft.pub=Univ+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-977-5&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=H.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRGmzir-ITtUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFОвчинніков2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Овчинніков, Олександр (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Ovchynnikov_Oleksandr/Skhidni_khorvaty_na_karti_Yevropy/">"Східні хорвати на карті Європи"</a> [Eastern Croats on the map of Europe]. Археологічні студії [Archaeological studies] (in Ukrainian). Vol. 1. Kiev, Chernivtsi: Видавництво "Прут"; <a href="/wiki/Chernivtsi_University" title="Chernivtsi University">Chernivtsi University</a>. pp. 152–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/966-560-003-6" title="Special:BookSources/966-560-003-6"><bdi>966-560-003-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96+%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97&rft.place=Kiev%2C+Chernivtsi&rft.pages=152-162&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%22%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%22%3B+Chernivtsi+University&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=966-560-003-6&rft.aulast=%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchtyvo.org.ua%2Fauthors%2FOvchynnikov_Oleksandr%2FSkhidni_khorvaty_na_karti_Yevropy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaščenko2006" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paščenko, Jevgenij (2006), Nosić, Milan (ed.), Podrijetlo Hrvata i Ukrajina [The origin of Croats and Ukraine] (in Croatian), Maveda, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-7029-03-4" title="Special:BookSources/953-7029-03-4"><bdi>953-7029-03-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Podrijetlo+Hrvata+i+Ukrajina&rft.pub=Maveda&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=953-7029-03-4&rft.aulast=Pa%C5%A1%C4%8Denko&rft.aufirst=Jevgenij&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPendergrass2015" class="citation book cs1">Pendergrass, Rocky (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3twNCgAAQBAJ">Mythological Swords</a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-329-24281-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-329-24281-4"><bdi>978-1-329-24281-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythological+Swords&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-329-24281-4&rft.aulast=Pendergrass&rft.aufirst=Rocky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3twNCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPohoralskyy2018" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pohoralskyy, Y. V. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Pohoralskyi_Yaroslav/Slovianske_zhytlo_druhoi_polovyny_I_tysiacholittia_ne_na_Prykarpatti_i_Zakhidnii_Volyni/">Погоральський Я. В. Слов'янське житло другої половини І тисячоліття н. е. на Прикарпатті і Західній Волині</a> [The Slavic house of the second half of the first millennium CE in Subcarpathian and Western Volynian regions] (PhD) (in Ukrainian). Lviv: Ivan Krypiakevych Institute of Ukrainian Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; Institute of Ethnology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Docket 904:643](=16)(477.82/.83)"04/09".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%AF.+%D0%92.+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%97+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%86+%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F+%D0%BD.+%D0%B5.+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96+%D1%96+%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96&rft.inst=Ivan+Krypiakevych+Institute+of+Ukrainian+Studies+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+Ukraine%3B+Institute+of+Ethnology+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Pohoralskyy&rft.aufirst=Y.+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchtyvo.org.ua%2Fauthors%2FPohoralskyi_Yaroslav%2FSlovianske_zhytlo_druhoi_polovyny_I_tysiacholittia_ne_na_Prykarpatti_i_Zakhidnii_Volyni%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedov1979" class="citation book cs1">Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.ru/Download/Sedow/Sedow_1979_Proischozhdenie_i_rannia.pdf">Происхождение и ранняя история славян</a> [Origin and early history of the Slavs] (PDF). Moscow: Наука.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Sedov&rft.aufirst=Valentin+Vasilyevich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.ru%2FDownload%2FSedow%2FSedow_1979_Proischozhdenie_i_rannia.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedov2012" class="citation book cs1">Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2012) [1994]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n2goAAAAMAAJ">Славяне в древности</a> [Sloveni u dalekoj prošlosti (Slavs in the distant past)]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-6263-022-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-6263-022-3"><bdi>978-86-6263-022-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.place=Novi+Sad&rft.pub=Akademska+knjiga&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-86-6263-022-3&rft.aulast=Sedov&rft.aufirst=Valentin+Vasilyevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn2goAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedov2013" class="citation book cs1">Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HD4oAAAAMAAJ">Славяне в раннем Средневековье</a> [Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-6263-026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-6263-026-1"><bdi>978-86-6263-026-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5&rft.place=Novi+Sad&rft.pub=Akademska+knjiga&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-86-6263-026-1&rft.aulast=Sedov&rft.aufirst=Valentin+Vasilyevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHD4oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShchavelev2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shchavelev, Aleksei S. 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Moscow: Северный паломник. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-94431-228-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-94431-228-0"><bdi>978-5-94431-228-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%85%3A+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%83+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-5-94431-228-0&rft.aulast=Shchavelev&rft.aufirst=Aleksei+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShippey2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Shippey, Tom</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qGzAAgAAQBAJ">The Road to Middle-earth: Revised and Expanded Edition</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-52441-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-52441-2"><bdi>978-0-547-52441-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Middle-earth%3A+Revised+and+Expanded+Edition&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-547-52441-2&rft.aulast=Shippey&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqGzAAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShyshakJaroslavLiaska2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Shyshak, Volodymor; Jaroslav, Pohoralskyi; Liaska, Vitaliy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chtyvo.org.ua/authors/Pohoralskyi_Yaroslav/Horodysche_Kh-KhI_st_Rokytne_II_na_Roztochchi/">"Hillfort of the 10th–11th centuries Rokitne II in the Roztochya region"</a>. 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Department of Ukrainian Language and Literature at the Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb. pp. 32–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-55390-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-55390-4-9"><bdi>978-953-55390-4-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Doba+kne%C5%BEeva+%28od+9.+st.+do+sredine+14.+st.%29%3A+Davni+%C7%A6aly%C4%8D&rft.btitle=Prikarpatska+Galicija&rft.pages=32-37&rft.pub=Department+of+Ukrainian+Language+and+Literature+at+the+Faculty+of+Philosophy%2C+University+of+Zagreb&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-953-55390-4-9&rft.aulast=Tomenchuk&rft.aufirst=Bohdan+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbib.irb.hr%2Fdatoteka%2F895289.4xPrikarpatska_Galicija_Prijelom_11_05_2017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomenchuk2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tomenchuk, Bohdan P. 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Ivano-Frankivsk: Лілея-НВ. pp. 10–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-966-668-456-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-966-668-456-4"><bdi>978-966-668-456-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archeology+of+the+preannalistic+Halych+as+a+cultural+and+religious+center+of+the+%C2%ABGreat+White+unbaptized+Croatia%C2%BB+%28to+the+question+of+the+founding+of+Halych+in+the+second+half+of+the+10th+century%29&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%3A+%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C&rft.place=Ivano-Frankivsk&rft.pages=10-42&rft.pub=%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F-%D0%9D%D0%92&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-966-668-456-4&rft.aulast=Tomenchuk&rft.aufirst=Bohdan+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fifoonsku.ucoz.ua%2FHalicz_jornal%2FHalicz_czasopismo_nr3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimoshchuk1995a" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Timoshchuk, Boris Anisimovich (1995a). "Матеріали і дослідження з археології Прикарпаття і Волині". Materials and Studies on Archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian Area (in Ukrainian). 6: 214–218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Materials+and+Studies+on+Archaeology+of+Sub-Carpathian+and+Volhynian+Area&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%96+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%B7+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F+%D1%96+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=214-218&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Timoshchuk&rft.aufirst=Boris+Anisimovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimoshchuk1995b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Timoshchuk, Boris Anisimovich (1995b). 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Московского Унив. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9785211032682" title="Special:BookSources/9785211032682"><bdi>9785211032682</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5%3A+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%BA+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9785211032682&rft.aulast=Timoshchuk&rft.aufirst=Boris+Anisimovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimoshchuk2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Timoshchuk, Boris Anisimovich (2015) [1999]. Восточные славяне в VII-X вв. – полюдье, язычество и начало государства [Eastern Slavs in the VII-X centuries – people, paganism and the beginning of the state] (in Ukrainian). Lviv: Видавництво Університету "Львівський Ставропігіон".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2+VII-X+%D0%B2%D0%B2.+%E2%80%93+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B5%2C+%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.place=Lviv&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83+%22%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%22&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Timoshchuk&rft.aufirst=Boris+Anisimovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"> ISBN 978-966-8067-43-10</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Immigration_Commission1911" class="citation book cs1">United States Immigration Commission (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AFL0168.0001.001">Dictionary of Races or Peoples</a>. Reports of the Immigration Commission. Washington D.C. – via <a href="/wiki/Making_of_America" title="Making of America">Making of America</a> Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Races+or+Peoples&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.series=Reports+of+the+Immigration+Commission&rft.date=1911&rft.au=United+States+Immigration+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fname.umdl.umich.edu%2FAFL0168.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVach2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vach, Miloslav (2006) [1949]. "Češki Hrvati" [Czech Croats]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.). Bijeli Hrvati I [White Croats I] (in Croatian). Maveda. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-7029-04-2" title="Special:BookSources/953-7029-04-2"><bdi>953-7029-04-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%8Ce%C5%A1ki+Hrvati&rft.btitle=Bijeli+Hrvati+I&rft.pub=Maveda&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=953-7029-04-2&rft.aulast=Vach&rft.aufirst=Miloslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatseba2018" class="citation journal cs1">Vatseba, Rostyslav (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://istznu.org/index.php/journal/article/view/57">"The 7th–9th century ethnocultural structure of Slavic Polabya & the influence of borderlands on state formation processes"</a>. Zaporizhzhia Historical Review & Scholarly Works of the Faculty of History, Zaporizhzhia National University. 1 (51): 383–395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26661%2Fswfh-2018-51-047">10.26661/swfh-2018-51-047</a> (inactive 10 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2076-8982">2076-8982</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zaporizhzhia+Historical+Review+%26+Scholarly+Works+of+the+Faculty+of+History%2C+Zaporizhzhia+National+University&rft.atitle=The+7th%E2%80%939th+century+ethnocultural+structure+of+Slavic+Polabya+%26+the+influence+of+borderlands+on+state+formation+processes&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=383-395&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26661%2Fswfh-2018-51-047&rft.issn=2076-8982&rft.aulast=Vatseba&rft.aufirst=Rostyslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fistznu.org%2Findex.php%2Fjournal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVatseba2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vatseba, Rostyslav (2019). 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Etnološko društvo Bojky & Sveučilište u Zagrebu. pp. 127–151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-617-7624-66-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-617-7624-66-9"><bdi>978-617-7624-66-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Towards+the+issue+of+the+White+Croats+participation+in+the+Upper+Sorbs+ethnogenesis&rft.btitle=Ukrajina+i+Hrvatska%3A+povijesne+paralele.+Radovi+Drugog+me%C4%91unarodnog+hrvatsko-ukrajinskog+znanstvenog+skupa%2C+1%E2%80%933.+lipanj+2017.&rft.pages=127-151&rft.pub=Etnolo%C5%A1ko+dru%C5%A1tvo+Bojky+%26+Sveu%C4%8Dili%C5%A1te+u+Zagrebu&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-617-7624-66-9&rft.aulast=Vatseba&rft.aufirst=Rostyslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F40628929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernadsky2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/George_Vernadsky" title="George Vernadsky">Vernadsky, George</a> (2008) [1935]. "Velika Moravska i Bijela Hrvatska" [Great Moravia and White Croatia]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.). Bijeli Hrvati II [White Croats II] (in Croatian). Maveda. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-7029-12-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-7029-12-8"><bdi>978-953-7029-12-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Velika+Moravska+i+Bijela+Hrvatska&rft.btitle=Bijeli+Hrvati+II&rft.pub=Maveda&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-953-7029-12-8&rft.aulast=Vernadsky&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVašica2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vašica, Josef (2008) [1935]. "Legenda o Svetom Ivanu" [Legend of Saint John]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.). Bijeli Hrvati II [White Croats II] (in Croatian). Maveda. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-953-7029-12-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-953-7029-12-8"><bdi>978-953-7029-12-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Legenda+o+Svetom+Ivanu&rft.btitle=Bijeli+Hrvati+II&rft.pub=Maveda&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-953-7029-12-8&rft.aulast=Va%C5%A1ica&rft.aufirst=Josef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoitovych2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Leontii_Voitovych" title="Leontii Voitovych">Voitovych, Leontii</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.lnu.edu.ua/bulletins/index.php/history/article/view/687">"Прикарпаття в другій половині I тисячоліття н. н.:найдавніші князівства"</a>. Вісник Львівського університету (in Ukrainian) (45): 13–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%92%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96+I+%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F+%D0%BD.+%D0%BD.%3A%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%88%D1%96+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=13-54&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Voitovych&rft.aufirst=Leontii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.lnu.edu.ua%2Fbulletins%2Findex.php%2Fhistory%2Farticle%2Fview%2F687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoitovych2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Leontii_Voitovych" title="Leontii Voitovych">Voitovych, Leontii</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shron3.chtyvo.org.ua/Visnyk_Instytutu_arkheolohii/Vypusk_10.pdf">"The Lendians: new variations on ancient motives"</a> (PDF). Proc. Inst. Archaeol. Lviv. Univ (in Ukrainian). 10: 126–137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Inst.+Archaeol.+Lviv.+Univ&rft.atitle=The+Lendians%3A+new+variations+on+ancient+motives&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=126-137&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Voitovych&rft.aufirst=Leontii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshron3.chtyvo.org.ua%2FVisnyk_Instytutu_arkheolohii%2FVypusk_10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoloshchuk2021" class="citation journal cs1">Voloshchuk, Myroslav (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.cejsh-b3ac9b5a-b9a9-4ba2-a224-5aa7dab174e4">"Galich, Was it a Real (part of) Rus'?"</a>. Konštantínove listy. 14 (2): 37–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17846%2FCL.2021.14.2.37-50">10.17846/CL.2021.14.2.37-50</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244564524">244564524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kon%C5%A1tant%C3%ADnove+listy&rft.atitle=Galich%2C+Was+it+a+Real+%28part+of%29+Rus%27%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=37-50&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17846%2FCL.2021.14.2.37-50&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244564524%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Voloshchuk&rft.aufirst=Myroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcejsh.icm.edu.pl%2Fcejsh%2Felement%2Fbwmeta1.element.cejsh-b3ac9b5a-b9a9-4ba2-a224-5aa7dab174e4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidajewicz2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Widajewicz, Józef Widajewicz (2006) [1949]. "Velika ili Bijela Hrvatska" [Great or White Croatia]. In Nosić, Milan (ed.). Bijeli Hrvati I [White Croats I] (in Croatian). Maveda. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/953-7029-04-2" title="Special:BookSources/953-7029-04-2"><bdi>953-7029-04-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Velika+ili+Bijela+Hrvatska&rft.btitle=Bijeli+Hrvati+I&rft.pub=Maveda&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=953-7029-04-2&rft.aulast=Widajewicz&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef+Widajewicz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimonyi2015" class="citation book cs1">Zimonyi, Istvan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZK68CgAAQBAJ">Muslim Sources on the Magyars in the Second Half of the 9th Century: The Magyar Chapter of the Jayhānī Tradition</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004306110" title="Special:BookSources/9789004306110"><bdi>9789004306110</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Sources+on+the+Magyars+in+the+Second+Half+of+the+9th+Century%3A+The+Magyar+Chapter+of+the+Jayh%C4%81n%C4%AB+Tradition&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789004306110&rft.aulast=Zimonyi&rft.aufirst=Istvan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZK68CgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽivković2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tibor_%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87" title="Tibor Živković">Živković, Tibor</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1231887">De conversione Croatorum et Serborum: A Lost Source</a>. Belgrade: The Institute of History.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+conversione+Croatorum+et+Serborum%3A+A+Lost+Source&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+History&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Tibor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1231887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Croats&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=7577">"Bijeli Hrvati"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Encyclopaedia">Croatian Encyclopaedia</a> (in Serbo-Croatian), 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bijeli+Hrvati&rft.btitle=Croatian+Encyclopaedia&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enciklopedija.hr%2Fnatuknica.aspx%3Fid%3D7577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gufo.me/dict/brockhaus/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B">"Белые хорваты"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary" title="Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary">Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary</a> (in Russian), 1890–1907</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brockhaus+and+Efron+Encyclopedic+Dictionary&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B&rft.date=1890%2F1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgufo.me%2Fdict%2Fbrockhaus%2F%25D0%2591%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D0%25B5_%25D1%2585%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D1%258B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CW%5CH%5CWhiteCroatians.htm">"White Croatians"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Ukraine" title="Encyclopedia of Ukraine">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a>, 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=White+Croatians&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopediaofukraine.com%2Fdisplay.asp%3Flinkpath%3Dpages%255CW%255CH%255CWhiteCroatians.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.org.ua/?termin=Khorvaty">"ХОРВАТИ"</a>, Encyclopedia of Ukrainian History (in Ukrainian), 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%A5%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%92%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%98&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Ukrainian+History&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.org.ua%2F%3Ftermin%3DKhorvaty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWhite+Croats" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/4696984">"ХОРВА́ТЫ ВОСТОЧНОСЛАВЯ́НСКИЕ"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia" title="Great Russian Encyclopedia">Great Russian Encyclopedia</a> (in Russian), 2017</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Origin_hypotheses_of_the_Croats" title="Origin hypotheses of the Croats">Origins of Croats</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">White Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Croatia" title="White Croatia">White Croatia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Croatia" title="Duchy of Croatia">Medieval duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_city-states" title="Dalmatian city-states">Dalmatian city-states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs_in_Lower_Pannonia" title="Slavs in Lower Pannonia">Lower Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Croatia" title="Red Croatia">Red Croatia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachlumia" title="Zachlumia">Zachlumia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travunia" title="Travunia">Travunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanalites" title="Kanalites">Kanalites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Medieval kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia" title="Ban of Croatia">Ban of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Slavonia" title="Ban of Slavonia">Ban of Slavonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Personal union with Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_Dalmatia" title="Venetian Dalmatia">Venetian Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(Habsburg)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)">Habsburg kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia-Slavonia" title="Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia">Austrio-Hungarian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Slovenes,_Croats_and_Serbs" title="State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banovina_of_Croatia" title="Banovina of Croatia">Banovina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">'Independent State'</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Croatia" title="Socialist Republic of Croatia">Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Croatia" title="Independence of Croatia">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia_(1995%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Croatia (1995–present)">Croatia since 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93NATO_relations" title="Croatia–NATO relations">NATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="2013 enlargement of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Croatia" title="Geography of Croatia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Croatia#Climate" title="Geography of Croatia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Croatia" title="List of extreme points of Croatia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Croatia" title="List of islands of Croatia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Croatia" title="List of lakes of Croatia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_Croatia" title="List of mammals of Croatia">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Croatia" title="List of mountains in Croatia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Croatia" title="List of protected areas of Croatia">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Croatia" title="List of rivers of Croatia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topography_of_Croatia" title="Topography of Croatia">Topography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Croatia" title="Politics of Croatia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Croatia" title="Administrative divisions of Croatia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Croatia" title="Constitution of Croatia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Croatia" title="President of Croatia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Croatia" title="Government of Croatia">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Croatia" title="Prime Minister of Croatia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Croatia" title="Human rights in Croatia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Croatia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Croatia" title="Law enforcement in Croatia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Croatia" title="Armed Forces of Croatia">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_(Croatia)" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces (Croatia)">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_(Croatia)" title="Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces (Croatia)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Parliament" title="Croatian Parliament">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Croatian_Parliament" title="Speaker of the Croatian Parliament">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Croatia" title="List of political parties in Croatia">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Croatia" title="Elections in Croatia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Croatia" title="Foreign relations of Croatia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_security_and_intelligence_system" title="Croatian security and intelligence system">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Croatia" title="Economy of Croatia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_brands" title="Croatian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Croatia" title="Energy in Croatia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croatian_counties_by_GDP" title="List of Croatian counties by GDP">Gross domestic product (GDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Croatia" title="Industry of Croatia">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatian_currency" title="History of Croatian currency">History of currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Bank" title="Croatian National Bank">National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia_and_the_euro" title="Croatia and the euro">The euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Croatia" title="Privatization in Croatia">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb_Stock_Exchange" title="Zagreb Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Croatia" title="Telecommunications in Croatia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Croatia" title="Tourism in Croatia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Croatia" title="Transport in Croatia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Croatia" title="Category:Society of Croatia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Croatia" title="Demographics of Croatia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Croatia" title="Education in Croatia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Croatia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Croatia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Croats" title="Genetic studies on Croats">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Croatia" title="Healthcare in Croatia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Croatia#Languages" title="Demographics of Croatia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Croatia" title="Women in Croatia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Croatia" title="Culture of Croatia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Croatia" title="Architecture of Croatia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_art" title="Croatian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Croatia" title="Cinema of Croatia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_wine" title="Croatian wine">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_literature" title="Croatian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia" title="Music of Croatia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Croatia" title="Public holidays in Croatia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Croatia" title="List of radio stations in Croatia">Radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Croatia" title="Sport in Croatia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Croatia" title="Television in Croatia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Croatia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Croatia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Croatia" title="National symbols of Croatia">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lijepa_na%C5%A1a_domovino" title="Lijepa naša domovino">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_checkerboard" title="Croatian checkerboard">Checkerboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia" title="Coat of arms of Croatia">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_national_costume" title="Croatian national costume">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Zvonimir" title="Crown of Zvonimir">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Croatia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Croatia">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croatian_flags" title="List of Croatian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_interlace" title="Croatian interlace">Interlace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croatian_mottos" title="List of Croatian mottos">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Croats_and_Croatia" title="Names of the Croats and Croatia">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Croatia" title="Outline of Croatia">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Croatia-related_articles" title="Index of Croatia-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Croatia" title="Category:Croatia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Croatia" title="Portal:Croatia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Early_Slavic_ethnic_groups_(7th–12th_centuries)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups_(VII-XII_century)" title="Template:Slavic ethnic groups (VII-XII century)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_ethnic_groups_(VII-XII_century)" title="Template talk:Slavic ethnic groups (VII-XII century)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups_(VII-XII_century)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic ethnic groups (VII-XII century)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_Slavic_ethnic_groups_(7th–12th_centuries)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Slavic peoples">Early Slavic ethnic groups (7th–12th centuries)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carpathian Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radimichs" title="Radimichs">Radimichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severians" title="Severians">Severians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivertsi" title="Tivertsi">Tivertsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulichs" title="Ulichs">Ulichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyatichi" title="Vyatichi">Vyatichi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Don_Slavs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Don Slavs (page does not exist)">Don Slavs</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Донские славяне">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeriuani" title="Zeriuani">Zeriuani</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolokhovians" title="Bolokhovians">Bolokhovians</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dulebes" title="Dulebes">Dulebes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buzhans" title="Buzhans">Buzhans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volhynians" title="Volhynians">Volhynians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drevlians" title="Drevlians">Drevlians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" title="Polans (eastern)">Polans </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dregoviches" title="Dregoviches">Dregoviches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narevyans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narevyans (page does not exist)">Narevyans</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Наревяне">ru</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krivichs" title="Krivichs">Krivichs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polochans" title="Polochans">Polochans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pskov%27s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pskov's (page does not exist)">Pskov's</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Псковские кривичи">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>'s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>'s</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Slavs" title="Novgorod Slavs">Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Merya people">Merya</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muromians">Muroma</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_tribes" title="Polish tribes">Polish tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goplans" title="Goplans">Goplans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendians" title="Lendians">Lendians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lubuszans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lubuszans (page does not exist)">Lubuszans</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubuszanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Lubuszanie">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Polans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradzans" title="Sieradzans">Sieradzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistulans" title="Vistulans">Vistulans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kujawians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kujawians (page does not exist)">Kujawians</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujawianie" class="extiw" title="pl:Kujawianie">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiercans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiercans (page does not exist)">Wiercans</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiercanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Wiercanie">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thafnezi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thafnezi (page does not exist)">Thafnezi</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thafnezi" class="extiw" title="pl:Thafnezi">pl</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(tribe)" title="Pomeranians (tribe)">Pomeranians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prissani" title="Prissani">Prissani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolinians" title="Wolinians">Wolinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_tribes" title="Silesian tribes">Silesian tribes</a>3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bezunzans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bezunzans (page does not exist)">Bezunzans</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besunzane" class="extiw" title="de:Besunzane">de</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobrzanie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobrzanie">Bobrzans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silesian Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadosesani" title="Dadosesani">Dadosesani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golensizi" title="Golensizi">Golensizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opolans" title="Opolans">Opolans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selpoli" title="Selpoli">Selpoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians_(tribe)" title="Silesians (tribe)">Silesians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti">Veleti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici">Lutici</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brizans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brizans (page does not exist)">Brizans</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brze%C5%BCanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Brzeżanie">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circipania" title="Circipania">Circipania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kessinians" title="Kessinians">Kessinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tollensians" title="Tollensians">Tollensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxani" title="Doxani">Doxani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morzyczans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morzyczans (page does not exist)">Morzyczans</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morzyczanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Morzyczanie">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neletyches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neletyches (page does not exist)">Neletyches</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieletycy" class="extiw" title="pl:Nieletycy">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_(tribe)" title="Rani (tribe)">Rujani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Redariers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redariers (page does not exist)">Redariers</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redarowie" class="extiw" title="pl:Redarowie">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rechans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rechans (page does not exist)">Rechans</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzeczanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Rzeczanie">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprevane" title="Sprevane">Sprevane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hevelli" title="Hevelli">Hevelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrani" title="Ukrani">Ukrani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamcici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zamcici (page does not exist)">Zamcici</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamczycy" class="extiw" title="pl:Zamczycy">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zemcici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zemcici (page does not exist)">Zemcici</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemczycy" class="extiw" title="pl:Ziemczycy">pl</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethenici" title="Bethenici">Bethenici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drevani" title="Drevani">Drevani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linons" class="mw-redirect" title="Linons">Linons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reregs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reregs (page does not exist)">Reregs</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reregowie" class="extiw" title="pl:Reregowie">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smeldingi" title="Smeldingi">Smeldingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagri" title="Wagri">Wagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warnabi" title="Warnabi">Warnabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polabians_(tribe)" title="Polabians (tribe)">Polabians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khutices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khutices (page does not exist)">Khutices</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutycy" class="extiw" title="pl:Chutycy">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomatians" title="Glomatians">Glomatians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koledices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koledices (page does not exist)">Koledices</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koledzice" class="extiw" title="pl:Koledzice">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusatians_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lusatians (tribe) (page does not exist)">Lusatians</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81u%C5%BCyczanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Łużyczanie">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milceni" title="Milceni">Milceni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suslowi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suslowi (page does not exist)">Suslowi</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus%C5%82owie" class="extiw" title="pl:Susłowie">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhirmunts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhirmunts (page does not exist)">Zhirmunts</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BByrmunty" class="extiw" title="pl:Żyrmunty">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhitices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhitices (page does not exist)">Zhitices</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBytyce" class="extiw" title="pl:Żytyce">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neletiches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neletiches (page does not exist)">Neletiches</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieletycy" class="extiw" title="pl:Nieletycy">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizhices (page does not exist)">Nizhices</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizice" class="extiw" title="pl:Nizice">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nishans">Nishans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)" title="Sorbs (tribe)">Sorbs</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Serbia" title="White Serbia">White Serbs</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bohemians_(tribe)" title="Bohemians (tribe)">Czech tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bohemian Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dechans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dechans (page does not exist)">Dechans</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deczanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Deczanie">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulebes" title="Dulebes">Bohemian Dulebes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemuzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemuzi (page does not exist)">Lemuzi</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuzi" class="extiw" title="cs:Lemuzi">cs</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litomerici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litomerici (page does not exist)">Litomerici</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litomierzyce_(plemi%C4%99)" class="extiw" title="pl:Litomierzyce (plemię)">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luchans (page does not exist)">Luchans</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C4%8Dan%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="cs:Lučané">cs</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravians_(tribe)" title="Moravians (tribe)">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merehani" title="Merehani">Merehani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pshovans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pshovans (page does not exist)">Pshovans</a> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1ovan%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="cs:Pšované">cs</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedlichans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sedlichans (page does not exist)">Sedlichans</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siedliczanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Siedliczanie">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlicans" title="Zlicans">Zlicans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hbans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hbans (page does not exist)">Hbans</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="uk:Гбани">uk</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domazhlici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domazhlici (page does not exist)">Domazhlici</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Домажличи">ru</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupiglians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lupiglians (page does not exist)">Lupiglians</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupiglaa" class="extiw" title="pl:Lupiglaa">pl</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znetalici" title="Znetalici">Znetalici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovak tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrians (page does not exist)">Nitrians</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrzanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Nitrzanie">pl</a>]4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgarian tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Union of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Slavic_tribes" title="Seven Slavic tribes">Seven Slavic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severians" title="Severians">Southern Severians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolyani" title="Smolyani">Smolyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strymonites" title="Strymonites">Strymonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moratsi" title="Moratsi">Moratsi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milcovci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milcovci (page does not exist)">Milcovci</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Мильковцы">ru</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drougoubitai" title="Drougoubitai">Drougoubitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezeritai" title="Ezeritai">Ezeritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melingoi" title="Melingoi">Melingoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagudates" title="Sagudates">Sagudates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiounitai" title="Baiounitai">Baiounitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belegezites" title="Belegezites">Belegezites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berziti" title="Berziti">Berziti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchinoi" title="Rhynchinoi">Rhynchinoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">Alpine Slavs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carantanians" title="Carantanians">Carantanians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor_Slavs" title="Asia Minor Slavs">Asia Minor Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Slavs">Pannonian Slavs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dulebes" title="Dulebes">Pannonian Dulebes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guduscani" title="Guduscani">Guduscani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachlumia" title="Zachlumia">Zachlumians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travunija" class="mw-redirect" title="Travunija">Travunians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanalites" title="Kanalites">Kanalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Diokletlians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merehani" title="Merehani">Moravens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timo%C4%8Dani" title="Timočani">Timochans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brani%C4%8Devci" title="Braničevci">Branichevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praedenecenti" title="Praedenecenti">Praedenecenti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Notes (ethnicity is undefined): 1 = supposedly Eastern Slavic tribes</li> <li>2 = supposedly <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric</a> tribes</li> <li>3 = some of the Silesian tribes are Germanic, for example <a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silings</a></li> <li>4 = generally considered synonym for early medieval Slovaks</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Croats&oldid=1257114019">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Croats&oldid=1257114019</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Slavic_ethnic_groups" title="Category:Slavic ethnic groups">Slavic ethnic groups</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Croats" title="Category:History of the Croats">History of the Croats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_history_of_the_Czech_lands" title="Category:Medieval history of the Czech 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