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mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Hillov%C3%A1" title="Octavia Hillová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Octavia Hillová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Hill" title="Octavia Hill – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Octavia Hill" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Hill" title="Octavia Hill – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Octavia Hill" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Hill" title="Octavia Hill – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Octavia Hill" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Hill" title="Octavia Hill – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Octavia Hill" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Hill" title="Octavia Hill – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Octavia Hill" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C" title="אוקטביה היל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוקטביה היל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Hill" title="Octavia Hill – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Octavia Hill" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Hill" title="Octavia Hill – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Octavia Hill" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Hill" title="Octavia Hill – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Octavia Hill" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%92%E3%83%AB" title="オクタヴィア・ヒル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オクタヴィア・ヒル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Hill" title="Octavia Hill – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Octavia Hill" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Hill" title="Octavia Hill – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Octavia Hill" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Hill" title="Octavia Hill – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Octavia Hill" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB,_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хилл, Октавия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хилл, Октавия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Octavia Hill</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Octavia-Hill-by-Sargent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of a Victorian middle-aged woman facing the artist, head slightly to the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Octavia-Hill-by-Sargent.jpg/220px-Octavia-Hill-by-Sargent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Octavia-Hill-by-Sargent.jpg/330px-Octavia-Hill-by-Sargent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Octavia-Hill-by-Sargent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="544" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Octavia Hill by <a href="/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent</a>, 1898</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1838-12-03</span>)</span>3 December 1838<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Wisbech" title="Wisbech">Wisbech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 August 1912<span style="display:none">(1912-08-13)</span> (aged 73)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Marylebone" title="Marylebone">Marylebone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Housing activist</li><li>Open spaces reformer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Co-founding the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Octavia Hill</b> (3<span class="nowrap"> </span>December 1838 – 13<span class="nowrap"> </span>August 1912) was an English <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement">social reformer</a> and a founder of the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a>. Her main concern was the welfare of the inhabitants of cities, especially London, in the second half of the nineteenth century. Born into a family of radical thinkers and reformers with a strong commitment to alleviating poverty, she herself grew up in straitened circumstances owing to the financial failure of her father's businesses. Home educated by her mother, she worked from the age of 14 for the welfare of working people. </p><p>Hill was a moving force behind the development of social housing, and her early friendship with <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> enabled her to put her theories into practice with the aid of his initial investment. She believed in self-reliance, and made it a key part of her housing system that she and her assistants knew their tenants personally and encouraged them to better themselves. She was opposed to municipal provision of housing, believing it to be bureaucratic and impersonal. </p><p>Another of Hill's concerns was the availability of open spaces for poor people. She campaigned against development on existing suburban woodlands, and helped to save London's <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament Hill Fields">Parliament Hill Fields</a> from being built on. She was one of the three founders of the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a>, set up to preserve places of historic interest or natural beauty for the enjoyment of the British public. She was a founder member of the <a href="/wiki/Charity_Organization_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity Organization Society">Charity Organisation Society</a> (now the charity <a href="/wiki/Family_Action" title="Family Action">Family Action</a>) which organised charitable grants and pioneered a home-visiting service that formed the basis for modern social work. She was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_the_Poor_Laws_and_Relief_of_Distress_1905-09#The_Royal_Commission_on_the_Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress 1905-09">Royal Commission on the Poor Laws</a> in 1905. </p><p>Hill's legacy includes the large holdings of the modern National Trust, several housing projects still run on her lines, a tradition of training for housing managers, and the Octavia Hill Birthplace House established by the Octavia Hill Society at her birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Wisbech" title="Wisbech">Wisbech</a>. She was key in pushing for the creation of what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Army_Cadet_Force" title="Army Cadet Force">Army Cadet Force</a>, after seeing the success it was having in schools who maintained detachments of the <a href="/wiki/Officers%27_Training_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Officers' Training Corps">Officers' Training Corps</a> (now known as the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Cadet_Force" title="Combined Cadet Force">Combined Cadet Force</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octavia_Hill&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octavia_Hill&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Octavia Hill was born on 3 December 1838 in Bank House (now named the Octavia Hill Birthplace House), South Brink, <a href="/wiki/Wisbech" title="Wisbech">Wisbech</a>, Isle of Ely, Cambridgeshire, the daughter of James Hill, a corn merchant, former banker and follower of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a>, and his third wife, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Southwood_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Southwood Smith">Caroline Southwood Smith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Hill had been widowed twice, and had six surviving children (five daughters and a son) from his two previous marriages; Octavia was her father's eighth daughter and tenth child.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith-2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had been impressed by the writings on education of his future wife, the daughter of Dr <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Southwood_Smith" title="Thomas Southwood Smith">Thomas Southwood Smith</a>, a pioneer of sanitary reform.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He engaged Caroline as a governess to his children in 1832, and they were married in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-2008_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family's comfortably prosperous life was disrupted by James Hill's financial problems and his mental collapse. In 1840, he was declared bankrupt. Caroline Hill's father gave the family financial support, and took on some of Hill's paternal role.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southwood Smith was a health and welfare reformer concerned with a range of social issues including child labour in mines and the housing of the urban poor. Caroline Hill held similar views on social reform, and her interest in progressive education, influenced by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi" title="Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi">Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi</a>, and Southwood Smith's daily experience in his work at the <a href="/wiki/London_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="London Hospital">London Hospital</a> in the <a href="/wiki/East_End_of_London" title="East End of London">East End</a> inspired Octavia Hill's concern for the poorest in early Victorian London. She received no formal schooling: her mother educated the family at home.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruskin-SouthwoodSmith-Maurice-Mayhew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Four head and shoulder portraits of Victorian men" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ruskin-SouthwoodSmith-Maurice-Mayhew.jpg/170px-Ruskin-SouthwoodSmith-Maurice-Mayhew.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Ruskin-SouthwoodSmith-Maurice-Mayhew.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>Early influences on Octavia Hill. Top: <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Southwood_Smith" title="Thomas Southwood Smith">Thomas Southwood Smith</a>. Below: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Denison_Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Denison Maurice">F.D. Maurice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mayhew" title="Henry Mayhew">Henry Mayhew</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The family settled in a small cottage in <a href="/wiki/Finchley" title="Finchley">Finchley</a>, now a north London suburb, but then a village.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Octavia Hill was impressed and moved by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mayhew" title="Henry Mayhew">Henry Mayhew</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/London_Labour_and_the_London_Poor" title="London Labour and the London Poor">London Labour and the London Poor</a></i>, a book that portrayed the daily lives of slum dwellers. She was also strongly influenced by the theologian, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> priest and social reformer <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Denison_Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Denison Maurice">F. D. Maurice</a>, who was a family friend. She began her work on behalf of London's poor by helping to make toys for Ragged school children, and serving as secretary of the women's classes at the Working Men's College in <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury" title="Bloomsbury">Bloomsbury</a> in central London.<sup id="cite_ref-Wohl_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wohl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A co-operative guild providing employment for "distressed gentlewomen" accepted Hill for training in glass-painting when she was 13. When the work of the guild was expanded to provide work in toy-making for Ragged school children, she was invited, at the age of 14, to take charge of the workroom.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann-1952_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-1952-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year she began working in her spare time from the guild as a copyist for <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dulwich_Art_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulwich Art Gallery">Dulwich Art Gallery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>. She was deeply aware of the dreadful living conditions of the children in her charge at the guild.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Her views on encouraging self-reliance led to her association with the <a href="/wiki/Charity_Organisation_Society" title="Charity Organisation Society">Charity Organisation Society</a> (COS), described by Hill's biographer Gillian Darley as "a contentious body which deplored dependence fostered by kindly but unrigorous philanthropy ... support to the poor had to be carefully targeted and efficiently supervised. Later in life, however, she began to think the COS line ... was over-harsh."<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It introduced the <a href="/wiki/Elberfeld_system" title="Elberfeld system">Elberfeld system</a> to Britain. </p><p>Hill was short, like all her family, and indifferent to fashion. Her friend <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Barnett" title="Henrietta Barnett">Henrietta Barnett</a> wrote: "She was small in stature with a long body and short legs. She did not dress, she only wore clothes, which were often unnecessarily unbecoming; she had soft and abundant hair and regular features, but the beauty of her face lay in brown and very luminous eyes, which quite unconsciously she lifted upwards as she spoke on any matter for which she cared. Her mouth was large and mobile, but not improved by laughter. Indeed, Miss Octavia was nicest when she was made passionate by her earnestness."<sup id="cite_ref-Wyatt-2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barnett also spoke of Hill's streak of ruthlessness. <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Bell" title="Gertrude Bell">Gertrude Bell</a> called Hill despotic. Later in Hill's life, the Bishop of London, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Temple" title="Frederick Temple">Frederick Temple</a>, encountered her at a meeting of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners, and wrote, "She spoke for half an hour … I never had such a beating in all my life."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing_for_the_poor">Housing for the poor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octavia_Hill&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Housing for the poor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London-slum-1880s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Victorian photograph of the exterior of a London slum property" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/London-slum-1880s.jpg/220px-London-slum-1880s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/London-slum-1880s.jpg/330px-London-slum-1880s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/London-slum-1880s.jpg/440px-London-slum-1880s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Marylebone" title="Marylebone">Marylebone</a> slum in the nineteenth century</figcaption></figure> <p>Parliament and many concerned reformers had been attempting to improve the housing of the working classes since the early 1830s. When Hill began her work, the model dwelling movement had been in existence for twenty years, royal and select committees had sat to examine the problems of urban well-being, and the first of many tranches of legislation aimed at improving working class housing had been passed.<sup id="cite_ref-Wohl_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wohl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From Hill's point of view these had all failed the poorest members of the working class, the unskilled labourers. She found that their landlords routinely ignored their obligations towards their tenants, and that the tenants were too ignorant and oppressed to better themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Wohl_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wohl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She tried to find new homes for her charges, but there was a severe shortage of available property, and Hill decided that her only solution was to become a landlord herself.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Ruskin, who was interested in the co-operative guild, knew Hill from her work as his copyist and was impressed by her.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann-1952_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-1952-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an <a href="/wiki/Aesthete" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthete">aesthete</a> and a humanitarian he was affronted by the brutal ugliness of the slums.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1865, having inherited a substantial sum of money from his father, he acquired for £750 the leases of three cottages of six rooms each in Paradise Place, <a href="/wiki/Marylebone" title="Marylebone">Marylebone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The obituary for Octavia Hill, published by The Times 15 August 1912 quoted that Hill herself confessed "not many men would have trusted that the undertaking would succeed". </p><p>Ruskin placed these houses, which were "in a dreadful state of dirt and neglect",<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times-1912_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times-1912-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under Hill's management. He told her that investors might be attracted to such schemes if a five per cent annual return could be secured.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1866 Ruskin acquired the freehold of five more houses for Hill to manage in <a href="/wiki/Homer_Street#Freshwater_Place" title="Homer Street">Freshwater Place</a>, Marylebone.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyatt-2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> recorded, "The houses faced a bit of desolate ground occupied by dilapidated cowsheds and manure heaps. The needful repairs and cleaning were carried out, the waste land was turned into a playground where Mr. Ruskin had some trees planted."<sup id="cite_ref-The_Times-1912_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Times-1912-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After being improved the properties were let to those on intermittent and low incomes. A return of five per cent on capital was obtained as promised to Ruskin; any excess over the five per cent was reinvested within the properties for the benefit of the tenants. Rent arrears were not tolerated, and bad debts were minimal. As Hill said, "Extreme punctuality, and diligence in collecting rents, and a strict determination that they shall be paid regularly, have accomplished this."<sup id="cite_ref-Wyatt-2_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In consequence of her prudent management, Hill was able to attract new backers, and by 1874 she had 15 housing schemes with around 3,000 tenants.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-2008_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hill's system was based on closely managing not only the buildings but the tenants; she insisted, "you cannot deal with the people and their houses separately"<sup id="cite_ref-Wohl_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wohl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and she strongly believed that good quality, well-managed homes make for happier, healthier lives. She maintained close personal contact with all her tenants, and was strongly opposed to impersonal bureaucratic organisations and to governmental intervention in housing.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her view, "municipal socialism and subsidized housing" led to indiscriminate demolition, re-housing schemes, and the destruction of communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Wohl_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wohl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing_management">Housing management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octavia_Hill&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Housing management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the heart of the Octavia Hill system was the weekly visit to collect rent. From the outset, Hill conceived this as a job for women only. She and her assistants (who included <a href="/wiki/Emma_Cons" title="Emma Cons">Emma Cons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eva_McLaren" title="Eva McLaren">Eva McLaren</a>) combined the weekly rent collection with checking every detail of the premises and getting to know the tenants personally, acting as early social workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first Hill believed, "Voluntary workers are a necessity. They are better than paid workers, and can be had in sufficient numbers."<sup id="cite_ref-Mann-1952_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann-1952-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, she found it expedient to maintain a paid workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her system required a large staff. Rent was collected on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday mornings. Rent accounts were balanced in the afternoons and arrangements were made with contractors for repairs. On Thursdays and Fridays arrears were pursued, contractors' invoices paid, new tenancy lettings and tenants' moves organised.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyatt-3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If any of Hill's assistants had spare time, whether during normal working hours or in frequent voluntary after-hours working, it was used to promote tenants' associations and after-work and children's after-school clubs and societies.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyatt-3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1859, Hill created the Southwark detachment of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Cadet_Force" title="Army Cadet Force">Army Cadet Force</a>, its first independent unit, which gave training along military lines for local boys.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hill considered that such an organisation would be more like the "real thing" than such existing outfits as the <a href="/wiki/Church_Lads%27_and_Church_Girls%27_Brigade" title="Church Lads' and Church Girls' Brigade">Church Lads' Brigade</a> and therefore more attractive to young men "who had passed the age of make-believe". She invited a serving officer of the <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Derbyshire Regiment">Derbyshire Regiment</a> to set up the company, and such was its popularity that its numbers had to be capped at 160 cadets.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-2008_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:33%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #EEEEEE;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>It would be wrong to assume that Octavia's principle of housing management was guided simply on the question of the payment of rent. Despite being up to date with his rent, a tenant was surprised to receive Notice to Quit, because he would not send his children to school and had overcrowded his rooms. Octavia's response to his complaint that he didn't owe any rent was that it was not the only thing she insisted upon. In her view, she could not allow anything so wrong as the neglect of children and overcrowding to continue where she had the power to prevent it! </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="center-aligned" style="">R.J. Wyatt<sup id="cite_ref-Wyatt-2_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Hill's principles were summed up in an article of 1869: "Where a man persistently refuses to exert himself, external help is worse than useless." She was an outspoken critic of the principles of "<a href="/wiki/Outdoor_relief" title="Outdoor relief">outdoor relief</a>" or the <a href="/wiki/Speenhamland_system" title="Speenhamland system">Speenhamland system</a> of poor relief as operated by various <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law">Poor Law</a> Boards. Because these systems did not encourage recipients to work, she regarded them as "a profligate use of public funds."<sup id="cite_ref-Wyatt-2_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under her methods, personal responsibility was encouraged. She insisted on dealing with arrears promptly; she appointed reliable caretakers; she took up on references of prospective tenants, and visited them in their homes; she paid careful attention to allocations and the placing of tenants, with regard to size of families and the size and location of the accommodation to be offered; and she made no rules that could not be properly enforced.<sup id="cite_ref-Wyatt-2_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wyatt-2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1884, the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Commissioners" title="Ecclesiastical Commissioners">Ecclesiastical Commissioners</a> recognised her enlightened approach and turned to her to manage and reform 48 of their slum properties in South London, which were notorious for poverty and petty crime. Hill turned these estates into model properties, which still paid a return on investment.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An American admirer described her as "ruling over a little kingdom of three thousand loving subjects with an iron scepter twined with roses."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Hill drove her associates hard, she drove herself harder. In 1877, she collapsed and had to take a break of several months from her work. Darley ascribes a number of contributory causes: "chronic overwork, a lack of delegation, the death of her close friend Jane Senior, the failure of a brief engagement",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as an attack on her by John Ruskin.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hill family found a companion for her, Harriot Yorke (1843–1930). Yorke took on a great amount of the everyday work that had contributed to Hill's collapse. She remained her companion until Hill's death. A further palliative was the building of a cottage, at <a href="/wiki/Crockham_Hill" title="Crockham Hill">Crockham Hill</a> near <a href="/wiki/Sevenoaks" title="Sevenoaks">Sevenoaks</a> in Kent, where they could take breaks from their work in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-2008_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Open_spaces">Open spaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octavia_Hill&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Open spaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wicken_Lode1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A countryside scene, with water bounded by grass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Wicken_Lode1.JPG/220px-Wicken_Lode1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Wicken_Lode1.JPG/330px-Wicken_Lode1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Wicken_Lode1.JPG/440px-Wicken_Lode1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wicken_Fen" title="Wicken Fen">Wicken Fen</a> acquired by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a> in 1899</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Footpath_on_Hampstead_Heath_-_geograph.org.uk_-_53758.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large, grassed open space, with trees" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Footpath_on_Hampstead_Heath_-_geograph.org.uk_-_53758.jpg/220px-Footpath_on_Hampstead_Heath_-_geograph.org.uk_-_53758.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Footpath_on_Hampstead_Heath_-_geograph.org.uk_-_53758.jpg/330px-Footpath_on_Hampstead_Heath_-_geograph.org.uk_-_53758.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Footpath_on_Hampstead_Heath_-_geograph.org.uk_-_53758.jpg/440px-Footpath_on_Hampstead_Heath_-_geograph.org.uk_-_53758.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a> saved by Octavia Hill and others</figcaption></figure> <p>Among Hill's concerns was that her tenants, and all urban workers, should have access to open spaces. She believed in "the life-enhancing virtues of pure earth, clean air and blue sky."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1883 she wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is perhaps no need of the poor of London which more prominently forces itself on the notice of anyone working among them than that of space. ... How can it best be given? And what is it precisely which should be given? I think we want four things. Places to sit in, places to play in, places to stroll in, and places to spend a day in. The preservation of <a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_and_Putney_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Wimbledon and Putney Commons">Wimbledon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epping_Forest" title="Epping Forest">Epping</a> shows that the need is increasingly recognised. But a visit to Wimbledon, Epping, or <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Great_Park" title="Windsor Great Park">Windsor</a> means for the workman not only the cost of the journey but the loss of a whole day's wages; we want, besides, places where the long summer evenings or the Saturday afternoon may be enjoyed without effort or expense.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>She campaigned hard against building on existing suburban woodlands, and helped to save <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Heath" title="Hampstead Heath">Hampstead Heath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Hill_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament Hill Fields">Parliament Hill Fields</a> from development.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the first to use the term "Green Belt" in 1875 for the protected rural areas surrounding London and prevent the city sprawling out. Three hills in Kent (Mariners Hill, <a href="/wiki/Toys_Hill" title="Toys Hill">Toys Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ide_Hill" title="Ide Hill">Ide Hill</a>) which she helped to protect from development form part of the belt.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1876 Hill became the treasurer of the Kyrle Society, founded in that year by her eldest sister, <a href="/wiki/Miranda_Hill" title="Miranda Hill">Miranda</a>, as a "Society for the Diffusion of Beauty". Under the slogan "Bring Beauty Home to the Poor" it aimed to bring art, books, music and open spaces into the lives of the urban poor.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For a short period it flourished and expanded, and although it declined after a few years, it was a template for the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust_for_Places_of_Historic_Interest_or_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty">National Trust</a>, 20 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before that, however, Hill was engaged in a campaign in 1883 to stop the construction of railways from the quarries in the fells overlooking <a href="/wiki/Buttermere" title="Buttermere">Buttermere</a>, in the English <a href="/wiki/Lake_District" title="Lake District">Lake District</a>, with damaging effect on the unspoilt scenery. The campaign was led by Canon <a href="/wiki/Hardwicke_Rawnsley" title="Hardwicke Rawnsley">Hardwicke Rawnsley</a>, who secured the support of Ruskin, Hill, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hunter_(National_Trust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Hunter (National Trust)">Sir Robert Hunter</a>, solicitor to the <a href="/wiki/Commons_Preservation_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Commons Preservation Society">Commons Preservation Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1875 onwards, Hunter had been Hill's legal adviser on the protection of open spaces in London. Both he and Rawnsley, building on an idea put forward by Ruskin, conceived of a trust that could buy and preserve places of natural beauty and historic interest for the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Chubb-2004_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chubb-2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 November 1893, Hill, Hunter and Rawnsley met in the offices of the Commons Preservation Society and agreed to launch such a trust. Hill suggested that it should be called "The Commons and Gardens Trust", but the three agreed to adopt Hunter's suggested title, the "National Trust".<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-2008_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under its full formal title, the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty was inaugurated the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Chubb-2004_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chubb-2004-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trust was concerned primarily with protecting open spaces and endangered buildings of historic interest; its first property was Dinas Oleu, <a href="/wiki/Merioneth" class="mw-redirect" title="Merioneth">Merioneth</a>, its first built property was <a href="/wiki/Alfriston_Clergy_House" title="Alfriston Clergy House">Alfriston Clergy House</a> and its first <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserve</a> was <a href="/wiki/Wicken_Fen" title="Wicken Fen">Wicken Fen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_years">Later years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octavia_Hill&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of homes managed by Hill continued to grow. Although Ruskin had turned against her in a bout of mental instability, she found a new supporter, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Commissioners" title="Church Commissioners">Ecclesiastical Commissioners</a>, who handed over to her the management of their housing estates in several poor areas of south London.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the nineteenth century, Hill's women workers were no longer unpaid volunteers but trained professionals. Hill's influence spread beyond the properties under her own control. Her ideas were taken up and copied, with her enthusiastic support, in continental Europe and the United States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-Wohl_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wohl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Webb" title="Beatrice Webb">Beatrice Webb</a> said that she "first became aware of the meaning of the poverty of the poor," while staying with her sister, who was a rent collector for Octavia Hill in the East End.<sup id="cite_ref-Wohl_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wohl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria of the United Kingdom">Queen Victoria</a>'s daughter, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Alice of the United Kingdom">Princess Alice of Hesse-Darmstadt</a>, was taken incognito on a tour of some of Hill's properties, and she translated Hill's <i>Homes of the London Poor</i> into <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wohl_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wohl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among those whom Hill trained was her assistant and secretary, Maud Jeffery, who was later engaged by the <a href="/wiki/Commissioners_of_Crown_Lands_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioners of Crown Lands (UK)">Commissioners of Crown Lands</a> to run new housing estates in London on Octavia Hill's lines.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even some local authorities, despite Hill's distrust, followed her model: some of the earliest examples of municipal council housing, at <a href="/wiki/Kensington" title="Kensington">Kensington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camberwell" title="Camberwell">Camberwell</a>, were run on her lines, with the acquisition of working-class houses, and their gradual improvement, without evictions or demolitions.<sup id="cite_ref-Wohl_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wohl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Octavia_hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Octavia_hill.jpg/170px-Octavia_hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Octavia_hill.jpg/255px-Octavia_hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Octavia_hill.jpg/340px-Octavia_hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Hill in 1881</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite her opposition to interference by national or local government in the provision of housing, Hill had to cope with the newly created <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a> and the involvement of the council and other local authorities in providing housing for the poor. In 1884 a <a href="/wiki/Royal_commission" title="Royal commission">Royal commission</a> on the housing of the working classes was set up, but the prime minister, <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">W.E. Gladstone</a>, and his ministerial colleagues vetoed a proposal to include Hill among the members of the commission.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The municipal authorities quickly surpassed her in the number of properties under their management.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A.S. Wohl notes that in the 1880s Hill had about £70,000 worth of property under her management, and at the end of her career she was managing the dwellings of "perhaps three or four thousand people at the most."<sup id="cite_ref-Wohl_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wohl-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The London County Council, by contrast, had a budget of £1,500,000 for its programme of rehousing London's poor in 1901–02.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hill was opposed to other reforms that came about in the early part of the twentieth century. She was against female suffrage on the grounds that "men and women help one another because they are different, have different gifts and different spheres."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also believed that provision of social services and old-age pensions by the government did more harm than good, sapping people's self-reliance.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hill died from cancer on 13 August 1912 at her home in <a href="/wiki/Marylebone" title="Marylebone">Marylebone</a>, at the age of 73.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_memorials">Legacy and memorials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octavia_Hill&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legacy and memorials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Octavia_Hill_(plaque).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A memorial blue plaque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Octavia_Hill_%28plaque%29.jpg/220px-Octavia_Hill_%28plaque%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Octavia_Hill_%28plaque%29.jpg/330px-Octavia_Hill_%28plaque%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Octavia_Hill_%28plaque%29.jpg/440px-Octavia_Hill_%28plaque%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption> Plaque in <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross_Garden,_Southwark" title="Red Cross Garden, Southwark"> Red Cross Garden</a> in South London</figcaption></figure> <p>When <a href="/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent" title="John Singer Sargent">John Singer Sargent</a>'s portrait of her was presented by her fellow-workers in 1898, Hill made a speech in which she said, "When I am gone, I hope my friends will not try to carry out any special system, or to follow blindly in the track which I have trodden. New circumstances require various efforts, and it is the spirit, not the dead form, that should be perpetuated. We shall leave them a few houses, purified and improved, a few new and better ones built, a certain amount of thoughtful and loving management, a few open spaces..." But, she said, more important would be "the quick eye to see, the true soul to measure, the large hope to grasp the mighty issues of the new and better days to come – greater ideals, greater hope, and patience to realize both."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Horace Street Trust, founded by Hill, became a model for many subsequent housing associations and developed into the present trust that bears her name, Octavia Housing. Today it owns several of the homes, including Gable Cottages, designed by <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Hoole_(architect)" title="Elijah Hoole (architect)"> Elijah Hoole</a>, who worked with Hill for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-Legacy_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legacy-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hill's determination to provide community space can still be seen in the shape of the Red Cross site in Southwark (1888), among others. The Octavia Hill Society website states that with a community hall, and soundly maintained attractive houses, Hill here anticipated the fundamental ingredients of town planning by some 15 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Legacy_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legacy-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Settlement_movement" title="Settlement movement">Settlement movement</a> (creating integrated mixed communities of rich and poor) grew directly out of Hill's work. Her colleagues <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Augustus_Barnett" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Augustus Barnett"> Samuel</a> and Henrietta Barnett, founded <a href="/wiki/Toynbee_Hall" title="Toynbee Hall">Toynbee Hall</a>, the first university-sponsored settlement, which together with the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_University_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's University Settlement">Women's University Settlement</a> (later called the Blackfriars Settlement) continues to serve local communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Legacy_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legacy-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overseas, Hill's name is perpetuated in the Octavia Hill Association in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, a small property company founded in 1896 to provide affordable housing to low and middle-income city residents.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Legacy_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legacy-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women who had trained under Hill formed the Association of Women Housing Workers in 1916. This later changed its name to the Society of Housing Managers in 1948. After merging with the Institute of Housing Managers in 1965, the society became the present day <a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Housing" title="Chartered Institute of Housing">Chartered Institute of Housing</a> in 1994. The CIH is a professional body for those working in the housing profession in the UK and overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The training that Hill gave to Charity Organisation Society volunteers contributed to the development of modern social work, and COS continued to be instrumental in developing social work as a profession during the twentieth century. COS is still in operation today as the charity <a href="/wiki/Family_Action" title="Family Action">Family Action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1907, Parliament passed the first National Trust Act, enshrining the trust's permanent purpose and giving it powers to protect property for the benefit of the nation. The trust now looks after a wide range of coast, countryside and historic buildings. According to the trust's website, "Staff, volunteers and tenants are engaged daily in providing access to open spaces for people's enjoyment, providing habitats for wildlife and in improving our environment – 'for ever, for everyone'."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A single grave marker for Miranda Hill, Octavia Hill and Harriot Yorke was placed in Holy Trinity churchyard, Crockham Hill, Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commemorations of Octavia Hill include a monument to her at a <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a> beauty spot, on the summit of a hill called <a href="/wiki/Hydon%27s_Ball" title="Hydon's Ball">Hydon's Ball</a>. Shortly after her death, the family erected a stone seat there, from which walkers can enjoy views over the Surrey countryside. The National Trust, who now own the site, has set up a commemorative guided walk that passes the seat,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two Octavia Hill Trails in Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Octavia Hill Society was set up in 1992 "to promote awareness of the ideas and ideals of Octavia Hill, her family, fellow workers and their relevance in today's society nationally and internationally".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the society's auspices her birthplace at Wisbech has been turned into the <a href="/wiki/Octavia_Hill_Birthplace_House" title="Octavia Hill Birthplace House">Octavia Hill Birthplace House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, to mark the centenary of the National Trust, a new variety of rose, "Octavia Hill", was named in her honour.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Zonal_pelargonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zonal pelargonium">zonal pelargonium</a> 'Octavia Hill' bred in Germany by plant-breeding company Elster PAC Jungpflanzen was launched at the Birthplace House in June 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Octavia is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">remembered</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Commemoration_(observance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commemoration (observance)">commemoration</a> on 13 August.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A housing development in the 1990s by Winchester Housing Group, now part of <a href="/w/index.php?title=A2Dominion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A2Dominion (page does not exist)">A2Dominion</a> housing association, was named "Octavia Hill".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012 a memorial plate was unveiled in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> by the then chair of the National Trust, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Jenkins" title="Simon Jenkins">Simon Jenkins</a>. The round stone tablet in the nave, notes her as a "Social reformer and a founder of the National Trust".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octavia_Hill&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Now known as Garbutt Place.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith-2008_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill's fiancé was one of her helpers, the barrister and later M.P. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bond_(politician)" title="Edward Bond (politician)">Edward Bond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruskin, by now mentally unstable, had reacted fiercely when Hill opposed his plans to sell his properties to the St. George's Company, an organisation that she regarded as financially dubious.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gladstone approved of Hill's principles but thought her difficult as a person. Had Hill's appointment not been vetoed, she would have been the first woman member of a royal commission. In the event she was one of the commission's key witnesses. She served as a member of a later Royal commission, on the Poor Laws, in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octavia_Hill&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Darley-2004-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darley-2004_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Darley, Gillian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-33873?rskey=rnxST6&result=1">"Hill, Octavia (1838–1912)"</a>, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 1 November 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Thomson_Hill1956" class="citation book cs1">William Thomson Hill (1956). <i>Octavia Hill</i>. Hutchinson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Octavia+Hill&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1956&rft.au=William+Thomson+Hill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctavia+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-2008_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-2008_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-2008_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-2008_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-2008_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-2008_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-2008_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Mark K., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infed.org/thinkers/octavia_hill.htm">"Octavia Hill: Housing, Space and Social Reform"</a>, The Encyclopaedia of Informal Education, 2008, accessed 14 November 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wohl-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wohl_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wohl_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wohl_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wohl_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wohl_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wohl_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wohl_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wohl_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wohl_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wohl_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wohl, A. S., "Octavia Hill and the Homes of the London Poor", <i>The Journal of British Studies</i>, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 10, No. 2 (May 1971), pp. 105–31 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F385612">10.1086/385612</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann-1952-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mann-1952_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann-1952_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mann-1952_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mann, Peter H., "Octavia Hill: An Appraisal", <i>The Town Planning Review</i>, Vol. 23, No. 3 (October 1952), pp. 223–237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyatt-2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt-2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt-2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt-2_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt-2_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt-2_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt-2_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wyatt, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leak, Adrian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2010/13-august/faith/for-houses-and-green-space">"For houses and green space"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Church_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Church Times">The Church Times</a></i>, 10 August 2010, accessed 14 November 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelan1998" class="citation book cs1">Whelan, Robert (1998). <i>Octavia Hill and The Social Housing Debate</i>. London: St Edmundsbury Press. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-255_36431-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-255 36431-8"><bdi>0-255 36431-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Octavia+Hill+and+The+Social+Housing+Debate&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=St+Edmundsbury+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-25536431-8&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctavia+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wyatt, pp. 1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Times-1912-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Times-1912_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Times-1912_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i> obituary, 15 August 1912, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrell, Caroline, "Octavia Hill", <i>The Economic History Review</i>, New Series, Vol. 52, No. 1 (February 1999), p. 158 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0289.00122">10.1111/1468-0289.00122</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wyatt-3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt-3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wyatt-3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wyatt, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelan1998" class="citation book cs1">Whelan, Robert (1998). <i>Octavia Hill and the Social Housing Debate</i>. 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"'An Iron Scepter Twined with Roses': The Octavia Hill System of Housing Management", <i>The Social Service Review</i>, Vol. 39, No. 2 (June 1965), The University of Chicago Press, pp. 222–31 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30017593">30017593</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darley (2004) <i>quoted</i> by Smith</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://octaviahill.org/conservation/">"Conservation"</a> The Octavia Hill Society, accessed 28 February 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hill 1883, VII. 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Graham Murphy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/34064">"Hunter, Sir Robert (1844–1913)"</a>, <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 2004, accessed 16 November 2010 <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Thompson_Hill1956" class="citation book cs1">William Thompson Hill (1956). <i>Octavia Hill</i>. 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(October 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/view/42674/42395">"Reform and Uplift Among the Philadelphia Negroes: the Diary of Helen Parrish, 1888"</a>. <i>Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i>. <b>94</b> (4): 496–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pennsylvania+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=Reform+and+Uplift+Among+the+Philadelphia+Negroes%3A+the+Diary+of+Helen+Parrish%2C+1888&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=496-99&rft.date=1970-10&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft.au=Sutherland%2C+John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.psu.edu%2Fpmhb%2Farticle%2Fview%2F42674%2F42395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctavia+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cih.org/about/history.htm">"History"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721062420/http://www.cih.org/about/history.htm">Archived</a> 21 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chartered Institute of Housing, accessed 15 November 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.family-action.org.uk/section.aspx?id=1155">"1880s"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718211919/http://www.family-action.org.uk/section.aspx?id=1155">Archived</a> 18 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Family Action, accessed 15 November 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-chl/w-countryside_environment.htm">"For ever for everyone"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101122121035/http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-chl/w-countryside_environment.htm">Archived</a> 22 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The National Trust, accessed 16 November 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicengland.org.uk/research/inclusive-heritage/lgbtq-heritage-project/workplaces-and-creativity/independent-women/">"Independent Women"</a>. <i>www.historicengland.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationaltrust.org.uk&rft.atitle=Octavia+Hill+walk+around+Hydon%27s+Ball+and+Heath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Fvisit%2Fsurrey%2Fhydons-ball-and-heath%2Foctavia-hill-walk-around-hydons-ball-and-heath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctavia+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/kent/toys-hill/octavia-hill-centenary-trail-west">"Octavia Hill Centenary Trail West"</a>. <i>nationaltrust.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationaltrust.org.uk&rft.atitle=Octavia+Hill+Centenary+Trail+West&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Fvisit%2Fkent%2Ftoys-hill%2Foctavia-hill-centenary-trail-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctavia+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/kent/toys-hill/octavia-hill-centenary-trail-east">"Octavia Hill Centenary Trail East"</a>. <i>nationaltrust.org.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationaltrust.org.uk&rft.atitle=Octavia+Hill+Centenary+Trail+East&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Fvisit%2Fkent%2Ftoys-hill%2Foctavia-hill-centenary-trail-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctavia+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://octaviahill.org/the-society/">"Octavia Hill Society"</a>, The Octavia Hill Society, accessed 28 February 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisbech-society.co.uk/octavia.html">"Octavia Hill"</a>, The Wisbech Society and Preservation Trust. Retrieved 6 July 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosesuk.com/rose_locator/roses/repeat_flowering_shrub/1231_octavia_hill.php">"Octavia Hill"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129114809/http://rosesuk.com/rose_locator/roses/repeat_flowering_shrub/1231_octavia_hill.php">Archived</a> 29 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Roses UK, accessed 16 November 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hortweek.com/new-zonal-geranium-named-national-trust-founder/ornamentals/article/915677">"Horticulture Week"</a>. <i>www.hortweek.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hortweek.com&rft.atitle=Horticulture+Week&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hortweek.com%2Fnew-zonal-geranium-named-national-trust-founder%2Fornamentals%2Farticle%2F915677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctavia+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctavia+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoughton2019" class="citation news cs1">Boughton, John (13 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://municipaldreams.wordpress.com/2019/08/13/council-housing-in-winchester-part-ii-post-1945/">"Council Housing in Winchester – Part II post-1945: 'Visually pleasing and economic in development'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Municipal Dreams</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Municipal+Dreams&rft.atitle=Council+Housing+in+Winchester+%E2%80%93+Part+II+post-1945%3A+%27Visually+pleasing+and+economic+in+development%27&rft.date=2019-08-13&rft.aulast=Boughton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmunicipaldreams.wordpress.com%2F2019%2F08%2F13%2Fcouncil-housing-in-winchester-part-ii-post-1945%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctavia+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/octavia-hill/">"Octavia Hill (tablet)"</a>. <i>Westminster Abbey</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westminster+Abbey&rft.atitle=Octavia+Hill+%28tablet%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Fabbey-commemorations%2Fcommemorations%2Foctavia-hill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctavia+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octavia_Hill&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Baigent, Elizabeth, and Ben Cowell. <i>Octavia Hill, social activism and the remaking of British society</i> (University of London Press, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv4w3whm">online with open access to all chapters</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Baigent, Elizabeth, and Ben Cowell (eds., 2016), <i>‘Nobler imaginings and mightier struggles’: Octavia Hill, Social Activism, and the Remaking of British Society</i>, Institute of Historical Research. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909646-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909646-00-1">978-1-909646-00-1</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Boyd, Nancy (1984). <i>Josephine Butler, Octavia Hill, Florence Nightingale: Three Victorian Women Who Changed Their World</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-37636-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-37636-6">0-333-37636-6</a></li> <li>Darley, Gillian (1990). <i>Octavia Hill: A Life</i>. London: Constable. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-469380-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-09-469380-3">0-09-469380-3</a></li> <li>Darley, Gillian (2004). <i>Octavia Hill: Social Reformer and founder of the National Trust</i>. London: Francis Boutle. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903427-53-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-903427-53-8">978-1-903427-53-8</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Hill, Octavia (1872). <i>Further Account of the Walmer Street Industrial Experiment</i>. London: George Pulman. OCLC 560462399</li> <li>Hill, Octavia (1877). <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Our_Common_Land_(and_other_short_essays)" class="extiw" title="s:Our Common Land (and other short essays)">Our Common Land (and other short essays)</a></i>. London: Macmillan. OCLC 156901340</li> <li>Hill, Octavia (1883). <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Homes_of_the_London_Poor" class="extiw" title="s:Homes of the London Poor">Homes of the London Poor</a></i>. London: Macmillan. OCLC 79061157</li> <li>Hill, Octavia (1884). <i>Colour, Space, and Music for the People</i>. London: Kegan Paul, Trench. OCLC 49912542</li> <li>Hill, Octavia (1909). <i>Memorandum on the Report of the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress.</i> London: P.S. King and Son. OCLC 232315440</li> <li>Jeffery, Maud, and Edith Neville (eds, 1921). <i>House Property & its Management. Some papers on the methods of management introduced by Miss Octavia Hill, etc.</i> London: Allen & Unwin. OCLC 27713282</li> <li>Maurice, C. Edmund (ed, 1913). <i>Life of Octavia Hill as told in her letters</i>. London: Macmillan. OCLC 187454788</li> <li>Maurice, Emily Southwood. (ed, 1928) <i>Octavia Hill: Early Ideals.</i> London: Allen and Unwin. OCLC 68245696</li></ul> <ul><li>Moberly Bell, Enid (1942). <i>Octavia Hill: A Biography</i>. London: Constable. OCLC 493117448</li> <li>Morrell, Caroline. "Octavia Hill and women’s networks in housing." <i>Gender, health and welfare</i> (Routledge, 2015) pp.91-121.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1969" class="citation book cs1">Newman, John (1969). <i>West Kent and the Weald</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pevsner_Architectural_Guides" title="Pevsner Architectural Guides">Buildings of England</a> (1st ed.). Harmondsworth: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09614-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09614-9"><bdi>978-0-300-09614-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Kent+and+the+Weald&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.series=Buildings+of+England&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09614-9&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctavia+Hill" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rooff, Madeline (1972) <i>A Hundred Years of Family Welfare: A Study of the Family Welfare Association (Formerly Charity Organisation Society) 1869–1969</i>. London: Michael Joseph. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7181-0987-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7181-0987-2">0-7181-0987-2</a></li> <li>Walker, Stephen P. "Philanthropic women and accounting. Octavia Hill and the exercise of ‘quiet power and sympathy’." <i>Accounting, Business & Financial History</i> 16.2 (2006): 163-194. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stephen-Walker-13/publication/24067233_Philanthropic_women_and_accounting_Octavia_Hill_and_the_exercise_of_'quiet_power_and_sympathy'/links/00b7d52e0f5a1d62a5000000/Philanthropic-women-and-accounting-Octavia-Hill-and-the-exercise-of-quiet-power-and-sympathy.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Whelan, Robert (ed, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civitas.org.uk/pdf/rr3.pdf"><i>Octavia Hill and The Social Housing Debate: Essays and Letters by Octavia Hill</i></a> IEA Health and Welfare Unit, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-255-36431-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-255-36431-8">0-255-36431-8</a></li> <li>Whelan, Robert (ed, 2005). <i>Octavia Hill's Letters to Fellow-Workers 1872–1911: Together with an Account of the Walmer Street Industrial Experiment</i>. London: Kyrle Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9548914-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9548914-0-6">0-9548914-0-6</a></li> <li>Wyatt, R.J. (2000). <i>Octavia Hill and The Crown Estate – a Continuing Legacy?</i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Crown_Estate" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crown Estate">The Crown Estate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octavia_Hill&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 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works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Octavia_Hill" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Octavia Hill">Octavia Hill</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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