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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Changing_fortunes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_fortunes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Changing fortunes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_fortunes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Rover </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rolls-Royce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rolls-Royce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Rolls-Royce </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rolls-Royce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Continued impact </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Nationalisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 After the war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Later life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles_and_promotions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles_and_promotions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Styles and promotions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles_and_promotions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Memorials </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Memorials subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Memorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coventry,_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coventry,_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Coventry, England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coventry,_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutterworth,_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutterworth,_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Lutterworth, England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutterworth,_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby,_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby,_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Rugby, England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby,_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Elsewhere </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Frank Whittle</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" > 40 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%84" title="فرانك ويتل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانك ويتل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%84" title="فرانک وایتل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانک وایتل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%AD%ED%81%AC_%ED%9C%98%ED%8B%80" title="프랭크 휘틀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랭크 휘틀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AF_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AC" title="Ֆրենկ Ուիթլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրենկ Ուիթլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C" title="פרנק ויטל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנק ויטל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD" title="ഫ്രാങ്ക് വിറ്റൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രാങ്ക് വിറ്റൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83_%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%84" title="فرانك ويتل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانك ويتل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%82%A4%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB" title="フランク・ホイットル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランク・ホイットル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BC%D9%84" title="فرانک وایټل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرانک وایټل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BB,_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Уиттл, Фрэнк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уиттл, Фрэнк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="ఫ్రాంక్ విటిల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్రాంక్ విటిల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA_%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BB" title="Френк Віттл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Френк Віттл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Whittle" title="Frank Whittle – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Frank Whittle" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94" title="弗兰克·惠特尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="弗兰克·惠特尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q312547#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British Royal Air Force engineer and air officer (1907–1996)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Frank Whittle</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_Whittle_CH_011867_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Frank_Whittle_CH_011867_crop.jpg/220px-Frank_Whittle_CH_011867_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Frank_Whittle_CH_011867_crop.jpg/330px-Frank_Whittle_CH_011867_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Frank_Whittle_CH_011867_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="406" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Whittle in 1943</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1907-06-01)1 June 1907 <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 August 1996(1996-08-08) (aged 89) <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Maryland" title="Columbia, Maryland">Columbia, Maryland</a>, US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Cranwell" title="Cranwell">Cranwell</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1923–1948</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Air_Commodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Commodore">Air Commodore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">Member of the Order of Merit</a> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">Companion of the Order of the Bath</a> <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Legion_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Legion of Merit">Commander of the Legion of Merit</a> (United States) <a href="/wiki/Rumford_Medal" title="Rumford Medal">Rumford Medal</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Franklin_Institute_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Franklin Institute Awards">Louis E. Levy Medal</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a><a href="#cite_note-frs-1">[1]</a> Honorary Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society" title="Royal Aeronautical Society">Royal Aeronautical Society</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Charles Stark Draper Prize">Charles Stark Draper Prize</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip_Medal" title="Prince Philip Medal">Prince Philip Medal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Dorothy Lee</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1930; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1976)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Hazel Hall</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1976)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Other work</th><td class="infobox-data">BOAC technical advisor, Shell engineer, engineer for Bristol Aero Engines, NAVAIR Professor at the US Naval Academy</td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Air_Commodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Commodore">Air Commodore</a> Sir Frank Whittle, <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">KBE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">CB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Aeronautical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society">FRAeS</a><a href="#cite_note-frs-1">[1]</a> (1 June 1907 – 8 August 1996) was an English engineer, inventor and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) <a href="/wiki/Air_officer" title="Air officer">air officer</a>. He is credited with co-creating the <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> engine. A patent was submitted by <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Guillaume" title="Maxime Guillaume">Maxime Guillaume</a> in 1921 for a similar invention which was technically unfeasible at the time. Whittle's <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engines</a> were developed some years earlier than those of Germany's <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Ohain" title="Hans von Ohain">Hans von Ohain</a>, who designed the first-to-fly turbojet engine as well as Austria’s <a href="/wiki/Anselm_Franz" title="Anselm Franz">Anselm Franz</a>. Whittle demonstrated an aptitude for engineering and an interest in flying from an early age. At first he was turned down by the RAF but, determined to join the force, he overcame his physical limitations and was accepted and sent to No. 2 School of Technical Training to join No 1 Squadron of Cranwell Aircraft Apprentices. He was taught the theory of aircraft engines and gained practical experience in the engineering workshops. His academic and practical abilities as an Aircraft Apprentice earned him a place on the officer training course at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Cranwell" title="RAF Cranwell">Cranwell</a>. He excelled in his studies and became an accomplished pilot. While writing his thesis he formulated the fundamental concepts that led to the creation of the turbojet engine, taking out a patent on his design in 1930. His performance on an officers' engineering course earned him a place on a further course at <a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, where he graduated with a First.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eminent_Petreans-3">[3]</a> Without <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> support, he and two retired RAF servicemen formed <a href="/wiki/Power_Jets" title="Power Jets">Power Jets</a> Ltd to build his engine with assistance from the firm of <a href="/wiki/British_Thomson-Houston" title="British Thomson-Houston">British Thomson-Houston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Despite limited funding, a prototype was created, which first ran in 1937. Official interest was forthcoming following this success, with contracts being placed to develop further engines, but the continuing stress seriously affected Whittle's health, eventually resulting in a nervous breakdown in 1940. In 1944 when Power Jets was nationalised he again suffered a nervous breakdown, and resigned from the board in 1946.<a href="#cite_note-trust-5">[5]</a> In 1948, Whittle retired from the RAF and received a <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom">knighthood</a>. He joined <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation" title="British Overseas Airways Corporation">BOAC</a> as a technical advisor before working as an engineering specialist with <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a>, followed by a position with <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane_Company" title="Bristol Aeroplane Company">Bristol Aero Engines</a>. After emigrating to the U.S. in 1976 he accepted the position of NAVAIR Research Professor at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> from 1977 to 1979. In August 1996, Whittle died of lung cancer at his home in Columbia, Maryland.<a href="#cite_note-Whittle_quantal_DVD-6">[6]</a> In 2002, Whittle was ranked number 42 in the BBC poll of the <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc100-7">[7]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whittle_terraced_house_8g07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Whittle_terraced_house_8g07.JPG/220px-Whittle_terraced_house_8g07.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Whittle_terraced_house_8g07.JPG/330px-Whittle_terraced_house_8g07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Whittle_terraced_house_8g07.JPG/440px-Whittle_terraced_house_8g07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Whittle's birthplace in <a href="/wiki/Earlsdon,_Coventry" class="mw-redirect" title="Earlsdon, Coventry">Earlsdon</a>, Coventry, England. (photo 2007)</figcaption></figure> Whittle was born in a <a href="/wiki/Terraced_house" title="Terraced house">terraced house</a> in Newcombe Road, <a href="/wiki/Earlsdon,_Coventry" class="mw-redirect" title="Earlsdon, Coventry">Earlsdon</a>, Coventry, England, on 1 June 1907, the eldest son of Moses Whittle and Sara Alice Garlick.<a href="#cite_note-RAF1-8">[8]</a> When he was nine years old, the family moved to the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Leamington_Spa" title="Leamington Spa">Royal Leamington Spa</a> where his father, a highly inventive practical engineer and mechanic,<a href="#cite_note-MAM-9">[9]</a> purchased the Leamington Valve and Piston Ring Company, which comprised a few lathes and other tools and a single-cylinder <a href="/wiki/Gas_engine" title="Gas engine">gas engine</a>, on which Whittle became an expert.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whittle_quantal_DVD-6">[6]</a> Whittle developed a rebellious and adventurous streak, together with an early interest in aviation.<a href="#cite_note-RAF1-8">[8]</a> After two years attending Milverton School, Whittle won a scholarship to a secondary school which in due course became <a href="/wiki/Leamington_College_for_Boys" class="mw-redirect" title="Leamington College for Boys">Leamington College for Boys</a>, but when his father's business faltered there was not enough money to keep him there. He quickly developed practical engineering skills while helping in his father's workshop, and being an enthusiastic reader spent much of his spare time in the Leamington reference library, reading about astronomy, engineering, turbines, and the theory of flight.<a href="#cite_note-MAM-9">[9]</a> At the age of 15, determined to be a pilot, Whittle applied to join the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Entering_the_RAF">Entering the RAF</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Entering the RAF">edit</a>]</div> In January 1923, having passed the RAF entrance examination with a high mark, Whittle reported to <a href="/wiki/RAF_Halton" title="RAF Halton">RAF Halton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_Apprentice" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft Apprentice">Aircraft Apprentice</a>. He lasted only two days: just five feet tall and with a small chest measurement, he failed the medical.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a> He then put himself through a vigorous training programme and special diet devised by a physical training instructor at Halton to build up his physique, only to fail again six months later, when he was told that he could not be given a second chance, despite having added three inches to his height and chest.<a href="#cite_note-RAF1-8">[8]</a> Undeterred, he applied again under an assumed name[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and presented himself as a candidate at the No 2 School of Technical Training <a href="/wiki/RAF_Cranwell" title="RAF Cranwell">RAF Cranwell</a>. This time he passed the physical and, in September that year, 364365 Boy Whittle, F, started his three-year training as an aircraft mechanic in No. 1 Squadron of No. 4 Apprentices Wing, RAF Cranwell, because RAF Halton <a href="/wiki/No._1_School_of_Technical_Training_RAF" title="No. 1 School of Technical Training RAF">No. 1 School of Technical Training</a><a href="#cite_note-MAM-9">[9]</a> was unable to accommodate all the aircraft apprentices at that time. Whittle hated the strict discipline imposed on apprentices and, convinced there was no hope of ever becoming a pilot, he at one time seriously considered deserting.<a href="#cite_note-MAM-9">[9]</a> However, throughout his early days as an aircraft apprentice (and at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_College_Cranwell" title="Royal Air Force College Cranwell">Royal Air Force College Cranwell</a>), he maintained his interest in model aircraft and joined the Model Aircraft Society, where he built working replicas. The quality of these attracted the eye of the Apprentice Wing commanding officer, who noted that Whittle was also a mathematical genius. He was so impressed that in 1926 he recommended Whittle for officer training at RAF College Cranwell.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a> For Whittle, this was the chance of a lifetime, not only to enter the commissioned ranks but also because the training included <a href="/wiki/Flight_training" title="Flight training">flying lessons</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Avro_504" title="Avro 504">Avro 504</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a> While at Cranwell he lodged in a bungalow at <a href="/wiki/Dorrington,_Lincolnshire" title="Dorrington, Lincolnshire">Dorrington</a>. Being an ex-apprentice amongst a majority of ex-<a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public schoolboys</a>, life as an officer cadet was not easy for him, but he nevertheless excelled in the courses and went solo in 1927 after only 13.5 hours’ instruction, quickly progressing to the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_F.2_Fighter" title="Bristol F.2 Fighter">Bristol Fighter</a> and gaining a reputation for daredevil low flying and aerobatics.<a href="#cite_note-MAM-9">[9]</a> A requirement of the course was that each student had to produce a thesis for graduation: Whittle decided to write his on potential aircraft design developments, notably flight at high altitudes and speeds over 500 mph (800 km/h). In Future Developments in Aircraft Design he showed that incremental improvements in existing propeller engines were unlikely to make such flight routine. Instead he described what is today referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Motorjet" title="Motorjet">motorjet</a>; an air compressor using a conventional <a href="/wiki/Piston_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Piston engine">piston engine</a> to provide compressed air to a combustion chamber whose exhaust was used directly for thrust – essentially an <a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">afterburner</a> attached to a piston engine driven air compressor. The idea was not new and had been talked about for some time in the industry, but Whittle's aim was to demonstrate that at increased altitudes the lower outside <a href="/wiki/Density_of_air" title="Density of air">air density</a> would increase the design's efficiency. For long-range flight, using an Atlantic-crossing mailplane as his example, the engine would spend most of its time at high altitude and thus could outperform a conventional powerplant.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a> According to Whittle, "...I came to the general conclusion that if very high speeds were to be combined with long range, it would be necessary to fly at very great height, where the low air density would greatly reduce <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">resistance</a> in proportion to speed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198724-10">[10]</a> Of the few apprentices accepted into the Royal Air Force College, Whittle graduated in 1928 at the age of 21 and was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Pilot_officer" title="Pilot officer">pilot officer</a> in July.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> He ranked second in his class in academics, won the Andy Fellowes Memorial Prize for Aeronautical Sciences for his thesis, and was described as an "exceptional to above average" pilot.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a> However, his flight logbook also showed numerous red ink warnings about showboating and overconfidence,<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a> and because of dangerous flying in an <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Siskin" title="Armstrong Whitworth Siskin">Armstrong Whitworth Siskin</a> he was disqualified from the end-of-term flying contest.<a href="#cite_note-MAM-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_the_turbojet_engine">Development of the turbojet engine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development of the turbojet engine">edit</a>]</div> Whittle continued working on the motorjet principle after his thesis work but eventually abandoned it when further calculations showed it would weigh as much as a conventional engine of the same thrust. Pondering the problem he thought: "Why not substitute a turbine for the piston engine?" Instead of using a piston engine driven compressor to provide the compressed air for the burner, a turbine could be used to extract some power from the exhaust and drive a compressor, similar as in a <a href="/wiki/Turbocharger" title="Turbocharger">turbocharger</a>. The remaining exhaust thrust would power the aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> On 27 August 1928, Pilot Officer Whittle joined <a href="/wiki/No._111_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 111 Squadron RAF">No. 111 Squadron</a>, Hornchurch, flying <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Siskin" title="Armstrong Whitworth Siskin">Siskin IIIs</a>. His continuing reputation for low flying and aerobatics provoked a public complaint that almost led to his being court-martialled.<a href="#cite_note-RAF2-13">[13]</a> Within a year he was posted to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Flying_School" title="Central Flying School">Central Flying School</a>, then at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Wittering" title="RAF Wittering">RAF Wittering</a>, for a flying instructor's course. He became a popular and gifted instructor, and was selected as one of the entrants in a competition to select a team to perform the "crazy flying" routine in the 1930 Royal Air Force Air Display at <a href="/wiki/Hendon_Aerodrome" title="Hendon Aerodrome">RAF Hendon</a>. He destroyed two aircraft in accidents during rehearsals but remained unscathed on both occasions. After the second incident an enraged Flight Lieutenant Harold W. Raeburn said furiously, "Why don't you take all my bloody aeroplanes, make a heap of them in the middle of the aerodrome and set fire to them – it's quicker!"<a href="#cite_note-RAF2-13">[13]</a> Whittle showed his engine concept around the base, where it attracted the attention of Flying Officer Pat Johnson, formerly a patent examiner. Johnson, in turn, took the concept to the commanding officer of the base. This set in motion a chain of events that almost led to the engines being produced much sooner than actually occurred.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a> Earlier, in July 1926, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Arnold_Griffith" title="Alan Arnold Griffith">A. A. Griffith</a> had published a paper on compressors and turbines, which he had been studying at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aircraft_Establishment" title="Royal Aircraft Establishment">Royal Aircraft Establishment</a> (RAE). He showed that such designs up to this point had been flying "stalled", and that by giving the compressor blades an aerofoil-shaped cross-section their efficiency could be dramatically improved. The paper went on to describe how the increased efficiency of these sorts of compressors and turbines would allow a jet engine to be produced, although he felt the idea was impractical, and instead suggested using the power as a <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a>. At the time most superchargers used a <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_compressor" title="Centrifugal compressor">centrifugal compressor</a>, so there was limited interest in the paper. Encouraged by his commanding officer, in late 1929 Whittle sent his concept to the <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> to see if it would be of any interest to them. Whittle was invited to the Ministry and met an officer of the Ministry's Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) and Griffith (at the time a member of the Aeronautical Research Committee).<a href="#cite_note-WhittleInvent-14">[14]</a> Afterwards, Whittle received a letter from Griffith, who was of the opinion that Whittle's "simple" design could not achieve the sort of efficiencies needed for a practical engine. After pointing out an error in one of Whittle's calculations, Griffith went on to comment that the centrifugal design would be too large for aircraft use and that using the jet directly for power would be rather inefficient. Griffith called the design "impracticable," as current materials could not achieve the high temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhittleInvent-14">[14]</a> Griffith did say "the internal combustion turbine will almost certainly be developed into a successful engine, but before this can be done the performance of both compressors and turbines will have to be greatly improved. However it has been of real interest to investigate your scheme and I can assure you that any suggestion submitted by people in the Service is always welcome."<a href="#cite_note-WhittleInvent-14">[14]</a> Whittle received a report noting the limitations his concept. The report said "the internal combustion turbine will not be rendered practical by the revolutionary design of some lucky inventor. The steam turbine engineer and the metallurgist ... are the people with whom the future development of the turbine rests"<a href="#cite_note-WhittleInvent-14">[14]</a> Whittle recorded that he found the response depressing.<a href="#cite_note-WhittleInvent-14">[14]</a> Pat Johnson remained convinced of the validity of the idea, and had Whittle patent<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> the idea in January 1930. Since the RAF was not interested in the concept they did not declare it secret, meaning that Whittle was able to retain the rights to the idea, which would have otherwise been their property. Johnson arranged a meeting with <a href="/wiki/British_Thomson-Houston" title="British Thomson-Houston">British Thomson-Houston</a> (BTH), whose chief turbine engineer seemed to agree with the basic idea. However, BTH did not want to spend the £60,000 it would cost to develop it, and this potential brush with early success went no further.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a> In January 1930, Whittle was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Flying_officer" title="Flying officer">flying officer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In Coventry, on 24 May 1930, Whittle married his fiancée, Dorothy Mary Lee, with whom he later had two sons, David and Ian.<a href="#cite_note-RAF2-13">[13]</a> Then, in 1931, he was posted to the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Aircraft_Experimental_Establishment" title="Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment">Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment</a> at <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe" title="Felixstowe">Felixstowe</a> as an armament officer and <a href="/wiki/Test_pilot" title="Test pilot">test pilot</a> of seaplanes, where he continued to publicise his idea. This posting came as a surprise for he had never previously flown a seaplane, but he nevertheless increased his reputation as a pilot by flying some 20 different types of floatplanes, flying boats, and amphibians.<a href="#cite_note-MAM-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> While at Felixstowe, Whittle met with the firm of <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley" title="Armstrong Siddeley">Armstrong Siddeley</a>, and their technical advisor <a href="/wiki/William_Farren_(engineer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Farren (engineer)">W.S. Farren</a>. The firm rejected Whittle's proposal, doubting material was available to sustain the required very high temperatures. Whittle's turbojet proposal required a compressor with a pressure ratio of 4:1, while the best current <a href="/wiki/Supercharger#Aircraft" title="Supercharger">supercharger</a> had only half that value. Besides publishing a paper on superchargers, Whittle wrote The Case for the <a href="/wiki/Gas_Turbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas Turbine">Gas Turbine</a>. According to John Golley, "The paper contained example calculations which showed the big increase in efficiency which could be obtained with the gas turbine at great height due to the beneficial effects of low air temperature. It also contained calculations to demonstrate the degree to which range would depend on height with turbojet aircraft."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198751–54-18">[18]</a> Every officer with a permanent commission was expected to take a specialist course, and as a result Whittle attended the Officers School of Engineering at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Henlow" title="RAF Henlow">RAF Henlow</a> in 1932. He obtained an aggregate of 98% in all subjects in his entrance exam, which allowed him to complete a shortened one-year course. Whittle received a Distinction in every subject, except mechanical drawing, where he was described as "a very able student. He works hard and has originality. He is suitable for experimental duties."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198758–59-19">[19]</a> His performance in the course was so exceptional that in 1934 he was permitted, though the scheme for RAF officers had been ended the year before, to take a two-year engineering course as a member of <a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse</a>, the oldest college of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a>, graduating in 1936 with a <a href="/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification#First_Class_Honours" title="British undergraduate degree classification">First</a> in the Mechanical Sciences <a href="/wiki/Tripos" title="Tripos">Tripos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a> The Ministry gave him permission to spend a further year after graduation working with the aerodynamicist <a href="/wiki/Melvill_Jones" title="Melvill Jones">Melvill Jones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> On 1 February 1934, he was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Flight_lieutenant" title="Flight lieutenant">flight lieutenant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_Jets_Ltd">Power Jets Ltd</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Power Jets Ltd">edit</a>]</div> Still at Cambridge, Whittle could ill afford the £5 renewal fee for his jet engine patent when it became due in January 1935, and because the Air Ministry refused to pay it the patent was allowed to lapse. Shortly afterwards, in May, he received mail from <a href="/wiki/Sir_Rolf_Dudley-Williams,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Rolf Dudley-Williams, 1st Baronet">Rolf Dudley-Williams</a>, who had been with him at Cranwell in the 1920s and Felixstowe in 1930. Williams arranged a meeting with Whittle, himself, and another by-then-retired RAF serviceman, <a href="/wiki/James_Collingwood_Tinling" title="James Collingwood Tinling">James Collingwood Tinling</a>. The two proposed a partnership that allowed them to act on Whittle's behalf to gather public financing so that development could go ahead.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eminent_Petreans-3">[3]</a> Whittle thought improvements to his original idea could be patented, noting, "Its virtue lies entirely in its extremely low weight, and that it will work at heights where atmospheric density is very low." This led to three provisional specifications being filed, as the group sought to develop a jet-propelled aeroplane.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198765–66-22">[22]</a> The arrangement was that Williams and Tinling would have a quarter share each of the commercial rights but they would not approach any existing company in the aircraft industry.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The agreement soon bore fruit, and in 1935, through Tinling's father, Whittle was introduced to Mogens L. Bramson, a well-known independent consulting aeronautical engineer and patent engineer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198766-24">[24]</a> Bramson was initially sceptical but after studying Whittle's ideas became an enthusiastic supporter.<a href="#cite_note-ASAEE-25">[25]</a> Bramson introduced Whittle and his two associates to the investment bank <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Toynbee_Falk" title="Oswald Toynbee Falk">O.T. Falk</a> & Partners, where discussions took place with <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Law_Whyte" title="Lancelot Law Whyte">Lancelot Law Whyte</a> and occasionally Sir <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bonham-Carter" title="Maurice Bonham-Carter">Maurice Bonham-Carter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198767-26">[26]</a> The firm had an interest in developing speculative projects that conventional banks would not touch. Whyte was impressed by the 28-year-old Whittle and his design when they met on 11 September 1935: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The impression he made was overwhelming, I have never been so quickly convinced, or so happy to find one's highest standards met... This was genius, not talent. Whittle expressed his idea with superb conciseness: 'Reciprocating engines are exhausted. They have hundreds of parts jerking to and fro, and they cannot be made more powerful without becoming too complicated. The engine of the future must produce 2,000 hp with one moving part: a spinning turbine and compressor.' <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lancelot Law Whyte<a href="#cite_note-airf-27">[27]</a></cite></div></blockquote> However O.T. Falk & Partners specified they would only invest in Whittle's engine if they had independent verification that it was feasible.<a href="#cite_note-Bramson-28">[28]</a> They financed an independent engineering review from Bramson (the historic<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198767-26">[26]</a> "Bramson Report"<a href="#cite_note-Bramson-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>), which was issued in November 1935. It was favourable and together with a letter of support for Whittle and the engine from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tizard" title="Henry Tizard">Henry Tizard</a> (chair of the Engine sub-committee of the Aeronautical Research Committee) in response to Whyte Falk then agreed to finance Whittle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum200428-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> With that the jet engine was finally on its way to becoming a reality. On 27 January 1936, the principals signed the "Four Party Agreement", creating "<a href="/wiki/Power_Jets" title="Power Jets">Power Jets</a> Ltd" which was incorporated in March 1936. The parties were O.T. Falk & Partners, the Air Ministry, Whittle and, together, Williams and Tinling. Falk was represented on the board of Power Jets by Whyte as chairman and Bonham-Carter as a director (with Bramson acting as alternate<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198770-32">[32]</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum200434–35-33">[33]</a> Whittle, Williams and Tinling retained a 49% share of the company in exchange for Falk and Partners putting in £2,000 with the option of a further £18,000 within 18 months.<a href="#cite_note-trust-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198769-34">[34]</a> As Whittle was still a full-time RAF officer and currently at Cambridge, he was given the title "Honorary Chief Engineer and Technical Consultant". Needing special permission to work outside the RAF, he was placed on the Special Duty List and allowed to work on the design as long as it was for no more than six hours a week.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum200435-35">[35]</a> However he was allowed to continue at Cambridge for a year doing post-graduate work which gave him time to work on the turbojet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198777-36">[36]</a> The Air Ministry still saw little immediate value in the effort (they regarded it as long-range research<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198771,_77-37">[37]</a> and set up work on an axial flow turbine at the RAE with <a href="/wiki/Hayne_Constant" title="Hayne Constant">Hayne Constant</a> in 1937<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>), and having no production facilities of its own, Power Jets entered into an agreement with steam turbine specialists <a href="/wiki/British_Thomson-Houston" title="British Thomson-Houston">British Thomson-Houston</a> (BTH) to build an experimental engine facility at a BTH factory in <a href="/wiki/Rugby,_Warwickshire" title="Rugby, Warwickshire">Rugby, Warwickshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum200453-39">[39]</a> Work progressed quickly, and by the end of the year 1936 the prototype detail design was finalised and parts for it were well on their way to being completed, all within the original £2,000 budget.<a href="#cite_note-trust-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198782-40">[40]</a> However, by 1936, Germany had also started working on jet engines (<a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Wagner" title="Herbert A. Wagner">Herbert A. Wagner</a> at <a href="/wiki/Junkers" title="Junkers">Junkers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Ohain" title="Hans von Ohain">Hans von Ohain</a> at <a href="/wiki/Heinkel" title="Heinkel">Heinkel</a>) and, although they too had difficulty overcoming conservatism, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)">German Ministry of Aviation</a> (Reichsluftfahrtministerium) was more supportive than their British counterpart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198777,_80-41">[41]</a> Von Ohain applied for a patent for a turbojet engine in 1935 but having earlier reviewed and critiqued Whittle's patents, had to narrow the scope of his own filing.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In Spain, air-force pilot and engineer <a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Leret_Ruiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgilio Leret Ruiz">Virgilio Leret Ruiz</a> had been granted a patent for a jet engine in March 1935, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican</a> president <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a> arranged for initial construction at the <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Suiza" title="Hispano-Suiza">Hispano-Suiza</a> aircraft factory in Madrid in 1936, but Leret was executed months later by <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Moroccan</a> troops after commanding the defence of his seaplane base near <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> at the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. His plans were hidden from the Francoists and secretly handed to the British embassy in Madrid a few years later when his wife, <a href="/wiki/Carlota_O%27Neill" title="Carlota O'Neill">Carlota O'Neill</a>, was released from prison.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Despite lengthy delays in their own programme, the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> beat the British efforts into the air by nine months. A lack of <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> for high-temperature steel alloys meant the German designs were always at risk of overheating and damaging their turbines. The low-grade alloy production versions of the <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Jumo_004" title="Junkers Jumo 004">Junkers Jumo 004</a>, designed by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Anselm_Franz" title="Anselm Franz">Anselm Franz</a> and which powered the <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_262" title="Messerschmitt Me 262">Messerschmitt Me 262</a> would typically last only 10–25 hours (longer with an experienced pilot) before burning out; if it was accelerated too quickly, the compressor would stall and power was immediately lost, and sometimes it exploded on their first startup. Over 200 German pilots were killed during training. Nevertheless, the Me 262 could fly far faster than allied planes and had very effective firepower. Although Me 262s were introduced late in the war they shot down 542<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> or more<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> allied planes and in one allied bombing raid downed 32 of the 36 <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987222–223-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_difficulty">Financial difficulty</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Financial difficulty">edit</a>]</div> Earlier, in January, when the company formed, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tizard" title="Henry Tizard">Henry Tizard</a>, the rector of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> and chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_Research_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical Research Committee">Aeronautical Research Committee</a> (ARC), had prompted the Air Ministry's Director of Scientific Research to ask for a write-up of the design. The report was once again passed on to Griffith for comment, but was not received back until March 1937 by which point Whittle's design was well along. Griffith had already started construction of his own turbine engine design and, perhaps to avoid tainting his own efforts, he returned a somewhat more positive review. However, he remained highly critical of some features, notably the use of jet thrust. The Engine Sub-Committee of ARC studied Griffith's report, and decided to fund Griffith's effort instead.<a href="#cite_note-trust-5">[5]</a> Given this astonishing display of official indifference, Falk and Partners gave notice that they could not provide funding beyond £5,000.<a href="#cite_note-trust-5">[5]</a> Nevertheless, the team pressed ahead, and the <a href="/wiki/Power_Jets_WU" title="Power Jets WU">Power Jets WU</a> (Whittle Unit, or W.U.) engine began test runs on 12 April 1937. Initially, the W.U. showed an alarming tendency to race out of control, due to issues with the fuel injection, before stable speeds were reached. However, by August, Whittle acknowledged a major reconstruction effort was needed to solve the combustion problem and compressor efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198786–91-48">[48]</a> On 9 July, Falk & Partners gave the company an emergency loan of £250. On 27 July, Falk's option expired, but they agreed to continue financing Power Jets by loan. Also in July, Whittle's post-graduate stay at Cambridge was over, but then he was placed on the Special Duty List so he could work full-time on the engine. On 1 November, Williams, Tinling and Whittle took control of Power Jets.<a href="#cite_note-trust-5">[5]</a> Whittle was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Squadron_leader" title="Squadron leader">squadron leader</a> in December.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198794–96-50">[50]</a> Tizard pronounced it "streaks ahead" of any other advanced engine he had seen, and managed to interest the <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> enough to fund development with a contract for £5,000 to develop a flyable version.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum200437–38-51">[51]</a> However, it was not until March 1938 that a contract was signed, when Power Jets became subject to the <a href="/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act" title="Official Secrets Act">Official Secrets Act</a>, limiting the ability to raise additional funds. In January 1938, BTH invested £2,500.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198792–95,_109-52">[52]</a> In December 1937, Victor Crompton became Power Jets’ first employee, as an assistant to Whittle. Because of the hazardous nature of the work being carried out, development was moved largely from Rugby to BTH's lightly used Ladywood foundry at nearby <a href="/wiki/Lutterworth" title="Lutterworth">Lutterworth</a> in Leicestershire in 1938. Tests with a reconstructed W.U. engine commenced on 16 April 1938, and proceeded until a catastrophic failure of the turbine on 6 May. Yet, the engine ran for 1 hour and 45 minutes, and generated a <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> of 480 pounds-force (2,100 N) at 13,000 <a href="/wiki/Rpm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rpm">rpm</a>. Another W.U. engine reconstruction was started on 30 May 1938, but using ten combustion chambers to match the ten compressor discharge ducts. Avoiding a single large combustion chamber made the engine lighter and more compact. Tests commenced with this third W.U. on 26 October 1938.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198796–108,_114-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gloster_E28-39_first_prototyp_lr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gloster_E28-39_first_prototyp_lr.jpg/220px-Gloster_E28-39_first_prototyp_lr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gloster_E28-39_first_prototyp_lr.jpg/330px-Gloster_E28-39_first_prototyp_lr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gloster_E28-39_first_prototyp_lr.jpg/440px-Gloster_E28-39_first_prototyp_lr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gloster_E.28/39" title="Gloster E.28/39">Gloster E.28/39</a>, the first British aircraft to fly with a turbojet engine</figcaption></figure> These delays and the lack of funding slowed the project. In Germany, <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Ohain" title="Hans von Ohain">Hans von Ohain</a> had filed for a patent in 1935, which in 1939, led to the world's first flyable <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_178" title="Heinkel He 178">Heinkel He 178</a>, powered by the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HeS_3" title="Heinkel HeS 3">Heinkel HeS 3</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198780-54">[54]</a> There is little doubt that Whittle's efforts would have been at the same level or even more advanced had the Air Ministry taken a greater interest in the design. When <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">war</a> broke out in September 1939, Power Jets had a payroll of only 10 and Griffith's operations at the RAE and <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-Vickers" title="Metropolitan-Vickers">Metropolitan-Vickers</a> were similarly small. Whittle's smoking increased to three packs a day and he suffered from various stress-related ailments such as frequent severe headaches, indigestion, insomnia, anxiety, <a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a> and heart palpitations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987149,_150-55">[55]</a> while his weight dropped to nine stone (126 lb / 57 kg). To keep to his 16-hour workdays, he sniffed <a href="/wiki/Benzedrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzedrine">benzedrine</a> during the day and then took tranquillisers and sleeping pills at night to offset the effects and allow him to sleep. He admitted later he had become addicted to benzedrine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987149,_150-55">[55]</a> Over this period he became irritable and developed an "explosive" temper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum200479–80,_89-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_fortunes">Changing fortunes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Changing fortunes">edit</a>]</div> On 30 June 1939, Power Jets could barely afford to keep the lights on when yet another visit was made by Air Ministry personnel. This time Whittle was able to run the third reconstructed W.U. at 16,000 rpm for 20 minutes without any difficulty. One of the members of the team was the Director of Scientific Research, <a href="/wiki/David_Randall_Pye" class="mw-redirect" title="David Randall Pye">David Randall Pye</a>, who walked out of the demonstration utterly convinced of the importance of the project. The Ministry agreed to buy the W.U. and then lend it back to them, injecting cash, and placed an order for a flyable version of the engine, referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Power_Jets_W.1" title="Power Jets W.1">Power Jets W.1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Power_Jets_W.2" title="Power Jets W.2">Power Jets W.2</a>. By then, the Ministry had a tentative contract with the <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Aircraft_Company" title="Gloster Aircraft Company">Gloster Aircraft Company</a> for a simple aircraft specifically to flight-test the W.1, the single-engine <a href="/wiki/Gloster_E.28/39" title="Gloster E.28/39">Gloster E.28/39</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum200437–38-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987119–124,_128-57">[57]</a> Whittle had already studied the problem of turning the massive W.U. into a flyable design, with what he described as very optimistic targets, to power a little aeroplane weighing 2,000 lb with a static thrust of 1,389 lb.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The designed maximum thrust for the W.1 was 1,240 pounds-force (5,500 N), while that for the W.2, was 1,600 pounds-force (7,100 N) The W.2 was to be flown in the twin-engine <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor</a> fighter, at the time known by its Air Ministry specification as the F.9/40, but the engine was replaced with the W.2B, having a designed static thrust of 1,800 pounds-force (8,000 N). An experimental version of the W.1, designated W.1X, was used as a mock-up for the E.28 installation. A second E.28 was powered by the W.1A, that incorporated W.2 features such as air cooling of the turbine and a different compressor intake. On 26 March 1940, the jet engine was listed as a potential war winner by <a href="/wiki/Air_marshal" title="Air marshal">Air Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">Tedder</a>, and given the associated priority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987132,_139,_143,_154–156-59">[59]</a> Power Jets also spent some time in May 1940 drawing up the W.2Y, a similar design with a "straight-through" airflow that resulted in a longer engine and, more critically, a longer driveshaft but having a somewhat simpler layout. To reduce the weight of the driveshaft as much as possible, the W.2Y used a large diameter, thin-walled, shaft almost as large as the turbine disc, "necked down" at either end where it connected to the turbine and compressor. In April, the Air Ministry issued contracts for W.2 production lines with a capacity of up to 3,000 engines a month in 1942, asking BTH, <a href="/wiki/Vauxhall_Motors" title="Vauxhall Motors">Vauxhall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rover_Company" title="Rover Company">Rover Company</a> to join. However, the contract was eventually taken up by Rover only.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum200461-60">[60]</a> In June, Whittle received a promotion to <a href="/wiki/Wing_commander_(rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing commander (rank)">wing commander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> On 19 July 1940, Power Jets abandoned effort to vaporize fuel, and adopted the controlled atomising burner for the combustion chamber, developed by Isaac Lubbock of <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Petroleum_Company" title="Asiatic Petroleum Company">Asiatic Petroleum Company</a> (a joint venture of <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a> and Royal Dutch) In the words of Whittle, "the introduction of the Shell system may be said to mark the point where combustion ceased to be an obstacle to development." The size of Power Jets also increased with the war effort, increasing from 25 employees in January 1940 to 70 in September 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987125,_152–153-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rover">Rover</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rover">edit</a>]</div> Meanwhile, work continued with the W.U., which eventually went through nine rebuilds in an attempt to solve the combustion problems that had dominated the testing. On 9 October the W.U. ran once again, this time equipped with Lubbock or "Shell" atomising-burner combustion chambers.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Combustion problems ceased to be an obstacle to development of the engine although intensive development was started on all features of the new combustion chambers.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> By this point it was clear that Gloster's first airframe would be ready long before Rover could deliver an engine. Unwilling to wait, Whittle cobbled together an engine from spare parts, creating the W.1X ("X" standing for "experimental") which ran for the first time on 14 December 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum200489-65">[65]</a> Shortly afterwards an application for a US patent was made by Power Jets for an "Aircraft propulsion system and power unit"<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The W.1X engine powered the E.28/39 for taxi testing on 7 April 1941 at Brockworth near the factory in Gloucester, where it took to the air for two or three short hops of several hundred yards at about six feet from the ground.<a href="#cite_note-Whittle_quantal_DVD-6">[6]</a> The definitive W.1 of 850 <a href="/wiki/Lbf" class="mw-redirect" title="Lbf">lbf</a> (3.8 <a href="/wiki/Kilonewton" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilonewton">kN</a>) thrust ran on 12 April 1941, and on 15 May the W.1-powered E.28/39 took off from Cranwell at 7:40 pm, flying for 17 minutes and reaching a maximum speed of around 340 mph (545 km/h). At the end of the flight, Pat Johnson, who had encouraged Whittle for so long said to him, "Frank, it flies." Whittle replied, "Well, that's what it was bloody well designed to do, wasn't it?"<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Within days the aircraft was reaching 370 mph (600 km/h) at 25,000 feet (7,600 m), exceeding the performance of the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a> fighters. Success of the design was now evident, and in 1941, <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley" title="Hawker Siddeley">Hawker Siddeley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane_Company" title="Bristol Aeroplane Company">Bristol Aeroplane Company</a>, and <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland" title="De Havilland">de Havilland</a> became interested in gas turbine aircraft propulsion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987171,_178-68">[68]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Roxbee_Cox,_Baron_Kings_Norton" title="Roxbee Cox, Baron Kings Norton">Harold Roxbee Cox</a>, the Gas Turbine Collaboration Committee was created to give a forum for all the companies for exchange of information.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The stress on Whittle was expressed in a 27 May 1941 letter to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tizard" title="Henry Tizard">Henry Tizard</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The responsibility that rests on my shoulders is very heavy indeed. We are faced with two alternatives – either we place a powerful weapon in the hands of the Royal Air Force or, if we fail to get our results in time, we may have falsely raised hopes and caused action to be taken which may deprive the Royal Air Force of hundreds of aeroplanes that it badly needs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum200457-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987173-71">[71]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whittle_Jet_Engine_W2-700.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Whittle_Jet_Engine_W2-700.JPG/220px-Whittle_Jet_Engine_W2-700.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Whittle_Jet_Engine_W2-700.JPG/330px-Whittle_Jet_Engine_W2-700.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Whittle_Jet_Engine_W2-700.JPG/440px-Whittle_Jet_Engine_W2-700.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Power_Jets_W.2" title="Power Jets W.2">W2/700</a> engine, or W.2B/23 as it was known to the Air Ministry. It was the first British production jet engine, powering early models of the <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Meteor" title="Gloster Meteor">Gloster Meteor</a>.</figcaption></figure> In mid-1941, relations between Power Jets and Rover had continued to deteriorate. Rover had established a version of Power Jet's set-up at Waterloo Mill, associated with their <a href="/wiki/Barnoldswick" title="Barnoldswick">Barnoldswick</a> factory, near <a href="/wiki/Clitheroe" title="Clitheroe">Clitheroe</a>. Rover was working on an alternative to Whittle's "reverse-flow" combustion chambers, by developing a "straight-through" combustion chamber and turbine wheel. Rover referred to the engine as the B.26, sanctioned by the Directorate of Engine Development, but kept secret until April 1942, from Power Jets, the Controller of Research and Development, and the Director of Scientific Research.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987174,_189–191-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rolls-Royce">Rolls-Royce</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rolls-Royce">edit</a>]</div> Earlier, in January 1940, Whittle had met Dr <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Hooker" title="Stanley Hooker">Stanley Hooker</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce</a>, who in turn introduced Whittle to Rolls-Royce board member and manager of their Derby factory, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walter_Hives,_1st_Baron_Hives" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Walter Hives, 1st Baron Hives">Ernest Hives</a> (later Lord Hives). Hooker was in charge of the supercharger division at Rolls-Royce Derby and was a specialist in <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a>. He had already increased the power of the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Merlin" title="Rolls-Royce Merlin">Merlin</a> piston engine by improving its supercharger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker200252-73">[73]</a> Such a speciality was naturally suited to the aero-thermodynamics of jet engines in which the optimisation of airflow in compressor, combustion chambers, turbine and jet pipe, is fundamental. Hives agreed to supply key parts to help the project. Also, Rolls-Royce built a compressor test rig which helped Whittle solve the <a href="/wiki/Compressor_stall" title="Compressor stall">surging</a> problems (unstable airflow in the compressor) on the W.2 engine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker200268-74">[74]</a> On 10 December 1941 Whittle suffered a <a href="/wiki/Nervous_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervous breakdown">nervous breakdown</a>, and left work for a month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum200489-65">[65]</a> However, by the end of January 1942, Power Jets had three W.2B engines, two built by Rover. In February 1942, flight trials of the W.1A engine began in the E.28, which reached 430 mph (690 km/h) at 15,000 feet (4,600 m). On 13 March 1942, Whittle started work on a redesign of the W.2B, referred to as the W.2/500. On 13 September 1942, W.2/500 performance tests matched predictions, showing a thrust of 1,750 pounds-force (7,800 N) at full speed. In October 1941, the Ministry approved a new factory to be built outside <a href="/wiki/Whetstone,_Leicestershire" title="Whetstone, Leicestershire">Whetstone, Leicestershire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987183–185,_188–189,_200-75">[75]</a> From 3 June until 14 August 1942 Whittle visited the United States. At the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>'s Lynn Factory, Whittle reviewed the Type I Supercharger, GE's code name for their jet engine, based on Power Jets' W.1X. An improved version of the W.2B would also be built, called the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_J31" title="General Electric J31">I-16</a>, incorporating features of the W.2/500. Whittle also toured the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Aircraft" title="Bell Aircraft">Bell Aircraft</a>, and the three <a href="/wiki/Bell_XP-59A_Airacomet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell XP-59A Airacomet">Bell XP-59A Airacomets</a>, a twin-engine fighter powered by the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_I-A" title="General Electric I-A">General Electric I-A</a> jet engines. This fighter took flight in October 1942, one year and one day after GE received Power Jets' W.1X.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987182–183,_192–199-76">[76]</a> On 11 December 1942 Whittle had a meeting with the chief executive of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aircraft_Production" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Aircraft Production">Ministry of Aircraft Production</a> Air Chief Marshal <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Freeman" title="Wilfrid Freeman">Wilfrid Freeman</a> and Air Marshal Francis Linnell, Controller of Research and Development at MAP, According to Whittle, "He made it clear that he had definitely decided to transfer Barnoldswick and Clitheroe to Rolls-Royce management." <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Wilks" title="Spencer Wilks">Spencer Wilks</a> of Rover met with Hives and Hooker at the "Swan and Royal" pub, in Clitheroe, near the Barnoldswick factory. By arrangement with the Ministry of Aircraft Production<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> they traded the jet factory at Barnoldswick for Rolls-Royce's <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Meteor" title="Rolls-Royce Meteor">tank engine</a> factory in Nottingham.Testing and production ramp-up was immediately accelerated. <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Lombard" title="Adrian Lombard">Adrian Lombard</a> Rover's supervising engineer on the Whittle engines transferred to Rolls Royce to continue the role. By January 1943, Rolls-Royce had achieved 400 hours of run time, ten times Rover's number of the previous month, and in May 1943, the W.2B passed its first 100-hour development test at 1,600 pounds-force (7,100 N) of thrust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987202–205-78">[78]</a> When Rolls-Royce became involved, Ray Dorey, the manager of the company's Flight Centre at <a href="/wiki/Hucknall_Aerodrome" title="Hucknall Aerodrome">Hucknall Airfield</a> on the north side of Nottingham, had a Whittle W.2B engine installed in the rear of a <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Vickers Wellington</a> bomber.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker2002106-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987206-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The installation was done by Vickers at Weybridge.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> From the end of 1937, when a Squadron Leader, he lived at 'Broomfield' on Bilton Road, in Rugby. Both sons were at school in the town.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> He later briefly lived at 'Laurelcroft', 1 North Street, <a href="/wiki/Kilsby" title="Kilsby">Kilsby</a> until 1949.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> His two sons went to <a href="/wiki/Rossall_School" title="Rossall School">Rossall School</a> in Blackpool. Ian later joined the RAF.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_impact">Continued impact</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Continued impact">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GE_J-31_Turbojet_Engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/GE_J-31_Turbojet_Engine.jpg/220px-GE_J-31_Turbojet_Engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/GE_J-31_Turbojet_Engine.jpg/330px-GE_J-31_Turbojet_Engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/GE_J-31_Turbojet_Engine.jpg/440px-GE_J-31_Turbojet_Engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A cutaway <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_J31" title="General Electric J31">General Electric J31</a> (I-16) turbojet engine based on the <a href="/wiki/Power_Jets_W.1" title="Power Jets W.1">W.1</a>/<a href="/wiki/Power_Jets_W.2" title="Power Jets W.2">W.2B</a></figcaption></figure> Whittle wanted to improve the efficiency of the jet engine at lower speeds. According to Whittle, "I wanted to 'gear down the jet', ie to convert a low-mass high-velocity jet into a high-mass low-velocity jet. The obvious way to do this was to use an additional turbine to extract energy from the jet and use this energy to drive a low-pressure compressor or fan capable of 'breathing' far more air than the jet engine itself and forcing this additional air rearwards as a 'cold jet'. The complete system is known as a '<a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a>'." The first embodiment was referred to as a No 1 Thrust Augmentor, which consisted of an "aft fan", or additional turbine, in the exhaust of the main engine. In 1942, No 2 Augmentor, a conventional two-stage system with the fan blades external to the turbine blades, was used by GE in the <a href="/wiki/Convair_990_Coronado" title="Convair 990 Coronado">Convair 990 Coronado</a>. A No 3 Augmentor, known as the "tip turbine", had the turbine blades outside the fan. A No 4 Augmentor, in combination with the W2/700, included an <a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">afterburner</a> and was the design powerplant for the <a href="/wiki/Miles_M.52" title="Miles M.52">Miles M.52</a> project. According to Whittle, "The first attempt at the turbofan proper, ie having the fan ahead of and supercharging the core engine, was the LR1 intended as the power plant of a four-engined bomber for operations in the Pacific. The mass flow through the fan of the LR1 was to have been 3–4 times that through the core engine, ie the '<a href="/wiki/Bypass_ratio" title="Bypass ratio">bypass ratio</a>' was 2–3." Filed in March 1936, Whittle's main turbofan patent 471368, expired in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987262–264-87">[87]</a> Whittle's work had caused a minor revolution within the British engine manufacturing industry and, even before the E.28/39 flew, most companies had set up their own research efforts. In 1939, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan-Vickers" title="Metropolitan-Vickers">Metropolitan-Vickers</a> set up a project to develop an axial-flow design as a <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> but later re-engineered the design as a pure jet known as the <a href="/wiki/Metrovick_F.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Metrovick F.2">Metrovick F.2</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987180-88">[88]</a> Rolls-Royce had already copied the W.1 to produce the low-rated WR.1 but later stopped work on this project after taking over Rover's efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987187-89">[89]</a> In 1941, de Havilland started a jet fighter project, the Spider Crab – later called <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">Vampire</a> – along with their own engine to power it,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987179-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Halford" title="Frank Halford">Frank Halford</a>'s <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Goblin" title="De Havilland Goblin">Goblin</a> (Halford H.1). <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley" title="Armstrong Siddeley">Armstrong Siddeley</a> also developed a more complex axial-flow design with an engineer called Heppner,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987180-88">[88]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley_ASX" title="Armstrong Siddeley ASX">ASX</a> but reversed Vickers' thinking and later modified it into a turboprop instead, the <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Siddeley_Python" title="Armstrong Siddeley Python">Python</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane_Company" title="Bristol Aeroplane Company">Bristol Aeroplane Company</a> proposed to combine jet and piston engines but dropped the idea and concentrated on propeller turbines instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987180-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalisation">Nationalisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nationalisation">edit</a>]</div> During a demonstration of the E.28/39 to <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> in April 1943, Whittle proposed to <a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Stafford Cripps</a>, Minister of Aircraft Production, that all jet development be nationalised. He pointed out that the company had been funded by private investors who helped develop the engine successfully, only to see production contracts go to other companies. Nationalisation was the only way to repay those debts and ensure a fair deal for everyone, and he was willing to surrender his shares in Power Jets to make this happen. In October, Cripps told Whittle that he decided a better solution would be to nationalise Power Jets only.<a href="#cite_note-trust-5">[5]</a> Whittle believed that he had triggered this decision, but Cripps had already been considering how best to maintain a successful jet programme and act responsibly regarding the state's substantial financial investment, while at the same time wanting to establish a research centre that could use Power Jets' talents, and had come to the conclusion that national interests demanded the setting up of a Government-owned establishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum2004101,_105-91">[91]</a> Within the MAP there was a feeling that Power Jets was effectively a research unit funded by the Treasury and that management within the company was non-existent, the latter was also expressed by workers at Power Jets.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[a]</a> On 1 December Cripps advised Power Jets' directors that the Treasury would not pay more than £100,000 for the company.<a href="#cite_note-trust-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MiG-15_USAF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MiG-15_USAF.jpg/220px-MiG-15_USAF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MiG-15_USAF.jpg/330px-MiG-15_USAF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/MiG-15_USAF.jpg/440px-MiG-15_USAF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1197" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/No_Kum-sok" title="No Kum-sok">No Kum-sok</a>'s MiG-15 on display at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="National Museum of the United States Air Force">National Museum of the United States Air Force</a>.</figcaption></figure> In January 1944 Whittle was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1944_New_Year_Honours" title="1944 New Year Honours">New Year Honours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> By this time he was a <a href="/wiki/Group_captain" title="Group captain">group captain</a>, having been promoted from <a href="/wiki/Wing_commander_(rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing commander (rank)">wing commander</a> in July 1943.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Later that month after further negotiations the Ministry made another offer of £135,500 for Power Jets, which was reluctantly accepted after the Ministry refused arbitration on the matter. Since Whittle had already offered to surrender his shares he would receive nothing at all, while Williams and Tinling each received almost £46,800 for their stock, and investors of cash or services had a threefold return on their original investment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum2004102-96">[95]</a> Whittle met with Cripps to object personally to the nationalisation efforts and how they were being handled, but to no avail. The final terms were agreed on 28 March, and Power Jets officially became Power Jets (Research and Development) Ltd, with <a href="/wiki/Roxbee_Cox,_Baron_Kings_Norton" title="Roxbee Cox, Baron Kings Norton">Roxbee Cox</a> as chairman, <a href="/wiki/Hayne_Constant" title="Hayne Constant">Constant</a> of RAE Head of Engineering Division, and Whittle as Chief Technical Advisor.<a href="#cite_note-98">[b]</a> On 5 April 1944, the Ministry sent Whittle an award of only £10,000 for his shares.<a href="#cite_note-trust-5">[5]</a> Whittle and other Power Jets staff still held the view that they would be the sole designers of jet engines; they would build prototypes and industry would actually produce them. This view was in conflict with that of the engine companies, which in engine design had already achieved competence similar or superior to that of Power Jets. The engine companies stated they would not work with Power Jets if Power Jets were the sole designers.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> The government scientists from RAE who had been moved to Power Jets were against it also and within MAP there was a feeling that Power Jets was publicly financed but not under public administration. From the end of March, Whittle spent six months in hospital recovering from nervous exhaustion; he resigned from Power Jets (R and D) Ltd in January 1946. In July the company was merged with the gas turbine division of the RAE to form the <a href="/wiki/National_Gas_Turbine_Establishment" title="National Gas Turbine Establishment">National Gas Turbine Establishment</a> (NGTE) at Farnborough. Sixteen Power Jets engineers, following Whittle's example, also resigned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum2004118–119-100">[98]</a> Whittle's <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Nene" title="Rolls-Royce Nene">Rolls-Royce_Nene</a> would be licensed and made in two different countries: in the United States as the Pratt & Whitney J42 jet engine, later incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F9F_Panther" title="Grumman F9F Panther">Grumman F9F Panther</a> and in the USSR Soviet as the <a href="/wiki/Klimov_VK-1" title="Klimov VK-1">Klimov VK-1</a> jet engine, later incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/MiG-15" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-15">MiG-15</a>; the Panther vs the MiG-15 would meet in air battles during the Korean war. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_war">After the war</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: After the war">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whittle.1946.arp.600pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Whittle.1946.arp.600pix.jpg/220px-Whittle.1946.arp.600pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Whittle.1946.arp.600pix.jpg/330px-Whittle.1946.arp.600pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Whittle.1946.arp.600pix.jpg/440px-Whittle.1946.arp.600pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Frank Whittle speaking to employees of the Flight Propulsion Research Laboratory (Now known as the <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">NASA Glenn Research Center</a>), USA, in 1946</figcaption></figure> In 1946, Whittle accepted a post as Technical Advisor on Engine Design and Production to Controller of Supplies (Air); was made a Commander of the US <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a>; and was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">Companion of the Order of the Bath</a> in 1947. During May 1948 Whittle received an <a href="/wiki/Ex_gratia" title="Ex gratia">ex-gratia</a> award of £100,000 from the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors in recognition of his work on the jet engine, and two months later he was made a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> During a lecture tour in the US, Whittle again broke down and retired from the RAF on medical grounds on 26 August 1948, leaving with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Air_commodore" title="Air commodore">air commodore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> He joined <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation" title="British Overseas Airways Corporation">BOAC</a> as a technical advisor on aircraft gas turbines and travelled extensively over the next few years, viewing jet engine developments in the United States, Canada, Africa, Asia and the Middle East. He left BOAC in 1952 and spent the next year working on a biography, Jet: The Story of a Pioneer.<a href="#cite_note-RAF4-103">[101]</a> He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Arts" title="Royal Society of Arts">Royal Society of Arts</a>' <a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(RSA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Medal (RSA)">Albert Medal</a> that year. Returning to work in 1953, he accepted a position as a Mechanical Engineering Specialist with <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a>, where he developed a new type of self-powered drill<a href="#cite_note-RAF4-103">[101]</a> driven by a turbine running on the lubricating mud that is pumped into the borehole during drilling. Normally, a well is drilled by attaching rigid sections of pipe together and powering the cutting head by spinning the pipe from the surface, but Whittle's design removed the need for a strong mechanical connection between the drill and the head frame, allowing for much lighter piping to be used. He gave the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Royal Institution Christmas Lectures</a> in 1954 on The Story of Petroleum. Turbine drilling is best used for drilling hard rocks at high-bit RPM with diamond-impregnated bits and can be used with an angled drive shaft for directional drilling and horizontal drilling. It competes, though, with Moyno motors and increasingly with rotary steerable systems and is again out of favour. Whittle left Shell in 1957 to work for <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Aeroplane_Company" title="Bristol Aeroplane Company">Bristol Aero Engines</a>, who picked up the project in 1961,<a href="#cite_note-RAF4-103">[101]</a> setting up "Bristol Siddeley Whittle Tools" to further develop the concept. In 1966 Rolls-Royce purchased Bristol Siddeley, but the financial pressures and eventual bankruptcy because of cost overruns of the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_RB211" title="Rolls-Royce RB211">RB211</a> project led to the slow wind-down and eventual disappearance of Whittle's "turbo-drill". The concept eventually re-appeared in the West in the late 1980s, imported from Russian designs. (Russia needed the technology because it lacked high strength <a href="/wiki/Drill_pipe" title="Drill pipe">drill pipe</a>.) As part of his <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> ideals, he proposed that Power Jets be nationalised, in part because he saw that private companies would profit from the technology freely given during the war.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> By 1964, he had deserted his previously socialist beliefs, going so far as to launch a fierce attack on the Labour candidate in Smethwick.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> In 1960, he was awarded an honorary degree, doctor techn. honoris causa, at the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Institute_of_Technology" title="Norwegian Institute of Technology">Norwegian Institute of Technology</a>, later part of <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Norwegian University of Science and Technology">Norwegian University of Science and Technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> In 1967, he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">University of Bath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> That year, he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/International_Air_%26_Space_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Air & Space Hall of Fame">International Air & Space Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> In 1987, he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Technology) by <a href="/wiki/Loughborough_University" title="Loughborough University">Loughborough University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> In 2017, he was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Aviation Hall of Fame">National Aviation Hall of Fame</a> in Dayton, Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later life">edit</a>]</div> Whittle received the <a href="/wiki/Tony_Jannus_Award" title="Tony Jannus Award">Tony Jannus Award</a> in 1969 for his distinguished contributions to commercial aviation. In 1976, his marriage to Dorothy was dissolved and he married American Hazel S. Hall. He emigrated to the US and the following year accepted the position of NAVAIR Research Professor at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis, Maryland</a>).<a href="#cite_note-RAF4-103">[101]</a> His research concentrated on the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer" title="Boundary layer">boundary layer</a> before his professorship became part-time from 1978 to 1979. The part-time post enabled him to write a textbook entitled Gas turbine aero-thermodynamics: with special reference to aircraft propulsion, published in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a> Having first met <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Ohain" title="Hans von Ohain">Hans von Ohain</a> in 1966, Whittle again met him at <a href="/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base" title="Wright-Patterson Air Force Base">Wright-Patterson Air Force Base</a> in 1978 while von Ohain was working there as the Aero Propulsion Laboratory's Chief Scientist. Initially upset because he had believed von Ohain's engine had been developed after seeing Whittle's patent, he eventually became convinced that von Ohain's work was, in fact, independent.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> The two became good friends and often toured the US giving talks together. In a conversation with Whittle after the war, von Ohain stated: "If you had been given the money you would have been six years ahead of us. If Hitler or Goering had heard that there is a man in England who flies 500 mph in a small experimental plane and that it is coming into development, it is likely that World War II would not have come into being."<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> In 1986, Whittle was appointed a member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a> (Commonwealth). He was made a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a>, and of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aeronautical_Society" title="Royal Aeronautical Society">Royal Aeronautical Society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-tele-2">[2]</a> and in 1991 he and von Ohain were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Prize" title="Charles Stark Draper Prize">Charles Stark Draper Prize</a> for their work on turbojet engines. Whittle became an atheist by degrees.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Whittle died of lung cancer on 9 August 1996, at his home in <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_Maryland" title="Columbia, Maryland">Columbia, Maryland</a>. He was cremated in America and his ashes were flown to England where they were placed in a memorial in a church in <a href="/wiki/Cranwell" title="Cranwell">Cranwell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Whittle_quantal_DVD-6">[6]</a> Hazel Whittle died on 30 July 2007 aged 91. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles_and_promotions">Styles and promotions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Styles and promotions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Commodore_Sir_Frank_Whittle_at_desk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Air_Commodore_Sir_Frank_Whittle_at_desk.jpg/220px-Air_Commodore_Sir_Frank_Whittle_at_desk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Air_Commodore_Sir_Frank_Whittle_at_desk.jpg/330px-Air_Commodore_Sir_Frank_Whittle_at_desk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Air_Commodore_Sir_Frank_Whittle_at_desk.jpg/440px-Air_Commodore_Sir_Frank_Whittle_at_desk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Air Commodore Frank Whittle at his desk<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1907–1923: Frank Whittle</li> <li>1923–1926: Apprentice Frank Whittle</li> <li>1926–1928: <a href="/wiki/Officer_Cadet" class="mw-redirect" title="Officer Cadet">Officer Cadet</a> Frank Whittle</li> <li>1928–1930: <a href="/wiki/Pilot_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot Officer">Pilot Officer</a> Frank Whittle</li> <li>1930–1934: <a href="/wiki/Flying_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying Officer">Flying Officer</a> Frank Whittle</li> <li>1934–1938: <a href="/wiki/Flight_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight Lieutenant">Flight Lieutenant</a> Frank Whittle</li> <li>1938–1940: <a href="/wiki/Squadron_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Squadron Leader">Squadron Leader</a> Frank Whittle</li> <li>1940–1941: Squadron Leader (Temp. <a href="/wiki/Wing_Commander_(rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing Commander (rank)">Wing Commander</a>) Frank Whittle</li> <li>1941–1943: Wing Commander Frank Whittle</li> <li>1943–1944: Wing Commander (Temp. <a href="/wiki/Group_Captain" class="mw-redirect" title="Group Captain">Group Captain</a>) Frank Whittle</li> <li>1944–1946: Group Captain (Actg. <a href="/wiki/Air_Commodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Commodore">Air Commodore</a>) Frank Whittle, <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></li> <li>1946–1947: Group Captain (Temp. Air Commodore) Frank Whittle, CBE</li> <li>1947–1948: Group Captain (Temp. Air Commodore) Frank Whittle, <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of the Bath">CB</a>, CBE</li> <li>1948–1986: Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle, <a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">KBE</a>, CB</li> <li>1986–1996: Air Commodore Sir Frank Whittle, <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">OM</a>, KBE, CB, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a>, <a href="/wiki/FRAeS" class="mw-redirect" title="FRAeS">FRAeS</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorials">Memorials</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Memorials">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frank_whittle_statue_12u07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Frank_whittle_statue_12u07.JPG/170px-Frank_whittle_statue_12u07.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Frank_whittle_statue_12u07.JPG/255px-Frank_whittle_statue_12u07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Frank_whittle_statue_12u07.JPG/340px-Frank_whittle_statue_12u07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Sir Frank Whittle under the Whittle Arches, Coventry</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whittle_statue_and_arches_-Coventry2_-26m08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Whittle_statue_and_arches_-Coventry2_-26m08.JPG/170px-Whittle_statue_and_arches_-Coventry2_-26m08.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Whittle_statue_and_arches_-Coventry2_-26m08.JPG/255px-Whittle_statue_and_arches_-Coventry2_-26m08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Whittle_statue_and_arches_-Coventry2_-26m08.JPG/340px-Whittle_statue_and_arches_-Coventry2_-26m08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Whittle Arches and statue, Coventry</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coventry,_England">Coventry, England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Coventry, England">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The "<a href="/wiki/Whittle_Arch" title="Whittle Arch">Whittle Arch</a>" is a large double wing-like structure situated outside the <a href="/wiki/Coventry_Transport_Museum" title="Coventry Transport Museum">Coventry Transport Museum</a>, Millennium Place, <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> City Centre.</li> <li>A statue of Whittle by Faith Winter is situated under the Whittle Arch. It was unveiled on 1 June 2007 by his son, Ian Whittle, during a televised event. It shows Whittle at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Cranwell" title="RAF Cranwell">RAF Cranwell</a> looking towards the sky observing the first test flight of a Whittle-powered <a href="/wiki/Gloster_E.28/39" title="Gloster E.28/39">Gloster E.28/39</a> on 15 May 1941.</li> <li>A school is named after Whittle in the <a href="/wiki/Walsgrave" class="mw-redirect" title="Walsgrave">Walsgrave</a> suburb of Coventry. It was first called Frank Whittle Primary, then renamed in 1997 as Sir Frank Whittle Primary School. A jet engine replica sits in the reception area of the school, donated by Whittle himself during his life.</li> <li>A commemorative plaque marks the house in Newcombe Road, <a href="/wiki/Earlsdon,_Coventry" class="mw-redirect" title="Earlsdon, Coventry">Earlsdon, Coventry</a>, in which he was born and lived until age nine.<a href="#cite_note-Whittle_quantal_DVD-6">[6]</a></li> <li>On <a href="/wiki/Hearsall_Common" title="Hearsall Common">Hearsall Common</a>, near Whittle's Coventry birthplace, a plaque commemorates where Whittle gained inspiration when he saw an aircraft land. It says "on this common Frank Whittle, jet pioneer, first felt the power of flight."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_University" title="Coventry University">Coventry University</a> named a building after him.</li> <li>The main hangar at the <a href="/wiki/Midland_Air_Museum" title="Midland Air Museum">Midland Air Museum</a> is called The Sir Frank Whittle Jet Heritage Centre.</li> <li>Whittle house was one of the four "<a href="/wiki/House_system" title="House system">houses</a>" at <a href="/wiki/Finham_Park_School" title="Finham Park School">Finham Park School</a> until they were renamed in 2008.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica_Gloster_Whittle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Replica_Gloster_Whittle.JPG/220px-Replica_Gloster_Whittle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Replica_Gloster_Whittle.JPG/330px-Replica_Gloster_Whittle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Replica_Gloster_Whittle.JPG/440px-Replica_Gloster_Whittle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Whittle memorial at <a href="/wiki/Lutterworth" title="Lutterworth">Lutterworth</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutterworth,_England">Lutterworth, England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Lutterworth, England">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Sir_Frank_Whittle_Studio_School" title="Sir Frank Whittle Studio School">Sir Frank Whittle Studio School</a> is a studio school that opened in 2015. It is situated alongside <a href="/wiki/Lutterworth_College" title="Lutterworth College">Lutterworth College</a>, both of which make up The Lutterworth Academies Trust.</li> <li>Lutterworth Museum hold a very large unrivalled collection of original papers including the 1936 Patent, Power Jets Autograph book from 1945 and the Champagne bottle signed by everyone at a party at RAF Cranwell on the night of the first flight plus many more artefacts and displays. Also Lutterworth Museum gives talks and put on displays all over the country.</li> <li>A memorial has been erected in the middle of a <a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">roundabout</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Lutterworth" title="Lutterworth">Lutterworth</a> and a bust of Frank Whittle has been erected in Lutterworth, where much of Whittle's development on the jet engine was carried out.</li> <li>There is a bust of Sir Frank Whittle near the war memorial on the corner of Church and George street.</li> <li>The Sir Frank Whittle Public House was opened in 2010 and situated on the Greenacres estate in Lutterworth. It was replaced with a <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Food" class="mw-redirect" title="The Co-operative Food">Co-operative</a> convenience store much to the dismay of the residents.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a></li> <li>Whittle Road in Lutterworth was named after Sir Frank Whittle.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugby,_England">Rugby, England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rugby, England">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whittle_monument_in_Rugby.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Whittle_monument_in_Rugby.jpg/170px-Whittle_monument_in_Rugby.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Whittle_monument_in_Rugby.jpg/255px-Whittle_monument_in_Rugby.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Whittle_monument_in_Rugby.jpg/340px-Whittle_monument_in_Rugby.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Whittle sculpture, Rugby</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Rugby,_Warwickshire" title="Rugby, Warwickshire">Rugby</a> where Whittle produced his first prototype engines, a bronze sculpture named Frank Whittle – Father of the Jet Engine was installed at Chestnut Field near <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Town_Hall" title="Rugby Town Hall">Rugby Town Hall</a> in 2005. It was made by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Broadbent" title="Stephen Broadbent">Stephen Broadbent</a>, and represents a propeller transformed into an internal turbine of a jet engine.<a href="#cite_note-OWWhittle-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elsewhere">Elsewhere</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Elsewhere">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrankwhittleE28-39farnborough.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/FrankwhittleE28-39farnborough.jpg/220px-FrankwhittleE28-39farnborough.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/FrankwhittleE28-39farnborough.jpg/330px-FrankwhittleE28-39farnborough.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/FrankwhittleE28-39farnborough.jpg/440px-FrankwhittleE28-39farnborough.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Sir Frank Whittle's memorial at Farnborough Aerodrome</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In 2015, Whittle's college at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, Peterhouse, opened the Whittle Building on its grounds.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Engineering,_University_of_Cambridge" title="Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge">Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge</a>, has a Whittle Laboratory.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a></li> <li>A full-scale model of the Gloster E28/39 Whittle has been erected just outside the northern boundary of <a href="/wiki/Farnborough_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnborough Airfield">Farnborough Airfield</a> in Hampshire, UK.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sir_Frank_Whittle_Medal" title="Sir Frank Whittle Medal">Sir Frank Whittle Medal</a> is awarded annually by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">Royal Academy of Engineering</a> to an engineer, normally resident in the UK, for outstanding and sustained achievement which has contributed to the well-being of the nation.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a></li> <li>Two roads in <a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a> are named Sir Frank Whittle Road and Sir Frank Whittle Way, as a tribute to his work at <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Limited" title="Rolls-Royce Limited">Rolls-Royce</a>.</li> <li>The main office complex at the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce plc">Rolls-Royce</a> Bristol site has been named Whittle House.</li> <li>Whittle Parkway in <a href="/wiki/Burnham,_Buckinghamshire" title="Burnham, Buckinghamshire">Burnham</a> is named after him.</li> <li>One of the main buildings at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Air Force College">Royal Air Force College</a> Cranwell is called Whittle Hall. It houses the Officer & Aircrew Cadet Training Unit and the Air Power Studies Division of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>.</li> <li>A road in <a href="/wiki/Cranford,_London" title="Cranford, London">Cranford</a>, on the site of the former <a href="/wiki/Heston_Aerodrome" title="Heston Aerodrome">Heston Aerodrome</a>, is named Whittle Road.</li> <li>A road in Shaw, Oldham, is named Whittle Drive.</li> <li>A road in Rugby is named Whittle Close.</li> <li>Whittle Close in <a href="/wiki/Clitheroe" title="Clitheroe">Clitheroe</a> is named after him.</li> <li>Sir Frank Whittle Way, a new road in Blackpool Business park, Blackpool..</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Easington_Gas_Terminal#Juno_development" title="Easington Gas Terminal">Whittle Gas field</a> in the Southern North Sea operated by BP.</li> <li>The Whittle Inn near the Gloster Aircraft Company's former test runway in <a href="/wiki/Hucclecote" title="Hucclecote">Hucclecote</a>, Gloucestershire is named after Whittle; the nearby <a href="/wiki/Tesco" title="Tesco">Tesco</a> has a picture of a Gloster Meteor incorporated in part of its glass frontage.</li> <li>The bar/restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a>'s management college at <a href="/wiki/Coton_House" title="Coton House">Coton House</a>, near Rugby, was named the Whittle Bar.</li> <li>A memorial stone was placed in the Royal Air Force Chapel in Westminster Abbey in his memory. The inscription on the stone reads: "Frank Whittle. Inventor & Pioneer of the Jet Engine. 1907–1996". The stone was carved by <a href="/wiki/John_Shaw_(stone_carver)" title="John Shaw (stone carver)">John Shaw</a>.</li> <li>Sir Frank Whittle's national and international honours, medals, and awards (including the Order of Merit), are displayed in the Royal Academy of Engineering, London.</li> <li>The Frank Whittle house, with its own building existed at the now closed Fairham Comprehensive School Clifton, Nottingham.</li> <li>A building at Aero Engine Controls in Birmingham, UK has been named 'The Whittle Building' (1994).</li> <li>Whittle Hangar is one of the main Grade II listed legacy aircraft hangars at <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sultan_(shore_establishment)" title="HMS Sultan (shore establishment)">HMS Sultan</a>. It contains elements of Leadership Training utilised by both the Marine Engineering Training Group and Royal Naval Air Engineering and Survival School. It was originally part of RAF Gosport, sited on the establishment's footprint from 1914 to 1945. For many years, Whittle Hangar was the site of establishment parade ceremonies for trainees during inclement weather.</li> <li>A plaque has been placed at the Port of Felixstowe to honour his link with the town (August 2010).</li> <li>A plaque commemorating Whittle has been placed inside the hall of Binswood Sixth Form College in Leamington Spa, formerly Leamington College for Boys.</li> <li>A plaque commemorating Whittle has been placed on Walland Hill, near Chagford in Devon, the house where he lived from 1962 to 1976<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a></li> <li>One of the houses of Southam College is named after Whittle.</li> <li>One of the houses of Milverton County Primary School is named after Whittle.</li> <li>in 2023, King Charles III broke ground on the New Whittle Laboratory at the University of Cambridge.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhittle1953" class="citation book cs1">Whittle, Frank (1953). Jet: The story of a pioneer. Frederick Muller Ltd. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2339557">2339557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jet%3A+The+story+of+a+pioneer&rft.pub=Frederick+Muller+Ltd&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2339557&rft.aulast=Whittle&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittle1981" class="citation book cs1">Whittle, Frank (1981). Gas turbine aero-thermodynamics: with special reference to aircraft propulsion. Pergamon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-026718-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-026718-0"><bdi>978-0-08-026718-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gas+turbine+aero-thermodynamics%3A+with+special+reference+to+aircraft+propulsion&rft.pub=Pergamon&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-08-026718-0&rft.aulast=Whittle&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Ohain" title="Hans von Ohain">Hans von Ohain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_C._Price" title="Nathan C. Price">Nathan C. Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_jet_power" title="Timeline of jet power">Timeline of jet power</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Whyte had resigned as Chairman and Managing Director in July 1941 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> The board of directors included Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Stanier" title="William Stanier">William Stanier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ricardo" title="Harry Ricardo">Harry Ricardo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Plowden,_Baron_Plowden" title="Edwin Plowden, Baron Plowden">Edwin Plowden</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeildenHawthorne1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Feilden" title="Bob Feilden">Feilden, G. B. R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/William_Hawthorne" title="William Hawthorne">Hawthorne, W.</a> (1998). "Sir Frank Whittle, O.M., K.B.E.. 1 June 1907 – 9 August 1996". <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a>. 44: 435–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1998.0028">10.1098/rsbm.1998.0028</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71191293">71191293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Sir+Frank+Whittle%2C+O.M.%2C+K.B.E..+1+June+1907+%E2%80%93+9+August+1996&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E435-%3C%2Fspan%3E452&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1998.0028&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71191293%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Feilden&rft.aufirst=G.+B.+R.&rft.au=Hawthorne%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tele-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tele_2-19">t</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207131006/http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~bcb/whittle/telgraph.htm">"Obituaries: Sir Frank Whittle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. 10 August 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~bcb/whittle/telgraph.htm">the original</a> on 7 February 2013 – via cam.ac.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Obituaries%3A+Sir+Frank+Whittle&rft.date=1996-08-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.eng.cam.ac.uk%2F~bcb%2Fwhittle%2Ftelgraph.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eminent_Petreans-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eminent_Petreans_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eminent_Petreans_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pet.cam.ac.uk/eminent-petreans">"Eminent Petreans"</a>. Peterhouse Cambridge. Retrieved 20 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eminent+Petreans&rft.pub=Peterhouse+Cambridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pet.cam.ac.uk%2Feminent-petreans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans" class="citation web cs1">Evans, R. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-WHITTLE-00001/1">"Whittle Power Jet Papers"</a>. Cambridge Digital Library. Retrieved 21 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Whittle+Power+Jet+Papers&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcudl.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fview%2FMS-WHITTLE-00001%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trust-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trust_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trust_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trust_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trust_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trust_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trust_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trust_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trust_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trust_5-8">i</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frankwhittle.co.uk/content.php?act=viewDoc&docId=6&docFatherId=1&level=sub">Power Jets – A brief biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004135944/http://www.frankwhittle.co.uk/content.php?act=viewDoc&docId=6&docFatherId=1&level=sub">Archived</a> 4 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Sir Frank Whittle Commemorative Trust </li> <li id="cite_note-Whittle_quantal_DVD-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whittle_quantal_DVD_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whittle_quantal_DVD_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whittle_quantal_DVD_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whittle_quantal_DVD_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whittle_quantal_DVD_6-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Frank Whittle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080305070342/http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/tv_guide/full_details/Technology/programme_2819.php">Whittle – the Jet Pioneer</a>. The History Channel (TV broadcast) & Quantal films (extended DVD of broadcast). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/tv_guide/full_details/Technology/programme_2819.php">the original</a> (History Channel broadcast & DVD) on 5 March 2008. Retrieved 5 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whittle+%E2%80%93+the+Jet+Pioneer&rft.pub=The+History+Channel+%28TV+broadcast%29+%26+Quantal+films+%28extended+DVD+of+broadcast%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistorychannel.co.uk%2Fsite%2Ftv_guide%2Ffull_details%2FTechnology%2Fprogramme_2819.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc100-7"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc100_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2002" class="citation news cs1">Wells, Matt (22 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/aug/22/britishidentityandsociety.television">"The 100 greatest Britons: lots of pop, not so much circumstance"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 20 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+100+greatest+Britons%3A+lots+of+pop%2C+not+so+much+circumstance&rft.date=2002-08-22&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2002%2Faug%2F22%2Fbritishidentityandsociety.television&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF1-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF1_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF1_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF1_8-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/history_old/whittle1.html">Whittle's biography on the RAF history website p. 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201163049/http://www.raf.mod.uk/history_old/whittle1.html">Archived</a> 1 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved: 18 July 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-MAM-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAM_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAM_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAM_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAM_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAM_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAM_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAM_9-6">g</a> Details from the Sir Frank Whittle Jet Heritage Centre display at the <a href="/wiki/Midland_Air_Museum" title="Midland Air Museum">Midland Air Museum</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley198724-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolley198724_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolley1987">Golley 1987</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette33414" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33414/page/5575">"No. 33414"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 21 July 1928. p. 5575.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+33414&rft.pages=5575&rft.date=1928-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F33414%2Fpage%2F5575&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warbirdforum.com/whittle.htm">Gentlemen, I give you the Whittle engine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516164256/http://www.warbirdforum.com/whittle.htm">Archived</a> 16 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF2-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF2_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF2_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF2_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713020750/https://www.raf.mod.uk/history_old/whittle2.html">"Sir Frank Whittle – Flying Career"</a>. Royal Air Force History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/history_old/whittle2.html">the original</a> on 13 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Air+Force+History&rft.atitle=Sir+Frank+Whittle+%E2%80%93+Flying+Career&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fhistory_old%2Fwhittle2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhittleInvent-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WhittleInvent_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhittleInvent_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhittleInvent_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhittleInvent_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WhittleInvent_14-4">e</a> Nahum, Andrew 2004 Frank Whittle Invention of the Jet Engine p 18-20 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213182253/http://www.frankwhittle.co.uk/content.php?act=viewDoc&docId=4&docFatherId=1&level=sub">"Welcome to the Frank Whittle Website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frankwhittle.co.uk/content.php?act=viewDoc&docId=4&docFatherId=1&level=sub">the original</a> on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+Frank+Whittle+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frankwhittle.co.uk%2Fcontent.php%3Fact%3DviewDoc%26docId%3D4%26docFatherId%3D1%26level%3Dsub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette33591" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33591/page/1896">"No. 33591"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 25 March 1930. p. 1896.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+33591&rft.pages=1896&rft.date=1930-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F33591%2Fpage%2F1896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1951/1951%20-%200881.html">"power jets – frank whittle – gloster – 1951 – 0881 – Flight Archive"</a>. 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Engineering Case Library. <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_Engineering_Education" title="American Society for Engineering Education">American Society for Engineering Education</a>. 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Retrieved 20 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aircraft+propulsion+system+and+power+unit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS2404334A%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040508125109/http://businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_18/b3881044_mz072.htm">Frank Whittle: A Daredevil Who Built Jets</a>, Bloomberg BusinessWeek </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987171,_178-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolley1987171,_178_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolley1987">Golley 1987</a>, pp. 171, 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Nahum 2004 p 66-67 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum200457-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahum200457_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNahum2004">Nahum 2004</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987173-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolley1987173_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolley1987">Golley 1987</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987174,_189–191-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolley1987174,_189–191_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolley1987">Golley 1987</a>, pp. 174, 189–191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker200252-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker200252_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooker2002">Hooker 2002</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker200268-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker200268_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooker2002">Hooker 2002</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987183–185,_188–189,_200-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolley1987183–185,_188–189,_200_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolley1987">Golley 1987</a>, pp. 183–185, 188–189, 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987182–183,_192–199-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolley1987182–183,_192–199_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolley1987">Golley 1987</a>, pp. 182–183, 192–199. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070802/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1946/1946%20-%200235.html">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1946/1946%20-%200235.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 21 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1946%2F1946%2520-%25200235.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987202–205-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolley1987202–205_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolley1987">Golley 1987</a>, pp. 202–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooker2002106-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooker2002106_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooker2002">Hooker 2002</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987206-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolley1987206_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolley1987">Golley 1987</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Verbal evidence from Flight Test Engineer W R (Bill) Grose who operated the Whittle engine in the Wellington and had previously been involved in ground test running of the Whittle engine at either Lutterworth or Rugby </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Men Of Power, Robert Jackson, Pen % Sword Aviation, Barnsley 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1844154270" title="Special:BookSources/1844154270">1844154270</a>, p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Rugby Advertiser Friday 14 June 1940, page 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Rugby Advertiser Friday 28 May 1948, page 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Rugby Advertiser Friday 23 December 1949, page 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Birmingham Post Thursday 16 October 1952, page 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987262–264-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolley1987262–264_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolley1987">Golley 1987</a>, pp. 262–264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987180-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolley1987180_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolley1987180_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolley1987180_88-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolley1987">Golley 1987</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987187-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolley1987187_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolley1987">Golley 1987</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolley1987179-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolley1987179_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolley1987">Golley 1987</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum2004101,_105-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahum2004101,_105_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNahum2004">Nahum 2004</a>, pp. 101, 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Nahum 2004 p97 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette36309" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36309/supplement/17">"No. 36309"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 31 December 1943. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+36309&rft.pages=17&rft.date=1943-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F36309%2Fsupplement%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette36092" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36092/supplement/3200">"No. 36092"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 13 July 1943. p. 3200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+36092&rft.pages=3200&rft.date=1943-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F36092%2Fsupplement%2F3200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum2004102-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahum2004102_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNahum2004">Nahum 2004</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Nahum 2004 p110 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Nahum 2004 p114 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENahum2004118–119-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENahum2004118–119_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNahum2004">Nahum 2004</a>, pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette38311" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38311/page/3372">"No. 38311"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 4 June 1948. p. 3372.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+38311&rft.pages=3372&rft.date=1948-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F38311%2Fpage%2F3372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette38397" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/38397/supplement/4860">"No. 38397"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 3 September 1948. p. 4860.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+38397&rft.pages=4860&rft.date=1948-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F38397%2Fsupplement%2F4860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAF4-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAF4_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF4_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF4_103-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAF4_103-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713020730/http://www.raf.mod.uk/history_old/whittle4.html">"Sir Frank Whittle – After the RAF"</a>. Archived from the original on 13 July 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Frank+Whittle+%E2%80%93+After+the+RAF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fhistory_old%2Fwhittle4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>), RAF history website </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202242/http://www.frankwhittle.co.uk/content.php?act=viewDoc&docId=3&docFatherId=1&level=sub">"Welcome to the Frank Whittle Website"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frankwhittle.co.uk/content.php?act=viewDoc&docId=3&docFatherId=1&level=sub">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+Frank+Whittle+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frankwhittle.co.uk%2Fcontent.php%3Fact%3DviewDoc%26docId%3D3%26docFatherId%3D1%26level%3Dsub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Edgerton" title="David Edgerton">Edgerton, David</a>, Warfare State, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 227, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85636-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85636-2">978-0-521-85636-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntnu.edu/phd/honorary-doctors">"Honorary doctors at NTNU"</a>. Norwegian University of Science and Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+doctors+at+NTNU&rft.pub=Norwegian+University+of+Science+and+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntnu.edu%2Fphd%2Fhonorary-doctors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bath.ac.uk/corporate-information/?meta_label_and=graduation&f.Type%7CY=Factsheet">"Corporate Information"</a>. www.bath.ac.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bath.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Corporate+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bath.ac.uk%2Fcorporate-information%2F%3Fmeta_label_and%3Dgraduation%26f.Type%257CY%3DFactsheet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57864-397-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57864-397-4">978-1-57864-397-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120908222100/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/service/publicity/degree_days/hon_grads_80to89.html">"Loughborough University – Honorary Graduates & University Medallists"</a>. www.lboro.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lboro.ac.uk/service/publicity/degree_days/hon_grads_80to89.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 20 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lboro.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Loughborough+University+%E2%80%93+Honorary+Graduates+%26+University+Medallists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lboro.ac.uk%2Fservice%2Fpublicity%2Fdegree_days%2Fhon_grads_80to89.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalaviation.org/enshrinee/sir-frank-whittle/">"Enshrinee Sir Frank Whittle"</a>. nationalaviation.org. National Aviation Hall of Fame. Retrieved 28 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nationalaviation.org&rft.atitle=Enshrinee+Sir+Frank+Whittle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalaviation.org%2Fenshrinee%2Fsir-frank-whittle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascho.wpafb.af.mil/encounter/encounter.HTM">Verbatim transcript of a two-day conference, An Encounter Between the Jet Engine Inventors, held at Wright-Patterson Air Base 3–4 May 1978</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071220010412/http://www.ascho.wpafb.af.mil/encounter/encounter.htm">Archived</a> 20 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved: 19 July 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Margaret Conner, Hans von Ohain: Elegance in Flight (Reston, Virginia: American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., 2001) </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolley2010" class="citation book cs1">Golley, John (2010). Jet: Frank Whittle and the Invention of the Jet Engine. Eloy Gutierrez. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1907472008" title="Special:BookSources/978-1907472008"><bdi>978-1907472008</bdi></a>. <q>Although he had occasionally cut Church Parade, he had once held very strong religious beliefs, but these had eroded to such an extent that he had come to regard himself as an atheist. "By degrees", he said, "I was forced to the conclusion that my beliefs were inconsistent with scientific teaching. Once the seeds of doubt were sown the whole structure of my former religious beliefs rapidly collapsed, and I swung to the other extreme.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jet%3A+Frank+Whittle+and+the+Invention+of+the+Jet+Engine&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Eloy+Gutierrez&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1907472008&rft.aulast=Golley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Note the image has been reversed left to right and is the wrong way round </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141219205404/http://www.harboroughmail.co.uk/news/mail-news/residents-fighting-proposal-for-new-co-op-store-1-5591774">"Residents fighting Proposal for new Co-op store"</a>. Harborough Mail. Johnston Publishing Ltd. 21 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.harboroughmail.co.uk/news/mail-news/residents-fighting-proposal-for-new-co-op-store-1-5591774">the original</a> on 19 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harborough+Mail&rft.atitle=Residents+fighting+Proposal+for+new+Co-op+store&rft.date=2013-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.harboroughmail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmail-news%2Fresidents-fighting-proposal-for-new-co-op-store-1-5591774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OWWhittle-116"><a href="#cite_ref-OWWhittle_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ourwarwickshire.org.uk/content/article/sir-frank-whittle-inventor-turbo-jet-engine">"sir Frank Whittle, Inventor of the Jet Engine"</a>. Our Warwickshire. Retrieved 16 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=sir+Frank+Whittle%2C+Inventor+of+the+Jet+Engine&rft.pub=Our+Warwickshire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourwarwickshire.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fsir-frank-whittle-inventor-turbo-jet-engine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/local-news/winning-ways-hail-jet-pioneer-3137042">"Winning ways to hail jet pioneer"</a>. CoventryTelegraph. 24 March 2005. Retrieved 16 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Winning+ways+to+hail+jet+pioneer&rft.pub=CoventryTelegraph&rft.date=2005-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coventrytelegraph.net%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fwinning-ways-hail-jet-pioneer-3137042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pet.cam.ac.uk/colleges-needs">"The College's needs"</a>. Peterhouse Cambridge. Retrieved 20 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+College%27s+needs&rft.pub=Peterhouse+Cambridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pet.cam.ac.uk%2Fcolleges-needs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-diva.eng.cam.ac.uk/turbo">"Introduction – CUED Division A"</a>. www-diva.eng.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 20 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www-diva.eng.cam.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Introduction+%E2%80%93+CUED+Division+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-diva.eng.cam.ac.uk%2Fturbo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raeng.org.uk/prizes/whittle/">The Royal Academy of Engineering website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121103040747/http://www.raeng.org.uk/prizes/whittle/">Archived</a> 3 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved: 20 July 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalls" class="citation web cs1">Ralls, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226103515/http://www.rcec.co.uk/plaques/F.WHITTLE.htm">"F. Whittle"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcec.co.uk/plaques/F.WHITTLE.htm">the original</a> on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 21 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F.+Whittle&rft.aulast=Ralls&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcec.co.uk%2Fplaques%2FF.WHITTLE.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/the-king-breaks-ground-on-cambridges-new-whittle-laboratory">"The King breaks ground on Cambridge's New Whittle Laboratory"</a>. Cam. University of Cambridge. 9 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cam&rft.atitle=The+King+breaks+ground+on+Cambridge%27s+New+Whittle+Laboratory&rft.date=2023-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fthe-king-breaks-ground-on-cambridges-new-whittle-laboratory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1997" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, David S. (1997). Vikings at Waterloo: Wartime Work on the Whittle Jet Engine by the Rover Company. Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1872922082" title="Special:BookSources/1872922082"><bdi>1872922082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vikings+at+Waterloo%3A+Wartime+Work+on+the+Whittle+Jet+Engine+by+the+Rover+Company&rft.pub=Rolls-Royce+Heritage+Trust&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1872922082&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duncancampbellsmith.com/">Campbell-Smith, Duncan</a> (2020). Jet Man: The Making and Breaking of Frank Whittle, Genius of the Jet Revolution. Head of Zeus. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1788544696" title="Special:BookSources/978-1788544696">978-1788544696</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolley1987" class="citation book cs1">Golley, John (1987). <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gunston" title="Bill Gunston">Gunston, Bill</a> (ed.). Whittle: the true story. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0906393826" title="Special:BookSources/978-0906393826"><bdi>978-0906393826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whittle%3A+the+true+story&rft.place=Shrewsbury%2C+UK&rft.pub=Airlife+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0906393826&rft.aulast=Golley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolley1997" class="citation book cs1">Golley, John (1997). Genesis of the Jet: Frank Whittle and the Invention of the Jet Engine. Crowood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/185310860X" title="Special:BookSources/185310860X"><bdi>185310860X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+of+the+Jet%3A+Frank+Whittle+and+the+Invention+of+the+Jet+Engine&rft.pub=Crowood+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=185310860X&rft.aulast=Golley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Hooker" title="Stanley Hooker">Hooker, Stanley</a> (2002). Not much of an engineer. An autobiography. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1853102857" title="Special:BookSources/1853102857"><bdi>1853102857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+much+of+an+engineer.+An+autobiography&rft.place=Shrewsbury&rft.pub=Airlife+Publ.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1853102857&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1989" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Glyn (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jetpioneers0000jone">The jet pioneers. The birth of Jet-Powered Flight</a>. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/041350400X" title="Special:BookSources/041350400X"><bdi>041350400X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+jet+pioneers.+The+birth+of+Jet-Powered+Flight&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=041350400X&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Glyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjetpioneers0000jone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahum2004" class="citation book cs1">Nahum, Andrew (2004). Frank Whittle: Invention of the Jet. Icon Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1840465387" title="Special:BookSources/1840465387"><bdi>1840465387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frank+Whittle%3A+Invention+of+the+Jet&rft.pub=Icon+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1840465387&rft.aulast=Nahum&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoland1967" class="citation book cs1">Roland, John (1967). The Jet Man: the Story of Sir Frank Whittle. New York: Roy Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1414376">1414376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jet+Man%3A+the+Story+of+Sir+Frank+Whittle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Roy+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1414376&rft.aulast=Roland&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Whittle&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Frank_Whittle" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Frank Whittle">Frank Whittle</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0T4-XG612Q&ab_channel=DroneScapes/">A documentary about Sir Frank Whittle with interviews of him and Hans Von Ohain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/frank-whittle">Whittle grave marker in Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lutterworthmuseum.com">Whittle Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201019161201/https://lutterworthmuseum.com/">Archived</a> 19 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041216114915/http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/press/dpp/2004010801">News report – Memorial for University of Cambridge Student who Invented the Jet Engine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-g.eng.cam.ac.uk/125/achievements/whittle/telgraph.htm">More about Frank Whittle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071201163049/http://www.raf.mod.uk/history_old/whittle1.html">More about Frank Whittle and the jet age</a> at the Royal Air Force History website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1945/1945%20-%202018.html">Flight, October 1945 – "Early History of the Whittle Jet Propulsion Gas Turbine" by Air Commodore Frank Whittle</a> abstract</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.pepublishing.com/content/p2qq75p425787023/">Early History of the Whittle Jet Propulsion Gas Turbine by Frank Whittle</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] Full text of the first James Claydon lecture</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Whittle_F.htm">Air of Authority – Sir Frank Whittle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1949/1949%20-%200235.html">"Jet Liners for Short Range"</a> a 1949 Flight report of a Frank Whittle lecture to the Aero Club de France</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1951/1951%20-%200879.html">"The Secret Years"</a> a 1951 Flight article</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-WHITTLE-00001/1">Whittle Power Jet Papers</a> – Correspondence from the archives of <a href="/wiki/Peterhouse,_Cambridge" title="Peterhouse, Cambridge">Peterhouse College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Digital_Library" title="Cambridge Digital Library">Cambridge Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1893">The Papers of Sir Frank Whittle</a> held at <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Archives_Centre" title="Churchill Archives Centre">Churchill Archives Centre</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeilden" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Feilden, G. B. R. "Sir Frank Whittle (1907–1996)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F67854">10.1093/ref:odnb/67854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+Frank+Whittle+%281907%E2%80%931996%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F67854&rft.aulast=Feilden&rft.aufirst=G.+B.+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrank+Whittle" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/018578">Newspaper clippings about Frank Whittle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6c87d47487-sbdwd","wgBackendResponseTime":138,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.266","walltime":"1.550","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12986,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":151490,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15638,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":232009,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1361.986 1 -total"," 26.22% 357.120 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.35% 249.934 1 Template:Infobox_military_person"," 17.89% 243.724 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.89% 175.517 54 Template:Sfn"," 10.22% 139.133 12 Template:Cite_book"," 8.22% 111.910 1 Template:Plainlist"," 7.64% 104.076 2 Template:Marriage"," 6.91% 94.102 21 Template:Cite_web"," 6.42% 87.485 1 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table#1 {\n \"Gazette%d+\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-868759585b-2j6dj","timestamp":"20250214041859","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Frank Whittle","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_Whittle","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q312547","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q312547","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-04T05:06:07Z","dateModified":"2025-01-24T02:02:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d7\/Frank_Whittle_CH_011867_crop.jpg","headline":"British Royal Air Force engineer air officer"}</script> </body> </html>