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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Philosophical position that divine activity runs parallel to acts of nature</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Concursus dei</i></span></b> or <b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">concursus divinus</i></span></b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, lit., 'divine concurrence') is a <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophical</a> teaching that divine activity runs parallel to the activity of people and things.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This notion allegedly resolves the <a href="/wiki/Dichotomy" title="Dichotomy">dichotomy</a> between "acts of nature or humans" vs. "acts of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>." According to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">concursus dei</i></span>, an event can be simultaneously an act of nature, c.q. humans, and an act of God. Thus, creatures immediately are propelled by God not only according to their origin (<a href="/wiki/Creatio_ex_nihilo" title="Creatio ex nihilo">creation</a>) and conservation in existence, but also in their <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causal operations</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_support">Biblical support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concursus_Dei&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biblical support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In support of the concept a biblical passage in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Book of Isaiah</a> is often cited: "indeed, all that we have done, you [God] have done for us." (Isaiah 26:12 NRSV). In the New Testament <a href="/wiki/I_Corinthians" class="mw-redirect" title="I Corinthians">I Corinthians</a> is often cited. There the <a href="/wiki/Apostle_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle Paul">apostle Paul</a> commented upon his missionary work, "I labored more than anyone else--yet it was not I but the grace of God working through me." (I Corinthians 15:10). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Catholic_theology">In Catholic theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concursus_Dei&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Catholic theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Catholic theology, a distinction is made between <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">concursus simultaneus</i></span> and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">concursus praevius</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the former being divine influence into the effect of a second cause, parallel, as it were, with its activity, whereas the latter involves divine influence into the causing agent. <a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomists</a> insist on both kinds of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">concursus</i></span> being required in any action of a created cause and provide an elaborate theory of the "previous <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">concursus</i></span>", calling it <a href="/wiki/Physical_premotion" title="Physical premotion">physical premotion</a>. Other theological schools, especially the <a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Jesuits</a>, typically reject <a href="/wiki/Physical_premotion" title="Physical premotion">physical premotion</a> and claim that <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">concursus simultaneus</i></span> is sufficient. The theory of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">concursus</i></span> is not meant to compromise freedom of will; however, the Thomist doctrine of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">praemotio physica</i></span> is <a href="/wiki/Congregatio_de_Auxiliis" title="Congregatio de Auxiliis">blamed</a> of achieving precisely that by its opponents. </p><p>Another distinction is between <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">concursus ordinarius</i></span> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">generalis, naturalis</i></span>) and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">concursus extraordinarius</i></span>. Whereas the ordinary <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">concursus</i></span> is part of the natural order and accompanies every causal activity of a secondary cause whatsoever, an extraordinary <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">concursus</i></span> is of supernatural order, it is the extraordinary help of divine grace to a created free agent.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concursus_Dei&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adherents to Concursus Dei believe that when a person is healed of an illness, God should be given the credit for it; and yet the means by which the healing often occurs are the various human and technological instruments that God used: the medical professionals, medicines, foods, therapies, technology, and the prayers of the saints. God can heal apart from these means, but his ordinary method of accomplishing his will is through such means. His end (healing) runs concurrent with these means (hospitals, etc.) Therefore, though God is the active agent in accomplishing these ends, we do not neglect the role of concurrent human operations in the accomplishment of the results, whether it is medicine or prayer or both. The end is harmonized with the means. </p><p>Important in this context is the matter of faith. Concursus Dei leads to the confession that faith is purely a gift of God, yet the means by which God dispenses this gift is the preaching of the gospel (see Romans 10:14). </p><p>Though God is to be credited for one’s education, God has determined that the concurrent means of this divine gift is schooling. Though God is to be credited for the bodybuilder’s chiseled physique, the concurrent means by which God generally dispenses this gift is a proper diet and the gymnasium. Prayer also runs concurrent with God accomplishing the ends that the petitioner desires. Could God provide those ends without the prayer? Of course, yes, and on rare occasions He does. But in His ordinary operations, God operates concurrently with the activity of humans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proponents">Proponents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concursus_Dei&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proponents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable proponents of this teaching include the renowned German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Leibniz">Leibniz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Descartes" class="mw-redirect" title="Descartes">Descartes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinoza">Spinoza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also a concept invoked by modern <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> theologians.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Catholic theology, the doctrine of divine <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">concursus</i></span> is considered a <a href="/wiki/Sententia_communis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sententia communis">sententia communis</a> and is shared by almost all theologians (a notable exception being <a href="/wiki/Durandus_of_Saint-Pour%C3%A7ain" title="Durandus of Saint-Pourçain">Durandus of Saint-Pourçain</a>). The most important proponents of the Thomist version are <a href="/wiki/Domingo_B%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Domingo Báñez">Domingo Báñez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diego_Alvarez_(theologian)" title="Diego Alvarez (theologian)">Diego Álvarez</a>; while their most notable Jesuit opponents are <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Luis de Molina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concursus_Dei&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jipt8dB9licC&pg=PA111">Dictionary of Philosophy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOtt1961" class="citation book cs1">Ott, Ludwig (1961). <i>Grundriss der Dogmatik</i>. Freiburg-Basel-Wien: Herder. p. 107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundriss+der+Dogmatik&rft.place=Freiburg-Basel-Wien&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Herder&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcursus+Dei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtt1961" class="citation book cs1">Ott, Ludwig (1961). <i>Grundriss der Dogmatik</i>. Freiburg-Basel-Wien: Herder. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grundriss+der+Dogmatik&rft.place=Freiburg-Basel-Wien&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Herder&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Ott&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConcursus+Dei" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4147962?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Leibniz on Divine Concurrence</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesdesca00spingoog">Spinoza, Principles of Descartes' Philosophy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ligonier.org/learn/devotionals/divine-concurrence/">R.C. Sproul, "Divine Concurrence."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Church_Dogmatics.html?id=n8ggWfACi-oC">Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics, III.3</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Concursus_Dei&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ligonier.org/learn/devotionals/divine-concurrence/">R.C. 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