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Bildnachweis: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/poly-image/9855483374/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Polybert49/Flickr</a>, <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/legalcode.en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CC BY-SA 2.0</a></span></figcaption> </figure> <article id="post-225985" class="post-225985 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-articles tag-air-pollution tag-carbon-emissions tag-culture-policy tag-eos-auf-deutsch tag-europe tag-germany tag-health-ecosystems tag-methane tag-public-health tag-wine entry"> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em>This is an authorized translation of an </em>Eos <em><a href="https://eos.org/articles/oktoberfests-methane-rise-is-the-wurst" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">article</a>. Dies ist eine autorisierte Übersetzung eines</em> Eos <em><a href="https://eos.org/articles/oktoberfests-methane-rise-is-the-wurst" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artikels</a>.</em></p> <p>Millionen von Menschen besuchen große Feste wie den Karneval in Rio de Janeiro oder Allerseelen in Mexico Stadt. Diese Zusammenkünfte sind aber mehr als nur wilde Feiern oder kulturelles Erbe—sie bergen auch reiche Schätze in Form wissenschaftlicher Daten. Forschende haben nun den Methanausstoß auf dem weltberühmten Oktoberfest berechnet, das jeden Herbst in München stattfindet. Die Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler fanden heraus, dass der für die Fläche des Oktoberfests normalisierte Methanfluss ungefähr der Hälfte eines durchschnittlichen Milchwirtschaftsbetriebs entspricht. Feste und Festivals—die bei Emissionsaufstellungen oft unberücksichtigt bleiben<em>—</em>können starke, wenn auch zeitlich begrenzte Quellen von Treibhausgasen sein, folgerte das Forschungsteam.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Bier, Wurst und Methan</h3> <figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignright"><blockquote><p><em>„Feste und Festivals können beträchtlichen Methanausstoß erzeugen, wurden bisher aber nicht in Emissionsaufstellungen berücksichtigt.”</em></p></blockquote></figure> <p>Auf dem Münchner <a href="https://www.oktoberfest.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Oktoberfest</a>, das meist 16 Tage lang dauert, konsumieren Besucherinnen und Besucher mehr als 8 Millionen Mass Bier und Unmengen an Bratwürsten, Brathähnchen, Fisch und Ochsenfleisch. Aber das Erdgas, das zum Beheizen der riesigen Bierzelte und Befeuern der Bratereien verwendet wird, besteht hauptsächlich aus Methan, ein wirkstarkes Treibhausgas: Im direkten Vergleich enthält Methan pro Kilogramm <a href="https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/understanding-global-warming-potentials" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ungefähr 30 Mal mehr Energie</a> als Kohlendioxid.</p> <p><a href="https://www.ei.tum.de/esm/mitarbeiter/prof-jia-chen/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jia Chen</a>, Elektroingenieurin für Umweltwissenschaft an der Technischen Universität München, und ihre Kolleg:innen machten sich daran, den Methanausstoß des Oktoberfests zu beziffern. „Feste und Festivals können beträchtlichen Methanausstoß erzeugen, wurden bisher aber nicht in Emissionsaufstellungen berücksichtigt”, sagte Chen. „Das Oktoberfest ist das größte Volksfest der Welt.”</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Viele Runden für die Wissenschaft</h3> <p>2018 schritten und radelten Chen und ihre Mitarbeitenden die 2,5 Kilometer Außengrenze des Oktoberfestgeländes mit <a href="https://www.picarro.com/products/gasscoutertm_g4302_mobile_gas_concentration_analyzer" target="_blank" rel="noopener">tragbaren Methansensoren</a> ab. 94 Runden drehten sie mit ihren Instrumenten, die ungefähr die Größe eines Rucksacks hatten und etwa 11 Kilogramm wogen. „Das war gutes Training”, meinte Chen.</p> <p>Zur Bestimmung der Gaskonzentrationen wurde Luft in einen Hohlraum gepumpt und dann die Abschwächung verschiedener Wellenlängen von Laserlicht gemessen. Das Team kombinierte diese Daten mit Angaben zu Windströmungen, um den Methanfluss genau zu berechnen. „Je höher die Windgeschwindigkeit, umso geringer fällt die gemessene Konzentration aus, weil das Methan dann stärker verdünnt ist”, erklärte Chen.</p> <p>Die Forschenden fanden heraus, dass im Durchschnitt pro Sekunde und Quadratmeter des Oktoberfestgeländes ungefähr 7 Mikrogramm Methan ausgestoßen wurden. Das ist eine beträchtliche Menge und entspricht etwa der Hälfte der Methanemissionen aus einem <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-8479-2016" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Milchwirtschaftsbetrieb</a>, so das Team. (Kühe sind <a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/33/which-is-a-bigger-methane-source-cow-belching-or-cow-flatulence/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">berüchtigte Methanemittenten</a>, hauptsächlich wegen ihrer Rülpser.)</p> <p>Rund 20 % dieser Emissionen entfallen auf biogenes Methan, das durch das Ausatmen und die Flatulenz der Menschen auf dem Oktoberfest entsteht, berechneten Chen und ihre Kolleg:innen auf der Grundlage <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1352231019304522" target="_blank" rel="noopener">veröffentlichter Schätzungen</a>. Der Rest ist nach Auffassung der Forschenden vermutlich auf die unvollständige Verbrennung in gasbetriebenen Heizkörpern oder in den Bratereien zurückzuführen. Chen und ihre Gruppe verzeichneten zudem an Wochenenden höhere Methanflüsse, wenn mehr Besucherinnen und Besucher auf das Oktoberfest strömen. Das ist nicht weiter überraschend, weil es sich nach Schlussfolgerung des Teams um von Menschen verursachte Emissionen handelt.</p> <p>Diese Ergebnisse wurden in <em>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</em> <a href="https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/20/3683/2020/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">veröffentlicht</a>.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Beim nächsten Mal mit dabei</h3> <p>2019 kehrten die Forschenden zum Oktoberfest zurück und betraten diesmal auch das eigentliche Festgelände. „Wir durften rein”, sagte <a href="https://www.ei.tum.de/esm/mitarbeiter/florian-dietrich-msc/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Florian Dietrich</a>, Ingenieur an der Technischen Universität München und Mitglied des Forschungsteams. „Wir kamen näher an die Quellen heran.”</p> <figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignright"><blockquote><p><em>„Studien dieser Art helfen Einzelpersonen, ihre Treibhausgasbilanz ein wenig besser zu verstehen.”</em></p></blockquote></figure> <p>Diesmal machte die Gruppe Messungen mit tragbaren Methansensoren und nahm außerdem Luftproben. Zurück im Labor, bestimmten die Forschenden das Verhältnis von Ethan zu Methan in den Proben, um Aufschluss über den Ursprung der Emissionen zu gewinnen—biogene Quellen erzeugen sehr wenig Ethan, wogegen fossile Brennstoffe (z. B. Erdgas) normalerweise Ethan enthalten. Die Veröffentlichung der Ergebnisse befindet sich in Arbeit.</p> <p>„Es gibt so viele verschiedene Methanquellen”, sagte <a href="https://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/sed/bio/benjamin.poulter" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ben Poulter</a>, der sich als Wissenschaftler am NASA Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt im US-Bundesstaat Maryland mit dem Kohlenstoffzyklus befasst und nicht an der Forschung beteiligt ist. „Studien dieser Art helfen Einzelpersonen, ihre Treibhausgasbilanz ein wenig besser zu verstehen.”</p> <p>—Katherine Kornei (<a href="https://twitter.com/KatherineKornei" target="_blank" rel="noopener">@KatherineKornei</a>), wissenschaftliche Autorin</p> <h6 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Text © 2024. 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