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id="toc-Family_background_and_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_career_and_law_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_career_and_law_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Military career and law school </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_career_and_law_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attorney_and_state_deputy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attorney_and_state_deputy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Attorney and state deputy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attorney_and_state_deputy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_interim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_interim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Personal life and interim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_interim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Political rise </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_rise-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Political rise subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Political_rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_as_a_legislator_and_the_1923_civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_as_a_legislator_and_the_1923_civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Return as a legislator and the 1923 civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_as_a_legislator_and_the_1923_civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 National politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 President of Rio Grande do Sul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accession_to_the_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_to_the_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Accession to the presidency </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accession_to_the_presidency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Accession to the presidency subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Accession_to_the_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_nomination_and_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_nomination_and_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Presidential nomination and campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_nomination_and_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Revolution_of_1930" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Revolution_of_1930"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 The Revolution of 1930 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Revolution_of_1930-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provisional_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provisional_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Provisional government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Provisional_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Provisional government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Provisional_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ascension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ascension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coffee_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coffee_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Coffee policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coffee_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Labor policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Religion and education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_reform_and_the_1934_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_reform_and_the_1934_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Electoral reform and the 1934 Constitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electoral_reform_and_the_1934_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towards_a_dictatorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towards_a_dictatorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Towards a dictatorship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Towards_a_dictatorship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Towards a dictatorship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Towards_a_dictatorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authoritarian_direction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authoritarian_direction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Authoritarian direction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authoritarian_direction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coup_of_1937" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coup_of_1937"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Coup of 1937 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coup_of_1937-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_dictatorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_dictatorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Establishment of the dictatorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_dictatorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalism_and_domestic_policy_as_dictator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalism_and_domestic_policy_as_dictator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Nationalism and domestic policy as dictator </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalism_and_domestic_policy_as_dictator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wartime_leader_and_fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wartime_leader_and_fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Wartime leader and fall </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wartime_leader_and_fall-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Wartime leader and fall subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Wartime_leader_and_fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy,_pre-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy,_pre-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Foreign policy, pre-war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy,_pre-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_from_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_from_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Fall from power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_from_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Between_presidencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Between_presidencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Between presidencies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Between_presidencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_presidency_(1951–1954)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_presidency_(1951–1954)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Second presidency (1951–1954) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_presidency_(1951–1954)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Second presidency (1951–1954) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Second_presidency_(1951–1954)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Getúlio Vargas</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="جيتوليو فارجاس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيتوليو فارجاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetuliu_Varqas" title="Jetuliu Varqas – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jetuliu Varqas" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="জেতুলিউ ভার্গাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেতুলিউ ভার্গাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Жэтуліу Варгас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жэтуліу Варгас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Жетулиу Варгас – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жетулиу Варгас" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%92%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ζετούλιο Βάργκας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζετούλιο Βάργκας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ژتولیو وارگاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژتولیو وارگاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%ED%88%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0_%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%A4" title="제툴리우 바르가스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제툴리우 바르가스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Ժետուլիու Վարգաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժետուլիու Վարգաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="গেটুলিও ভার্গাস – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গেটুলিও ভার্গাস" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A1" title="ז'טוליו ורגאס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'טוליו ורגאס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჟეტულიუ ვარგასი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟეტულიუ ვარგასი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Жетулиу Дорнелис Варгас – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жетулиу Дорнелис Варгас" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaetulius_Dornelles_Vargas" title="Gaetulius Dornelles Vargas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gaetulius Dornelles Vargas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDetuliu_Vargass" title="Žetuliu Vargass – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žetuliu Vargass" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="गेतुलियो व्हार्गास – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गेतुलियो व्हार्गास" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="جيتوليو فارجاس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيتوليو فارجاس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9" title="ジェトゥリオ・ドルネレス・ヴァルガス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェトゥリオ・ドルネレス・ヴァルガス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Dornelles_Vargas" title="Getúlio Dornelles Vargas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Getúlio Dornelles Vargas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Dornelles_Vargas" title="Getúlio Dornelles Vargas – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Getúlio Dornelles Vargas" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81,_%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%83" title="Варгас, Жетулиу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Варгас, Жетулиу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%8E%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86_%DA%A4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="گێتولیۆ ڤارگاس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گێتولیۆ ڤارگاس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Жетулио Варгас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жетулио Варгас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="เฌตูลียู วาร์กัส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เฌตูลียู วาร์กัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8E_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Жетулью Варгас – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жетулью Варгас" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%9C%96%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF" title="熱圖利奧·瓦加斯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="熱圖利奧·瓦加斯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%9B%BE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF" title="热图利奥·瓦加斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="热图利奥·瓦加斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Getúlio Vargas" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9C%96%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A7%E8%8F%AF%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF" title="基圖利奧華加斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="基圖利奧華加斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Getúlio Vargas (disambiguation)">Getúlio Vargas (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_name" title="Portuguese name">Portuguese name</a>, the first or maternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is Dornelles and the second or paternal family name is Vargas.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Excellency" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Getúlio Vargas</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Getulio_Vargas_(1930).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Getulio_Vargas_%281930%29.jpg/220px-Getulio_Vargas_%281930%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Getulio_Vargas_%281930%29.jpg/330px-Getulio_Vargas_%281930%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Getulio_Vargas_%281930%29.jpg/440px-Getulio_Vargas_%281930%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1574" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1930</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">14th & 17th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of Brazil</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 31 January 1951 – 24 August 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Brazil" title="Vice President of Brazil">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Café Filho</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eurico_Gaspar_Dutra" title="Eurico Gaspar Dutra">Eurico Dutra</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Filho" title="Café Filho">Café Filho</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 3 November 1930 – 29 October 1945</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_military_junta_of_1930" title="Brazilian military junta of 1930">Military Junta</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Linhares" title="José Linhares">José Linhares</a> (acting) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em"> Further offices held </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="Federal Senate (Brazil)">Senator</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 5 February 1946 – 31 January 1951</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Simões Lopes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Camilo Mércio</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="List of governors of Rio Grande do Sul">President of Rio Grande do Sul</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 25 January 1928 – 9 October 1930</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Vice President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Neves_da_Fontoura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Neves da Fontoura (page does not exist)">João Neves</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Borges_de_Medeiros" title="Borges de Medeiros">Borges de Medeiros</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Osvaldo_Aranha" class="mw-redirect" title="Osvaldo Aranha">Osvaldo Aranha</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Finance (Brazil)">Minister of Finance</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 15 November 1926 – 17 December 1927</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Lu%C3%ADs" title="Washington Luís">Washington Luís</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Aníbal Freire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Oliveira Botelho</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Chamber of Deputies</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 26 May 1923 – 6 November 1926</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Sul">State Deputy of Rio Grande do Sul</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 20 September 1917 – 26 May 1923</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">At-large</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 20 September 1909 – 6 October 1913</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">At-large</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1882-04-19)19 April 1882 Santos Reis Farm, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Borja" title="São Borja">São Borja</a>, Rio Grande do Sul, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 August 1954(1954-08-24) (aged 72) <a href="/wiki/Catete_Palace" title="Catete Palace">Catete Palace</a>, Rio de Janeiro, <a href="/wiki/Federal_District_of_Brazil_(1891%E2%80%931960)" title="Federal District of Brazil (1891–1960)">Federal District</a>, Brazil</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cause of death</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_gunshot" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide by gunshot">Suicide by gunshot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">XV de Novembro Square, São Borja</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Party_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Labour Party (historical)">PTB</a> (1946–1954)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rio-grandense_Republican_Party" title="Rio-grandense Republican Party">PRR</a> (1909–1930)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a> (1930–1946)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Darci_Vargas" title="Darci Vargas">Darci Sarmanho</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1911)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">5, including <a href="/wiki/Lutero_Vargas" title="Lutero Vargas">Lutero</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_do_Nascimento_Vargas" title="Manuel do Nascimento Vargas">Manuel do Nascimento Vargas</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_Federal_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul">Free Faculty of Law of Porto Alegre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Getúlio Vargas's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_Signature.svg/128px-Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_Signature.svg/192px-Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_Signature.svg/256px-Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="88" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First Brazilian Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Army" title="Brazilian Army">Brazilian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1898–1903</li><li>1923</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">Sergeant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">Lieutenant colonel</a> (1923)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>6th Infantry Battalion</li><li>25th Infantry Battalion</li><li>7th Provisional Division</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre_War" title="Acre War">Acre War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Artur_Bernardes#War_in_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Presidency of Artur Bernardes">1923 Revolution</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Discurso_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas,_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_na_formatura_de_professores_do_Instituto_de_Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o..wav" title="File:Discurso de Getúlio Vargas, Presidente da República na formatura de professores do Instituto de Educação..wav">Getúlio Vargas's voice</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="620" data-mwtitle="Discurso_de_Getúlio_Vargas,_Presidente_da_República_na_formatura_de_professores_do_Instituto_de_Educação..wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Discurso_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas%2C_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_na_formatura_de_professores_do_Instituto_de_Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o..wav/Discurso_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas%2C_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_na_formatura_de_professores_do_Instituto_de_Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o..wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Discurso_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas%2C_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_na_formatura_de_professores_do_Instituto_de_Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o..wav/Discurso_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas%2C_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_na_formatura_de_professores_do_Instituto_de_Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o..wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Discurso_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas%2C_Presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_na_formatura_de_professores_do_Instituto_de_Educa%C3%A7%C3%A3o..wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">Speech by Getúlio Vargas at the graduation of teachers from the Institute of Education (recorded 1943)</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Getúlio Dornelles Vargas (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Brazilian Portuguese: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ʒeˈtulju doʁˈnɛliz ˈvaʁɡɐs]</a>; 19 April 1882 – 24 August 1954) was a Brazilian lawyer and politician who served as the 14th and 17th <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">president of Brazil</a>, from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 until <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Death">his suicide</a> in 1954. Due to his long and controversial tenure as Brazil's provisional, constitutional, dictatorial and democratic leader, he is considered by historians as the most influential Brazilian politician of the 20th century. Born on 19 April 1882 in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Borja" title="São Borja">São Borja</a>, Rio Grande do Sul, to a powerful local family, Vargas had a short stint in the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Army_in_the_First_Republic" title="Brazilian Army in the First Republic">Brazilian Army</a> before entering law school. He began his political career as district attorney, soon becoming a state deputy prior to a brief departure from politics. After returning to the state <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Sul">Legislative Assembly</a>, Vargas led troops during Rio Grande do Sul's 1923 civil war. He entered national politics as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Chamber of Deputies</a>. Afterward, Vargas served as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Finance (Brazil)">Minister of Finance</a> under president <a href="/wiki/Washington_Lu%C3%ADs" title="Washington Luís">Washington Luís</a> before resigning to head Rio Grande do Sul as state president, during which he had an active tenure and introduced many policies. In 1930, after losing the <a href="/wiki/1930_Brazilian_general_election" title="1930 Brazilian general election">presidential election</a>, Vargas rose to power under a provisional presidency following an <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930" title="Brazilian Revolution of 1930">armed revolution</a>, remaining until 1934 when he was <a href="/wiki/1934_Brazilian_presidential_election" title="1934 Brazilian presidential election">elected</a> president under a <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1934" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1934">new constitution</a>. Three years later he seized powers under the pretext of a potential communist insurrection, beginning the eight-year long <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo</a> dictatorship. In 1942, he led <a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil into World War II</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> after being sandwiched between <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the United States. Though there was notable opposition to his government, the major revolts – the 1932 <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Revolution" title="Constitutionalist Revolution">Constitutionalist Revolution</a> in his provisional government, the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_communist_uprising_of_1935" title="Brazilian communist uprising of 1935">Communist uprising of 1935</a> in his constitutional presidency, and the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Integralist_Uprising" title="Integralist Uprising">putsch</a> in his dictatorship – were all successfully suppressed; the methods Vargas used in quelling his opposition ranged from light peace terms to jailing political opponents. <a href="/wiki/1945_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1945 Brazilian coup d'état">Ousted in 1945</a> after fifteen years in power, Vargas returned to the presidency democratically after winning the <a href="/wiki/1950_Brazilian_general_election" title="1950 Brazilian general election">1950 Brazilian general election</a>. However, a growing political crisis led to his suicide in 1954, prematurely ending his second presidency. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_background_and_childhood">Family background and childhood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family background and childhood">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pais-de-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pais-de-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas.JPG/250px-Pais-de-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pais-de-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas.JPG/375px-Pais-de-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pais-de-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas.JPG/500px-Pais-de-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Getúlio Vargas' parents, Cândida and Manuel Vargas</figcaption></figure> Getúlio Dornelles Vargas was born in São Borja, Rio Grande do Sul, on 19 April 1882, the third of five sons born to <a href="/wiki/Manuel_do_Nascimento_Vargas" title="Manuel do Nascimento Vargas">Manuel do Nascimento Vargas</a> and Cândida Dornelles Vargas.<a href="#cite_note-Watkins32-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine197035-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194480-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> Located near Brazil's border with <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, the town of São Borja was a center of smuggling, political adventurism, and armed conflict, and Rio Grande do Sul was also known for an unusually violent history. The Vargas family reflected some of these characteristics. In 1919, 76 residents of São Borja complained to the state government about the Vargases' "coercive" actions, and in 1933, during Vargas's first presidency, two of his nephews were killed in a border clash.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199813-6">[5]</a> Vargas's mother Cândida was described as being "short and fat and pleasant" by her nephew Spártaco.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199813–14-7">[6]</a> Her side of the family came from the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> and included some founders of <a href="/wiki/Porto_Alegre" title="Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a>, the capital of Rio Grande do Sul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne19747-8">[7]</a> Vargas's father Manuel was one of fourteen children, an honored military general for his service in the <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>, and a local <a href="/wiki/Rio-grandense_Republican_Party" title="Rio-grandense Republican Party">Riograndense Republican Party</a> leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine197035-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014193-9">[8]</a> Manuel's family had a background in Azores and São Paulo.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Revolution" title="Federalist Revolution">Federalist Revolution</a>, Cândida's side of the family became <a href="/wiki/Maragato_(Brazil)" title="Maragato (Brazil)">maragatos</a>, or federalists, while Manuel's side fought on the chimango, or republican, side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199814-11">[10]</a> Their marriage brought together the two warring factions in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199813-6">[5]</a> Vargas had a happy childhood thanks to the respect his mother received from the town due to her position between the two political factions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne19749-12">[11]</a> Vargas studied at a private <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary school</a> in São Borja run by Francisco Braga. He did not finish, however, for Vargas was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto</a> Preparatory School in <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>. The invitation was at the request of his brothers, and Vargas traveled by boat from <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> in Argentina, rushing as quickly as possible overland due to a <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> outbreak in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199814-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne19749-12">[11]</a> At the school, Vargas was the subject of hostility by his fellow cadets, taunted with the nickname xuxu, or <a href="/wiki/Chayote" title="Chayote">chayote</a>, for his height (1.57 m or 5 ft 2 in) and "round shape".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199814-11">[10]</a> Vargas and his elder brothers were forced out of the school after Vargas's brother Viriato, with the aid of his brother Protasio, shot fellow cadet Carlos Prado to death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199814-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne19749-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_career_and_law_school">Military career and law school</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military career and law school">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:364px;max-width:364px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_aged_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_aged_12.jpg/156px-Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_aged_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_aged_12.jpg/234px-Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_aged_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_aged_12.jpg/312px-Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_aged_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="487" data-file-height="750" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vargas at age 12, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1894</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Formatura-de-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas-1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Formatura-de-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas-1907.jpg/200px-Formatura-de-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas-1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Formatura-de-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas-1907.jpg/300px-Formatura-de-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas-1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Formatura-de-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas-1907.jpg/400px-Formatura-de-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas-1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="822" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vargas's graduation photo, 1907</div></div></div></div></div> Like his father, Vargas embarked on a military career. He joined the army in 1898 despite his father's protests, enlisting as a private in the 6th Infantry Battalion for one year. In 1899, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">sergeant</a>. He also joined the military college at <a href="/wiki/Rio_Pardo" title="Rio Pardo">Rio Pardo</a> and studied there until 1901.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine197035-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194480-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne19749–10-13">[12]</a> However, Vargas and twenty other cadets were forced to leave when they joined in a protest over lack of water. Only some time later did an amnesty allow him and the others to return.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199814-11">[10]</a> Still having time to serve, Vargas was then transferred to Porto Alegre and joined the 25th Infantry Battalion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine197035-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194480-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197410-14">[13]</a> He tried leaving to enroll in law school, but his discharge was delayed due to a medical examination that was required. Coincidentally, Vargas was sent to <a href="/wiki/Corumb%C3%A1" title="Corumbá">Corumbá</a> in what was then <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a> before his examination was conducted when <a href="/wiki/Acre_War" title="Acre War">a border crisis</a> broke out between Bolivia and Brazil in February 1903.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine197035-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194480-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197410-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199814–15-15">[14]</a> The disillusioned Vargas did not have to fight as the dispute was settled before he arrived, later saying that living under difficult conditions allowed him to learn to judge others, though he was disappointed from being kept idle and non-combatant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194480-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197410-14">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199815-16">[15]</a> He asked for a discharge once again, and was able to obtain paperwork falsely stating he had had <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199815-16">[15]</a> Vargas was admitted to the law school at Porto Alegre and adapted easily to the elitist climate among students. He became active in the students' republican faction and served as an editor and profile writer for the school's newspaper, O Debate (The Debate).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194480-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199816-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197411-18">[17]</a> Vargas and his friends were also influenced by the late politician <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_de_Castilhos_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Júlio de Castilhos (politician)">Júlio de Castilhos</a>, creating the Bloco Acadêmico Castilhista (Castilho's Academic Block) to keep <a href="/wiki/Castilhism" title="Castilhism">his ideas</a> alive after his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199816-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197411-18">[17]</a> During his time at the school, Vargas was appointed the valedictorian of his class and stayed in a series of <a href="/wiki/Fraternity" title="Fraternity">fraternity</a>-like boarding houses, in one of which he made connections with future president and collaborator <a href="/wiki/Eurico_Gaspar_Dutra" title="Eurico Gaspar Dutra">Eurico Gaspar Dutra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine197035-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194480-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199816-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197411-18">[17]</a> Vargas also spoke to visiting president <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Pena" title="Afonso Pena">Afonso Pena</a> as a student representative in August 1906, saying, "We are today simply spectators of the present, but we will be judges of the future… Democracy is the common aspiration of civili[z]ed peoples as to their political system, but only with education can we have a people truly capable of democratic government."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197411-18">[17]</a> Vargas graduated in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199816-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197411-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194481-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas-aos-27-anos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas-aos-27-anos.JPG/220px-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas-aos-27-anos.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas-aos-27-anos.JPG/330px-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas-aos-27-anos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas-aos-27-anos.JPG/440px-Get%C3%BAlio-Vargas-aos-27-anos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>Vargas aged 27 in 1909</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attorney_and_state_deputy">Attorney and state deputy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Attorney and state deputy">edit</a>]</div> Entering politics in the <a href="/wiki/Rio-grandense_Republican_Party" title="Rio-grandense Republican Party">Republican Party of Rio Grande do Sul</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine197036-20">[19]</a> Vargas had two options after graduating from law school: He could either accept an instructorship position in the school he had just graduated from, or he could become the state attorney.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung196733-21">[20]</a> Vargas chose the latter, a position that was secured by his father, and he was named the Rio Grande do Sul state attorney general by his party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine197035–36-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2004364–376-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199816-17">[16]</a> While it was very apparent that Vargas received the position due to his political connections, he remained as state attorney until 1908.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199816-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194481-19">[18]</a> Vargas would gain valuable experience as state attorney, and, after building himself a reputation for loyalty and brightness, was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Sul in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung196733-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalván196566-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199816-17">[16]</a> Though he was only in his twenties, he still managed to make himself known for the ability to temporize and became well-liked.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199816-17">[16]</a> However, the Legislative Assembly only convened for two months in a year and pay was allotted, meaning that Vargas needed to find other income sources. This was partially because of the downgraded importance of state legislators in Rio Grande do Sul in sharp contrast to other states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197412-25">[24]</a> Believing São Borja could not support more than one advocate's office, Vargas began his legal career as a promotor, or a public <a href="/wiki/Prosecutor" title="Prosecutor">prosecutor</a>, in Porto Alegre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197412–13-26">[25]</a> Vargas's first case dealt with rape, one which he settled privately by convincing both parties to marry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197413-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life_and_interim">Personal life and interim</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life and interim">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Get%C3%BAlio%26Darci.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Get%C3%BAlio%26Darci.gif/220px-Get%C3%BAlio%26Darci.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Get%C3%BAlio%26Darci.gif/330px-Get%C3%BAlio%26Darci.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Get%C3%BAlio%26Darci.gif 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Vargas and his wife Darci in June 1911, a few months after they married.</figcaption></figure> Vargas's vocation as a promoter did not last long, for he married fifteen-year-old <a href="/wiki/Darci_Vargas" title="Darci Vargas">Darci Lima Sarmanho</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[b]</a> a woman thirteen years younger than himself, in March 1911. They would remain together for forty-three years until Vargas died in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung196733-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199816-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197412–13-26">[25]</a> She was the daughter of Antonio Sarmanho, a merchant, farmer, and one of Manuel's closest friends, and was orphaned at age fourteen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197412–13-26">[25]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Levine" title="Robert M. Levine">Robert M. Levine</a>, Darci stayed in the background for most of Vargas's life and looked after the family's households. She also devoted herself to public charity causes later in their lives when Vargas would become president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199816-17">[16]</a> They had five children together: <a href="/wiki/Lutero_Vargas" title="Lutero Vargas">Lutero</a>, Jandira, Alzira, Manuel (also known as Maneco), and Getúlio (also known as Getulinho). Alzira would go on to become a law school graduate and became Vargas's favorite.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199817-29">[27]</a> However, Vargas was an unfaithful husband, often participating in sexual dalliances. He took a mistress in 1937 and become devoted to her; this was later confirmed by his diaries published fifty years after his death in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199817-29">[27]</a> It is believed the mistress was Aimée de Soto-Maior, later <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9e_de_Heeren" title="Aimée de Heeren">Aimée de Heeren</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> recognized by the international fashion press as one of the world's most glamorous and beautiful women. Heeren neither confirmed nor denied the rumor.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> Manuel gave Vargas some land near his own, and money to set up a home and legal practice in São Borja. The combination of a political and legal profession was common in Latin America. Vargas was now a conciliator and advisor, taking on many cases dealing with a social factor, an experience that can be considered a component of his later social reform.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197413-27">[26]</a> Between 1913 and 1917, Vargas's political career ceased, however. While the second term of president <a href="/wiki/Borges_de_Medeiros" title="Borges de Medeiros">Borges de Medeiros</a> was underway, Vargas fell out with the state president at the end of 1912.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197413-27">[26]</a> Commenting on his resignation speech to the Assembly, historian Richard Bourne states, "Get[ú]lio's departure was marked with finesse: he made just enough noise to indicate to the gaucho boss that he was not to be treated lightly, and not such a dramatic ruction as to make a later composition impossible."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197413-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_rise">Political rise</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Political rise">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_as_a_legislator_and_the_1923_civil_war">Return as a legislator and the 1923 civil war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Return as a legislator and the 1923 civil war">edit</a>]</div> Medeiros still needed the powerful Vargases' support, however. Near the end of 1916, Vargas refused an offer from Medeiros to become the state's police chief, opting instead to successfully run for reelection as a state deputy and would remain for two terms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199817–18-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194481-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197414-33">[31]</a> Throughout his renewed tenure, he was, satirically, described as the "mathematician of the party" and named party (or majority) leader.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199818-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197414-33">[31]</a> While tasked with the crucial responsibility of ensuring the reelection of Medeiros, Vargas was also chairman of an Assembly commission dedicated to verifying election results for the state presidency, or, as his opposition put it, partaking in <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197414-33">[31]</a> In the latter part of his term, Vargas was in charge of leading and reporting the budget.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194481-19">[18]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul#1923_Revolution" title="Rio Grande do Sul">1923 civil war</a> in Rio Grande do Sul, Vargas was called upon to lead a military unit with Republicans. He would organize the Seventh Provisional Division, and, when Republicans <a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Aranha" title="Oswaldo Aranha">Oswaldo Aranha</a> and José Antonio Flores da Cunha were under siege by Liberationists, led two-hundred-fifty provisórios as <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">lieutenant colonel</a>, marching one hundred miles at night to <a href="/wiki/Uruguaiana" title="Uruguaiana">Uruguaiana</a> to "defend the ideas of his party".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194481-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197415-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine197036-20">[19]</a> Halfway there at <a href="/wiki/Itaqui" title="Itaqui">Itaqui</a>, he found the railway cut and an absence of mounts for his horsemen. According to Aranha's brother Adalberto, Vargas was persistent, decisive, and speedy throughout the crisis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197415-35">[33]</a> He ordered his forces out of the town and the embarkation of his troops on requisitioned river barges. Vargas also ignored low water warnings to save the detrimental situation the Republicans had gotten themselves into.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197415-35">[33]</a> He said, "I will send them all to arrive there in time. Only the impossible will deter me from coming to the help of my comrades."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197415–16-36">[34]</a> Before he could command any real action, president Medeiros messaged Vargas to hand over the military as he had been named federal deputy, a vacant seat he ran for in 1922, and deputies could only command troops with the permission of the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a>. Vargas turned his command over to his cousin Deoclecio Dorneles Motta, immediately departed for Rio de Janeiro, and now held a far more important task — restoring the power of Rio Grande do Sul in federal politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine197036-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalván196566-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199818-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197415–16-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_politics">National politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: National politics">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington-Luiz-e-Minist%C3%A9rio-1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Washington-Luiz-e-Minist%C3%A9rio-1926.jpg/300px-Washington-Luiz-e-Minist%C3%A9rio-1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Washington-Luiz-e-Minist%C3%A9rio-1926.jpg/450px-Washington-Luiz-e-Minist%C3%A9rio-1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Washington-Luiz-e-Minist%C3%A9rio-1926.jpg/600px-Washington-Luiz-e-Minist%C3%A9rio-1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="673" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Washington_Lu%C3%ADs" title="Washington Luís">Washington Luís</a> and his cabinet in 1926. Vargas, Minister of Finance, can be seen in the second row, first from the left.</figcaption></figure> In May 1923, Vargas became a national deputy, becoming Medeiros's "man of confidence" during a troubling period. His objective was to diminish federal intervention in the state civil war and gave a speech stating the state government had it under control. In reality, there was doubt this statement was true and Medeiros had had to raise private loans in <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> to pay for war expenses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197420-37">[35]</a> Vargas also had to lead his bloc of gaúcho deputies, demoralized after an editorial appeared in Porto Alegre calling for the acceptance of the incoming <a href="/wiki/Artur_Bernardes" title="Artur Bernardes">Artur Bernardes</a> administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197420-37">[35]</a> In 1924, Vargas became the official leader of the Rio Grande do Sul congressional delegation, the same year he was forced to take his daughter Alzira out of school in November after a warship opened fire on Rio de Janeiro as part of the <a href="/wiki/Tenentism" title="Tenentism">tenente rebellions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199818-34">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194481-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197421-38">[36]</a> According to Levine, Vargas's "most noteworthy achievement as a congressman came in 1925, when as a member of a commission studying constitutional reform he advocated greater government authority."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199818-34">[32]</a> With the knowledge that a paulista would succeed Bernardes, Vargas cultivated the São Paulo delegation during Bernardes' presidency. When Washington Luís<a href="#cite_note-39">[c]</a> was elected president in 1926, he chose Vargas to become his <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Finance (Brazil)">Minister of Finance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197421-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung196728-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalván196567-41">[38]</a> This was despite the fact Vargas had virtually no fiscal experience, even going as far as to deny joining a finance committee when he was in Congress. The appointment was based on gratitude toward Medeiros for helping him become president and a political deal as part of the many cabinet positions divided amongst important states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197421-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Watkins32-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199818-34">[32]</a> Though the economy was prosperous from 1926 to 1928, it was entirely based upon coffee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung196728-40">[37]</a> Within a month, Vargas had submitted a money reform bill to the National Congress, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Franc_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Franc Poincaré">French Poincaré</a>, with the objective of stabilizing the value of the Brazilian currency. It saw initial success before collapsing in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197422-42">[39]</a> Vargas introduced a <a href="/wiki/Sales_tax" title="Sales tax">tax on consumption</a> with the purpose of undermining the country's dependency on customs revenue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197422-42">[39]</a> He would also hold audiences where up to a hundred people could submit their petitions, requests, and complaints, ranging from ordinary citizens to congressional deputies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197422-42">[39]</a> Although Vargas only served two years as Finance Secretary before returning to Rio Grande do Sul to become the president (<a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Governor of Rio Grande do Sul">governor</a>) in 1928, he gained valuable recognition and experience on a national level.<a href="#cite_note-Watkins32-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul">President of Rio Grande do Sul</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: President of Rio Grande do Sul">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Get%C3%BAlioVargas-CaxiasDoSul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Get%C3%BAlioVargas-CaxiasDoSul.jpg/250px-Get%C3%BAlioVargas-CaxiasDoSul.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Get%C3%BAlioVargas-CaxiasDoSul.jpg/375px-Get%C3%BAlioVargas-CaxiasDoSul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Get%C3%BAlioVargas-CaxiasDoSul.jpg/500px-Get%C3%BAlioVargas-CaxiasDoSul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Vargas visiting <a href="/wiki/Caxias_do_Sul" title="Caxias do Sul">Caxias do Sul</a>, 1928</figcaption></figure> In 1928, Medeiros was to complete his lengthy tenure and depart from the presidency of Rio Grande do Sul. Vargas, meanwhile, looked on with caution, so far as to prevent a journalist from writing about Vargas's audiences in Diario de Noticias back in Porto Alegre, believing it would pass off as an attempt for the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197422-42">[39]</a> Acknowledging Medeiros's autocratic philosophy was the reason for this; a successor was in Medeiros's control and he could have vetoed any nomination. Despite this, Vargas had many beneficial factors on his side: Medeiros's debt, his national achievements, his distancing from intrastate quarrels, his popularity amongst party youth such as Aranha, and his ability to mediate difficult situations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197422–23-43">[40]</a> Medeiros selected Vargas as his successor, followed by Vargas's resignation from Luís's cabinet in late 1927. With the lack of an opposition and the Republican <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machine</a>, Vargas's election was assured and he became the president of the state with his term set to expire in 1932.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197423-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199818–19-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194481-19">[18]</a> Vargas was active throughout his two-year tenure. In one instance, he vetoed dishonest election results which favored his political party. In another, he negotiated a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> between his state's two warring factions and successfully ended decades of hostility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199819-46">[43]</a> With that, he also made peace with other groups in the state, such as making concessions to Liberationists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197425-47">[44]</a> Levine states, "As governor, Vargas achieved bipartisan support for his government, for the first time in generations."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199819-46">[43]</a> Along with Aranha, who carried out his economic program, he provided credit to cattle ranchers and created interventionist cooperatives to bring in resources and lower export prices for agriculture. Vargas established the Banco do Rio Grande do Sul (Bank of Rio Grande do Sul) to lend money to farmers and touched upon education, mining, agriculture, and roads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197423–24-48">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199819-46">[43]</a> The people rallied around him as Vargas promoted the planting of wheat and created a department of agriculture. Vargas doubled the amount of primary schools in the state, oversaw the construction of bridges and roads, and revisited the railroad contract between Rio Grande do Sul and the federal government in order to favor the state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194481-19">[18]</a> Despite that, he remained loyal to Luís's administration and maintained ties to the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199819-46">[43]</a> Vargas also championed the <a href="/wiki/Varig" title="Varig">VARIG</a> airline, and improved law courts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197424-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accession_to_the_presidency">Accession to the presidency</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Accession to the presidency">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_nomination_and_campaign">Presidential nomination and campaign</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Presidential nomination and campaign">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1930_Brazilian_general_election" title="1930 Brazilian general election">1930 Brazilian general election</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartaz_dCampanha_de_Vargas_(1929-30).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cartaz_dCampanha_de_Vargas_%281929-30%29.jpg/200px-Cartaz_dCampanha_de_Vargas_%281929-30%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Cartaz_dCampanha_de_Vargas_%281929-30%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="350" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Campaign poster for Vargas and his running mate João Pessoa, 1929</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa.jpg/200px-Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa.jpg/300px-Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa.jpg/400px-Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="594" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Vargas and Pessoa stand together, sometime before July 1930</div></div></div></div></div>Throughout much of the <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First</a> (or Old) Republic (1889–1930), Brazilian politics were consolidated in an oligarchic alliance known as <a href="/wiki/Coffee_with_milk_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee with milk politics">coffee with milk politics</a> (also referred to as coffee and cream). This alliance joined politicians from the dominant states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010123–124-50">[47]</a> Starting in the 1910s, there was much discontent with the Republic, including a <a href="/wiki/1917%E2%80%931919_Brazil_strike_movement" title="1917–1919 Brazil strike movement">general strike in 1917</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010124-51">[48]</a> and several failed <a href="/wiki/Tenentism" title="Tenentism">tenente</a> revolts of discontent junior military officers throughout the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010127–128-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010103-53">[50]</a> World coffee prices <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">crashed in October 1929</a> and, with them, the Brazilian economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010131–132-54">[51]</a> In the midst of unrest and the collapse of the economy, president Luís broke the coffee and milk agreement, declaring <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Prestes" title="Júlio Prestes">Júlio Prestes</a> (a politician from São Paulo) his successor instead of a person from Minas Gerais, violating the four-decade old oligarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Watkins32-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010131–132-54">[51]</a> Vargas publicly announced his views on the Old Republic in a proclamation on 4 October 1930:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung19673-55">[52]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The people are starving and oppressed. Representative government has been destroyed by the oligarchies and the professional politicians. Brutality, violence and squandering of public funds is seen at every level of Brazilian national politics.…</blockquote> The ensuing political crisis of Luís choosing a paulista to succeed him led to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Alliance_(Brazil)" title="Liberal Alliance (Brazil)">Liberal Alliance</a> (Aliança Liberal) (consisting of Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and <a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a>), forming an opposition to Prestes and nominating Vargas, who led a broad coalition of middle-class industrialists, planters from outside São Paulo, and the tenentes for the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2004364–376-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010131–132-54">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010108-56">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014186-57">[54]</a> Support for Vargas was especially strong in the states of the alliance.<a href="#cite_note-Watkins32-1">[1]</a> During the campaign, Vargas had also been careful not to offend planter landowners, though he did advocate moderate social reform and economic nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2004300–303,_329–334,_364–376-58">[55]</a> The Liberal Alliance, amongst other social issues, pushed for agricultural schools, industrial training centres, sanitation to the countryside, establishing workers' vacations and a minimum wage, political reforms, individuals' freedom, and consumer co-operatives, the majority of which Vargas would go on to install in the Brazilian economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevineCrocitti1999156–157-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014187-60">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Revolution_of_1930">The Revolution of 1930</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Revolution of 1930">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930" title="Brazilian Revolution of 1930">Brazilian Revolution of 1930</a></div> Much to the distaste of the opposition, Júlio Prestes was declared winner of the 1930 election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014187-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010109-61">[58]</a> This, however, did not go without many claims of electoral fraud, though fraud was committed on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014187-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010109-61">[58]</a> Electoral machines produced votes in all Brazilian states, including Rio Grande do Sul, where Vargas won 298,627 votes to 982.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014187-60">[57]</a> Although many in the opposition considered orchestrating a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup</a> following the results, Vargas claimed that they did not have enough power to dispute the election successfully. It seemed the planned coup would not be executed. However, in the wake of the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa_(politician)" title="João Pessoa (politician)">João Pessoa</a>, Vargas's running mate, for romantic reasons, the opposition decided it was ultimately time to take up arms, and Vargas agreed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010109-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevineCrocitti1999161-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014188-63">[60]</a> Although the president was elected in March, he wasn't to be sworn in until November, leaving time for Luís to transition power to the president-elect, Prestes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010109-61">[58]</a> Alongside his co-conspirators, Vargas planned to overthrow the federal government in an armed revolution. This revolution, known as the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930" title="Brazilian Revolution of 1930">Revolution of 1930</a>, began on 3 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194481-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014189-64">[61]</a> Railway workers went on strike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014189-64">[61]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, citizens invaded government buildings, seized an arsenal, and wrecked a telephone station.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014189-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197442-65">[62]</a> Revolutionaries quickly took control of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast</a>, and a large military confrontation in São Paulo seemed imminent. This, however, never happened, as Luís resigned on 24 October 1930, at the urging of both the military and Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Dom</a> <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_da_Silveira_Cintra" title="Sebastião da Silveira Cintra">Sebastião Leme</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Military_Junta_of_1930" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Military Junta of 1930">A short-lived junta of Brazil's military leaders</a> took charge of the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010109-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197442-65">[62]</a> Revolutionary leaders, surprised at the ousting of the president, were concerned as it had been done without previous notice to the revolutionaries. Vargas went by train to São Paulo and continued toward Rio de Janeiro (then the nation's capital),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014189-64">[61]</a> and telegraphed to the junta on 24 October 1930:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung196766–69-66">[63]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I am on the São Paulo border with thirty thousand men perfectly armed and acting in combination with the states of Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná, Santa Catarina, Minas Gerais and the north, not to depose Washington Luis, but to realise the program of the revolution... I am merely a transitory expression of the collective will. Members of the junta of Rio de Janeiro will be accepted as collaborators but not directors, since these elements joined the revolution at the time when its success was assured. Under these conditions, I will enter with the southern forces into the state of São Paulo, which will be occupied by troops I can trust. We will arrange the trip to Rio [de Janeiro] later. It is unnecessary for me to say that the march upon São Paulo and the subsequent military occupation is merely to guarantee military order. We have no desire to antagonise or humiliate our brothers from this state, who deserve only our esteem and appreciation. Before beginning our march for São Paulo tomorrow I want to hear any proposals that the junta may wish to make.</blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Getuliovargas1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Getuliovargas1930.jpg/400px-Getuliovargas1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Getuliovargas1930.jpg/600px-Getuliovargas1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Getuliovargas1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>Vargas (center) and his wife (right) arriving in Rio de Janeiro</figcaption></figure> Vargas arrived in Rio de Janeiro in a uniform and wide-brimmed pampa hat, with 3,000 soldiers in the city in preparation of his arrival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014189-64">[61]</a> The junta withdrew from power and installed Vargas as "interim president" on 3 November 1930.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2004364–376-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194482-67">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provisional_government">Provisional government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Provisional government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ascension">Ascension</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ascension">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Get%C3%BAlio_nomeando_os_Ministros_03-11-1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Get%C3%BAlio_nomeando_os_Ministros_03-11-1930.jpg/220px-Get%C3%BAlio_nomeando_os_Ministros_03-11-1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Get%C3%BAlio_nomeando_os_Ministros_03-11-1930.jpg/330px-Get%C3%BAlio_nomeando_os_Ministros_03-11-1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Get%C3%BAlio_nomeando_os_Ministros_03-11-1930.jpg/440px-Get%C3%BAlio_nomeando_os_Ministros_03-11-1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption>Vargas with members of his cabinet on inauguration day, 3 November 1930</figcaption></figure> Vargas's provisional presidency began on 3 November 1930, when he assumed "unlimited power" from the provisional government in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1930, and gave a speech detailing a 17-point program.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197449-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194482-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[d]</a> He imprisoned his prominent political opponents, and instead of taking the "constitutional solution", where Vargas would act within the boundaries of the 1891 constitution and he would be declared victor of the 1930 election, Vargas chose the "revolutionary solution" and assumed emergency powers with a provisional government as he had told Aranha from <a href="/wiki/Ponta_Grossa" title="Ponta Grossa">Ponta Grossa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197447,_51-70">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010133-71">[67]</a> Even amongst the poorest of Brazilians, Vargas had brought hope to them, something which drove him to oblige to his goals. For now, the Brazilian people lived under a regime lacking political parties and one which governed by decree, which they accepted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199823-72">[68]</a> Vargas also held sympathies for a corporatist state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197453-73">[69]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The old political formula, stressing the rights of man, appears to be decadent. Instead of individualism, synonym for an excess of liberty, and of communism, a new mentality for slavery, the perfect co-ordination of all initiatives should prevail, circumscribed within the orbit of the State; and class organisations should be recognised as collaborators in public administration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197453-73">[69]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Getúlio Vargas</cite></div></blockquote>Through his provisional government, it was apparent that Vargas was attempting to centralize his power. After dissolving state and municipal legislatures as well as the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a>, Vargas assumed all policymaking power of the legislative and executive branches and the ability to name and dismiss public officials at will, though the judiciary branch was allowed to remain with modification on all levels of government. Ensuring his support, Vargas also named federal "intervenors" to administer the Brazilian states and replace presidents (governors), with the only exception being Minas Gerais, where the president was allowed to remain as interventor. Nearly all these actions were perscribed in a single decree on 11 November 1930.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010110–111-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010133-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-:132-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014194-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197447–48-77">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coffee_policy">Coffee policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Coffee policy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cart%C3%A3o_postal_comemorativo_da_Grande_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Curitiba_do_Departamento_Nacional_do_Caf%C3%A9,_de_1942.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cart%C3%A3o_postal_comemorativo_da_Grande_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Curitiba_do_Departamento_Nacional_do_Caf%C3%A9%2C_de_1942.png/220px-Cart%C3%A3o_postal_comemorativo_da_Grande_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Curitiba_do_Departamento_Nacional_do_Caf%C3%A9%2C_de_1942.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cart%C3%A3o_postal_comemorativo_da_Grande_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Curitiba_do_Departamento_Nacional_do_Caf%C3%A9%2C_de_1942.png/330px-Cart%C3%A3o_postal_comemorativo_da_Grande_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Curitiba_do_Departamento_Nacional_do_Caf%C3%A9%2C_de_1942.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Cart%C3%A3o_postal_comemorativo_da_Grande_Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Curitiba_do_Departamento_Nacional_do_Caf%C3%A9%2C_de_1942.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Vargas sips coffee on a commemorative postcard of an exhibition of the National Coffee Department. This was taken much later in his first presidency (1942).</figcaption></figure>Since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, there was no longer any demand for Brazil's agricultural production. Planters found financial ruin, unemployment in cities grew, foreign revenue declined, and <a href="/wiki/Convertible_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Convertible money">convertible money</a> was no longer in circulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014193-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199823-72">[68]</a> For instance, the price of coffee was 22.5 cents per pound in 1929, but this plummeted to a mere eight cents in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197450-78">[74]</a> Though Vargas promoted the diversification of agriculture, especially with cotton,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2004300–303,_329–334,_364–376-58">[55]</a> he also recognized that he could not abandon the coffee sector, which Brazil was <a href="/wiki/Coffee_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee cycle">highly dependent upon</a>. Therefore, the Vargas government took measures to address the sector's financial ruin. On 10 February 1933, Vargas created the National Coffee Department (DNC) (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Departamento_Nacional_do_Caf%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departamento Nacional do Café (page does not exist)">Departamento Nacional do Café</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departamento_Nacional_do_Caf%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="pt:Departamento Nacional do Café">pt</a>]),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014194–195-79">[75]</a> and in March 1931, Vargas issued a decree which barred imports of machinery for industries suffering from overproduction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197450-78">[74]</a> Still, Vargas's government was faced with a major problem: Large stocks of coffee had no demand on the international market. In July 1931, the government, using the money it received via export taxes and exchange taxes, would purchase excess coffee and destroy some of it. Doing such, the price of coffee would be sustained and the supply would be reduced. The plan lasted many years, only ending in 1944. By that point, Vargas's government had destroyed 78,200,000 sacks of coffee, equivalent to the world's consumption for three years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014195-80">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_policy">Labor policy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Labor policy">edit</a>]</div> According to historians Boris and Sergio Fausto, "One of the more coherent aspects of the Vargas administration was its labor policy. Between 1930 and 1945, it passed through several stages, but from the beginning it appeared as innovative as far as what preceded it was concerned. Its main objectives were to repress efforts of the urban working class to organize outside the aegis of the state and to incorpoate the working class into the government's array of supporters."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014195-80">[76]</a> To achieve these goals, Vargas, notably, created the Ministry of Labor, Industry, and Commerce<a href="#cite_note-82">[e]</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minist%C3%A9rio_do_Trabalho_(Brasil)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ministério do Trabalho (Brasil) (page does not exist)">Ministério do Trabalho</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minist%C3%A9rio_do_Trabalho_(Brasil)" class="extiw" title="pt:Ministério do Trabalho (Brasil)">pt</a>]) in November 1930, nominating <a href="/wiki/Lindolfo_Collor" title="Lindolfo Collor">Lindolfo Collor</a> as the first Minister of Labor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014195-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197449-68">[65]</a> Laws were passed to protect workers, a March 1931 decree brought unions into line, and Vargas's government established the Bureaus of Reconciliation and Arbitration (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Juntas_de_Concilia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_Julgamento&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juntas de Conciliação e Julgamento (page does not exist)">Juntas de Conciliação e Julgamento</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juntas_de_Concilia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_Julgamento" class="extiw" title="pt:Juntas de Conciliação e Julgamento">pt</a>]) to mediate worker-boss affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014196-83">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197450–51-84">[79]</a> To protect the rights of Brazilian workers, the government limited immigration and required that at least two-thirds of all workers at any given factory be Brazilian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197450-78">[74]</a> The president gained considerable support from organized labor with his government beginning construction on long-promised workers' housing in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, despite it being under par compared to the needs of the growing population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010133-71">[67]</a> He also began taking repressive measures toward leftist organizations in respect to the economy, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Communist_Party" title="Brazilian Communist Party">Brazilian Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014195-80">[76]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Correio_da_Manh%C3%A3_AN_180.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Correio_da_Manh%C3%A3_AN_180.jpg/220px-Correio_da_Manh%C3%A3_AN_180.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Correio_da_Manh%C3%A3_AN_180.jpg/330px-Correio_da_Manh%C3%A3_AN_180.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Correio_da_Manh%C3%A3_AN_180.jpg/440px-Correio_da_Manh%C3%A3_AN_180.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2075" data-file-height="1481" /></a><figcaption>A Brazilian factory in 1938, during Vargas's dictatorship</figcaption></figure>The economic regulations Vargas imposed, however, were still being circumvented as late as 1941.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine197039–40-85">[80]</a> While it was impossible for the minimum wage laws to be evaded by large businesses or in large towns,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973347-86">[81]</a> the minimum rural salary of 1943 was, in many cases, simply not abided by employers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne1974155-87">[82]</a> In fact, many social policies never extended to rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199867-88">[83]</a> While each state varied, social legislation was enforced less by the government and more by the good will of employers and officials in the remote regions of Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973351-89">[84]</a> Vargas's legislation did more for the industrial workers than for the more numerous agricultural workers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne1974198-90">[85]</a> despite the fact that only relatively few industrial workers joined the unions that the government encouraged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199867-88">[83]</a> The state-run social security system was inefficient and the Institute for Retirement and Social Welfare produced few results.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199747,_186-91">[86]</a> The popular backlash due to these shortcomings was evidenced by the rising popularity of the National Liberation Alliance, a leftist front, in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197470-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112-93">[88]</a> Moreover, the Faustos state that, "The nation's financial situation became untenable halfway through 1931."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014195-80">[76]</a> Payments on Brazil's foreign debt ceased in September of the same year, and the <a href="/wiki/Banco_do_Brasil" title="Banco do Brasil">Bank of Brazil</a> had once more been granted sole permission to exchange currency, a measure that had originally been put in place by president Luís's government yet repealed by Vargas's provisional government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014195-80">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_education">Religion and education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion and education">edit</a>]</div> Brazil had had a close cooperation between the Church and state by the time Vargas assumed power. The collaboration began mostly in the 1920s under the administration of Artur Bernardes. Vargas now made the relationship much closer, evident in the unveiling of the statue of <a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Redeemer_(statue)" title="Christ the Redeemer (statue)">Christ the Redeemer</a> on 12 October 1931.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014194-76">[72]</a> Vargas and his ministers were present at the unveiling, and Cardinal Leme, who was influential in the ousting of president Luís, declared Brazil as "the most holy heart of Jesus, whom it recognized as its King and Lord."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014194-76">[72]</a> Vargas's government took special measures in favor of the church, and the church received support for the new government from the majority of Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>. In April 1931, a decree allowed religion to be taught in public schools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014194-76">[72]</a> This was all despite the fact that Vargas was firmly agnostic (though Darci practiced Roman Catholicism),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199816–17-94">[89]</a> going as far as to name his first son Lutero, an un-Catholic name.<a href="#cite_note-:022-95">[90]</a> His purpose for the union between the church and state was to build popular support for his government through the channeling of religious feelings toward the state, though.<a href="#cite_note-:022-95">[90]</a> Hoping to tackle the issue of education as well, Vargas's government immediately introduced new measures to improve what was perceived as a problem in Brazil. Like religion, reform was tried in the 1920s at first, beginning at the state level. However, Vargas's new government sought to centralize education, creating the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Education (Brazil)">Ministry of Education and Health</a> in November 1930.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197449-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014196–197-96">[91]</a> The initiatives were based on "authoritarianism" and a hybrid between hierarchical values and Catholic conservatism, though it was never considered "fascist indoctrination". Major reforms also took hold in <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, with Vargas's government creating conditions favorable to universities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014196–197-96">[91]</a> Vargas's reforms were limited, however. Though his laws were in existence, the enforcement of those laws was lackluster.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevineCrocitti1999204-97">[92]</a> In 1948, <a href="/wiki/An%C3%ADsio_Teixeira" title="Anísio Teixeira">Anísio Teixeira</a>, considered to be Brazil's greatest education reformer, reviewed the education reform done in the state of Bahia after twenty years (1928–1948).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevineCrocitti1999204-97">[92]</a> On 16 April 1948, Teixeira gave a speech in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevineCrocitti1999204-97">[92]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Most of the state's educational efforts are performed by a cadre of primary schoolteachers centered in cities or dispersed throughout the interior, where in almost all cases there are no school buildings, only makeshift classrooms, and virtually no teaching materials. There are few state-funded secondary schools in Bahia, which lamentably is disorganized and congested, and only three institutions to train elementary-level teachers. Only one of them has adequate facilities. In spite of the strangulation and humiliation, there are still noble examples of teachers' devotion and persistence.</blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:742px;max-width:742px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Vargas and religion</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:259px;max-width:259px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Correio_da_Manh%C3%A3_AN_447.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Correio_da_Manh%C3%A3_AN_447.jpg/257px-Correio_da_Manh%C3%A3_AN_447.jpg" decoding="async" width="257" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Correio_da_Manh%C3%A3_AN_447.jpg/386px-Correio_da_Manh%C3%A3_AN_447.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Correio_da_Manh%C3%A3_AN_447.jpg/514px-Correio_da_Manh%C3%A3_AN_447.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2597" data-file-height="1596" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dom_Augusto_Alvaro_da_Silva_e_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dom_Augusto_Alvaro_da_Silva_e_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif/lossy-page1-238px-Dom_Augusto_Alvaro_da_Silva_e_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dom_Augusto_Alvaro_da_Silva_e_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif/lossy-page1-357px-Dom_Augusto_Alvaro_da_Silva_e_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dom_Augusto_Alvaro_da_Silva_e_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif/lossy-page1-476px-Dom_Augusto_Alvaro_da_Silva_e_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="1393" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Dom_Aquino_Corr%C3%AAa,_1938.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Dom_Aquino_Corr%C3%AAa%2C_1938.tif/lossy-page1-235px-Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Dom_Aquino_Corr%C3%AAa%2C_1938.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Dom_Aquino_Corr%C3%AAa%2C_1938.tif/lossy-page1-353px-Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Dom_Aquino_Corr%C3%AAa%2C_1938.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Dom_Aquino_Corr%C3%AAa%2C_1938.tif/lossy-page1-470px-Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Dom_Aquino_Corr%C3%AAa%2C_1938.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1967" data-file-height="1324" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">(Left) Vargas stands with future <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pius_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius XII">Pius XII</a>, center first row, 22 October 1934. (Center) Vargas and Dom <a href="/wiki/Augusto_da_Silva" title="Augusto da Silva">Augusto da Silva</a>, date unknown. (Right) Vargas and Dom <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Aquino_Correia" title="Francisco de Aquino Correia">Aquino Correia</a>, 1938.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resistance">Resistance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Resistance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cartaz_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cartaz_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_1.jpg/220px-Cartaz_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cartaz_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_1.jpg/330px-Cartaz_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cartaz_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_1.jpg/440px-Cartaz_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>A recruiting poster for the 1932 Constitutionalist Revolution portraying Vargas in the hands of a <a href="/wiki/Bandeirante" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandeirante">Bandeirante</a>. The poster is calling to "take down the dictatorship"</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Revolution" title="Constitutionalist Revolution">Constitutionalist Revolution</a></div> The adjustment from the Old Republic to a new regime was painful despite Vargas's reforms.<a href="#cite_note-Hudson2-98">[93]</a> After a rebellion broke out in Recife in May 1931, Aranha and General Leite de Castro presented Vargas with a decree which would declare martial law for mutinies. Vargas told them to redraft it, and Aranha told Vargas's secretary, "This Getúlio has a passive resistance that is enervating."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197452-99">[94]</a> While Vargas increased his support with senior army officers, bloody riots broke out in Recife in October 1931. In February 1932, the Democratic Party of São Paulo joined forces with Republicans in a united front against Vargas. There was even a front in Vargas's home state of Rio Grande do Sul, pushing for a seven-point program, the instant restoration of individuals' rights, the guarantee of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>, and the election of a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_assembly" title="Constituent assembly">constituent assembly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197453–54-100">[95]</a> At this point, some foreign diplomats had much doubt Vargas had any control of events, observing the division between revolutionary leaders and unrest in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197454–55-101">[96]</a> The painful transition between regimes was most evident in the 1932 <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Revolution" title="Constitutionalist Revolution">Constitutionalist Revolution</a>, a three-month long <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> in Brazil (9 July–2 October 1932) which pitted São Paulo, now suffering as their interests and pride were lost, against the federal government in the name of a free constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010111-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hudson2-98">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197455-103">[98]</a> Furthermore, the state of São Paulo was distressed with Vargas's implementation of interventors to replace state presidents. São Paulo's interventor, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Alberto" title="João Alberto">João Alberto Lins de Barros</a>, was extremely unpopular in the state, becoming the subject of hostility by politicians and the press despite his best efforts to appease them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010111-102">[97]</a> He was forced to resign in July 1931 after a minor rebellion in April of that year, and three separate interventors succeeded him until mid-1932, including a civilian interventor Vargas appointed in March.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014199-104">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197452-99">[94]</a> The state believed Minas Gerais and Rio Grande do Sul would join them and a potential coup would transpire, which was not the case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197455-103">[98]</a> However, Vargas felt depressed during the crisis, with both Alzira and Monteiro noting he was passing through an abrupt mental stage at the beginning of the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197455,_57-105">[100]</a> Although federal forces defeated the revolutionaries, a new constitution would be enacted two years later in the aftermath.<a href="#cite_note-Hudson2-98">[93]</a> Vargas, meanwhile, enforced soft peace terms, ordered the federal government to pay half of the rebels' debt, and refused to bomb or invade the city of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> during the conflict, rather limiting fighting to the outskirts of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010111-102">[97]</a> Vargas, especially during his early years, was always in danger of being ousted by one or more of the groups in his coalition, including the anti-São Paulo planters, the bourgeoisie, and the military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2004364–376-23">[22]</a> Rumors circulated in his provisional presidency about coups both left- and right-wing, though they had no basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199824–25-106">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electoral_reform_and_the_1934_Constitution">Electoral reform and the 1934 Constitution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Electoral reform and the 1934 Constitution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1934_Brazilian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="1934 Brazilian Constitution">1934 Brazilian Constitution</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%ADtulo_de_eleitor_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/T%C3%ADtulo_de_eleitor_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_1934.jpg/220px-T%C3%ADtulo_de_eleitor_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/T%C3%ADtulo_de_eleitor_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_1934.jpg/330px-T%C3%ADtulo_de_eleitor_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/T%C3%ADtulo_de_eleitor_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_1934.jpg/440px-T%C3%ADtulo_de_eleitor_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="892" /></a><figcaption>Vargas's voter registration, October 1934. His date of birth had already been changed to 1883.</figcaption></figure> Under Vargas's regime, the federal government maintained a responsibility for protecting the <a href="/wiki/Secret_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret vote">secret vote</a> in elections, and many voting reforms were introduced, including the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Election_Justice" title="Brazilian Election Justice">Electoral Justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>, and a lowering of the voting age from twenty-one to eighteen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112-93">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2004372-107">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014200-108">[103]</a> Fraud was reduced, and the Electoral Justice was tasked with the organization and oversight of elections and the judgement of appeals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014200-108">[103]</a> Prior to the São Paulo revolt, Vargas made a promise to hold elections in a speech in May 1932.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197454-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112-93">[88]</a> The same speech highlighted the achievements produced by the provisional government, including education reform and a balanced budget. He contrasted the contemporary history of England and France to Brazil's situation, justifying the need for emergency powers during an economic crisis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197454-109">[104]</a> Vargas fulfilled his promise when, in May 1933, elections for a National Constituent Assembly were held.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112-93">[88]</a> There was an increase in popular participation as well as party organization. The Communist Party was banned, however, and the many parties that appeared were in states. There were no national parties with the exception of the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014202-110">[105]</a> The Constituent Assembly, elected under Vargas's provisional presidency, convened from 1933 until 1934.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112-93">[88]</a> After months of debate, they initiated a new Constitution of Brazil, the third one in its history, which guaranteed an impartial judiciary, government responsibility for the economy, and <a href="/wiki/General_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="General welfare">general welfare</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112-93">[88]</a> Similar to the Constitution of 1891, it established a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a> in Brazil, and it was modeled after Germany's <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>. The new constitution reflected Vargas's earlier reforms: it dealt with minimum wage, labor rights, compulsory attendance and free primary schools, classes in religion (although it was open to all religions and elective in public schools), and national security.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014202–203-111">[106]</a> The constitution went into force on 14 July 1934, and the Constituent Assembly (which would be succeeded by the Chamber of Deputies) <a href="/wiki/1934_Brazilian_presidential_election" title="1934 Brazilian presidential election">elected</a> Vargas on 15 July to a four-year term to continue his presidency, now constitutionally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112-93">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014202–203-111">[106]</a> Vargas's constitutional presidency was set to expire on 3 May 1938.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014203-112">[107]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Skidmore" title="Thomas Skidmore">Thomas Skidmore</a> reflected on Vargas's transition to a new regime; "It looked as if Brazil was finally going to be allowed an experiment in modern democracy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112-93">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Towards_a_dictatorship">Towards a dictatorship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Towards a dictatorship">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authoritarian_direction">Authoritarian direction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Authoritarian direction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Communist_uprising_of_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist uprising of 1935">Communist uprising of 1935</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vargas_e_Roosevelt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Vargas_e_Roosevelt.jpg/220px-Vargas_e_Roosevelt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Vargas_e_Roosevelt.jpg/330px-Vargas_e_Roosevelt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Vargas_e_Roosevelt.jpg/440px-Vargas_e_Roosevelt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Vargas, seen here with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> in 1936</figcaption></figure> Vargas had originally offered <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Carlos_Prestes" title="Luís Carlos Prestes">Luís Carlos Prestes</a> the position as head of the military in 1930, but Prestes refused, opting instead to lead the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Communist_Party" title="Brazilian Communist Party">Brazilian Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010134–135-113">[108]</a> The Communist Party faced a problem, however. Their doctrine revolved around urban workers, whereas Brazil was still an agricultural society. Urban workers were mostly from rural backgrounds and did not want to participate, and workers who did were difficult to organize. Still, fear circulated amongst politicians and generals, and repressive measures were taken against communists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010113-114">[109]</a> On 19 January 1931, Vargas ordered any communists be arrested and their property seized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199824-115">[110]</a> Communists staged marches, counter-marches, and street fights comparative to the climate in central Europe. The Communist Party and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> hoped a military coup would overthrow the Brazilian government, weaken the United States and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and strengthen the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010113–114-116">[111]</a> In November 1935, a series of uprisings at military bases in <a href="/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Natal, Rio Grande do Norte">Natal</a>, Recife, and Rio de Janeiro culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_uprising_of_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist uprising of 1935">communist uprising of 1935</a>. The Comintern believed they had sufficientally infiltrated the army to allow Prestes to carry out the coup, but Vargas's forces "crushed" all revolts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010134–135-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010114-117">[112]</a> In reality, the uprising played into Vargas's hands. The Comintern and the Communist Party were unaware they were under surveillance by Brazilian police, and their attack gave evidence for a "Bolshevik threat".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010114-117">[112]</a> Skidmore said that Vargas's government "had a propaganda field day after it crushed the revolt, circulating wildly exaggerated stories (later discredited by military records) about loyalist officers shot unarmed in their beds."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010114-117">[112]</a> Immediately after the revolt, Vargas convinced the National Congress to declare a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>, during which he suspended civil rights, jailed trade unionists and his opposition, increased presidential powers, and bolstered police powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010134–135-113">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010114-117">[112]</a> For the next two years after the 1935 revolt, Vargas would keep persuading the Congress to renew the ninety-day state of siege, a period where the government held extraordinary police powers and there were growing concerns Vargas was preparing a <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010114-117">[112]</a> Prestes was also jailed in 1936 and sentenced to over sixteen years in prison. He would later be released in 1945 and campaigned for Vargas's policy the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010134-118">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coup_of_1937">Coup of 1937</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Coup of 1937">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1937_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1937 Brazilian coup d'état">1937 Brazilian coup d'état</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Discurso_do_presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_na_instala%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Estado_Novo_no_Pal%C3%A1cio_Guanabara..wav" title="File:Discurso do presidente da República Getúlio Vargas na instalação do Estado Novo no Palácio Guanabara..wav">Radio address of the formation of the Estado Nôvo by President Vargas, 10 November 1937</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1719" data-mwtitle="Discurso_do_presidente_da_República_Getúlio_Vargas_na_instalação_do_Estado_Novo_no_Palácio_Guanabara..wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Discurso_do_presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_na_instala%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Estado_Novo_no_Pal%C3%A1cio_Guanabara..wav/Discurso_do_presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_na_instala%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Estado_Novo_no_Pal%C3%A1cio_Guanabara..wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d4/Discurso_do_presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_na_instala%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Estado_Novo_no_Pal%C3%A1cio_Guanabara..wav/Discurso_do_presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_na_instala%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Estado_Novo_no_Pal%C3%A1cio_Guanabara..wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Discurso_do_presidente_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_na_instala%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Estado_Novo_no_Pal%C3%A1cio_Guanabara..wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div> <div class="description">On 10 November 1937, Vargas addressed the Brazilian people on the creation of his dictatorship, the Estado Nôvo. In Portuguese.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr />Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</div> </div> The fears of Vargas carrying out a self-coup were amplified by the authoritarian and pro-German military perceptions of his two top generals, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Aur%C3%A9lio_de_G%C3%B3is_Monteiro" title="Pedro Aurélio de Góis Monteiro">Pedro Aurélio de Góis Monteiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of War (Brazil)">Minister of War</a> Eurico Gaspar Dutra. He was becoming increasingly dependent on the military for support, and political attention now turned to the 1938 presidential elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115-119">[114]</a> Now, Vargas's opposition turned to supporting Armando Salles de Oliveira, a member of the paulista elite who, Skidmore says, "were now trying to gain through the vote what they had failed to gain by arms in 1932."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115-119">[114]</a> While Vargas government supported writer and minor politician from the Northeast Jose Americo de Almeida, the paulistas were now confident as they sought and received support from those against Vargas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115-119">[114]</a> All the while, Vargas's power was loosening. Political debates allowed for repressive measures to be unfastened; 300 people were let out of prison by order of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Public_Security_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Justice and Public Security (Brazil)">Minister of Justice</a>. Vargas and his government did not trust any of the three candidates, and one government observer even believed Brazil was at risk of becoming another Spain, that is, torn apart by civil war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014209-120">[115]</a> Leading up to the coup which would place Vargas as dictator, he was a somewhat depressed man, and he never seemed to admit to himself he enjoyed his power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199848-121">[116]</a> However, after a meeting with Monteiro and J. S. Maciel Filho, the president became reenergized, as evident by his following journal entries, though he was still saddened by the upcoming elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199848-121">[116]</a> One week before the coup, Vargas celebrated the seventh anniversary of his rise to power, devoting the evening to a "long" conversation with Monteiro.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199849-122">[117]</a> The pretext for the coup was enunciated in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a>, a document discovered in September 1937 at the Ministry of War detailing plans for a violent communist uprising.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014210-123">[118]</a> In actuality, the document was a blatant falsification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199851—52-124">[119]</a> After the Cohen Plan's revelation, on 10 November 1937, the coup was executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010135-125">[120]</a> All but one cabinet member signed the constitution per Vargas's request; military troops surrounded the National Congress and refused entry to congressmen; and the 1937 Constitution, corporatist and totalitarian, was now in force.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199849-122">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197484-126">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1998138-127">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010135–136-128">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014210–211-129">[124]</a> The 1938 presidential elections were canceled,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199851-130">[125]</a> and Brazil became a dictatorship called the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo</a>, or New State, led by Vargas. The National Congress acquiesced after some congressmen were imprisoned, and eighty legislators went to see Vargas in a show of support on 13 November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014211-131">[126]</a> Meanwhile, life went on as usual in Brazil as the population took the transition calmly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199850-132">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197484-126">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_the_dictatorship">Establishment of the dictatorship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Establishment of the dictatorship">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo (Brazil)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propaganda_do_Estado_Novo_(Brasil).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Propaganda_do_Estado_Novo_%28Brasil%29.jpg/220px-Propaganda_do_Estado_Novo_%28Brasil%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Propaganda_do_Estado_Novo_%28Brasil%29.jpg/330px-Propaganda_do_Estado_Novo_%28Brasil%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Propaganda_do_Estado_Novo_%28Brasil%29.jpg/440px-Propaganda_do_Estado_Novo_%28Brasil%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="949" /></a><figcaption>Vargas in propaganda of the Estado Novo promoting patriotic education to children, around 1938</figcaption></figure> Vargas's most prominent opponents were either arrested or exiled. As censorship concealed the media and the police were given increased powers, the public fell silent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115-119">[114]</a> Like when he took office, Vargas effectively ruled by decree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010136-133">[128]</a> The Integralists were initially supportive of the coup and the transition toward <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing politics</a>, anticipating their fellow Integralista Plínio Salgado to be offered a cabinet position, specifically the Minister of Education. The opposite ensued; Vargas's government enforced new restrictions on the movement's activities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014211-131">[126]</a> In retaliation, a band of Integralists tried to overthrow the federal government themselves. From 10 through 11 May 1938,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014211-131">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197490-134">[129]</a> armed Integralists and disloyal palace guards attacked the presidential palace in an effort to depose him. They began firing at the building, where Vargas was sleeping, entering into a multihour-long siege with Vargas and Alzira.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014211-131">[126]</a> Federal reinforcements arrived at Vargas's aid; four attackers were killed with the rest being imprisoned. Salgado sought exile in Portugal, meanwhile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014211-131">[126]</a> The result of the incident was a temporary chill on German-Brazilian relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197490-134">[129]</a> Most of the constitution was produced by a single man, anti-liberal and anti-communist Francisco Campos, future Minister of Justice for Vargas. The new constitution was highly detailed and comprehensive, even more so since Campos was working in a rush.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197485-135">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010118-136">[131]</a> Article II stated that there shall be only one flag, hymn, and motto throughout the country, for instance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197485-135">[130]</a> Campos would later hold a press conference and publicize the establishment of the National Press Council, created for the intention of "perfect coordination with the government in the control of the news and of political and doctrinal material."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197485-135">[130]</a> In general, the new era incorporated components from European fascism, though the president relied on the army for support rather than political parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010136-133">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antiliberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiliberalism">Antiliberalism</a> was also very apparent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010118–119-137">[132]</a> Vargas outlawed all political parties on 2 December 1937.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010136-133">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197486–87-138">[133]</a> A plebiscite to approve the new regime was abandoned, the proposed congress never convened, and Vargas's term of office was prolonged by six years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197486–87-138">[133]</a> Personally, Vargas told foreign reporters the Estado Novo was democratic at heart but promoted authoritarianism at home. When Alzira asked him about the plebiscite, Vargas replied, "The whole purpose of the coup of November 10 was to avoid any electoral action which could prejudice us at this time; and yet you ask me questions about the plebiscite?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197488-139">[134]</a> Industrial expansion was performed and support for coffee was diminished. Campos had suggested a totalitarian party and the Minister of Education requested a fascist youth program, both of which Vargas demonstrated little enthusiasm for and buried.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197488-139">[134]</a> "Brasilidade" led to a reform of Portuguese spelling and the closure of foreign language schools and newspapers with the main targets being German and Italian communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197489-140">[135]</a> In regard to fundamental issues, Vargas's personal power was the deciding factor; trust between the president and his ministers increased, and between March 1938 and June 1941 there was not a change in ministers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014212-141">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalism_and_domestic_policy_as_dictator">Nationalism and domestic policy as dictator</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Nationalism and domestic policy as dictator">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_campaign" title="Nationalization campaign">Nationalization campaign</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_apoio_a_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_apoio_a_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_apoio_a_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_apoio_a_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_apoio_a_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_apoio_a_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_apoio_a_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2669" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Celebrations for Vargas on his sixtieth birthday, 19 April 1942</figcaption></figure> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Teresa_Meade" title="Teresa Meade">Teresa Meade</a>, "Because the major social reforms of the Estado Novo were enactment of a minimum-wage law and the codification of all labor reforms since 1930 into a single labor act, Vargas was able to win to his party the devotion of the urban workers."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010136-133">[128]</a> Such labor laws were also centered around corporatism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010119-142">[137]</a> Vargas's image as the "workers' guardian" took hold in ceremonies, such as the <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> celebration, where masses would gather. He used the radio to communicate and bring workers and the government together, and the labor minister gave weekly radio speeches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014218-143">[138]</a> From 1930 until 1938, the wage index rose from 230 to 315 points; this contrasted with the cost of living, however, from 290 to 490 points, with the cost of living doubling in Rio de Janeiro and nearly tripling in São Paulo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197493-144">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010123–124-145">[140]</a> However, in respect to the Great Depression, Brazil reemerged from the economic crisis sooner than the United Kingdom or the United States, a comeback sustained by World War II production, American technology, and Brazilians turning to Brazilian producers when shipping was interrupted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010123-146">[141]</a> Beginning in 1935, industrialists became interested in establishing oil refineries in the country, such as <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> (1936) and <a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a> (1938) amongst others who established "huge" refineries in Brazil, though they would be nationalized in Brazilian hands in April 1938 via decree-law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014215-147">[142]</a> The president also decided to stop paying the national debt right after the coup, too, proclaiming that Brazil could either modernize its armed forces and transportation or pay the debt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014213-148">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidente_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_inaugura_o_Museu_Imperial.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Presidente_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_inaugura_o_Museu_Imperial.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Presidente_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_inaugura_o_Museu_Imperial.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Presidente_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_inaugura_o_Museu_Imperial.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Presidente_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_inaugura_o_Museu_Imperial.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Presidente_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_inaugura_o_Museu_Imperial.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Presidente_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_inaugura_o_Museu_Imperial.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>Vargas at the inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Imperial Museum of Brazil">Imperial Museum of Brazil</a>, 16 March 1943</figcaption></figure> Popular culture was also an important aspect of Vargas's dictatorship. In 1941, his government created the National Sport Council, and, as Skidmore concludes, "Vargas was one of the first politicians to appreciate the political payoff from supporting it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010119-142">[137]</a> Another example was the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Carnival" title="Rio Carnival">Rio Carnival</a>: Vargas's government was the first (on the federal level) to support <a href="/wiki/Samba_school" title="Samba school">samba schools</a> and Rio parades, both of which had become a universal symbol of Brazilian culture. Two achievements resulted: an economic benefit (tourism) and a greater national identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010119-142">[137]</a> Moreover, Vargas's government launched an elaborate campaign of restoring historic and religious architecture, sculpture, and painting. In <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Petrópolis">Petrópolis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Museum_of_Brazil" title="Imperial Museum of Brazil">Imperial Museum of Brazil</a> was restored, and the Ministry of Education and Culture building in Rio de Janeiro which was designed by Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer (construction began in 1936 and finished in 1943).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010119-142">[137]</a> A darker side to the Vargas-sponsored work with a national identity was to protect the country from those who were deemed "un-Brazilian", such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Brazilians" title="Japanese Brazilians">Japanese Brazilians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Brazilian">Jewish Brazilians</a>. Official and unofficial discrimination was performed, limited mainly to closing "foreign" newspapers, schools, and organizations, but it never reached the magnitude of Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010120-149">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wartime_leader_and_fall">Wartime leader and fall</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Wartime leader and fall">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy,_pre-war">Foreign policy, pre-war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Foreign policy, pre-war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Between the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Italo_Balbo_-_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Italo_Balbo_-_1931.jpg/214px-Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Italo_Balbo_-_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Italo_Balbo_-_1931.jpg/321px-Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Italo_Balbo_-_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Italo_Balbo_-_1931.jpg/428px-Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_e_Italo_Balbo_-_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="747" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">15 January 1931, Vargas (center) is seen with <a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Italo Balbo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:129px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson_Rockefeller_e_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nelson_Rockefeller_e_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Nelson_Rockefeller_e_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nelson_Rockefeller_e_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Nelson_Rockefeller_e_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Nelson_Rockefeller_e_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Nelson_Rockefeller_e_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2699" data-file-height="2046" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">1942, seen with <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Inter-American_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs">Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs</a>, of the United States</div></div></div></div></div> In Europe, Nazi Germany viewed Brazil as a key trading partner. From 1933 to 1938 (a time period encompassing parts of all three periods of Vargas's first presidency), German-Brazilian trade magnified. Principally, Germany bought Brazilian cotton in return for German industrial goods, all the while the United Kingdom being the main loser.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010120-149">[144]</a> Germany hoped to lure Brazil into the German politico-military sphere. They sold weapons to Brazil and offered technical training, and the 1937 coup was praised in Germany and Italy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010120-149">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014221-150">[145]</a> The U.K. did have a major role in aiding Vargas's police and intelligence forces, though. British agents provided information on foreign threats and assisted the country during the 1935 communist uprising.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010120-149">[144]</a> Meanwhile, in the aftermath of the 1937 coup, the United States immediately asked for an explanation from Brazil's ambassador Aranha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115–116-151">[146]</a> The U.S. recognized Brazil's strategic position on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> coast and the potential of it playing a vital role in dominating air and sea traffic. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">American military</a> worried the coup would bring Brazil closer to Nazi Germany, aware of Vargas' advisers', specifically Dutra's and Monteiro's, beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010116-152">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne1974100-153">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010137-154">[149]</a> They had been struggling to influence Brazil, and the existence of a large German-speaking population in Brazil's South strengthened American fears of the Vargas dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010116-152">[147]</a> Under U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, the United States began the <a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a> toward Latin America in what Bourne describes as a modern <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne1974100-153">[148]</a> Similar to pre-World War I, the U.S. State Department also denounced the German trade policy. The military tried to counter German offers of arms and training, but they failed. Vargas had, in fact, tried to negotiate to obtain U.S. military equipment first, but the isolationist <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> refused, even outlawed, foreign arms sales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010120-149">[144]</a> In 1937, Vargas offered U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt the use of Brazilian coastal bases, but the offer was refused. This was most likely because Roosevelt was either to follow the U.S. Congress or abandon them, for if he did accept the offer it would have looked like he was preparing for war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010121-155">[150]</a> In 1938, Vargas sent <a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9e_de_Heeren" title="Aimée de Heeren">Aimée de Heeren</a> (see <a href="#Personal_life_and_interim">Personal life and interim</a>) to Paris as a secret agent to investigate the situation in Europe. Through <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_James_von_Moltke" title="Helmuth James von Moltke">Helmuth James von Moltke</a> she obtained secret information about Hitler's plans for the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish</a> population, prompting her to use "all her influence" on the president to distance Brazil from the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> In 1939, at the beginning of the Second World War, Vargas and Roosevelt both remained neutral, though Vargas continued to foster relations with the Axis powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010121-155">[150]</a> By 1941, however, Vargas still left his options open, approving a plan to modernize North and Northeast airports by <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am">Pan American Airways</a> under a contract by the U.S. army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010121-155">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._President_Roosevelt_and_Brazilian_President_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_aboard_USS_Humboldt_(AVP-21),_1943_(25132077365).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/U.S._President_Roosevelt_and_Brazilian_President_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_aboard_USS_Humboldt_%28AVP-21%29%2C_1943_%2825132077365%29.jpg/220px-U.S._President_Roosevelt_and_Brazilian_President_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_aboard_USS_Humboldt_%28AVP-21%29%2C_1943_%2825132077365%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/U.S._President_Roosevelt_and_Brazilian_President_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_aboard_USS_Humboldt_%28AVP-21%29%2C_1943_%2825132077365%29.jpg/330px-U.S._President_Roosevelt_and_Brazilian_President_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_aboard_USS_Humboldt_%28AVP-21%29%2C_1943_%2825132077365%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/U.S._President_Roosevelt_and_Brazilian_President_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_aboard_USS_Humboldt_%28AVP-21%29%2C_1943_%2825132077365%29.jpg/440px-U.S._President_Roosevelt_and_Brazilian_President_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_aboard_USS_Humboldt_%28AVP-21%29%2C_1943_%2825132077365%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2564" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>President Vargas and President Roosevelt on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Humboldt" title="USS Humboldt">USS Humboldt</a> following a conference, 28 January 1943. Among them are <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Caffery" title="Jefferson Caffery">Jefferson Caffery</a>, U.S. ambassador to Brazil. Seated on the left is Harry Hopkins.</figcaption></figure> When <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attacked Pearl Harbor</a> on 7 December 1941 and the leader of Germany, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, declared war on the United States on 11 December, it became apparent that Brazil's military odds were in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010121-155">[150]</a> This was reinforced with the disastrous <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invasion of the Soviet Union</a> by Germany and their losses in the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010121-155">[150]</a> In addition, the U.S. was already forging alliances with Brazil; an important commercial deal in 1939 and the sale of ninety six-inch (152 mm) surplus guns to Brazil in March 1940, followed by a visit from Monteiro to the United States in October, centered foreign policy with the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne1974101-157">[152]</a> With this, Brazil declared war on Italy and Germany, following torpedo attacks on Brazilian ships and the sinking of a Brazilian submarine that year, on 21 August 1942, providing the allies with raw materials and Brazil's strategic coastline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010121-155">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne1974101-157">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010137-154">[149]</a> The siding with the Allies led to Monteiro and Dutra both turning in their resignations, which the president rejected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014213-148">[143]</a> Moreover, Vargas struck an "attractive" deal; in exchange for raw materials, the U.S. military provided equipment, technical assistance, and financing for a <a href="/wiki/Companhia_Sider%C3%BArgica_Nacional" title="Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional">Brazilian steel mill</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Volta_Redonda" title="Volta Redonda">Volta Redonda</a>, finalized in July 1940.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010121-155">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014214-158">[153]</a> Vargas hoped to identify Brazil with the Allied cause. He offered three Brazilian army divisions to fight the Germans in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> with the purpose of dramatizing Brazil's role in the war and to uplift Brazilian pride at home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010122-159">[154]</a> Additionally, a contingent of the army fought crucial battles in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a> in 1944 and further reinforced war pride and antifascism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010137-154">[149]</a> Vargas insisted every state be represented, whatever the quality of local recruits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010122-159">[154]</a> His government now held even more power as the need to ration essentials increased, and centralization persisted yet again in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010124-160">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_from_power">Fall from power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Fall from power">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1945_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1945 Brazilian coup d'état">1945 Brazilian coup d'état</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_a_favor_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_ao_final_do_Estado_Novo.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_a_favor_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_ao_final_do_Estado_Novo.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_a_favor_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_ao_final_do_Estado_Novo.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_a_favor_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_ao_final_do_Estado_Novo.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_a_favor_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_ao_final_do_Estado_Novo.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_a_favor_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_ao_final_do_Estado_Novo.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Manifesta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_a_favor_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_ao_final_do_Estado_Novo.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="2145" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Vargas demonstrations on 21 August 1945.</figcaption></figure> Though abroad the government defended democracy, there was increasing discontent at home when World War II finished due to the authoritarian policies by Vargas and his government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010150-161">[156]</a> Growing political movements and democratic demonstrations forced Vargas to abolish censorship in 1945, release numerous political prisoners, and allow for the reformation of political parties, including the Brazilian Communist Party, which supported Vargas after direction from Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014225-162">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010150–151-163">[158]</a> University students began to mobilize in 1943 against Vargas; strikes, which were banned, began to re-emerge thanks to war inflation, and even Aranha was in favor of a democratic shift.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014223–224,_226-164">[159]</a> Vargas himself built support after establishing the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Party_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Labour Party (historical)">Brazilian Labour Party</a> (and his aforementioned support from urban workers) and also found help from the left when it applied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010136,_151-165">[160]</a> With that, Vargas added the Additional Act to the constitution, which, among other things, provided for a 90-day period during which a time and date for elections would be designated. Precisely ninety days afterward, the new electoral code was issued, established 2 December 1945 for the election of the president and a (new) constituent assembly, and state elections on 6 May 1946. Furthermore, Vargas promulgated his intention not to run for president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014224–225-166">[161]</a> The military feared that Vargas was about to seize absolute power (after a detrimental move on 25 October 1945, removing João Alberto from chief of police of the Federal District and replacing him with Vargas's brother <a href="/wiki/Benjamim_Vargas" title="Benjamim Vargas">Benjamim</a>), so they forced his resignation and deposed him on 29 October, ending his first presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010151-167">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014227-168">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Between_presidencies">Between presidencies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Between presidencies">edit</a>]</div> In the 1945 elections, Vargas demonstrated his continued popular support by winning election as senator for São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, and member of the chamber of deputies from nine different states.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> He accepted the senate seat for Rio Grande, but effectively went into semiretirement.<a href="#cite_note-Watkins32-1">[1]</a> In 1950, he reemerged as a prominent political force when he ran for president as the candidate of the Brazilian Labor Party.<a href="#cite_note-170">[165]</a> He won the election and took office on 31 January 1951.<a href="#cite_note-171">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_presidency_(1951–1954)">Second presidency (1951–1954)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Second presidency (1951–1954)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Second presidency of Getúlio Vargas">Second presidency of Getúlio Vargas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17_-_Get%C3%BAlio_Dorneles_Vargas_1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/17_-_Get%C3%BAlio_Dorneles_Vargas_1951.jpg/170px-17_-_Get%C3%BAlio_Dorneles_Vargas_1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/17_-_Get%C3%BAlio_Dorneles_Vargas_1951.jpg/255px-17_-_Get%C3%BAlio_Dorneles_Vargas_1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/17_-_Get%C3%BAlio_Dorneles_Vargas_1951.jpg/340px-17_-_Get%C3%BAlio_Dorneles_Vargas_1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Vargas' second term official portrait, 1951</figcaption></figure> When he left the Estado Novo presidency, the economic surplus of Brazil was high and the industry was growing. After four years, however, pro-U.S. president Dutra wasted huge quantities of money protecting foreign investments, mostly North American, and distanced himself from the ideas of nationalism and the country's modernisation championed by Vargas. Vargas returned to politics in 1951, and, through a free and secret ballot, was re-elected president of the Republic. Hampered by the economic crisis largely engendered by Dutra's policies, Vargas pursued a nationalist policy, turning to the country's own natural resources and away from foreign dependency. As part of this policy, he founded <a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a> (Brazilian Petroleum), a multinational petroleum consortium, with the Government of Brazil as its majority stakeholder. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> Vargas' political adversaries initiated a crisis which culminated in the murder of an Air Force officer, Major <a href="/wiki/Rubens_Florentino_Vaz" title="Rubens Florentino Vaz">Rubens Vaz</a>, killed during an <a href="/wiki/Rua_Tonelero_shooting" title="Rua Tonelero shooting">assassination attempt</a> in the street outside <a href="/wiki/Rua_Tonelero" title="Rua Tonelero">180 Rua Tonelero</a>, the home of Vargas' main adversary, publishing executive and politician, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Lacerda" title="Carlos Lacerda">Carlos Lacerda</a>. Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Greg%C3%B3rio_Fortunato" title="Gregório Fortunato">Gregório Fortunato</a>, chief of Vargas' personal guard, also called "Black Angel", was implicated in the crime. This aroused anger in the military against Vargas, following which the generals demanded his resignation. In a last-ditch effort Vargas called a special cabinet meeting on the eve of 24 August, but rumours spread that the armed forces officers were implacable.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GetulioVargasPijamaRevolver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/GetulioVargasPijamaRevolver.jpg/220px-GetulioVargasPijamaRevolver.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/GetulioVargasPijamaRevolver.jpg/330px-GetulioVargasPijamaRevolver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/GetulioVargasPijamaRevolver.jpg/440px-GetulioVargasPijamaRevolver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Vargas's pyjamas and gun on exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Catete_Palace" title="Catete Palace">Republic Museum</a> in Rio de Janeiro</figcaption></figure> At 8:45 BRT on 24 August 1954, at the <a href="/wiki/Catete_Palace" title="Catete Palace">Catete Palace</a>, Vargas, unable to manage the situation, shot himself in the chest with a pistol.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-172">[167]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traslado_do_corpo_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_do_Rio_de_Janeiro_para_o_enterro_em_S%C3%A3o_Borja.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Traslado_do_corpo_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_do_Rio_de_Janeiro_para_o_enterro_em_S%C3%A3o_Borja.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Traslado_do_corpo_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_do_Rio_de_Janeiro_para_o_enterro_em_S%C3%A3o_Borja.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Traslado_do_corpo_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_do_Rio_de_Janeiro_para_o_enterro_em_S%C3%A3o_Borja.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Traslado_do_corpo_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_do_Rio_de_Janeiro_para_o_enterro_em_S%C3%A3o_Borja.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Traslado_do_corpo_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_do_Rio_de_Janeiro_para_o_enterro_em_S%C3%A3o_Borja.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Traslado_do_corpo_de_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas_do_Rio_de_Janeiro_para_o_enterro_em_S%C3%A3o_Borja.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2316" data-file-height="2103" /></a><figcaption>Crowds gather in front of <a href="/wiki/Santos_Dumont_Airport" title="Santos Dumont Airport">Santos Dumont Airport</a> during the transport of Vargas' body from Rio de Janeiro for burial in São Borja, 26 August 1954</figcaption></figure> His <a href="/wiki/Carta_Testamento" title="Carta Testamento">suicide note</a> was found and read out on radio within two hours of his son discovering the body. The famous last lines read, "Serenely, I take my first step on the road to eternity. I leave life to enter History."<a href="#cite_note-BBC-172">[167]</a> Vargas' suicide has been interpreted in various ways. "His death by suicide simultaneously traded on the image of a valiant warrior selflessly fighting for the protection of national interests, alongside the image of a crafty and calculating statesman, whose political machinations reeked of demagoguery and self-interest."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsWeinstein2004275-173">[168]</a> The same day, riots broke out in Rio de Janeiro and Porto Alegre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsWeinstein2004295,_photo-174">[169]</a> The Vargas family refused a <a href="/wiki/State_funeral" title="State funeral">state funeral</a>, but his successor, <a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Filho" title="Café Filho">Café Filho</a>, declared official days of mourning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsWeinstein2004285–87-175">[170]</a> Vargas' body was on public view in a glass-topped coffin. The route of the cortege carrying the body from the Presidential Palace to the airport was lined with tens of thousands of Brazilians. The burial and memorial service were in his hometown of São Borja, Rio Grande do Sul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsWeinstein2004287–294-176">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Museum_(Brazil)" title="National Historical Museum (Brazil)">Museu Histórico Nacional</a> (MHN) was given the furnishings of the bedroom where Vargas died by suicide, and a museum gallery recreates the scene and is a site of remembrance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsWeinstein2004299–301-177">[172]</a> On exhibit in the Palace is his nightshirt with a bullet hole in the chest. The popular outrage caused by his suicide had supposedly been strong enough to thwart the ambitions of his enemies, among the rightists, anti-nationalists, pro-U.S. elements and even the pro-Prestes <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Communist_Party" title="Brazilian Communist Party">Brazilian Communist Party</a>, for several years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0000_Bust_Getulio_Vargas.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/0000_Bust_Getulio_Vargas.JPG/170px-0000_Bust_Getulio_Vargas.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/0000_Bust_Getulio_Vargas.JPG/255px-0000_Bust_Getulio_Vargas.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/0000_Bust_Getulio_Vargas.JPG/340px-0000_Bust_Getulio_Vargas.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Bust of president Vargas at the Imperial Museum grounds in <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Petrópolis">Petrópolis</a></figcaption></figure> Many historians have regarded Vargas as the most influential Brazilian politician of the 20th century, as well as the first to draw widespread support from the masses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014193-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine19981-179">[174]</a> Having fought against the influence of the elite, Vargas guided Brazil through the Great Depression, and he was nicknamed "the Father of the Poor" for his economic reform.<a href="#cite_note-Poppino-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/48px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/64px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1930%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil (1930–1945)">History of Brazil (1930–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1945%E2%80%931964)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil (1945–1964)">History of Brazil (1945–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Getúlio Vargas">Fundação Getúlio Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rua_Tonelero" title="Rua Tonelero">Tonelero Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_diamond" title="Vargas diamond">Vargas diamond</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Vargas was born in 1882, however, sometime in the early 20th century, he changed his birth date on all official documents to 1883. Because of this, his date of birth had become a popular misconception.<a href="#cite_note-Poppino-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Darci Lima Sarmanho's name is also spelled Darcy Lima Sarmanho. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Washington Luís's name is also spelled Washington Luíz. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> The provisional presidency of Vargas has also been described as a dictatorship by its critics. See Bourne 1974 and Hudson 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Originally the Ministry of Labor founded in November 1930. In February 1931, it was expanded to the Ministry of Labor, Industry, and Commerce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197451-81">[77]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Watkins32-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watkins32_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watkins32_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watkins32_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watkins32_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watkins32_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watkins32_1-5">f</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWatkins" class="citation web cs1">Watkins, Thayer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/vargas.htm">"Getulio Vargas and the Estado Nôvo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="San José State University">San José State University</a> Department of Economics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031017104839/https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/vargas.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2003. Retrieved 7 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Getulio+Vargas+and+the+Estado+N%C3%B4vo&rft.pub=San+Jos%C3%A9+State+University+Department+of+Economics&rft.aulast=Watkins&rft.aufirst=Thayer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjsu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fwatkins%2Fvargas.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine197035-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine197035_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine197035_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine197035_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine197035_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine197035_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine197035_2-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1970">Levine 1970</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194480-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher194480_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher194480_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher194480_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher194480_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher194480_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher194480_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher194480_3-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1944">Fisher 1944</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-Poppino-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poppino_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poppino_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoppino" class="citation web cs1">Poppino, Rollie E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Getulio-Vargas">"Getúlio Vargas: President of Brazil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307133126/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Getulio-Vargas">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Get%C3%BAlio+Vargas%3A+President+of+Brazil&rft.aulast=Poppino&rft.aufirst=Rollie+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGetulio-Vargas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199813-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199813_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199813_6-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1998">Levine 1998</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199813–14-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199813–14_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1998">Levine 1998</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne19747-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne19747_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014193-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014193_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014193_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014193_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaustoFausto2014">Fausto & Fausto 2014</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=252025">"Getulio Vargas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geneall" title="Geneall">Geneall</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516215208/http://www.geneall.net/P/per_page.php?id=252025">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geneall&rft.atitle=Getulio+Vargas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geneall.net%2FP%2Fper_page.php%3Fid%3D252025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199814-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199814_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199814_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199814_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199814_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199814_11-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1998">Levine 1998</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne19749-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne19749_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne19749_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne19749_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne19749–10-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne19749–10_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197410-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197410_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197410_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197410_14-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199814–15-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199814–15_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1998">Levine 1998</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199815-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199815_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199815_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1998">Levine 1998</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199816-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199816_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199816_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199816_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199816_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199816_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199816_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199816_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199816_17-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199816_17-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199816_17-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1998">Levine 1998</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197411-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197411_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197411_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197411_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197411_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197411_18-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher194481-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher194481_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher194481_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher194481_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher194481_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher194481_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher194481_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher194481_19-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher194481_19-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher194481_19-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFFisher1944">Fisher 1944</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine197036-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine197036_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine197036_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine197036_20-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1970">Levine 1970</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYoung196733-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung196733_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung196733_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYoung196733_21-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFYoung1967">Young 1967</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine197035–36-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine197035–36_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1970">Levine 1970</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2004364–376-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2004364–376_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2004364–376_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2004364–376_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2004364–376_23-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeenHaynes2004">Keen & Haynes 2004</a>, pp. 364–376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalván196566-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalván196566_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalván196566_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalván1965">Galván 1965</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197412-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197412_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197412–13-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197412–13_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197412–13_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197412–13_26-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197413-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197413_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197413_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197413_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197413_27-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199817-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199817_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199817_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1998">Levine 1998</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNassif2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nassif, Luis (30 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jornalggn.com.br/historia/morre-ultima-dama-da-era-vargas/">"Morre última dama da Era Vargas"</a> [Last lady of the Vargas Era dies]. Jornal GGN (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240809171233/https://jornalggn.com.br/web/20240809171233/https://jornalggn.com.br/historia/morre-ultima-dama-da-era-vargas/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024. <q>Aimée separou-se (de Simões Lopes) sob noticias de um suposto caso com Getulio (...)</q> [Aimée divorced (Simões Lopes) amid news of an alleged affair with Getulio (...)]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jornal+GGN&rft.atitle=Morre+%C3%BAltima+dama+da+Era+Vargas&rft.date=2012-04-30&rft.aulast=Nassif&rft.aufirst=Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjornalggn.com.br%2Fhistoria%2Fmorre-ultima-dama-da-era-vargas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whitepages.com.br/history">"From the invention of the Phone to the Internet White Pages"</a>. whitepages.com.br. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160217194502/http://whitepages.com.br/history">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2015. <q>Her aura catched the attention of a man that was going to play an important role in the history of Brazil, President Getulio Vargas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whitepages.com.br&rft.atitle=From+the+invention+of+the+Phone+to+the+Internet+White+Pages&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhitepages.com.br%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199817–18-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199817–18_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1998">Levine 1998</a>, pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197414-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197414_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197414_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197414_33-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199818-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199818_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199818_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199818_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199818_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199818_34-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1998">Levine 1998</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197415-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197415_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197415_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197415_35-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197415–16-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197415–16_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197415–16_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197420-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197420_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197420_37-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 20. 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<a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197424-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197424_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010123–124-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeade2010123–124_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeade2010">Meade 2010</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010124-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeade2010124_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeade2010">Meade 2010</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010127–128-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeade2010127–128_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeade2010">Meade 2010</a>, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010103-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010103_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkidmore2010">Skidmore 2010</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010131–132-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeade2010131–132_54-0">a</a> <a 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NOVEMBRO DE 1930"</a> [DECREE No. 19,398 OF NOVEMBER 11, 1930.]. Presidência da República (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113034824/http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/1930-1949/D19398.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Presid%C3%AAncia+da+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.atitle=DECRETO+N%C2%BA+19.398+DE+11+DE+NOVEMBRO+DE+1930.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planalto.gov.br%2Fccivil_03%2Fdecreto%2F1930-1949%2FD19398.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014194-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014194_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014194_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014194_76-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014194_76-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaustoFausto2014">Fausto & Fausto 2014</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197447–48-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197447–48_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, pp. 47–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197450-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197450_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197450_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197450_78-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014194–195-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014194–195_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaustoFausto2014">Fausto & Fausto 2014</a>, pp. 194–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014195-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014195_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014195_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014195_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014195_80-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014195_80-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014195_80-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaustoFausto2014">Fausto & Fausto 2014</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197451-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197451_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014196-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014196_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaustoFausto2014">Fausto & Fausto 2014</a>, p. 196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197450–51-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197450–51_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine197039–40-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine197039–40_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1970">Levine 1970</a>, pp. 39–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973347-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973347_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoewenstein1973">Loewenstein 1973</a>, p. 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne1974155-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne1974155_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199867-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199867_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199867_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1998">Levine 1998</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973351-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoewenstein1973351_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoewenstein1973">Loewenstein 1973</a>, p. 351. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne1974198-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne1974198_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199747,_186-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199747,_186_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1997">Levine 1997</a>, pp. 47, 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197470-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197470_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112_93-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112_93-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112_93-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112_93-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112_93-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112_93-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010112_93-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkidmore2010">Skidmore 2010</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199816–17-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199816–17_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1998">Levine 1998</a>, p. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortes2018" class="citation journal cs1">Fortes, Alexandre (12 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020859017000608">"World War II and Brazilian Workers: Populism at the Intersections between National and Global Histories"</a>. 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(<a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a>) (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://countrystudies.us/brazil/16.htm">"The Era of Getúlio Vargas, 1930-54"</a>. Brazil: A Country Study. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Country Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0844408549" title="Special:BookSources/0844408549"><bdi>0844408549</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1057-5294">1057-5294</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/97036500">97036500</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/623126796">623126796</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927160715/http://countrystudies.us/brazil/16.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Era+of+Get%C3%BAlio+Vargas%2C+1930-54&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.place=Washington&rft.series=Country+Studies&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F623126796&rft.issn=1057-5294&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F97036500&rft.isbn=0844408549&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Rex+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fbrazil%2F16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197452-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197452_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197452_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197453–54-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197453–54_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, pp. 53–54. </li> <li 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57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199824–25-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199824–25_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1998">Levine 1998</a>, p. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2004372-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeenHaynes2004372_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeenHaynes2004">Keen & Haynes 2004</a>, p. 372. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014200-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014200_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014200_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaustoFausto2014">Fausto & Fausto 2014</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne197454-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197454_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne197454_109-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014202-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014202_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaustoFausto2014">Fausto & Fausto 2014</a>, p. 202. </li> 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115_119-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115_119-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115_119-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115_119-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115_119-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115_119-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010115_119-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkidmore2010">Skidmore 2010</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014209-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014209_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaustoFausto2014">Fausto & Fausto 2014</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199848-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199848_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199848_121-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1998">Levine 1998</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine199849-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine199849_122-0">a</a> <a 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Very Beautiful. Retrieved 7 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Very+Beautiful&rft.atitle=Aimee+de+Heeren+%281903+-+2006%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aimeedeheeren.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBourne1974101-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne1974101_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBourne1974101_157-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBourne1974">Bourne 1974</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014214-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014214_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaustoFausto2014">Fausto & Fausto 2014</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010122-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010122_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010122_159-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkidmore2010">Skidmore 2010</a>, p. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010124-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkidmore2010124_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkidmore2010">Skidmore 2010</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010150-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeade2010150_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeade2010">Meade 2010</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014225-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014225_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaustoFausto2014">Fausto & Fausto 2014</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010150–151-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeade2010150–151_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeade2010">Meade 2010</a>, pp. 150–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014223–224,_226-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014223–224,_226_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaustoFausto2014">Fausto & Fausto 2014</a>, pp. 223–224, 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010136,_151-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeade2010136,_151_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeade2010">Meade 2010</a>, pp. 136, 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014224–225-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014224–225_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaustoFausto2014">Fausto & Fausto 2014</a>, p. 224–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeade2010151-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeade2010151_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeade2010">Meade 2010</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014227-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaustoFausto2014227_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaustoFausto2014">Fausto & Fausto 2014</a>, p. 227. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench1992" class="citation book cs1">French, John D. 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Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4368-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-4368-0"><bdi>978-0-8078-4368-0</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brazilian+Workers%27+ABC%3A+Class+Conflict+and+Alliances+in+Modern+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-4368-0&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY5kEwhXOfBcC%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColomer2001" class="citation book cs1">Colomer, Josep M. 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Sound and Politics.com. Durham, NC: Duke University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sound+and+Politics.com&rft.atitle=1951%3A+Get%C3%BAlio+Vargas+Takes+Office&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Global+Brazil+Humanities+Lab%2C+Franklin+Humanities+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoundandpolitics.com%2Fsound-and-communication%2F1951-getulio-vargas-takes-office%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_172-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/24/newsid_4544000/4544759.stm">"1954: Brazilian president found dead"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 24 August 1954. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307130455/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/24/newsid_4544000/4544759.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 19 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1954%3A+Brazilian+president+found+dead&rft.date=1954-08-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Faugust%2F24%2Fnewsid_4544000%2F4544759.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsWeinstein2004275-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsWeinstein2004275_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliamsWeinstein2004">Williams & Weinstein 2004</a>, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsWeinstein2004295,_photo-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsWeinstein2004295,_photo_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliamsWeinstein2004">Williams & Weinstein 2004</a>, p. 295, photo. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsWeinstein2004285–87-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsWeinstein2004285–87_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliamsWeinstein2004">Williams & Weinstein 2004</a>, pp. 285–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsWeinstein2004287–294-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsWeinstein2004287–294_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliamsWeinstein2004">Williams & Weinstein 2004</a>, pp. 287–294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliamsWeinstein2004299–301-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliamsWeinstein2004299–301_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliamsWeinstein2004">Williams & Weinstein 2004</a>, pp. 299–301. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan_Arvin-RadMaria_José_WillumsenAnn_Dryden_Witte1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hassan Arvin-Rad; Maria José Willumsen; <a href="/wiki/Ann_Dryden_Witte" title="Ann Dryden Witte">Ann Dryden Witte</a> (1 March 1997). 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Economic Studies (in Portuguese). 27 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=Industrialization+and+Development+in+the+Vargas+Government%3A+An+Empirical+Analysis+of+Structural+Changes&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1997-03-01&rft.au=Hassan+Arvin-Rad&rft.au=Maria+Jos%C3%A9+Willumsen&rft.au=Ann+Dryden+Witte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine19981-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine19981_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine1998">Levine 1998</a>, p. 1. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourne1974" class="citation book cs1">Bourne, Richard (1974). 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Knight</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85314-195-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85314-195-2"><bdi>978-0-85314-195-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getulio+Vargas+of+Brazil%2C+1883%E2%80%941954+Sphinx+of+the+Pampas&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=C.+Knight&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-85314-195-2&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaustoFausto2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Boris_Fausto" title="Boris Fausto">Fausto, Boris</a>; Fausto, Sérgio (2014). 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Social Science. 19 (2). <a href="/wiki/Pi_Gamma_Mu" title="Pi Gamma Mu">Pi Gamma Mu</a>, International <a href="/wiki/Honor_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Honor Society">Honor Society</a> in Social Sciences: 80–86. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/i40088445">i40088445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science&rft.atitle=Getulio+Vargas%2C+the+Strong+Man+of+Brazil&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=80-86&rft.date=1944-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fi40088445%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Lillian+Estelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalván1965" class="citation book cs1">Galván, Javier A. (1965). Modern Brazil. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a>: <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-44086-031-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-44086-031-7"><bdi>978-1-44086-031-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Brazil&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-1-44086-031-7&rft.aulast=Galv%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Javier+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeenHaynes2004" class="citation book cs1">Keen, Benjamin; Haynes, Keith A. (2004). A History of Latin America (7º ed.). <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt" title="Houghton Mifflin Harcourt">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-61831-851-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-61831-851-3"><bdi>978-0-61831-851-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Latin+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=7%C2%BA&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-61831-851-3&rft.aulast=Keen&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Haynes%2C+Keith+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Levine" title="Robert M. 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Vargas and His Era">Father of the Poor? Vargas and His Era</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52158-515-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52158-515-6"><bdi>978-0-52158-515-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Father+of+the+Poor%3F+Vargas+and+His+Era&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-52158-515-6&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevineCrocitti1999" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Robert M.; Crocitti, John J. (1999). The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics. <a href="/wiki/Durham,_North_Carolina" title="Durham, North Carolina">Durham, North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82232-258-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82232-258-0"><bdi>978-0-82232-258-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brazil+Reader%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-82232-258-0&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft.au=Crocitti%2C+John+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewenstein1973" class="citation book cs1">Loewenstein, Karl (1973). Brazil Under Vargas. New York: <a href="/wiki/Atheneum_Books" title="Atheneum Books">Russell & Russell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-84621-674-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-84621-674-2"><bdi>978-0-84621-674-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil+Under+Vargas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Russell+%26+Russell&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-84621-674-2&rft.aulast=Loewenstein&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeade2010" class="citation book cs1">Meade, Teresa (2010). A Brief History of Brazil (2º ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Facts On File</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81607-788-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81607-788-5"><bdi>978-0-81607-788-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Brazil&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2%C2%BA&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-81607-788-5&rft.aulast=Meade&rft.aufirst=Teresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkidmore2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Skidmore" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas E. Skidmore">Skidmore, Thomas E.</a> (2010). Brazil: Five Centuries of Change (2º ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19537-455-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19537-455-1"><bdi>978-0-19537-455-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+Five+Centuries+of+Change&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2%C2%BA&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19537-455-1&rft.aulast=Skidmore&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsWeinstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Daryle; Weinstein, Barbara (2004). "Vargas Morto: The Death and Life of a Brazilian Statesman". In Lyman L. Johnson (ed.). Death, Dismemberment, and Memory: Body Politics in Latin America. <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque, New Mexico</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico_Press" title="University of New Mexico Press">University of New Mexico Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82633-201-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82633-201-1"><bdi>978-0-82633-201-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vargas+Morto%3A+The+Death+and+Life+of+a+Brazilian+Statesman&rft.btitle=Death%2C+Dismemberment%2C+and+Memory%3A+Body+Politics+in+Latin+America&rft.place=Albuquerque%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-82633-201-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Daryle&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1967" class="citation book cs1">Young, Jordan M. (1967). The Brazilian revolution of 1930 and the aftermath. <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick,_New_Jersey" title="New Brunswick, New Jersey">New Brunswick, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brazilian+revolution+of+1930+and+the+aftermath&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Jordan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench1994" class="citation book cs1">French, John D. (1994). "Chapter 6: The Populist Gamble of Getúlio Vargas in 1945 | Political and Ideological Transitions in Brazil". In <a href="/wiki/David_Rock_(historian)" title="David Rock (historian)">David Rock</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft567nb3f6/">Latin America in the 1940s</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>: University of California Press. pp. 141–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-52032-809-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-52032-809-9"><bdi>978-0-52032-809-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+The+Populist+Gamble+of+Get%C3%BAlio+Vargas+in+1945+%7C+Political+and+Ideological+Transitions+in+Brazil&rft.btitle=Latin+America+in+the+1940s&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=141-165&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-52032-809-9&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fark.cdlib.org%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fft567nb3f6%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHentschke1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hentschke, Jens R. (1996). Estado Nôvo: Genesis and Consolidation of the Brazilian Dictatorship of 1937 (in German). <a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>: Publishing House for Political Development. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88156-668-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88156-668-1"><bdi>978-3-88156-668-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estado+N%C3%B4vo%3A+Genesis+and+Consolidation+of+the+Brazilian+Dictatorship+of+1937&rft.place=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&rft.pub=Publishing+House+for+Political+Development&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-88156-668-1&rft.aulast=Hentschke&rft.aufirst=Jens+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHentschke2004" class="citation book cs1">Hentschke, Jens R. (2004). Positivism Gaúcho-style: Júlio de Castilhos' Dictatorship and Its Impact on State and Nation-building in Vargas' Brazil. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>: Publishing House for Science and Research. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89700-235-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89700-235-7"><bdi>978-3-89700-235-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Positivism+Ga%C3%BAcho-style%3A+J%C3%BAlio+de+Castilhos%27+Dictatorship+and+Its+Impact+on+State+and+Nation-building+in+Vargas%27+Brazil&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Publishing+House+for+Science+and+Research&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-89700-235-7&rft.aulast=Hentschke&rft.aufirst=Jens+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"> (Brazilian edition, by EdiPUCRS, in 2016)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHentschke2006" class="citation book cs1">Hentschke, Jens R., ed. (2006). Vargas and Brazil: New Perspectives. New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-23060-175-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-23060-175-8"><bdi>978-0-23060-175-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vargas+and+Brazil%3A+New+Perspectives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-23060-175-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHentschke2007" class="citation book cs1">Hentschke, Jens R. (2007). Reconstructing the Brazilian Nation: Public Schooling in the Vargas Era. <a href="/wiki/Baden-Baden" title="Baden-Baden">Baden-Baden</a>: Nomos. p. 518. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-83293-031-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-83293-031-8"><bdi>978-3-83293-031-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+the+Brazilian+Nation%3A+Public+Schooling+in+the+Vargas+Era&rft.place=Baden-Baden&rft.pages=518&rft.pub=Nomos&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-83293-031-8&rft.aulast=Hentschke&rft.aufirst=Jens+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam2004" class="citation journal cs1">Putnam, Samuel (2004). "Vargas Dictatorship in Brazil". <a href="/wiki/Science_%26_Society" title="Science & Society">Science & Society</a>. 5 (2) (spring ed.): 97–116. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40399384">40399384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Vargas+Dictatorship+in+Brazil&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=97-116&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40399384%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkidmore1967" class="citation book cs1">Skidmore, Thomas E. (1967). Politics in Brazil: An Experiment in Democracy, 1930–1964. New York and <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19986-816-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19986-816-2"><bdi>978-0-19986-816-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+in+Brazil%3A+An+Experiment+in+Democracy%2C+1930%E2%80%931964&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-19986-816-2&rft.aulast=Skidmore&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein1997" class="citation journal cs1">Weinstein, Barbara (1997). "Getúlio Vargas, Diary, 1937—1942". <a href="/wiki/Luso-Brazilian_Review" title="Luso-Brazilian Review">Luso-Brazilian Review</a>. 34 (2) (winter ed.): 137–141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Luso-Brazilian+Review&rft.atitle=Get%C3%BAlio+Vargas%2C+Diary%2C+1937%E2%80%941942&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-141&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Daryle (2001). Culture Wars in Brazil: The First Vargas Regime, 1930—1945. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82238-096-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-82238-096-2"><bdi>978-0-82238-096-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+Wars+in+Brazil%3A+The+First+Vargas+Regime%2C+1930%E2%80%941945&rft.place=Durham%2C+NC&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-82238-096-2&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Daryle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGet%C3%BAlio+Vargas" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b043wk0q">The Invention of Brazil… Getulio Vargas and the U.S.</a> at <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/vargas.htm">Getúlio Vargas and Estado Novo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190304013230/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/vargas.htm">Archived</a> 4 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_State_University" title="San Jose State University">San Jose State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/036796">Newspaper clippings about Getúlio Vargas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alc%C3%A2ntara_Machado" class="extiw" title="pt:José de Alcântara Machado">Alcântara Machado</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letras" title="Academia Brasileira de Letras">3rd Academic of the 37th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters</a> 29 December 1943—24 August 1954 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Assis_Chateaubriand" title="Assis Chateaubriand">Assis Chateaubriand</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Borges_de_Medeiros" title="Borges de Medeiros">Borges de Medeiros</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Rio Grande do Sul">President of Rio Grande do Sul</a> 1928—1930 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Osvaldo_Aranha" class="mw-redirect" title="Osvaldo Aranha">Osvaldo Aranha</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Lu%C3%ADs" title="Washington Luís">Washington Luís</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of Brazil</a> 1930—1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Linhares" title="José Linhares">José Linhares</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Military_Junta_of_1930" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Military Junta of 1930">Brazilian Military Junta of 1930</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of State">Head of State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of Government">Government</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> 1930—1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Linhares" title="José Linhares">José Linhares</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Eurico_Gaspar_Dutra" title="Eurico Gaspar Dutra">Eurico Gaspar Dutra</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of Brazil</a> 1951—1954 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Filho" title="Café Filho">Café Filho</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" 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href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Brazil" title="List of presidents of Brazil">14th and 17th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of Brazil</a> (1930–1945; 1951–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="List of governors of Rio Grande do Sul">13th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Governor of Rio Grande do Sul">President of Rio Grande do Sul</a> (1928–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="Federal Senate (Brazil)">Senator</a> for <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> (1946–1951)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">First Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1930" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1930">Revolution of 1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Revolution" title="Constitutionalist Revolution">Constitutionalist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1934" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1934">1934 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Uprising_of_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Uprising of 1935">Communist Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribunal_de_Seguran%C3%A7a_Nacional&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribunal de Segurança Nacional (page does not exist)">National Security Tribunal</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_de_Seguran%C3%A7a_Nacional" class="extiw" title="pt:Tribunal de Segurança Nacional">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1937 Brazilian coup d'état">1937 Brazilian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1937" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1937">1937 Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralist_Uprising" title="Integralist Uprising">Integralist Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_campaign" title="Nationalization campaign">Nationalization campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_to_the_West" title="March to the West">March to the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil in WW2</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_cobra_vai_fumar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A cobra vai fumar (page does not exist)">A cobra vai fumar</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_cobra_vai_fumar" class="extiw" title="pt:A cobra vai fumar">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil-United_States_Political-Military_Agreement" title="Brazil-United States Political-Military Agreement">Brazil-United States Political-Military Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potenji_River_Conference" title="Potenji River Conference">Potenji River Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_Especial_de_Mobiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Trabalhadores_para_a_Amaz%C3%B4nia" class="mw-redirect" title="Serviço Especial de Mobilização de Trabalhadores para a Amazônia">SEMTA</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servi%C3%A7o_Especial_de_Mobiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Trabalhadores_para_a_Amaz%C3%B4nia" class="extiw" title="pt:Serviço Especial de Mobilização de Trabalhadores para a Amazônia">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_soldiers" title="Rubber soldiers">Rubber soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Brazilian Expeditionary Force">FEB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Castello" title="Battle of Monte Castello">Battle of Monte Castello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Collecchio" title="Battle of Collecchio">Battle of Collecchio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_Montese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de Montese (page does not exist)">Battle of Montese</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Montese" class="extiw" title="pt:Batalha de Montese">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_de_navios_brasileiros_atacados_na_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista de navios brasileiros atacados na Segunda Guerra Mundial (page does not exist)">Brazilian ships attacked</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_navios_brasileiros_atacados_na_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" class="extiw" title="pt:Lista de navios brasileiros atacados na Segunda Guerra Mundial">pt</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Departamento_de_Imprensa_e_Propaganda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda (page does not exist)">DIP</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departamento_de_Imprensa_e_Propaganda" class="extiw" title="pt:Departamento de Imprensa e Propaganda">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Petroleum_Council_(Brazil)" title="National Petroleum Council (Brazil)">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Departamento_Administrativo_do_Servi%C3%A7o_P%C3%BAblico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Departamento Administrativo do Serviço Público (page does not exist)">DASP</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departamento_Administrativo_do_Servi%C3%A7o_P%C3%BAblico" class="extiw" title="pt:Departamento Administrativo do Serviço Público">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manifesto_dos_Mineiros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manifesto dos Mineiros (page does not exist)">Manifesto dos Mineiros</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_dos_Mineiros" class="extiw" title="pt:Manifesto dos Mineiros">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1945 Brazilian coup d'état">Ousting of Vargas</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Getulio_Vargas_%281930%29.jpg/100px-Getulio_Vargas_%281930%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Getulio_Vargas_%281930%29.jpg/150px-Getulio_Vargas_%281930%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Getulio_Vargas_%281930%29.jpg/200px-Getulio_Vargas_%281930%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1046" data-file-height="1574" /> <a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil_(1889%E2%80%931968).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931968%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931968%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931968%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil_%281889%E2%80%931968%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="396" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Second presidency of Getúlio Vargas">Second Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Instituto_Brasileiro_do_Caf%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Instituto Brasileiro do Café (page does not exist)">Brazilian Coffee Institute</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Brasileiro_do_Caf%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="pt:Instituto Brasileiro do Café">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lei_Federal_do_Brasil_2004_de_1953&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lei Federal do Brasil 2004 de 1953 (page does not exist)">Federal Law No. 2,004 of 1953</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lei_Federal_do_Brasil_2004_de_1953" class="extiw" title="pt:Lei Federal do Brasil 2004 de 1953">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=O_petr%C3%B3leo_%C3%A9_nosso!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O petróleo é nosso! (page does not exist)">O petróleo é nosso!</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_petr%C3%B3leo_%C3%A9_nosso!" class="extiw" title="pt:O petróleo é nosso!">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effort_to_impeach_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Effort to impeach Getúlio Vargas">Impeachment effort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rua_Tonelero_shooting" title="Rua Tonelero shooting">Rua Tonelero shooting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faculdade_de_Direito_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (page does not exist)">Law School of Rio Grande do Sul</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculdade_de_Direito_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" class="extiw" title="pt:Faculdade de Direito da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio-grandense_Republican_Party" title="Rio-grandense Republican Party">Rio-grandense Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilhism" title="Castilhism">Castilhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Alliance_(Brazil)" title="Liberal Alliance (Brazil)">Liberal Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Party_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Labour Party (historical)">Brazilian Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" title="List of members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters">Brazilian Academy of Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Retrato_do_Velho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retrato do Velho (page does not exist)">Retrato do Velho</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrato_do_Velho" class="extiw" title="pt:Retrato do Velho">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carta_Testamento" title="Carta Testamento">Suicide letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1930_Brazilian_general_election" title="1930 Brazilian general election">1930 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Brazilian_presidential_election" title="1934 Brazilian presidential election">1934 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Brazilian_general_election" title="1945 Brazilian general election">1945 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Brazilian_general_election" title="1950 Brazilian general election">1950 general election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banrisul" title="Banrisul">Banrisul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companhia_Sider%C3%BArgica_Nacional" title="Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional">CSN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Election_Justice" title="Brazilian Election Justice">Brazilian Election Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Voz_do_Brasil" title="A Voz do Brasil">A Voz do Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ArcelorMittal_A%C3%A7os_Longos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ArcelorMittal Aços Longos (page does not exist)">Companhia Siderúrgica Belgo-Mineira</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArcelorMittal_A%C3%A7os_Longos" class="extiw" title="pt:ArcelorMittal Aços Longos">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolida%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Leis_do_Trabalho" class="mw-redirect" title="Consolidação das Leis do Trabalho">CLT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Employment_record_book#Brazil" title="Employment record book">CTPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_S.A." title="Vale S.A.">Vale S.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Development_Bank" title="Brazilian Development Bank">BNDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banco_do_Nordeste" title="Banco do Nordeste">Banco do Nordeste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1brica_Nacional_de_Motores" title="Fábrica Nacional de Motores">FNM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darcy_Vargas" class="mw-redirect" title="Darcy Vargas">Darcy Vargas</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutero_Vargas" title="Lutero Vargas">Lutero Vargas</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alzira_Vargas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alzira Vargas (page does not exist)">Alzira Vargas</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzira_Vargas" class="extiw" title="pt:Alzira Vargas">pt</a>] (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Sarmanho_Vargas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Sarmanho Vargas (page does not exist)">Manuel Sarmanho Vargas</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Sarmanho_Vargas" class="extiw" title="pt:Manuel Sarmanho Vargas">pt</a>] (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_do_Nascimento_Vargas" title="Manuel do Nascimento Vargas">Manuel do Nascimento Vargas</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamim_Vargas" title="Benjamim Vargas">Benjamim Vargas</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iara_Vargas" title="Iara Vargas">Iara Vargas</a> (niece)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vargas_Neto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vargas Neto (page does not exist)">Vargas Neto</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vargas_Neto" class="extiw" title="pt:Vargas Neto">pt</a>] (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Celina_Vargas_do_Amaral_Peixoto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celina Vargas do Amaral Peixoto (page does not exist)">Celina Vargas do Amaral Peixoto</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celina_Vargas_do_Amaral_Peixoto" class="extiw" title="pt:Celina Vargas do Amaral Peixoto">pt</a>] (granddaughter)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Queremismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Queremismo (page does not exist)">Queremism</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queremismo" class="extiw" title="pt:Queremismo">pt</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Silver_Wraith" title="Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith">Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas,_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Getúlio Vargas, Rio Grande do Sul">Getúlio Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidente_Vargas,_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Presidente Vargas, Maranhão">Presidente Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidente_Get%C3%BAlio" title="Presidente Getúlio">Presidente Getúlio</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museu_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Museu Getúlio Vargas (page does not exist)">Getúlio Vargas Museum</a> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" class="extiw" title="pt:Museu Getúlio Vargas">pt</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_military_junta_of_1930" title="Brazilian military junta of 1930">← Brazilian military junta of 1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Linhares" title="José Linhares">José Linhares →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurico_Gaspar_Dutra" title="Eurico Gaspar Dutra">← Eurico Dutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Filho" title="Café Filho">Café Filho →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Category:Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Cultural_representations_of_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Cultural representations of Getúlio Vargas (page does not exist)">Cultural representations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patrons_and_members_of_the_Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patrons_and_members_of_the_Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" title="Template:Patrons and members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patrons_and_members_of_the_Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" title="Template talk:Patrons and members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patrons_and_members_of_the_Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patrons and members of the Brazilian Academy of Letters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patrons_and_members_of_the_Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Patrons and members of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Academy of Letters">Brazilian Academy of Letters</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs 1 to 10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 1 (<a href="/wiki/Adelino_Fontoura" title="Adelino Fontoura">Adelino Fontoura</a>): <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Murat" title="Luís Murat">Luís Murat</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Afonso_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay" title="Afonso d'Escragnolle Taunay">Afonso d'Escragnolle Taunay</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Monteiro_de_Barros_Lins" title="Ivan Monteiro de Barros Lins">Ivan Monteiro de Barros Lins</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernardo_%C3%89lis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernardo Élis (page does not exist)">Bernardo Élis</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Evandro_Lins_e_Silva" title="Evandro Lins e Silva">Evandro Lins e Silva</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ana_Maria_Machado" title="Ana Maria Machado">Ana Maria Machado</a> 2 (<a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Álvares de Azevedo</a>): <a href="/wiki/Coelho_Neto" title="Coelho Neto">Coelho Neto</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Neves_da_Fontoura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Neves da Fontoura (page does not exist)">João Neves da Fontoura</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Guimar%C3%A3es_Rosa" title="João Guimarães Rosa">João Guimarães Rosa</a> ► <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Palm%C3%A9rio" title="Mário Palmério">Mário Palmério</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Tarc%C3%ADsio_Padilha" title="Tarcísio Padilha">Tarcísio Padilha</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Giannetti_da_Fonseca" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo Giannetti da Fonseca">Eduardo Giannetti da Fonseca</a> 3 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_de_Oliveira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur de Oliveira (page does not exist)">Artur de Oliveira</a>): <a href="/wiki/Filinto_de_Almeida" title="Filinto de Almeida">Filinto de Almeida</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Simonsen" title="Roberto Simonsen">Roberto Simonsen</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=An%C3%ADbal_Freire_da_Fonseca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aníbal Freire da Fonseca (page does not exist)">Aníbal Freire da Fonseca</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Herberto_Sales" title="Herberto Sales">Herberto Sales</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Heitor_Cony" title="Carlos Heitor Cony">Carlos Heitor Cony</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Falc%C3%A3o" title="Joaquim Falcão">Joaquim Falcão</a> 4 (<a href="/wiki/Bas%C3%ADlio_da_Gama" title="Basílio da Gama">Basílio da Gama</a>): <a href="/wiki/Alu%C3%ADsio_Azevedo" title="Aluísio Azevedo">Aluísio Azevedo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alcides_Maia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alcides Maia (page does not exist)">Alcides Maia</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Viana_Moog" title="Viana Moog">Viana Moog</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Nejar" title="Carlos Nejar">Carlos Nejar</a> 5 (<a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Bernardo Guimarães</a>): <a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Correia" title="Raimundo Correia">Raimundo Correia</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Cruz" title="Oswaldo Cruz">Oswaldo Cruz</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alo%C3%ADsio_de_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aloísio de Castro (page does not exist)">Aloísio de Castro</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A2ndido_Mota_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cândido Mota Filho (page does not exist)">Cândido Mota Filho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Rachel_de_Queiroz" title="Rachel de Queiroz">Rachel de Queiroz</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Murilo_de_Carvalho" title="José Murilo de Carvalho">José Murilo de Carvalho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ailton_Krenak" title="Ailton Krenak">Ailton Krenak</a> 6 (<a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Casimiro de Abreu</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teixeira_de_Melo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teixeira de Melo (page does not exist)">Teixeira de Melo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Artur_Silveira_da_Mota,_Baron_of_Jaceguai" title="Artur Silveira da Mota, Baron of Jaceguai">Artur Jaceguai</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Maria_Goulart_de_Andrade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Maria Goulart de Andrade (page does not exist)">Goulart de Andrade</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Barbosa_Lima_Sobrinho" title="Barbosa Lima Sobrinho">Barbosa Lima Sobrinho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Faoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Raimundo Faoro">Raimundo Faoro</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%ADcero_Sandroni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cícero Sandroni (page does not exist)">Cícero Sandroni</a> 7 (<a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Castro Alves</a>): <a href="/wiki/Valentim_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Valentim Magalhães">Valentim Magalhães</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Euclides_da_Cunha" title="Euclides da Cunha">Euclides da Cunha</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Afr%C3%A2nio_Peixoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrânio Peixoto">Afrânio Peixoto</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afonso_Pena_J%C3%BAnior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afonso Pena Júnior (page does not exist)">Afonso Pena Júnior</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Lima" title="Hermes Lima">Hermes Lima</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Cavalcanti_Pontes_de_Miranda" title="Francisco Cavalcanti Pontes de Miranda">Pontes de Miranda</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A1_Silveira_de_Queir%C3%B3s" title="Diná Silveira de Queirós">Diná Silveira de Queirós</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A9rgio_Correia_da_Costa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sérgio Correia da Costa (page does not exist)">Sérgio Correia da Costa</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Pereira_dos_Santos" title="Nelson Pereira dos Santos">Nelson Pereira dos Santos</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Cac%C3%A1_Diegues" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacá Diegues">Cacá Diegues</a> 8 (<a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Manuel_da_Costa" title="Cláudio Manuel da Costa">Cláudio Manuel da Costa</a>): <a href="/wiki/Alberto_de_Oliveira" title="Alberto de Oliveira">Alberto de Oliveira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Oliveira_Viana" title="Oliveira Viana">Oliveira Viana</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Austreg%C3%A9silo_de_Athayde" title="Austregésilo de Athayde">Austregésilo de Athayde</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Calado" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Calado">Antônio Calado</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Olinto" title="Antônio Olinto">Antônio Olinto</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Cleonice_Berardinelli" title="Cleonice Berardinelli">Cleonice Berardinelli</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricardo_Cavaliere&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ricardo Cavaliere (page does not exist)">Ricardo Cavaliere</a> 9 (<a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Gonçalves de Magalhães</a>): <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Magalh%C3%A3es_de_Azeredo" title="Carlos Magalhães de Azeredo">Carlos Magalhães de Azeredo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Marques_Rebelo" title="Marques Rebelo">Marques Rebelo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Chagas_Filho" title="Carlos Chagas Filho">Carlos Chagas Filho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Alberto_da_Costa_e_Silva" title="Alberto da Costa e Silva">Alberto da Costa e Silva</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Lilia_Moritz_Schwarcz" title="Lilia Moritz Schwarcz">Lilia Moritz Schwarcz</a> 10 (<a href="/wiki/Evaristo_da_Veiga" title="Evaristo da Veiga">Evaristo da Veiga</a>): <a href="/wiki/Rui_Barbosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rui Barbosa">Rui Barbosa</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laudelino_Freire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laudelino Freire (page does not exist)">Laudelino Freire</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osvaldo_Orico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osvaldo Orico (page does not exist)">Osvaldo Orico</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Or%C3%ADgenes_Lessa" title="Orígenes Lessa">Orígenes Lessa</a> ► <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAdo_Ivo" title="Lêdo Ivo">Lêdo Ivo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Rosiska_Darcy_de_Oliveira" title="Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira">Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira</a> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Olivenkranz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Olivenkranz.png/80px-Olivenkranz.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Olivenkranz.png/120px-Olivenkranz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Olivenkranz.png/160px-Olivenkranz.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="427" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs 11 to 20</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 11 (<a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Fagundes Varela</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%BAcio_de_Mendon%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lúcio de Mendonça (page does not exist)">Lúcio de Mendonça</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Augusto_Carneiro_Lessa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Augusto Carneiro Lessa (page does not exist)">Pedro Augusto Carneiro Lessa</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Ramos_(poet)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Ramos (poet) (page does not exist)">Eduardo Ramos</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs_Alves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Luís Alves (page does not exist)">João Luís Alves</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Adelmar_Tavares" title="Adelmar Tavares">Adelmar Tavares</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deolindo_Couto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deolindo Couto (page does not exist)">Deolindo Couto</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Darcy_Ribeiro" title="Darcy Ribeiro">Darcy Ribeiro</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Celso_Furtado" title="Celso Furtado">Celso Furtado</a> ► <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9lio_Jaguaribe" title="Hélio Jaguaribe">Hélio Jaguaribe</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ign%C3%A1cio_de_Loyola_Brand%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignácio de Loyola Brandão">Ignácio de Loyola Brandão</a> 12 (<a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a_J%C3%BAnior" title="França Júnior">França Júnior</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbano_Duarte_de_Oliveira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urbano Duarte de Oliveira (page does not exist)">Urbano Duarte de Oliveira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Augusto_de_Lima" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Augusto de Lima">Antônio Augusto de Lima</a> ► <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADtor_Viana" title="Vítor Viana">Vítor Viana</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_de_Macedo_Soares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Carlos de Macedo Soares (page does not exist)">José Carlos de Macedo Soares</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Abgar_Renault" title="Abgar Renault">Abgar Renault</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Moreira_Neves" title="Lucas Moreira Neves">Lucas Moreira Neves</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Bosi" title="Alfredo Bosi">Alfredo Bosi</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulo_Niemeyer_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulo Niemeyer Filho (page does not exist)">Paulo Niemeyer Filho</a> 13 (<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Otaviano" title="Francisco Otaviano">Francisco Otaviano</a>): <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Castro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco de Castro (page does not exist)">Francisco de Castro</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Isidoro_Martins_J%C3%BAnior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Isidoro Martins Júnior (page does not exist)">Martins Júnior</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Carneiro_de_Sousa_Bandeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Carneiro de Sousa Bandeira (page does not exist)">Sousa Bandeira</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A9lio_Lobo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hélio Lobo (page does not exist)">Hélio Lobo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Meyer" title="Augusto Meyer">Augusto Meyer</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Assis_Barbosa" title="Francisco de Assis Barbosa">Francisco de Assis Barbosa</a> ► <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Paulo_Rouanet" title="Sérgio Paulo Rouanet">Sérgio Paulo Rouanet</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ruy_Castro" title="Ruy Castro">Ruy Castro</a> 14 (<a href="/wiki/Franklin_T%C3%A1vora" title="Franklin Távora">Franklin Távora</a>): <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%B3vis_Bevil%C3%A1qua" title="Clóvis Beviláqua">Clóvis Beviláqua</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B4nio_Carneiro_Le%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antônio Carneiro Leão (page does not exist)">Antônio Carneiro Leão</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_de_Azevedo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando de Azevedo (page does not exist)">Fernando de Azevedo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Reale" title="Miguel Reale">Miguel Reale</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Celso_Lafer" title="Celso Lafer">Celso Lafer</a> 15 (<a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Gonçalves Dias</a>): <a href="/wiki/Olavo_Bilac" title="Olavo Bilac">Olavo Bilac</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Amadeu_Amaral" title="Amadeu Amaral">Amadeu Amaral</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Guilherme_de_Almeida" title="Guilherme de Almeida">Guilherme de Almeida</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odilo_Costa_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odilo Costa Filho (page does not exist)">Odilo Costa Filho</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcos_Barbosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcos Barbosa (page does not exist)">Marcos Barbosa</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Bastos_de_%C3%81vila" title="Fernando Bastos de Ávila">Fernando Bastos de Ávila</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Marco_Lucchesi" title="Marco Lucchesi">Marco Lucchesi</a> 16 (<a href="/wiki/Greg%C3%B3rio_de_Matos" title="Gregório de Matos">Gregório de Matos</a>): <a href="/wiki/Araripe_J%C3%BAnior" title="Araripe Júnior">Araripe Júnior</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9lix_Pacheco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Félix Pacheco (page does not exist)">Félix Pacheco</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Calmon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Calmon (page does not exist)">Pedro Calmon</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Lygia_Fagundes_Telles" title="Lygia Fagundes Telles">Lygia Fagundes Telles</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Caldeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jorge Caldeira (page does not exist)">Jorge Caldeira</a> 17 (<a href="/wiki/Hip%C3%B3lito_da_Costa" title="Hipólito da Costa">Hipólito da Costa</a>): <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADlvio_Romero" title="Sílvio Romero">Sílvio Romero</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Os%C3%B3rio_Duque-Estrada" title="Osório Duque-Estrada">Osório Duque-Estrada</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Roquette-Pinto" title="Edgar Roquette-Pinto">Edgar Roquette-Pinto</a> ► <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Lins" title="Álvaro Lins">Álvaro Lins</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Houaiss" title="Antônio Houaiss">Antônio Houaiss</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Affonso_Arinos_de_Mello_Franco" title="Affonso Arinos de Mello Franco">Affonso Arinos de Mello Franco</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Montenegro" title="Fernanda Montenegro">Fernanda Montenegro</a> 18 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Francisco_Lisboa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Francisco Lisboa (page does not exist)">João Francisco Lisboa</a>): <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ver%C3%ADssimo" title="José Veríssimo">José Veríssimo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar%C3%A3o_Homem_de_Melo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barão Homem de Melo (page does not exist)">Barão Homem de Melo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Faria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberto Faria (page does not exist)">Alberto Faria</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADs_Carlos_da_Fonseca_Monteiro_de_Barros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luís Carlos da Fonseca Monteiro de Barros (page does not exist)">Luís Carlos</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B4nio_Joaquim_Pereira_da_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antônio Joaquim Pereira da Silva (page does not exist)">Pereira da Silva</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peregrino_J%C3%BAnior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peregrino Júnior (page does not exist)">Peregrino Júnior</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Niskier" title="Arnaldo Niskier">Arnaldo Niskier</a> 19 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Caetano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquim Caetano (page does not exist)">Joaquim Caetano</a>): <a href="/wiki/Alcindo_Guanabara" title="Alcindo Guanabara">Alcindo Guanabara</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silv%C3%A9rio_Gomes_Pimenta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvério Gomes Pimenta (page does not exist)">Silvério Gomes Pimenta</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Barroso" title="Gustavo Barroso">Gustavo Barroso</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_da_Silva_Melo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio da Silva Melo">Silva Melo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Am%C3%A9rico_Jacobina_Lacombe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Américo Jacobina Lacombe (page does not exist)">Américo Jacobina Lacombe</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcos_Almir_Madeira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcos Almir Madeira (page does not exist)">Marcos Almir Madeira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Secchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Carlos Secchin">Antônio Carlos Secchin</a> 20 (<a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Joaquim Manuel de Macedo</a>): <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_Mendon%C3%A7a" title="Salvador de Mendonça">Salvador de Mendonça</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Em%C3%ADlio_de_Meneses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emílio de Meneses (page does not exist)">Emílio de Meneses</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Humberto_de_Campos_(journalist)" title="Humberto de Campos (journalist)">Humberto de Campos</a> ► <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAcio_Le%C3%A3o" title="Múcio Leão">Múcio Leão</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lio_de_Lira_Tavares" title="Aurélio de Lira Tavares">Aurélio de Lira Tavares</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Murilo_Melo_Filho" title="Murilo Melo Filho">Murilo Melo Filho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Gil" title="Gilberto Gil">Gilberto Gil</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs 21 to 30</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 21 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Serra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquim Serra (page does not exist)">Joaquim Serra</a>): <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_do_Patroc%C3%ADnio" title="José do Patrocínio">José do Patrocínio</a> ► <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_de_Alencar" title="Mário de Alencar">Mário de Alencar</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Oleg%C3%A1rio_Mariano" title="Olegário Mariano">Olegário Mariano</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81lvaro_Moreira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Álvaro Moreira (page does not exist)">Álvaro Moreira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Adonias_Filho" title="Adonias Filho">Adonias Filho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Dias_Gomes" title="Dias Gomes">Dias Gomes</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Roberto_de_Oliveira_Campos" class="mw-redirect" title="Roberto de Oliveira Campos">Roberto Campos</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Coelho" title="Paulo Coelho">Paulo Coelho</a> 22 (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_the_Younger" title="José Bonifácio the Younger">José Bonifácio the Younger</a>): <a href="/wiki/Medeiros_e_Albuquerque" title="Medeiros e Albuquerque">Medeiros e Albuquerque</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Os%C3%B3rio_de_Almeida" title="Miguel Osório de Almeida">Miguel Osório de Almeida</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Viana_Filho" title="Luís Viana Filho">Luís Viana Filho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Pitanguy" title="Ivo Pitanguy">Ivo Pitanguy</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Almino" title="João Almino">João Almino</a> 23 (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">José de Alencar</a>): <a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Rodrigues_Pereira" title="Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira">Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfredo_Pujol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfredo Pujol (page does not exist)">Alfredo Pujol</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ot%C3%A1vio_Mangabeira" title="Otávio Mangabeira">Otávio Mangabeira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Amado" title="Jorge Amado">Jorge Amado</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9lia_Gattai" title="Zélia Gattai">Zélia Gattai</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Luiz_Paulo_Horta" title="Luiz Paulo Horta">Luiz Paulo Horta</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B4nio_Torres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antônio Torres (page does not exist)">Antônio Torres</a> 24 (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Ribeiro" title="Júlio Ribeiro">Júlio Ribeiro</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garcia_Redondo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garcia Redondo (page does not exist)">Garcia Redondo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADs_Guimar%C3%A3es_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luís Guimarães Filho (page does not exist)">Luís Guimarães Filho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bandeira" title="Manuel Bandeira">Manuel Bandeira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Cyro_dos_Anjos" title="Cyro dos Anjos">Cyro dos Anjos</a> ► <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1bato_Magaldi" title="Sábato Magaldi">Sábato Magaldi</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Carneiro" title="Geraldo Carneiro">Geraldo Carneiro</a> 25 (<a href="/wiki/Junqueira_Freire" title="Junqueira Freire">Junqueira Freire</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Franklin_D%C3%B3ria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franklin Dória (page does not exist)">Franklin Dória</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Artur_Orlando_da_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Artur Orlando da Silva (page does not exist)">Artur Orlando da Silva</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataulfo_de_Paiva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ataulfo de Paiva (page does not exist)">Ataulfo de Paiva</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Lins_do_Rego" title="José Lins do Rego">José Lins do Rego</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Arinos_de_Melo_Franco" class="mw-redirect" title="Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco">Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Venancio_Filho" title="Alberto Venancio Filho">Alberto Venancio Filho</a> 26 (<a href="/wiki/Laurindo_Rabelo" title="Laurindo Rabelo">Laurindo Rabelo</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guimar%C3%A3es_Passos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guimarães Passos (page does not exist)">Guimarães Passos</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_do_Rio" title="João do Rio">João do Rio</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Const%C3%A2ncio_Alves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constâncio Alves (page does not exist)">Constâncio Alves</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribeiro_Couto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribeiro Couto (page does not exist)">Ribeiro Couto</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilberto_Amado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilberto Amado (page does not exist)">Gilberto Amado</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauro_Mota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauro Mota (page does not exist)">Mauro Mota</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcos_Vila%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcos Vilaça (page does not exist)">Marcos Vilaça</a> 27 (<a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Peregrino_Maciel_Monteiro,_2nd_Baron_of_Itamarac%C3%A1" title="Antônio Peregrino Maciel Monteiro, 2nd Baron of Itamaracá">Antônio Peregrino Maciel Monteiro</a>): <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Nabuco" title="Joaquim Nabuco">Joaquim Nabuco</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Dantas_Barreto" title="Dantas Barreto">Dantas Barreto</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greg%C3%B3rio_da_Fonseca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregório da Fonseca (page does not exist)">Gregório da Fonseca</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Levi_Carneiro" title="Levi Carneiro">Levi Carneiro</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ot%C3%A1vio_de_Faria" title="Otávio de Faria">Otávio de Faria</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Portella" title="Eduardo Portella">Eduardo Portella</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Cicero" title="Antonio Cicero">Antonio Cicero</a> ► Vacant 28 (<a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a>): <a href="/wiki/Ingl%C3%AAs_de_Sousa" title="Inglês de Sousa">Inglês de Sousa</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Marques" title="Xavier Marques">Xavier Marques</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Menotti_Del_Picchia" title="Menotti Del Picchia">Menotti Del Picchia</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Dias_Correia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oscar Dias Correia (page does not exist)">Oscar Dias Correia</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Dom%C3%ADcio_Proen%C3%A7a_Filho" title="Domício Proença Filho">Domício Proença Filho</a> 29 (<a href="/wiki/Martins_Pena" title="Martins Pena">Martins Pena</a>): <a href="/wiki/Artur_Azevedo" title="Artur Azevedo">Artur Azevedo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicente_de_Carvalho_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicente de Carvalho (writer) (page does not exist)">Vicente de Carvalho</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cl%C3%A1udio_de_Sousa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cláudio de Sousa (page does not exist)">Cláudio de Sousa</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Josu%C3%A9_Montello" title="Josué Montello">Josué Montello</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mindlin" title="José Mindlin">José Mindlin</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Holanda_Cavalcanti" title="Geraldo Holanda Cavalcanti">Geraldo Holanda Cavalcanti</a> 30 (<a href="/wiki/Pardal_Mallet" title="Pardal Mallet">Pardal Mallet</a>): <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rabelo" title="Pedro Rabelo">Pedro Rabelo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Her%C3%A1clito_Gra%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heráclito Graça (page does not exist)">Heráclito Graça</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B4nio_Austreg%C3%A9silo_Rodrigues_de_Lima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antônio Austregésilo Rodrigues de Lima (page does not exist)">Antônio Austregésilo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A9lio_Buarque_de_Holanda_Ferreira" title="Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira">Aurélio Buarque de Holanda Ferreira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9lida_Pi%C3%B1on" title="Nélida Piñon">Nélida Piñon</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Helo%C3%ADsa_Teixeira" title="Heloísa Teixeira">Heloísa Teixeira</a> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairs 31 to 40</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 31 (<a href="/wiki/Pedro_Lu%C3%ADs_Pereira_de_Sousa" title="Pedro Luís Pereira de Sousa">Pedro Luís Pereira de Sousa</a>): <a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Caetano_Pereira_Guimar%C3%A3es_J%C3%BAnior" title="Luís Caetano Pereira Guimarães Júnior">Luís Caetano Pereira Guimarães Júnior</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Batista_Ribeiro_de_Andrade_Fernandes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Batista Ribeiro de Andrade Fernandes (page does not exist)">João Batista Ribeiro de Andrade Fernandes</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Set%C3%BAbal" title="Paulo Setúbal">Paulo Setúbal</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Cassiano_Ricardo" title="Cassiano Ricardo">Cassiano Ricardo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_C%C3%A2ndido_de_Carvalho" title="José Cândido de Carvalho">José Cândido de Carvalho</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Geraldo_Fran%C3%A7a_de_Lima&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geraldo França de Lima (page does not exist)">Geraldo França de Lima</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Moacyr_Scliar" title="Moacyr Scliar">Moacyr Scliar</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Merval_Pereira" title="Merval Pereira">Merval Pereira</a> 32 (<a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre</a>): <a href="/wiki/Carlos_de_Laet" title="Carlos de Laet">Carlos de Laet</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Galv%C3%A3o" title="Ramiz Galvão">Ramiz Galvão</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Viriato_Correia" title="Viriato Correia">Viriato Correia</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joracy_Camargo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joracy Camargo (page does not exist)">Joracy Camargo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Genolino_Amado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genolino Amado (page does not exist)">Genolino Amado</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ariano_Suassuna" title="Ariano Suassuna">Ariano Suassuna</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Zuenir_Ventura" title="Zuenir Ventura">Zuenir Ventura</a> 33 (<a href="/wiki/Raul_Pompeia" title="Raul Pompeia">Raul Pompeia</a>): <a href="/wiki/Dom%C3%ADcio_da_Gama" title="Domício da Gama">Domício da Gama</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Magalh%C3%A3es" title="Fernando Magalhães">Fernando Magalhães</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lu%C3%ADs_Edmundo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luís Edmundo (page does not exist)">Luís Edmundo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Afr%C3%A2nio_Coutinho" title="Afrânio Coutinho">Afrânio Coutinho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Evanildo_Bechara" title="Evanildo Bechara">Evanildo Bechara</a> 34 (<a href="/wiki/Sousa_Caldas" title="Sousa Caldas">Sousa Caldas</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_Manuel_Pereira_da_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João Manuel Pereira da Silva (page does not exist)">João Manuel Pereira da Silva</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Baron_of_Rio_Branco" title="José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco">José Maria da Silva Paranhos Jr.</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Lauro_M%C3%BCller" title="Lauro Müller">Lauro Müller</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Aquino_Correia" title="Francisco de Aquino Correia">Aquino Correia</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raimundo_Magalh%C3%A3es_J%C3%BAnior&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raimundo Magalhães Júnior (page does not exist)">Magalhães Júnior</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Castelo_Branco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Castelo Branco (page does not exist)">Carlos Castelo Branco</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Ubaldo_Ribeiro" title="João Ubaldo Ribeiro">João Ubaldo Ribeiro</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Zuenir_Ventura" title="Zuenir Ventura">Zuenir Ventura</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Evaldo_Cabral_de_Mello" title="Evaldo Cabral de Mello">Evaldo Cabral de Mello</a> 35 (<a href="/wiki/Aureliano_C%C3%A2ndido_Tavares_Bastos" title="Aureliano Cândido Tavares Bastos">Tavares Bastos</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Ot%C3%A1vio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodrigo Otávio (page does not exist)">Rodrigo Otávio</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodrigo_Ot%C3%A1vio_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodrigo Otávio Filho (page does not exist)">Rodrigo Otávio Filho</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Hon%C3%B3rio_Rodrigues&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Honório Rodrigues (page does not exist)">José Honório Rodrigues</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Celso_Ferreira_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Celso Ferreira da Cunha (page does not exist)">Celso Cunha</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A2ndido_Mendes_de_Almeida_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cândido Mendes de Almeida (writer) (page does not exist)">Cândido Mendes de Almeida</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Godofredo_de_Oliveira_Neto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Godofredo de Oliveira Neto (page does not exist)">Godofredo de Oliveira Neto</a> 36 (<a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Dias" title="Teófilo Dias">Teófilo Dias</a>): <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Celso_de_Assis_Figueiredo_J%C3%BAnior" title="Afonso Celso de Assis Figueiredo Júnior">Afonso Celso</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clementino_Fraga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clementino Fraga (page does not exist)">Clementino Fraga</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paulo_Carneiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paulo Carneiro (page does not exist)">Paulo Carneiro</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Guilherme_Merquior" title="José Guilherme Merquior">José Guilherme Merquior</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jo%C3%A3o_de_Scantimburgo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="João de Scantimburgo (page does not exist)">João de Scantimburgo</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a> 37 (<a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Ant%C3%B3nio_Gonzaga" title="Tomás António Gonzaga">Tomás António Gonzaga</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_J%C3%BAlio_da_Silva_Ramos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Júlio da Silva Ramos (page does not exist)">José Júlio da Silva Ramos</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_Alc%C3%A2ntara_Machado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José de Alcântara Machado (page does not exist)">José de Alcântara Machado</a> ► <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Getúlio Vargas</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Assis_Chateaubriand" title="Assis Chateaubriand">Assis Chateaubriand</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Cabral_de_Melo_Neto" title="João Cabral de Melo Neto">João Cabral de Melo Neto</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Junqueira" title="Ivan Junqueira">Ivan Junqueira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Ferreira_Gullar" title="Ferreira Gullar">Ferreira Gullar</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arno_Wehling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arno Wehling (page does not exist)">Arno Wehling</a> 38 (<a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Tobias Barreto</a>): <a href="/wiki/Gra%C3%A7a_Aranha" title="Graça Aranha">Graça Aranha</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont" title="Alberto Santos-Dumont">Alberto Santos-Dumont</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Celso_Vieira_(writer)" title="Celso Vieira (writer)">Celso Vieira</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio_Campos_de_Medeiros" title="Maurício Campos de Medeiros">Maurício Campos de Medeiros</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Am%C3%A9rico_de_Almeida" title="José Américo de Almeida">José Américo de Almeida</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="José Sarney">José Sarney</a> 39 (<a href="/wiki/Francisco_Adolfo_de_Varnhagen,_Viscount_of_Porto_Seguro" title="Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen, Viscount of Porto Seguro">Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen</a>): <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Oliveira_Lima" title="Manuel de Oliveira Lima">Manuel de Oliveira Lima</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberto_de_Faria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberto de Faria (page does not exist)">Alberto de Faria</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Rocha_Pombo" title="Rocha Pombo">Rocha Pombo</a> ► <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rodolfo_Garcia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rodolfo Garcia (page does not exist)">Rodolfo Garcia</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Elmano_Cardim" title="Elmano Cardim">Elmano Cardim</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Otto_Lara_Resende" title="Otto Lara Resende">Otto Lara Resende</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Marinho" title="Roberto Marinho">Roberto Marinho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Marco_Maciel" title="Marco Maciel">Marco Maciel</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paulo_Cavalcanti_Filho" title="José Paulo Cavalcanti Filho">José Paulo Cavalcanti Filho</a> 40 (<a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Viscount_of_Rio_Branco" title="José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco">José Maria da Silva Paranhos Sr.</a>): <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduardo_Paulo_da_Silva_Prado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduardo Paulo da Silva Prado (page does not exist)">Eduardo Prado</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Arinos" title="Afonso Arinos">Afonso Arinos</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Couto" title="Miguel Couto">Miguel Couto</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Alceu_Amoroso_Lima" title="Alceu Amoroso Lima">Alceu Amoroso Lima</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Evaristo_de_Moraes_Filho" title="Evaristo de Moraes Filho">Evaristo de Moraes Filho</a> ► <a href="/wiki/Edmar_Bacha" title="Edmar Bacha">Edmar Bacha</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Brazil" title="Template:Presidents of Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Brazil" title="Template talk:Presidents of Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">Presidents of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">Old Republic</a> (1889–1930)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deodoro_da_Fonseca" title="Deodoro da Fonseca">Deodoro da Fonseca</a> (1889–1891) ¤</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriano_Peixoto" title="Floriano Peixoto">Floriano Peixoto</a> (1891–1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudente_de_Morais" title="Prudente de Morais">Prudente de Morais</a> (1894–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ferraz_de_Campos_Sales" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales">Campos Sales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Campos_Sales" title="Presidency of Campos Sales">1898–1902</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Rodrigues_Alves" title="Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves">Rodrigues Alves</a> (1902–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_Pena" title="Afonso Pena">Afonso Pena</a> (1906–1909) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo_Pe%C3%A7anha" title="Nilo Peçanha">Nilo Peçanha</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_da_Fonseca" title="Hermes da Fonseca">Hermes da Fonseca</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venceslau_Br%C3%A1s" title="Venceslau Brás">Venceslau Brás</a> (1914–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Rodrigues_Alves" title="Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves">Rodrigues Alves</a> (never took office)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delfim_Moreira" title="Delfim Moreira">Delfim Moreira</a> (1918–1919) ‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epit%C3%A1cio_Pessoa" title="Epitácio Pessoa">Epitácio Pessoa</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Bernardes" title="Artur Bernardes">Artur Bernardes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Artur_Bernardes" title="Presidency of Artur Bernardes">1922–1926</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Lu%C3%ADs" title="Washington Luís">Washington Luís</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Washington_Lu%C3%ADs" title="Presidency of Washington Luís">1926–1930</a>) <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930" title="Brazilian Revolution of 1930">×</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Prestes" title="Júlio Prestes">Júlio Prestes</a> (never took office)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Brazilian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Brazilian Republic">Second Republic</a> (1930–37)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_military_junta_of_1930" title="Brazilian military junta of 1930">Military Junta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Augusto_Tasso_Fragoso" title="Augusto Tasso Fragoso">Tasso Fragoso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isa%C3%ADas_de_Noronha" title="Isaías de Noronha">Isaías de Noronha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_Mena_Barreto_(1874%E2%80%931933)" class="mw-redirect" title="João de Deus Mena Barreto (1874–1933)">Mena Barreto</a>) (1930)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Getúlio Vargas</a> (1930–1937) <a href="/wiki/1937_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1937 Brazilian coup d'état">×</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo</a> (1937–46)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Getúlio Vargas</a> (1937–1945) <a href="/wiki/1945_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1945 Brazilian coup d'état">×</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Linhares" title="José Linhares">José Linhares</a> (1945–1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Populist Republic</a> (1946–64)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurico_Gaspar_Dutra" title="Eurico Gaspar Dutra">Eurico Gaspar Dutra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Eurico_Gaspar_Dutra" title="Presidency of Eurico Gaspar Dutra">1946–1951</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Getúlio Vargas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Second presidency of Getúlio Vargas">1951–1954</a>) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Filho" title="Café Filho">Café Filho</a> (1954–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Luz" title="Carlos Luz">Carlos Luz</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereu_Ramos" title="Nereu Ramos">Nereu Ramos</a> (1955–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Presidency of Juscelino Kubitschek">1956–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Jânio Quadros</a> (1961) ¤</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascoal_Ranieri_Mazzilli" title="Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli">Ranieri Mazzilli</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">João Goulart</a> (1961–1964) <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">×</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship</a> (1964–85)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascoal_Ranieri_Mazzilli" title="Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli">Ranieri Mazzilli</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_de_Alencar_Castelo_Branco" title="Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Castelo_Branco" title="Presidency of Castelo Branco">1964–1967</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_da_Costa_e_Silva" title="Artur da Costa e Silva">Costa e Silva</a> (1967–1969) †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Aleixo" title="Pedro Aleixo">Pedro Aleixo</a> (posthumous)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Military_Junta_of_1969" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Military Junta of 1969">Military Junta</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Em%C3%ADlio_Garrastazu_M%C3%A9dici" title="Emílio Garrastazu Médici">Emílio Garrastazu Médici</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Em%C3%ADlio_M%C3%A9dici" title="Presidency of Emílio Médici">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Geisel" title="Ernesto Geisel">Ernesto Geisel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ernesto_Geisel" title="Presidency of Ernesto Geisel">1974–1979</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Figueiredo" title="João Figueiredo">João Figueiredo</a> (1979–1985)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_since_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil since 1985">New Republic</a> (1985–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tancredo_Neves" title="Tancredo Neves">Tancredo Neves</a> (never took office)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="José Sarney">José Sarney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="Presidency of José Sarney">1985–1990</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello" title="Fernando Collor de Mello">Collor de Mello</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Collor_de_Mello" title="Presidency of Collor de Mello">1990–1992</a>) ¤ +</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Franco" title="Itamar Franco">Itamar Franco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Itamar_Franco" title="Presidency of Itamar Franco">1992–1995</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando H. Cardoso</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Presidency of Fernando Henrique Cardoso">1995–2003</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Lula_da_Silva" title="First presidency of Lula da Silva">2003–2011</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Presidency of Dilma Rousseff">2011–2016</a>) <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff">+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Temer" title="Michel Temer">Michel Temer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Michel_Temer" title="Presidency of Michel Temer">2016–2019</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro">2019–2023</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Lula_da_Silva" title="Second presidency of Lula da Silva">2023–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>End of term: ¤ Resigned; † Died in office; × <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup d'état</a> or <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a>; ‡ New elections held; + Impeached <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Brazil" title="Category:Presidents of Brazil">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Brazil" title="List of presidents of Brazil">List</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul_(1889–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Template:Governors of Rio Grande do Sul"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Template talk:Governors of Rio Grande do Sul"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Rio Grande do Sul"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul_(1889–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Rio Grande do Sul">Governors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> (1889–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ant%C3%B4nio_Correia_da_C%C3%A2mara,_2nd_Viscount_of_Pelotas" title="José Antônio Correia da Câmara, 2nd Viscount of Pelotas">Correia da Câmara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BAlio_Anacleto_Falc%C3%A3o_da_Frota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Júlio Anacleto Falcão da Frota (page does not exist)">Júlio Anacleto Falcão da Frota</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_da_Silva_Tavares&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco da Silva Tavares (page does not exist)">Francisco da Silva Tavares</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Machado_de_Bittencourt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Machado de Bittencourt (page does not exist)">Carlos Machado de Bittencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A2ndido_Jos%C3%A9_da_Costa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cândido José da Costa (page does not exist)">Cândido José da Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Abbot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando Abbot (page does not exist)">Fernando Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Prates_de_Castilhos" class="mw-redirect" title="Júlio Prates de Castilhos">Júlio Prates de Castilhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ant%C3%B4nio_Correia_da_C%C3%A2mara,_2nd_Viscount_of_Pelotas" title="José Antônio Correia da Câmara, 2nd Viscount of Pelotas">Correia da Câmara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vitoriano_Ribeiro_Carneiro_Monteiro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vitoriano Ribeiro Carneiro Monteiro (page does not exist)">Vitoriano Ribeiro Carneiro Monteiro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Abbot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando Abbot (page does not exist)">Fernando Abbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Prates_de_Castilhos" class="mw-redirect" title="Júlio Prates de Castilhos">Júlio Prates de Castilhos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borges_de_Medeiros" title="Borges de Medeiros">Borges de Medeiros</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Barbosa_Gon%C3%A7alves&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Barbosa Gonçalves (page does not exist)">Carlos Barbosa Gonçalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borges_de_Medeiros" title="Borges de Medeiros">Borges de Medeiros</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Getúlio Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswaldo_Aranha" title="Oswaldo Aranha">Oswaldo Aranha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinval_Saldanha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinval Saldanha (page does not exist)">Sinval Saldanha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ant%C3%B4nio_Flores_da_Cunha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Antônio Flores da Cunha (page does not exist)">José Antônio Flores da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_de_Cerqueira_Daltro_Filho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel de Cerqueira Daltro Filho (page does not exist)">Manuel de Cerqueira Daltro Filho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Maur%C3%ADcio_Cardoso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquim Maurício Cardoso (page does not exist)">Joaquim Maurício Cardoso</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cordeiro_de_Farias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cordeiro de Farias (page does not exist)">Cordeiro de Farias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernesto_Dornelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernesto Dornelles (page does not exist)">Ernesto Dornelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Figueiredo_da_Silva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Figueiredo da Silva (page does not exist)">Samuel Figueiredo da Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomp%C3%ADlio_Cylon_Fernandes_Rosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pompílio Cylon Fernandes Rosa (page does not exist)">Pompílio Cylon Fernandes Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_S%C3%B3_Jobim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Só Jobim (page does not exist)">Walter Só Jobim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernesto_Dornelles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernesto Dornelles (page does not 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href="/wiki/Tarso_Genro" title="Tarso Genro">Tarso Genro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ivo_Sartori" title="José Ivo Sartori">José Ivo Sartori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Leite" title="Eduardo Leite">Eduardo Leite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranolfo_Vieira_J%C3%BAnior" title="Ranolfo Vieira Júnior">Ranolfo Vieira Júnior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Leite" title="Eduardo Leite">Eduardo Leite</a></li></ol> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Bandeira_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Rio Grande do Sul"><img alt="Flag of Rio Grande do Sul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bandeira_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul.svg/51px-Bandeira_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul.svg.png" decoding="async" width="51" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bandeira_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul.svg/77px-Bandeira_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bandeira_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul.svg/102px-Bandeira_do_Rio_Grande_do_Sul.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156844#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156844#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156844#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120999323">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24623952">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/63576/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyCGyRmbf4gpG3bTYPxXd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118803956">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80144795">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12069140c">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12069140c">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo20231187002&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1147333">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/120558">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07139270X">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90737894">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000225192">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810548936805606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269417405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517874706706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04089866?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118803956.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118803956">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028964942">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569594">NARA</a></li><li><a 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