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href="https://pub.dev/packages/pay" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Google pay package</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-5-5" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-5-5"><span>Maps</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-5-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://codelabs.developers.google.com/codelabs/google-maps-in-flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Add Google maps to a Flutter app</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://developers.google.com/maps/flutter-package" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Google Maps package</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-5-6" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-5-6"><span>News</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-5-6"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/news-toolkit"><div><span>Build a news app</span></div></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li aria-hidden="true"><div class="sidenav-divider"></div></li><li class="nav-header">User interface</li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/widgets"><div><span>Widget catalog</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-10" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-10"><span>Layout</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-10"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/tutorial"><div><span>Build a layout</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-10-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-10-3"><span>Lists & grids</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-10-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/basic-list"><div><span>Create and use lists</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/horizontal-list"><div><span>Create a horizontal list</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/grid-lists"><div><span>Create a grid view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/mixed-list"><div><span>Create lists with different types of items</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/spaced-items"><div><span>Create lists with spaced items</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/long-lists"><div><span>Work with long lists</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-10-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-10-4"><span>Scrolling</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-10-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/scrolling"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/scrolling/slivers"><div><span>Use slivers to achieve fancy scrolling</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/lists/floating-app-bar"><div><span>Place a floating app bar above a list</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/effects/parallax-scrolling"><div><span>Create a scrolling parallax effect</span></div></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-11" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-11"><span>Adaptive & responsive design</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-11"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/general"><div><span>General approach</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/safearea-mediaquery"><div><span>SafeArea & MediaQuery</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/large-screens"><div><span>Large screens & foldables</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/input"><div><span>User input & accessibility</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/capabilities"><div><span>Capabilities & policies</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/platform-adaptations"><div><span>Automatic platform adaptations</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/best-practices"><div><span>Best practices</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/adaptive-responsive/more-info"><div><span>Additional resources</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-12" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-12"><span>Design & theming</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-12"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/themes"><div><span>Share styles with themes</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/design/material"><div><span>Material design</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/release/breaking-changes/material-3-migration"><div><span>Migrate to Material 3</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-12-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-12-4"><span>Text</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-12-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/design/text/typography"><div><span>Fonts & typography</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/fonts"><div><span>Use a custom font</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/package-fonts"><div><span>Export fonts from a package</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://pub.dev/packages/google_fonts" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Google Fonts package</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-12-5" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-12-5"><span>Custom graphics</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-12-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/design/graphics/fragment-shaders"><div><span>Use custom fragment shaders</span></div></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-13" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-13"><span>Interactivity</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-13"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity"><div><span>Add interactivity to your app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-13-2" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-13-2"><span>Gestures</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-13-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/gestures"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/gestures/handling-taps"><div><span>Handle taps</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/gestures/drag-outside"><div><span>Drag an object outside an app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/effects/drag-a-widget"><div><span>Drag a UI element within an app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/gestures/ripples"><div><span>Add Material touch ripples</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/gestures/dismissible"><div><span>Implement swipe to dismiss</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-13-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-13-3"><span>Input & forms</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-13-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/text-input"><div><span>Create and style a text field</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/retrieve-input"><div><span>Retrieve the value of a text field</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/text-field-changes"><div><span>Handle changes to a text field</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/focus"><div><span>Manage focus in text fields</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/forms/validation"><div><span>Build a form with validation</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/snackbars"><div><span>Display a snackbar</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/actions-and-shortcuts"><div><span>Implement actions & shortcuts</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/interactivity/focus"><div><span>Manage keyboard focus</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-14" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-14"><span>Assets & media</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-14"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/assets/assets-and-images"><div><span>Add assets and images</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/images/network-image"><div><span>Display images from the internet</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/images/fading-in-images"><div><span>Fade in images with a placeholder</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/plugins/play-video"><div><span>Play and pause a video</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/assets/asset-transformation"><div><span>Transform assets at build time</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-15" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-15"><span>Navigation & routing</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-15"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/tabs"><div><span>Add tabs to your app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/navigation-basics"><div><span>Navigate to a new screen and back</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/passing-data"><div><span>Send data to a new screen</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/returning-data"><div><span>Return data from a screen</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/design/drawer"><div><span>Add a drawer to a screen</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation/deep-linking"><div><span>Set up deep linking</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/set-up-app-links"><div><span>Set up app links for Android</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/navigation/set-up-universal-links"><div><span>Set up universal links for iOS</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/navigation/url-strategies"><div><span>Configure web URL strategies</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-16" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-16"><span>Animations & transitions</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-16"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/tutorial"><div><span>Tutorial</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/implicit-animations"><div><span>Implicit animations</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/animated-container"><div><span>Animate the properties of a container</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/opacity-animation"><div><span>Fade a widget in and out</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/hero-animations"><div><span>Hero animations</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/page-route-animation"><div><span>Animate a page route transition</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/animation/physics-simulation"><div><span>Animate using a physics simulation</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/staggered-animations"><div><span>Staggered animations</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/effects/staggered-menu-animation"><div><span>Create a staggered menu animation</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/animations/overview"><div><span>API overview</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-17" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-17"><span>Accessibility & internationalization</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-17"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/accessibility-and-internationalization/accessibility"><div><span>Accessibility</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/accessibility-and-internationalization/internationalization"><div><span>Internationalization</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li aria-hidden="true"><div class="sidenav-divider"></div></li><li class="nav-header">Beyond UI</li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-20" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-20"><span>Data & backend</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-20"><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-20-1" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-20-1"><span>State management</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-20-1"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/intro"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/declarative"><div><span>Think declaratively</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/ephemeral-vs-app"><div><span>Ephemeral vs app state</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/simple"><div><span>Simple app state management</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/state-mgmt/options"><div><span>Options</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-20-2" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-20-2"><span>Networking & http</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-20-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/networking"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/fetch-data"><div><span>Fetch data from the internet</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/authenticated-requests"><div><span>Make authenticated requests</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/send-data"><div><span>Send data to the internet</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/update-data"><div><span>Update data over the internet</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/delete-data"><div><span>Delete data on the internet</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/web-sockets"><div><span>Communicate with WebSockets</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-20-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-20-3"><span>Serialization</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-20-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/serialization/json"><div><span>JSON serialization</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/networking/background-parsing"><div><span>Parse JSON in the background</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-20-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-20-4"><span>Persistence</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-20-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/key-value"><div><span>Store key-value data on disk</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/reading-writing-files"><div><span>Read and write files</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/persistence/sqlite"><div><span>Persist data with SQLite</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-20-5" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-20-5"><span>Firebase</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-20-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/firebase"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://firebase.google.com/docs/flutter/setup" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Add Firebase to your Flutter app</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/data-and-backend/google-apis"><div><span>Google APIs</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-21" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-21"><span>App architecture</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-21"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/concepts"><div><span>Architecture concepts</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/guide"><div><span>Guide to app architecture</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-21-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-21-4"><span>Architecture case study</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-21-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/case-study"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/case-study/ui-layer"><div><span>UI layer</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/case-study/data-layer"><div><span>Data layer</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/case-study/dependency-injection"><div><span>Dependency injection</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/case-study/testing"><div><span>Testing each layer</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/recommendations"><div><span>Recommendations</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/app-architecture/design-patterns"><div><span>Design patterns</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-22" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-22"><span>Platform integration</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-22"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/reference/supported-platforms"><div><span>Supported platforms</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/desktop"><div><span>Build desktop apps with Flutter</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/platform-channels"><div><span>Write platform-specific code</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-22-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-22-4"><span>Android</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-22-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/install-android"><div><span>Add Android as build target</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/splash-screen"><div><span>Add a splash screen</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/predictive-back"><div><span>Add predictive back</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/c-interop"><div><span>Bind to native code</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/platform-views"><div><span>Host a native Android view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/call-jetpack-apis"><div><span>Calling JetPack APIs</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/compose-activity"><div><span>Launch a Jetpack Compose activity</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/restore-state-android"><div><span>Restore state on Android</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/android/chromeos"><div><span>Target ChromeOS with Android</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-22-5" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-22-5"><span>iOS</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-22-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/install-ios"><div><span>Add iOS as build target</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/ios-latest"><div><span>Flutter on latest iOS</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/apple-frameworks"><div><span>Leverage Apple's system libraries</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/launch-screen"><div><span>Add a launch screen</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/ios-app-clip"><div><span>Add iOS App Clip support</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/app-extensions"><div><span>Add iOS app extensions</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/c-interop"><div><span>Bind to native code</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/platform-views"><div><span>Host a native iOS view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/ios-debugging"><div><span>Enable debugging on iOS</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/ios/restore-state-ios"><div><span>Restore state on iOS</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-22-6" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-22-6"><span>Linux</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-22-6"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/linux/install-linux"><div><span>Add Linux as build target</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/linux/building"><div><span>Build a Linux app</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-22-7" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-22-7"><span>macOS</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-22-7"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/macos/install-macos"><div><span>Add macOS as build target</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/macos/building"><div><span>Build a macOS app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/macos/c-interop"><div><span>Bind to native code</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/macos/platform-views"><div><span>Host a native macOS view</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-22-8" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-22-8"><span>Web</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-22-8"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web"><div><span>Web support in Flutter</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/install-web"><div><span>Add web as build target</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/building"><div><span>Build a web app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/wasm"><div><span>Compile to WebAssembly</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/initialization"><div><span>Customize app initialization</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/embedding-flutter-web"><div><span>Add Flutter to any web app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/web-content-in-flutter"><div><span>Web content in Flutter</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/renderers"><div><span>Web renderers</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/web-images"><div><span>Display images on the web</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/faq"><div><span>Web FAQ</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-22-9" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-22-9"><span>Windows</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-22-9"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/windows/install-windows"><div><span>Add Windows as build target</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/windows/building"><div><span>Build a Windows app</span></div></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-23" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-23"><span>Packages & plugins</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-23"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/packages-and-plugins/using-packages"><div><span>Use packages & plugins</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/packages-and-plugins/developing-packages"><div><span>Develop packages & plugins</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-23-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-23-3"><span>Swift Package Manager</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-23-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/packages-and-plugins/swift-package-manager/for-app-developers"><div><span>For app developers</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/packages-and-plugins/swift-package-manager/for-plugin-authors"><div><span>For plugin authors</span></div></a></li></ul></li><div class="sidenav-divider"></div><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/packages-and-plugins/favorites"><div><span>Flutter Favorites</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://pub.dev/flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Package repository</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-24" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-24"><span>Testing & debugging</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-24"><li class="nav-header">Testing</li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/overview"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-24-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-24-3"><span>Unit testing</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-24-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/unit/introduction"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/unit/mocking"><div><span>Mock dependencies</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-24-4" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-24-4"><span>Widget testing</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-24-4"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/widget/introduction"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/widget/finders"><div><span>Find widgets</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/widget/scrolling"><div><span>Simulate scrolling</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/widget/tap-drag"><div><span>Simulate user interaction</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-24-5" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-24-5"><span>Integration testing</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-24-5"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/integration/introduction"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/integration-tests"><div><span>Write and run an integration test</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/testing/integration/profiling"><div><span>Profile an integration test</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/testing-plugins"><div><span>Test a plugin</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/plugins-in-tests"><div><span>Handle plugin code in tests</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-header">Debugging</li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/debugging"><div><span>Debugging tools</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/code-debugging"><div><span>Debug your app programmatically</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/native-debugging"><div><span>Use a native language debugger</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/common-errors"><div><span>Common Flutter errors</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/errors"><div><span>Handle errors</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/cookbook/maintenance/error-reporting"><div><span>Report errors to a service</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-25" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-25"><span>Performance & optimization</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-25"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/impeller"><div><span>Impeller</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/best-practices"><div><span>Performance best practices</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/app-size"><div><span>App size</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/deferred-components"><div><span>Deferred components</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/rendering-performance"><div><span>Rendering performance</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/ui-performance"><div><span>Performance profiling</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/web-performance"><div><span>Performance profiling for web</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/metrics"><div><span>Performance metrics</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/isolates"><div><span>Concurrency and isolates</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/faq"><div><span>Performance FAQ</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/perf/appendix"><div><span>Appendix</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-26" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-26"><span>Deployment</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-26"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/obfuscate"><div><span>Obfuscate Dart code</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/flavors"><div><span>Create app flavors for Android</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/flavors-ios"><div><span>Create app flavors for iOS and macOS</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/android"><div><span>Build and release an Android app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/ios"><div><span>Build and release an iOS app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/macos"><div><span>Build and release a macOS app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/linux"><div><span>Build and release a Linux app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/windows"><div><span>Build and release a Windows app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/web"><div><span>Build and release a web app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/deployment/cd"><div><span>Set up continuous deployment</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-27" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-27"><span>Add to an existing app</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-27"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app"><div><span>Introduction</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-27-2" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-27-2"><span>Add to an Android app</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-27-2"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/android/project-setup"><div><span>Set up Android project</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/android/add-flutter-screen"><div><span>Add a single Flutter screen</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/android/add-flutter-fragment"><div><span>Add a Flutter Fragment</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/android/add-flutter-view"><div><span>Add a Flutter View</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/android/plugin-setup"><div><span>Use a Flutter plugin</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-27-3" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-27-3"><span>Add to an iOS app</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-27-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/ios/project-setup"><div><span>Set up iOS project</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/ios/add-flutter-screen"><div><span>Add a single Flutter screen</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/platform-integration/web/embedding-flutter-web"><div><span>Add to a web app</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/debugging"><div><span>Debug embedded Flutter module</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/multiple-flutters"><div><span>Add multiple Flutter instances</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/add-to-app/performance"><div><span>Loading sequence and performance</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li aria-hidden="true"><div class="sidenav-divider"></div></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link active collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-29" role="button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="sidenav-29"><span>Tools & editors</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse show" id="sidenav-29"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/android-studio"><div><span>Android Studio & IntelliJ</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/vs-code"><div><span>Visual Studio Code</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link active collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-29-3" role="button" aria-expanded="true" aria-controls="sidenav-29-3"><span>DevTools</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse show" id="sidenav-29-3"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools"><div><span>Overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/android-studio"><div><span>Run from Android Studio & IntelliJ</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/vscode"><div><span>Run from VS Code</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/cli"><div><span>Run from command line</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/inspector"><div><span>Flutter inspector</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/legacy-inspector"><div><span>Legacy Flutter inspector</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/performance"><div><span>Performance view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/cpu-profiler"><div><span>CPU Profiler view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link active" href="/tools/devtools/memory"><div><span>Memory view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/console"><div><span>Debug console view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/network"><div><span>Network view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/debugger"><div><span>Debugger</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/logging"><div><span>Logging view</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/app-size"><div><span>App size tool</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/extensions"><div><span>DevTools extensions</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/deep-links"><div><span>Validate deep links</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/devtools/release-notes"><div><span>Release notes</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/sdk"><div><span>SDK overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/pubspec"><div><span>Flutter's pubspec options</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/flutter-fix"><div><span>Automated fixes</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/formatting"><div><span>Code formatting</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-30" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-30"><span>Flutter concepts</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-30"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/architectural-overview"><div><span>Architectural overview</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/inside-flutter"><div><span>Inside Flutter</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/ui/layout/constraints"><div><span>Understanding constraints</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/testing/build-modes"><div><span>Flutter's build modes</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/tools/hot-reload"><div><span>Hot reload</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsed collapsible" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-31" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-31"><span>Resources</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-31"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/faq"><div><span>FAQ</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/books"><div><span>Books</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/videos"><div><span>Videos</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/courses"><div><span>Courses</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/bootstrap-into-dart"><div><span>Learn Dart</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/support"><div><span>Get support</span></div></a></li><div class="sidenav-divider"></div><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-31-8" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-31-8"><span>Contribute</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" aria-hidden="true">expand_more</span></button><ul class="nav collapse" id="sidenav-31-8"><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/bug-reports"><div><span>Create useful bug reports</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/CONTRIBUTING.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><div><span>Contribute to Flutter</span><span class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">open_in_new</span></div></a></li><li class="nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="/resources/design-docs"><div><span>Discover proposed features</span></div></a></li></ul></li><li class="nav-item"><button class="nav-link collapsible collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#sidenav-31-9" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="sidenav-31-9"><span>Reference</span> <span class="material-symbols expander" 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href="#basic-memory-concepts">Basic memory concepts</a><ul class="nav"><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#object-types">Object types</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#root-object-retaining-path-and-reachability">Root object, retaining path, and reachability</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#shallow-size-vs-retained-size">Shallow size vs retained size</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#memory-leaks-happen-in-dart">Memory leaks happen in Dart?</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#memory-leak-vs-memory-bloat">Memory leak vs memory bloat</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#memory-view-guide">Memory view guide</a><ul class="nav"><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#expandable-chart">Expandable chart</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#profile-memory-tab">Profile Memory tab</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#diff-snapshots-tab">Diff Snapshots tab</a></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#trace-instances-tab">Trace Instances tab</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry nav-item"><a class="nav-link" href="#other-resources">Other resources</a></li></ul></div><article><header class="site-content__title"><h1 id="document-title">Use the Memory view</h1><nav class="breadcrumbs" aria-label="breadcrumb"><ol vocab="https://schema.org/" typeof="BreadcrumbList"><li class="breadcrumb-item" property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a href="/tools" property="item" typeof="WebPage"><span property="name">Tools</span></a><meta property="position" content="0"><span class="material-symbols child-icon" aria-hidden="true">chevron_right</span></li><li class="breadcrumb-item" property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem"><a href="/tools/devtools" property="item" typeof="WebPage"><span property="name">Flutter and Dart DevTools</span></a><meta property="position" content="1"><span class="material-symbols child-icon" aria-hidden="true">chevron_right</span></li><li class="breadcrumb-item active" property="itemListElement" typeof="ListItem" aria-current="page"><a href="/tools/devtools/memory" property="item" typeof="WebPage"><span property="name">Use the Memory view</span></a><meta property="position" content="2"></li></ol></nav></header><div id="site-toc--inline" class="site-toc toc-collapsible toc-collapsed"><header class="site-toc__title">Contents <span class="site-toc--inline__toggle toc-toggle-down" title="Expand table of contents"><i class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">keyboard_arrow_down</i></span> <span class="site-toc--inline__toggle toc-toggle-up" title="Collapse table of contents"><i class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">keyboard_arrow_up</i></span></header><ul class="section-nav"><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#reasons-to-use-the-memory-view">Reasons to use the memory view</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#basic-memory-concepts">Basic memory concepts</a><ul><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#object-types">Object types</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#root-object-retaining-path-and-reachability">Root object, retaining path, and reachability</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#shallow-size-vs-retained-size">Shallow size vs retained size</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#memory-leaks-happen-in-dart">Memory leaks happen in Dart?</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#memory-leak-vs-memory-bloat">Memory leak vs memory bloat</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#memory-view-guide">Memory view guide</a><ul><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#expandable-chart">Expandable chart</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#profile-memory-tab">Profile Memory tab</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#diff-snapshots-tab">Diff Snapshots tab</a></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#trace-instances-tab">Trace Instances tab</a></li></ul></li><li class="toc-entry"><a href="#other-resources">Other resources</a></li></ul><span class="site-toc--inline__toggle toc-toggle-more-items" title="Expand table of contents"><i class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">more_horiz</i></span></div><p>The memory view provides insights into details of the application's memory allocation and tools to detect and debug specific issues.</p><aside class="alert alert-info"><div class="alert-header"><i class="material-symbols" aria-hidden="true">info</i> <span>Note</span></div><div class="alert-content"><p>This page is up to date for DevTools 2.23.0.</p></div></aside><p>For information on how to locate DevTools screens in different IDEs, check out the <a href="/tools/devtools">DevTools overview</a>.</p><p>To better understand the insights found on this page, the first section explains how Dart manages memory. If you already understand Dart's memory management, you can skip to the <a href="#memory-view-guide">Memory view guide</a>.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="reasons-to-use-the-memory-view">Reasons to use the memory view</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#reasons-to-use-the-memory-view" aria-label="Link to 'Reasons to use the memory view' section">#</a></div><p>Use the memory view for preemptive memory optimization or when your application experiences one of the following conditions:</p><ul><li>Crashes when it runs out of memory</li><li>Slows down</li><li>Causes the device to slow down or become unresponsive</li><li>Shuts down because it exceeded the memory limit, enforced by operating system</li><li>Exceeds memory usage limit<ul><li>This limit can vary depending on the type of devices your app targets.</li></ul></li><li>Suspect a memory leak</li></ul><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="basic-memory-concepts">Basic memory concepts</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#basic-memory-concepts" aria-label="Link to 'Basic memory concepts' section">#</a></div><p>Dart objects created using a class constructor (for example, by using <code>MyClass()</code>) live in a portion of memory called the <em>heap</em>. The memory in the heap is managed by the Dart VM (virtual machine). The Dart VM allocates memory for the object at the moment of the object creation, and releases (or deallocates) the memory when the object is no longer used (see <a href="https://medium.com/flutter/flutter-dont-fear-the-garbage-collector-d69b3ff1ca30">Dart garbage collection</a>).</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="object-types">Object types</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#object-types" aria-label="Link to 'Object types' section">#</a></div><div class="header-wrapper"><h4 id="disposable-object">Disposable object</h4><a class="heading-link" href="#disposable-object" aria-label="Link to 'Disposable object' section">#</a></div><p>A disposable object is any Dart object that defines a <code>dispose()</code> method. To avoid memory leaks, invoke <code>dispose</code> when the object isn't needed anymore.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h4 id="memory-risky-object">Memory-risky object</h4><a class="heading-link" href="#memory-risky-object" aria-label="Link to 'Memory-risky object' section">#</a></div><p>A memory-risky object is an object that <em>might</em> cause a memory leak, if it is not disposed properly or disposed but not GCed.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="root-object-retaining-path-and-reachability">Root object, retaining path, and reachability</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#root-object-retaining-path-and-reachability" aria-label="Link to 'Root object, retaining path, and reachability' section">#</a></div><div class="header-wrapper"><h4 id="root-object">Root object</h4><a class="heading-link" href="#root-object" aria-label="Link to 'Root object' section">#</a></div><p>Every Dart application creates a <em>root object</em> that references, directly or indirectly, all other objects the application allocates.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h4 id="reachability">Reachability</h4><a class="heading-link" href="#reachability" aria-label="Link to 'Reachability' section">#</a></div><p>If, at some moment of the application run, the root object stops referencing an allocated object, the object becomes <em>unreachable</em>, which is a signal for the garbage collector (GC) to deallocate the object's memory.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h4 id="retaining-path">Retaining path</h4><a class="heading-link" href="#retaining-path" aria-label="Link to 'Retaining path' section">#</a></div><p>The sequence of references from root to an object is called the object's <em>retaining</em> path, as it retains the object's memory from the garbage collection. One object can have many retaining paths. Objects with at least one retaining path are called <em>reachable</em> objects.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h4 id="example">Example</h4><a class="heading-link" href="#example" aria-label="Link to 'Example' section">#</a></div><p>The following example illustrates the concepts:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language dart">dart</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#BD2314">class</span><span style="color:#0468D7"> Child</span><span style="color:#222222">{}</span></span> <span class="line"></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#BD2314">class</span><span style="color:#0468D7"> Parent</span><span style="color:#222222"> {</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#0468D7"> Child</span><span style="color:#222222">? child;</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#222222">}</span></span> <span class="line"></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#0468D7">Parent</span><span style="color:#222222"> parent1 = </span><span style="color:#0468D7">Parent</span><span style="color:#222222">();</span></span> <span class="line"></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#BD2314">void</span><span style="color:#6200EE"> myFunction</span><span style="color:#222222">() {</span></span> <span class="line"></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#0468D7"> Child</span><span style="color:#222222">? child = </span><span style="color:#0468D7">Child</span><span style="color:#222222">();</span></span> <span class="line"></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#6E6E70"> // The `child` object was allocated in memory.</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#6E6E70"> // It's now retained from garbage collection</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#6E6E70"> // by one retaining path (root …-> myFunction -> child).</span></span> <span class="line"></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#0468D7"> Parent</span><span style="color:#222222">? parent2 = </span><span style="color:#0468D7">Parent</span><span style="color:#222222">()..child = child;</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#222222"> parent1.child = child;</span></span> <span class="line"></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#6E6E70"> // At this point the `child` object has three retaining paths:</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#6E6E70"> // root …-> myFunction -> child</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#6E6E70"> // root …-> myFunction -> parent2 -> child</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#6E6E70"> // root -> parent1 -> child</span></span> <span class="line"></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#222222"> child = </span><span style="color:#0C7064">null</span><span style="color:#222222">;</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#222222"> parent1.child = </span><span style="color:#0C7064">null</span><span style="color:#222222">;</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#222222"> parent2 = </span><span style="color:#0C7064">null</span><span style="color:#222222">;</span></span> <span class="line"></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#6E6E70"> // At this point, the `child` instance is unreachable</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#6E6E70"> // and will eventually be garbage collected.</span></span> <span class="line"></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#222222"> …</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#222222">}</span></span></code></pre></div></div><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="shallow-size-vs-retained-size">Shallow size vs retained size</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#shallow-size-vs-retained-size" aria-label="Link to 'Shallow size vs retained size' section">#</a></div><p><strong>Shallow size</strong> includes only the size of the object and its references, while <strong>retained size</strong> also includes the size of the retained objects.</p><p>The <strong>retained size</strong> of the root object includes all reachable Dart objects.</p><p>In the following example, the size of <code>myHugeInstance</code> isn't part of the parent's or child's shallow sizes, but is part of their retained sizes:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language dart">dart</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#BD2314">class</span><span style="color:#0468D7"> Child</span><span style="color:#222222">{</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#6E6E70"> /// The instance is part of both </span><span style="color:#222222">[parent]</span><span style="color:#6E6E70"> and </span><span style="color:#222222">[parent.child]</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#6E6E70"> /// retained sizes.</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#BD2314"> final</span><span style="color:#222222"> myHugeInstance = </span><span style="color:#0468D7">MyHugeInstance</span><span style="color:#222222">();</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#222222">}</span></span> <span class="line"></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#BD2314">class</span><span style="color:#0468D7"> Parent</span><span style="color:#222222"> {</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#0468D7"> Child</span><span style="color:#222222">? child;</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#222222">}</span></span> <span class="line"></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#0468D7">Parent</span><span style="color:#222222"> parent = </span><span style="color:#0468D7">Parent</span><span style="color:#222222">()..child = </span><span style="color:#0468D7">Child</span><span style="color:#222222">();</span></span></code></pre></div></div><p>In DevTools calculations, if an object has more than one retaining path, its size is assigned as retained only to the members of the shortest retaining path.</p><p>In this example the object <code>x</code> has two retaining paths:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-console"><div class="code-block-body"><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#222222">root -> a -> b -> c -> x</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#222222">root -> d -> e -> x (shortest retaining path to `x`)</span></span></code></pre></div></div><p>Only members of the shortest path (<code>d</code> and <code>e</code>) will include <code>x</code> into their retaining size.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="memory-leaks-happen-in-dart">Memory leaks happen in Dart?</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#memory-leaks-happen-in-dart" aria-label="Link to 'Memory leaks happen in Dart?' section">#</a></div><p>Garbage collector cannot prevent all types of memory leaks, and developers still need to watch objects to have leak-free lifecycle.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h4 id="why-cant-the-garbage-collector-prevent-all-leaks">Why can't the garbage collector prevent all leaks?</h4><a class="heading-link" href="#why-cant-the-garbage-collector-prevent-all-leaks" aria-label="Link to 'Why can't the garbage collector prevent all leaks?' section">#</a></div><p>While the garbage collector takes care of all unreachable objects, it's the responsibility of the application to ensure that unneeded objects are no longer reachable (referenced from the root).</p><p>So, if non-needed objects are left referenced (in a global or static variable, or as a field of a long-living object), the garbage collector can't recognize them, the memory allocation grows progressively, and the app eventually crashes with an <code>out-of-memory</code> error.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h4 id="why-closures-require-extra-attention">Why closures require extra attention</h4><a class="heading-link" href="#why-closures-require-extra-attention" aria-label="Link to 'Why closures require extra attention' section">#</a></div><p>One hard-to-catch leak pattern relates to using closures. In the following code, a reference to the designed-to-be short-living <code>myHugeObject</code> is implicitly stored in the closure context and passed to <code>setHandler</code>. As a result, <code>myHugeObject</code> won't be garbage collected as long as <code>handler</code> is reachable.</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language dart">dart</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#BD2314"> final</span><span style="color:#222222"> handler = () => </span><span style="color:#6200EE">print</span><span style="color:#222222">(myHugeObject.name);</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#6200EE"> setHandler</span><span style="color:#222222">(handler);</span></span></code></pre></div></div><div class="header-wrapper"><h4 id="why-buildcontext-requires-extra-attention">Why <code>BuildContext</code> requires extra attention</h4><a class="heading-link" href="#why-buildcontext-requires-extra-attention" aria-label="Link to 'Why BuildContext requires extra attention' section">#</a></div><p>An example of a large, short-living object that might squeeze into a long-living area and thus cause leaks, is the <code>context</code> parameter passed to Flutter's <code>build</code> method.</p><p>The following code is leak prone, as <code>useHandler</code> might store the handler in a long-living area:</p><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language dart">dart</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6E6E70">// BAD: DO NOT DO THIS</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#6E6E70">// This code is leak prone:</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#BD2314">@override</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#0468D7">Widget</span><span style="color:#6200EE"> build</span><span style="color:#222222">(</span><span style="color:#0468D7">BuildContext</span><span style="color:#222222"> context) {</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#BD2314"> final</span><span style="color:#222222"> handler = () => </span><span style="color:#6200EE">apply</span><span style="color:#222222">(</span><span style="color:#0468D7">Theme</span><span style="color:#222222">.</span><span style="color:#6200EE">of</span><span style="color:#222222">(context));</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#6200EE"> useHandler</span><span style="color:#222222">(handler);</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#222222">…</span></span></code></pre></div></div><div class="header-wrapper"><h4 id="how-to-fix-leak-prone-code">How to fix leak prone code?</h4><a class="heading-link" href="#how-to-fix-leak-prone-code" aria-label="Link to 'How to fix leak prone code?' section">#</a></div><p>The following code is not leak prone, because:</p><ol><li>The closure doesn't use the large and short-living <code>context</code> object.</li><li>The <code>theme</code> object (used instead) is long-living. It is created once and shared between <code>BuildContext</code> instances.</li></ol><div class="code-block-wrapper language-dart"><div class="code-block-body"><span class="code-block-language" title="Language dart">dart</span><pre class="shiki dash-light" tabindex="0"><code><span class="line"><span style="color:#6E6E70">// GOOD</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#BD2314">@override</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#0468D7">Widget</span><span style="color:#6200EE"> build</span><span style="color:#222222">(</span><span style="color:#0468D7">BuildContext</span><span style="color:#222222"> context) {</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#BD2314"> final</span><span style="color:#222222"> theme = </span><span style="color:#0468D7">Theme</span><span style="color:#222222">.</span><span style="color:#6200EE">of</span><span style="color:#222222">(context);</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#BD2314"> final</span><span style="color:#222222"> handler = () => </span><span style="color:#6200EE">apply</span><span style="color:#222222">(theme);</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#6200EE"> useHandler</span><span style="color:#222222">(handler);</span></span> <span class="line"><span style="color:#222222">…</span></span></code></pre></div></div><div class="header-wrapper"><h4 id="general-rule-for-buildcontext">General rule for <code>BuildContext</code></h4><a class="heading-link" href="#general-rule-for-buildcontext" aria-label="Link to 'General rule for BuildContext' section">#</a></div><p>In general, use the following rule for a <code>BuildContext</code>: if the closure doesn't outlive the widget, it's ok to pass the context to the closure.</p><p>Stateful widgets require extra attention. They consist of two classes: the <a href="/ui/interactivity#creating-a-stateful-widget">widget and the widget state</a>, where the widget is short living, and the state is long living. The build context, owned by the widget, should never be referenced from the state's fields, as the state won't be garbage collected together with the widget, and can significantly outlive it.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="memory-leak-vs-memory-bloat">Memory leak vs memory bloat</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#memory-leak-vs-memory-bloat" aria-label="Link to 'Memory leak vs memory bloat' section">#</a></div><p>In a memory leak, an application progressively uses memory, for example, by repeatedly creating a listener, but not disposing it.</p><p>Memory bloat uses more memory than is necessary for optimal performance, for example, by using overly large images or keeping streams open through their lifetime.</p><p>Both leaks and bloats, when large, cause an application to crash with an <code>out-of-memory</code> error. However, leaks are more likely to cause memory issues, because even a small leak, if repeated many times, leads to a crash.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="memory-view-guide">Memory view guide</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#memory-view-guide" aria-label="Link to 'Memory view guide' section">#</a></div><p>The DevTools memory view helps you investigate memory allocations (both in the heap and external), memory leaks, memory bloat, and more. The view has the following features:</p><dl><dt><a href="#expandable-chart"><strong>Expandable chart</strong></a></dt><dd>Get a high-level trace of memory allocation, and view both standard events (like garbage collection) and custom events (like image allocation).</dd><dt><a href="#profile-memory-tab"><strong>Profile Memory</strong> tab</a></dt><dd>See current memory allocation listed by class and memory type.</dd><dt><a href="#diff-snapshots-tab"><strong>Diff Snapshots</strong> tab</a></dt><dd>Detect and investigate a feature's memory management issues.</dd><dt><a href="#trace-instances-tab"><strong>Trace Instances</strong> tab</a></dt><dd>Investigate a feature's memory management for a specified set of classes.</dd></dl><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="expandable-chart">Expandable chart</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#expandable-chart" aria-label="Link to 'Expandable chart' section">#</a></div><p>The expandable chart provides the following features:</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h4 id="memory-anatomy">Memory anatomy</h4><a class="heading-link" href="#memory-anatomy" aria-label="Link to 'Memory anatomy' section">#</a></div><p>A timeseries graph visualizes the state of Flutter memory at successive intervals of time. Each data point on the chart corresponds to the timestamp (x-axis) of measured quantities (y-axis) of the heap. For example, usage, capacity, external, garbage collection, and resident set size are captured.</p><p><img src="/assets/images/docs/tools/devtools/memory_chart_anatomy.png" alt="Screenshot of a memory anatomy page" width="100%"></p><div class="header-wrapper"><h4 id="memory-overview-chart">Memory overview chart</h4><a class="heading-link" href="#memory-overview-chart" aria-label="Link to 'Memory overview chart' section">#</a></div><p>The memory overview chart is a timeseries graph of collected memory statistics. It visually presents the state of the Dart or Flutter heap and Dart's or Flutter's native memory over time.</p><p>The chart's x-axis is a timeline of events (timeseries). The data plotted in the y-axis all has a timestamp of when the data was collected. In other words, it shows the polled state (capacity, used, external, RSS (resident set size), and GC (garbage collection)) of the memory every 500 ms. This helps provide a live appearance on the state of the memory as the application is running.</p><p>Clicking the <strong>Legend</strong> button displays the collected measurements, symbols, and colors used to display the data.</p><p><img src="/assets/images/docs/tools/devtools/memory_chart_anatomy.png" alt="Screenshot of a memory anatomy page" width="100%"></p><p>The <strong>Memory Size Scale</strong> y-axis automatically adjusts to the range of data collected in the current visible chart range.</p><p>The quantities plotted on the y-axis are as follows:</p><dl><dt><strong>Dart/Flutter Heap</strong></dt><dd>Objects (Dart and Flutter objects) in the heap.</dd><dt><strong>Dart/Flutter Native</strong></dt><dd>Memory that isn't in the Dart/Flutter heap but is still part of the total memory footprint. Objects in this memory would be native objects (for example, from reading a file into memory, or a decoded image). The native objects are exposed to the Dart VM from the native OS (such as Android, Linux, Windows, iOS) using a Dart embedder. The embedder creates a Dart wrapper with a finalizer, allowing Dart code to communicate with these native resources. Flutter has an embedder for Android and iOS. For more information, see <a href="https://dart.dev/server">Command-line and server apps</a>, <a href="https://dartfrog.vgv.dev/">Dart on the server with Dart Frog</a>, <a href="https://github.com/flutter/flutter/blob/main/engine/src/flutter/docs/Custom-Flutter-Engine-Embedders.md">Custom Flutter Engine Embedders</a>, <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkTUMVNelXA">Dart web server deployment with Heroku</a>.</dd><dt><strong>Timeline</strong></dt><dd>The timestamps of all collected memory statistics and events at a particular point in time (timestamp).</dd><dt><strong>Raster Cache</strong></dt><dd>The size of the Flutter engine's raster cache layer(s) or picture(s), while performing the final rendering after compositing. For more information, see the <a href="/resources/architectural-overview">Flutter architectural overview</a> and <a href="/tools/devtools/performance">DevTools Performance view</a>.</dd><dt><strong>Allocated</strong></dt><dd>The current capacity of the heap is typically slightly larger than the total size of all heap objects.</dd><dt><strong>RSS - Resident Set Size</strong></dt><dd>The resident set size displays the amount of memory for a process. It doesn't include memory that is swapped out. It includes memory from shared libraries that are loaded, as well as all stack and heap memory. For more information, see <a href="https://mrale.ph/dartvm/">Dart VM internals</a>.</dd></dl><p><a id="profile-tab" aria-hidden="true"></a></p><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="profile-memory-tab">Profile Memory tab</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#profile-memory-tab" aria-label="Link to 'Profile Memory tab' section">#</a></div><p>Use the <strong>Profile Memory</strong> tab to see current memory allocation by class and memory type. For a deeper analysis in Google Sheets or other tools, download the data in CSV format. Toggle <strong>Refresh on GC</strong>, to see allocation in real time.</p><p><img src="/assets/images/docs/tools/devtools/profile-tab-2.png" alt="Screenshot of the profile tab page" width="100%"></p><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="diff-snapshots-tab">Diff Snapshots tab</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#diff-snapshots-tab" aria-label="Link to 'Diff Snapshots tab' section">#</a></div><p>Use the <strong>Diff Snapshots</strong> tab to investigate a feature's memory management. Follow the guidance on the tab to take snapshots before and after interaction with the application, and diff the snapshots:</p><p><img src="/assets/images/docs/tools/devtools/diff-tab.png" alt="Screenshot of the diff tab page" width="100%"></p><p>Tap the <strong>Filter classes and packages</strong> button, to narrow the data:</p><p><img src="/assets/images/docs/tools/devtools/filter-ui.png" alt="Screenshot of the filter options ui"></p><p>For a deeper analysis in Google Sheets or other tools, download the data in CSV format.</p><p><a id="trace-tab" aria-hidden="true"></a></p><div class="header-wrapper"><h3 id="trace-instances-tab">Trace Instances tab</h3><a class="heading-link" href="#trace-instances-tab" aria-label="Link to 'Trace Instances tab' section">#</a></div><p>Use the <strong>Trace Instances</strong> tab to investigate what methods allocate memory for a set of classes during feature execution:</p><ol><li>Select classes to trace</li><li>Interact with your app to trigger the code you are interested in</li><li>Tap <strong>Refresh</strong></li><li>Select a traced class</li><li>Review the collected data</li></ol><p><img src="/assets/images/docs/tools/devtools/trace-instances-tab.png" alt="Screenshot of a trace tab" width="100%"></p><div class="header-wrapper"><h4 id="bottom-up-vs-call-tree-view">Bottom up vs call tree view</h4><a class="heading-link" href="#bottom-up-vs-call-tree-view" aria-label="Link to 'Bottom up vs call tree view' section">#</a></div><p>Switch between bottom-up and call tree views depending on specifics of your tasks.</p><p><img src="/assets/images/docs/tools/devtools/trace-view.png" alt="Screenshot of a trace allocations"></p><p>The call tree view shows the method allocations for each instance. The view is a top-down representation of the call stack, meaning that a method can be expanded to show its callees.</p><p>The bottom-up view shows the list of different call stacks that have allocated the instances.</p><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="other-resources">Other resources</h2><a class="heading-link" href="#other-resources" aria-label="Link to 'Other resources' section">#</a></div><p>For more information, check out the following resources:</p><ul><li>To learn how to monitor an app's memory usage and detect memory leaks using DevTools, check out a guided <a href="https://medium.com/@fluttergems/mastering-dart-flutter-devtools-memory-view-part-7-of-8-e7f5aaf07e15">Memory View tutorial</a>.</li><li>To understand Android memory structure, check out <a href="https://developer.android.com/topic/performance/memory-management">Android: Memory allocation among processes</a>.</li></ul><p id="page-github-links"><span>Unless stated otherwise, the documentation on this site reflects the latest stable version of Flutter. Page last updated on 2025-01-17.</span> <a href="https://github.com/flutter/website/tree/main/src/content/tools/devtools/memory.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener">View source</a> <span>or </span><a href="https://github.com/flutter/website/issues/new?template=1_page_issue.yml&&page-url=https://docs.flutter.dev/tools/devtools/memory/&page-source=https://github.com/flutter/website/tree/main/src/content/tools/devtools/memory.md" title="Report an issue with this page" target="_blank" rel="noopener">report an issue</a>.</p></article></main></div><footer id="site-footer"><div class="footer-section footer-main"><a class="brand" href="https://flutter.dev"><img src="/assets/images/branding/flutter/logo+text/horizontal/white.svg" alt="Flutter logo" width="164"></a><div class="footer-social-links"><a class="icon-button" href="https://medium.com/flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Flutter's Medium blog"><svg><use href="/assets/images/social/medium.svg#medium"></use></svg> </a><a class="icon-button" href="https://youtube.com/@flutterdev" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Flutter's YouTube"><svg><use href="/assets/images/social/youtube.svg#youtube"></use></svg> </a><a class="icon-button" href="https://github.com/flutter" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Flutter's GitHub"><svg><use href="/assets/images/social/github.svg#github"></use></svg> </a><a class="icon-button" href="https://bsky.app/profile/flutter.dev" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Flutter's Bluesky"><svg><use href="/assets/images/social/bluesky.svg#bluesky"></use></svg> </a><a class="icon-button" href="https://twitter.com/FlutterDev" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Flutter's X (Twitter)"><svg><use href="/assets/images/social/x.svg#x"></use></svg></a></div></div><div class="footer-section footer-tray"><div class="footer-licenses">Except as otherwise noted, this site is licensed under a <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>, and code samples are licensed under the <a href="https://opensource.org/licenses/BSD-3-Clause">3-Clause BSD License</a>.</div><div class="footer-utility-links"><ul><li><a href="/tos" title="Terms of use">Terms</a></li><li><a href="/brand" title="Brand usage guidelines">Brand</a></li><li><a href="https://policies.google.com/privacy" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Privacy policy">Privacy</a></li><li><a href="/security" title="Security philosophy and practices">Security</a></li></ul></div></div></footer></div><script src="/assets/js/tabs.js?v=4"></script><script src="/assets/js/archive.js?v=4"></script><script src="/assets/js/main.js?v=4"></script></body></html>