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lengths</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: bond lengths"> <meta name="keywords" content="bond lengths"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="bond lengths"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 868</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: bond lengths</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">628</span> Modification of Titanium Surfaces with Micro/Nanospheres for Local Antibiotic Release</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Burcu%20Doymus">Burcu Doymus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatma%20N.%20Kok"> Fatma N. Kok</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sakip%20Onder"> Sakip Onder</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Titanium and titanium-based materials are commonly used to replace or regenerate the injured or lost tissues because of accidents or illnesses. Hospital infections and strong bond formation at the implant-tissue interface are directly affecting the success of the implantation as weak bonding with the native tissue and hospital infections lead to revision surgery. The purpose of the presented study is to modify the surface of the titanium substrates with nano/microspheres for local drug delivery and to prevent hospital infections. Firstly, titanium surfaces were silanized with APTES (3-Triethoxysilylpropylamine) following the negatively charged oxide layer formation. Then characterization studies using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were done on the modified surfaces. Secondly, microspheres/nanospheres were prepared with chitosan that is a natural polymer and having valuable properties such as non-toxicity, high biocompatibility, low allergen city and biodegradability for biomedical applications. Antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) loaded micro/nanospheres have been fabricated using emulsion cross-linking method and have been immobilized onto the titanium surfaces with different immobilization techniques such as covalent bond and entrapment. Optimization studies on size and drug loading capacities of micro/nanospheres were conducted before the immobilization process. Light microscopy and SEM were used to visualize and measure the size of the produced micro/nanospheres. Loaded and released drug amounts were determined by using UV- spectrophotometer at 278 nm. Finally, SEM analysis and drug release studies on the micro/nanospheres coated Ti surfaces were done. As a conclusion, it was shown that micro/nanospheres were immobilized onto the surfaces successfully and drug release from these surfaces was in a controlled manner. Moreover, the density of the micro/nanospheres after the drug release studies was higher on the surfaces where the entrapment technique was used for immobilization. Acknowledgement: This work is financially supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council Of Turkey (Project # 217M220) <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chitosan" title="chitosan">chitosan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=controlled%20drug%20release" title=" controlled drug release"> controlled drug release</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanosphere" title=" nanosphere"> nanosphere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nosocomial%20infections" title=" nosocomial infections"> nosocomial infections</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=titanium" title=" titanium"> titanium</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106982/modification-of-titanium-surfaces-with-micronanospheres-for-local-antibiotic-release" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/106982.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">125</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">627</span> Structural Evolution of Na6Mn(SO4)4 from High-Pressure Synchrotron Powder X-ray Diffraction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monalisa%20Pradhan">Monalisa Pradhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ajana%20Dutta"> Ajana Dutta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irshad%20Kariyattuparamb%20Abbas"> Irshad Kariyattuparamb Abbas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boby%20Joseph"> Boby Joseph</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20N.%20Guru%20Row"> T. N. Guru Row</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Diptikanta%20Swain"> Diptikanta Swain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gopal%20K.%20Pradhan"> Gopal K. Pradhan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Compounds with the Vanthoffite crystal structure having general formula Na6M(SO₄)₄ (M= Mg, Mn, Ni , Co, Fe, Cu and Zn) display a variety of intriguing physical properties intimately related to their structural arrangements. The compound Na6Mn(SO4)4 shows antiferromagnetic ordering at low temperature where the in-plane Mn-O•••O-Mn interactions facilitates antiferromagnetic ordering via a super-exchange interaction between the Mn atoms through the oxygen atoms . The inter-atomic bond distances and angles can easily be tuned by applying external pressure and can be probed using high resolution X-ray diffraction. Moreover, because the magnetic interaction among the Mn atoms are super-exchange type via Mn-O•••O-Mn path, the variation of the Mn-O•••O-Mn dihedral angle and Mn-O bond distances under high pressure inevitably affects the magnetic properties. Therefore, it is evident that high pressure studies on the magnetically ordered materials would shed light on the interplay between their structural properties and magnetic ordering. This will indeed confirm the role of buckling of the Mn-O polyhedral in understanding the origin of anti-ferromagnetism. In this context, we carried out the pressure dependent X-ray diffraction measurement in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) up to a maximum pressure of 17 GPa to study the phase transition and determine equation of state from the volume compression data. Upon increasing the pressure, we didn’t observe any new diffraction peaks or sudden discontinuity in the pressure dependences of the d values up to the maximum achieved pressure of ~17 GPa. However, it is noticed that beyond 12 GPa the a and b lattice parameters become identical while there is a discontinuity in the β value around the same pressure. This indicates a subtle transition to a pseudo-monoclinic phase. Using the third order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state (EOS) to fit the volume compression data for the entire range, we found the bulk modulus (B0) to be 44 GPa. If we consider the subtle transition at 12 GPa, we tried to fit another equation state for the volume beyond 12 GPa using the second order Birch-Murnaghan EOS. This gives a bulk modulus of ~ 34 GPa for this phase. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineral" title="mineral">mineral</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20phase%20transition" title=" structural phase transition"> structural phase transition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20pressure%20XRD" title=" high pressure XRD"> high pressure XRD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spectroscopy" title=" spectroscopy"> spectroscopy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176683/structural-evolution-of-na6mnso44-from-high-pressure-synchrotron-powder-x-ray-diffraction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/176683.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">87</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">626</span> Increment of Panel Flutter Margin Using Adaptive Stiffeners</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Raja">S. Raja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20M.%20Parammasivam"> K. M. Parammasivam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20Aghilesh"> V. Aghilesh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Fluid-structure interaction is a crucial consideration in the design of many engineering systems such as flight vehicles and bridges. Aircraft lifting surfaces and turbine blades can fail due to oscillations caused by fluid-structure interaction. Hence, it is focussed to study the fluid-structure interaction in the present research. First, the effect of free vibration over the panel is studied. It is well known that the deformation of a panel and flow induced forces affects one another. The selected panel has a span 300mm, chord 300mm and thickness 2 mm. The project is to study, the effect of cross-sectional area and the stiffener location is carried out for the same panel. The stiffener spacing is varied along both the chordwise and span-wise direction. Then for that optimal location the ideal stiffener length is identified. The effect of stiffener cross-section shapes (T, I, Hat, Z) over flutter velocity has been conducted. The flutter velocities of the selected panel with two rectangular stiffeners of cantilever configuration are estimated using MSC NASTRAN software package. As the flow passes over the panel, deformation takes place which further changes the flow structure over it. With increasing velocity, the deformation goes on increasing, but the stiffness of the system tries to dampen the excitation and maintain equilibrium. But beyond a critical velocity, the system damping suddenly becomes ineffective, so it loses its equilibrium. This estimated in NASTRAN using PK method. The first 10 modal frequencies of a simple panel and stiffened panel are estimated numerically and are validated with open literature. A grid independence study is also carried out and the modal frequency values remain the same for element lengths less than 20 mm. The current investigation concludes that the span-wise stiffener placement is more effective than the chord-wise placement. The maximum flutter velocity achieved for chord-wise placement is 204 m/s while for a span-wise arrangement it is augmented to 963 m/s for the stiffeners location of ¼ and ¾ of the chord from the panel edge (50% of chord from either side of the mid-chord line). The flutter velocity is directly proportional to the stiffener cross-sectional area. A significant increment in flutter velocity from 218m/s to 1024m/s is observed for the stiffener lengths varying from 50% to 60% of the span. The maximum flutter velocity above Mach 3 is achieved. It is also observed that for a stiffened panel, the full effect of stiffener can be achieved only when the stiffener end is clamped. Stiffeners with Z cross section incremented the flutter velocity from 142m/s (Panel with no stiffener) to 328 m/s, which is 2.3 times that of simple panel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stiffener%20placement" title="stiffener placement">stiffener placement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stiffener%20cross-sectional%20area" title=" stiffener cross-sectional area"> stiffener cross-sectional area</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stiffener%20length" title=" stiffener length"> stiffener length</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stiffener%20cross%20sectional%20area%20shape" title=" stiffener cross sectional area shape"> stiffener cross sectional area shape</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52356/increment-of-panel-flutter-margin-using-adaptive-stiffeners" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52356.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">292</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">625</span> Artificial Neural Network Model Based Setup Period Estimation for Polymer Cutting</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zsolt%20J%C3%A1nos%20Viharos">Zsolt János Viharos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kriszti%C3%A1n%20Bal%C3%A1zs%20Kis"> Krisztián Balázs Kis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imre%20Paniti"> Imre Paniti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%A1bor%20Bels%C5%91"> Gábor Belső</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P%C3%A9ter%20N%C3%A9meth"> Péter Németh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J%C3%A1nos%20Farkas"> János Farkas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper presents the results and industrial applications in the production setup period estimation based on industrial data inherited from the field of polymer cutting. The literature of polymer cutting is very limited considering the number of publications. The first polymer cutting machine is known since the second half of the 20th century; however, the production of polymer parts with this kind of technology is still a challenging research topic. The products of the applying industrial partner must met high technical requirements, as they are used in medical, measurement instrumentation and painting industry branches. Typically, 20% of these parts are new work, which means every five years almost the entire product portfolio is replaced in their low series manufacturing environment. Consequently, it requires a flexible production system, where the estimation of the frequent setup periods' lengths is one of the key success factors. In the investigation, several (input) parameters have been studied and grouped to create an adequate training information set for an artificial neural network as a base for the estimation of the individual setup periods. In the first group, product information is collected such as the product name and number of items. The second group contains material data like material type and colour. In the third group, surface quality and tolerance information are collected including the finest surface and tightest (or narrowest) tolerance. The fourth group contains the setup data like machine type and work shift. One source of these parameters is the Manufacturing Execution System (MES) but some data were also collected from Computer Aided Design (CAD) drawings. The number of the applied tools is one of the key factors on which the industrial partners’ estimations were based previously. The artificial neural network model was trained on several thousands of real industrial data. The mean estimation accuracy of the setup periods' lengths was improved by 30%, and in the same time the deviation of the prognosis was also improved by 50%. Furthermore, an investigation on the mentioned parameter groups considering the manufacturing order was also researched. The paper also highlights the manufacturing introduction experiences and further improvements of the proposed methods, both on the shop floor and on the quotation preparation fields. Every week more than 100 real industrial setup events are given and the related data are collected. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=artificial%20neural%20network" title="artificial neural network">artificial neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20series%20manufacturing" title=" low series manufacturing"> low series manufacturing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polymer%20cutting" title=" polymer cutting"> polymer cutting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=setup%20period%20estimation" title=" setup period estimation"> setup period estimation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57280/artificial-neural-network-model-based-setup-period-estimation-for-polymer-cutting" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/57280.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">624</span> Interval Estimation for Rainfall Mean in Northeastern Thailand</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nitaya%20Buntao">Nitaya Buntao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper considers the problems of interval estimation for rainfall mean of the lognormal distribution and the delta-lognormal distribution in Northeastern Thailand. We present here the modified generalized pivotal approach (MGPA) compared to the modified method of variance estimates recovery (MMOVER). The performance of each method is examined in term of coverage probabilities and average lengths by Monte Carlo simulation. An extensive simulation study indicates that the MMOVER performs better than the MGPA approach in terms of the coverage probability; it results in highly accurate coverage probability. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall%20mean" title="rainfall mean">rainfall mean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interval%20estimation" title=" interval estimation"> interval estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lognormal%20distribution" title=" lognormal distribution"> lognormal distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=delta-lognormal%20distribution" title=" delta-lognormal distribution"> delta-lognormal distribution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23862/interval-estimation-for-rainfall-mean-in-northeastern-thailand" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23862.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">455</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">623</span> Lignin Phenol Formaldehyde Resole Resin: Synthesis and Characteristics </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoumeh%20Ghorbania">Masoumeh Ghorbania</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Falk%20Liebnerb"> Falk Liebnerb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hendrikus%20W.G.%20van%20Herwijnenc"> Hendrikus W.G. van Herwijnenc</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Johannes%20Konnertha"> Johannes Konnertha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins are widely used as wood adhesives for variety of industrial products such as plywood, laminated veneer lumber and others. Lignin as a main constituent of wood has become well-known as a potential substitute for phenol in PF adhesives because of their structural similarity. During the last decades numerous research approaches have been carried out to substitute phenol with pulping-derived lignin, whereby the lower reactivity of resins synthesized with shares of lignin seem to be one of the major challenges. This work reports about a systematic screening of different types of lignin (plant origin and pulping process) for their suitability to replace phenol in phenolic resins. Lignin from different plant sources (softwood, hardwood and grass) were used, as these should differ significantly in their reactivity towards formaldehyde of their reactive phenolic core units. Additionally a possible influence of the pulping process was addressed by using the different types of lignin from soda, kraft, and organosolv process and various lignosulfonates (sodium, ammonium, calcium, magnesium). To determine the influence of lignin on the adhesive performance beside others the rate of viscosity development, bond strength development of varying hot pressing time and other thermal properties were investigated. To evaluate the performance of the cured end product, a few selected properties were studied at the example of solid wood-adhesive bond joints, compact panels and plywood. As main results it was found that lignin significantly accelerates the viscosity development in adhesive synthesis. Bonding strength development during curing of adhesives decelerated for all lignin types, while this trend was least for pine kraft lignin and spruce sodium lignosulfonate. However, the overall performance of the products prepared with the latter adhesives was able to fulfill main standard requirements, even after exposing the products to harsh environmental conditions. Thus, a potential application can be considered for processes where reactivity is less critical but adhesive cost and product performance is essential. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenol%20formaldehyde%20resin" title="phenol formaldehyde resin">phenol formaldehyde resin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignin%20phenol%20formaldehyde%20resin" title=" lignin phenol formaldehyde resin"> lignin phenol formaldehyde resin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ABES" title=" ABES"> ABES</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DSC" title=" DSC"> DSC</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50817/lignin-phenol-formaldehyde-resole-resin-synthesis-and-characteristics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50817.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">237</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">622</span> Automated Building Internal Layout Design Incorporating Post-Earthquake Evacuation Considerations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sajjad%20Hassanpour">Sajjad Hassanpour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vicente%20A.%20Gonz%C3%A1lez"> Vicente A. González</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yang%20Zou"> Yang Zou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiamou%20Liu"> Jiamou Liu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Earthquakes pose a significant threat to both structural and non-structural elements in buildings, putting human lives at risk. Effective post-earthquake evacuation is critical for ensuring the safety of building occupants. However, current design practices often neglect the integration of post-earthquake evacuation considerations into the early-stage architectural design process. To address this gap, this paper presents a novel automated internal architectural layout generation tool that optimizes post-earthquake evacuation performance. The tool takes an initial plain floor plan as input, along with specific requirements from the user/architect, such as minimum room dimensions, corridor width, and exit lengths. Based on these inputs, firstly, the tool randomly generates different architectural layouts. Secondly, the human post-earthquake evacuation behaviour will be thoroughly assessed for each generated layout using the advanced Agent-Based Building Earthquake Evacuation Simulation (AB2E2S) model. The AB2E2S prototype is a post-earthquake evacuation simulation tool that incorporates variables related to earthquake intensity, architectural layout, and human factors. It leverages a hierarchical agent-based simulation approach, incorporating reinforcement learning to mimic human behaviour during evacuation. The model evaluates different layout options and provides feedback on evacuation flow, time, and possible casualties due to earthquake non-structural damage. By integrating the AB2E2S model into the automated layout generation tool, architects and designers can obtain optimized architectural layouts that prioritize post-earthquake evacuation performance. Through the use of the tool, architects and designers can explore various design alternatives, considering different minimum room requirements, corridor widths, and exit lengths. This approach ensures that evacuation considerations are embedded in the early stages of the design process. In conclusion, this research presents an innovative automated internal architectural layout generation tool that integrates post-earthquake evacuation simulation. By incorporating evacuation considerations into the early-stage design process, architects and designers can optimize building layouts for improved post-earthquake evacuation performance. This tool empowers professionals to create resilient designs that prioritize the safety of building occupants in the face of seismic events. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agent-based%20simulation" title="agent-based simulation">agent-based simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automation%20in%20design" title=" automation in design"> automation in design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=architectural%20layout" title=" architectural layout"> architectural layout</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post-earthquake%20evacuation%20behavior" title=" post-earthquake evacuation behavior"> post-earthquake evacuation behavior</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172028/automated-building-internal-layout-design-incorporating-post-earthquake-evacuation-considerations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172028.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">104</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">621</span> Migrantional Entrepreneurship: Ethnography of a Journey That Changes Lives and the Territory</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francesca%20Alemanno">Francesca Alemanno</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> As a complex socio-spatial phenomenon, migration is a practice that also contains a strong imaginative component with respect to the place that, through displacement, one person wants to reach. Every migrant has undertaken his journey having in his mind an image of the displacement he was about to make, of its implications and finally, of the place or city in which he was or would have liked to land. Often, however, the imaginary that has come to build before departure does not fully correspond to the reality of landing; this discrepancy, which can be more or less wide, plays an important role in the relationship that is established with the territory and in the evolution, therefore, of the city itself. In this sense, therefore, the clash that occurs between the imagined and the real is one of the factors that can contribute to making the entry of a migrant into new territory as critical as it can be. Starting from this perspective, the experiences of people who derive from a migratory context and who, over time, manage to create a bond with the land of reception, are taken into account as stories of resistance as they are necessarily charged with a force that is capable of driving difficult and articulated processes of change. The phenomenon of migrant entrepreneurship that is taken into consideration by this abstract plays a very important role because it highlights the story of many people who have managed to build such a close bond with the new territory of arrival that they can imagine and then realize the construction of their own personal business. The margin of contrast between the imagined city and the one that will be inhabited will be observed through the narratives of those who, through the realization of his business project has acted directly on the reality in which he landed. The margin of contrast that exists between the imagined city and the one actually inhabited, together with the implications that this may have on real life, has been observed and analyzed through a period of fieldwork, practicing ethnography, through the narratives of people who find themselves living in a new city as a result of a migration path, and has been contextualized with the support of semi-structured interviews and field notes. At the theoretical level, the research is inserted into a constructionist framework, particularly suited to detect and analyze processes of change, construction of the imaginary and its own modification, being able to capture the consequent repercussions of this process on the conceptual, emotional and practical level. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneurship" title="entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=imagination" title=" imagination"> imagination</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migration" title=" migration"> migration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resistance" title=" resistance"> resistance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135058/migrantional-entrepreneurship-ethnography-of-a-journey-that-changes-lives-and-the-territory" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135058.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">151</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">620</span> Generalized Synchronization in Systems with a Complex Topology of Attractor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olga%20I.%20Moskalenko">Olga I. Moskalenko</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladislav%20A.%20Khanadeev"> Vladislav A. Khanadeev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anastasya%20D.%20Koloskova"> Anastasya D. Koloskova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexey%20A.%20Koronovskii"> Alexey A. Koronovskii</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anatoly%20A.%20Pivovarov"> Anatoly A. Pivovarov</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Generalized synchronization is one of the most intricate phenomena in nonlinear science. It can be observed both in systems with a unidirectional and mutual type of coupling including the complex networks. Such a phenomenon has a number of practical applications, for example, for the secure information transmission through the communication channel with a high level of noise. Known methods for the secure information transmission needs in the increase of the privacy of data transmission that arises a question about the observation of such phenomenon in systems with a complex topology of chaotic attractor possessing two or more positive Lyapunov exponents. The present report is devoted to the study of such phenomenon in two unidirectionally and mutually coupled dynamical systems being in chaotic (with one positive Lyapunov exponent) and hyperchaotic (with two or more positive Lyapunov exponents) regimes, respectively. As the systems under study, we have used two mutually coupled modified Lorenz oscillators and two unidirectionally coupled time-delayed generators. We have shown that in both cases the generalized synchronization regime can be detected by means of the calculation of Lyapunov exponents and phase tube approach whereas due to the complex topology of attractor the nearest neighbor method is misleading. Moreover, the auxiliary system approaches being the standard method for the synchronous regime observation, for the mutual type of coupling results in incorrect results. To calculate the Lyapunov exponents in time-delayed systems we have proposed an approach based on the modification of Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure in the context of the time-delayed system. We have studied in detail the mechanisms resulting in the generalized synchronization regime onset paying a great attention to the field where one positive Lyapunov exponent has already been become negative whereas the second one is a positive yet. We have found the intermittency here and studied its characteristics. To detect the laminar phase lengths the method based on a calculation of local Lyapunov exponents has been proposed. The efficiency of the method has been verified using the example of two unidirectionally coupled Rössler systems being in the band chaos regime. We have revealed the main characteristics of intermittency, i.e. the distribution of the laminar phase lengths and dependence of the mean length of the laminar phases on the criticality parameter, for all systems studied in the report. This work has been supported by the Russian President's Council grant for the state support of young Russian scientists (project MK-531.2018.2). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20topology%20of%20attractor" title="complex topology of attractor">complex topology of attractor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=generalized%20synchronization" title=" generalized synchronization"> generalized synchronization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hyperchaos" title=" hyperchaos"> hyperchaos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lyapunov%20exponents" title=" Lyapunov exponents"> Lyapunov exponents</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95332/generalized-synchronization-in-systems-with-a-complex-topology-of-attractor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95332.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">276</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">619</span> Estimation of Longitudinal Dispersion Coefficient Using Tracer Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Ebrahimi">K. Ebrahimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sh.%20Shahid"> Sh. Shahid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Mohammadi%20Ghaleni"> M. Mohammadi Ghaleni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20H.%20Omid"> M. H. Omid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The longitudinal dispersion coefficient is a crucial parameter for 1-D water quality analysis of riverine flows. So far, different types of empirical equations for estimation of the coefficient have been developed, based on various case studies. The main objective of this paper is to develop an empirical equation for estimation of the coefficient for a riverine flow. For this purpose, a set of tracer experiments was conducted, involving salt tracer, at three sections located in downstream of a lengthy canal. Tracer data were measured in three mixing lengths along the canal including; 45, 75 and 100m. According to the results, the obtained coefficients from new developed empirical equation gave an encouraging level of agreement with the theoretical values. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coef%EF%AC%81cients" title="coefﬁcients">coefﬁcients</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispersion" title=" dispersion"> dispersion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=river" title=" river"> river</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tracer" title=" tracer"> tracer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20quality" title=" water quality"> water quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31418/estimation-of-longitudinal-dispersion-coefficient-using-tracer-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31418.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">618</span> Effect of Short Chain Alcohols on Bending Rigidity of Lipid Bilayer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Buti%20Suryabrahmam">Buti Suryabrahmam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=V.%20A.%20Raghunathan"> V. A. Raghunathan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We study the effect of short chain alcohols on mechanical properties of saturated lipid bilayers in the fluid phase. The Bending rigidity of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) membrane was measured at 28 °C by employing Vesicle Fluctuation Analysis technique. The concentration and chain length (n) of alcohol in the buffer solution were varied from 0 to 1.5 M and from 2 to 8 respectively. We observed a non-linear reduction in the bending rigidity from ~17×10⁻²⁰ J to ~10×10⁻²⁰ J, for all chain lengths of alcohols used in our experiment. We observed approximately three orders of the concentration difference between ethanol and octanol, to show the similar reduction in the bending values. We attribute this phenomenon to thinning of the bilayer due to the adsorption of alcohols at the bilayer-water interface. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=alcohols" title="alcohols">alcohols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bending%20rigidity" title=" bending rigidity"> bending rigidity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DMPC" title=" DMPC"> DMPC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lipid%20bilayers" title=" lipid bilayers"> lipid bilayers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100295/effect-of-short-chain-alcohols-on-bending-rigidity-of-lipid-bilayer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/100295.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">146</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">617</span> Characterization of Complex Gold Ores for Preliminary Process Selection: The Case of Kapanda, Ibindi, Mawemeru, and Itumbi in Tanzania</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sospeter%20P.%20Maganga">Sospeter P. Maganga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alphonce%20Wikedzi"> Alphonce Wikedzi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mussa%20D.%20Budeba"> Mussa D. Budeba</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samwel%20V.%20Manyele"> Samwel V. Manyele</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study characterizes complex gold ores (elemental and mineralogical composition, gold distribution, ore grindability, and mineral liberation) for preliminary process selection. About 200 kg of ore samples were collected from each location using systematic sampling by mass interval. Ores were dried, crushed, milled, and split into representative sub-samples (about 1 kg) for elemental and mineralogical composition analyses using X-ray fluorescence (XRF), fire assay finished with Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) methods, respectively. The gold distribution was studied on size-by-size fractions, while ore grindability was determined using the standard Bond test. The mineral liberation analysis was conducted using ThermoFisher Scientific Mineral Liberation Analyzer (MLA) 650, where unsieved polished grain mounts (80% passing 700 µm) were used as MLA feed. Two MLA measurement modes, X-ray modal analysis (XMOD) and sparse phase liberation-grain X-ray mapping analysis (SPL-GXMAP), were employed. At least two cyanide consumers (Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn) and kinetics impeders (Mn, S, As, and Bi) were present in all locations investigated. Copper content at Kapanda (0.77% Cu) and Ibindi (7.48% Cu) exceeded the recommended threshold of 0.5% Cu for direct cyanidation. The gold ore at Ibindi indicated a higher rate of grinding compared to other locations. This could be explained by the highest grindability (2.119 g/rev.) and lowest Bond work index (10.213 kWh/t) values. The pyrite-marcasite, chalcopyrite, galena, and siderite were identified as major gold, copper, lead, and iron-bearing minerals, respectively, with potential for economic extraction. However, only gold and copper can be recovered under conventional milling because of grain size issues (galena is exposed by 10%) and process complexity (difficult to concentrate and smelt iron from siderite). Therefore, the preliminary process selection is copper flotation followed by gold cyanidation for Kapanda and Ibindi ores, whereas gold cyanidation with additives such as glycine or ammonia is selected for Mawemeru and Itumbi ores because of low concentrations of Cu, Pb, Fe, and Zn minerals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20gold%20ores" title="complex gold ores">complex gold ores</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mineral%20liberation" title=" mineral liberation"> mineral liberation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ore%20characterization" title=" ore characterization"> ore characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ore%20grindability" title=" ore grindability"> ore grindability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166554/characterization-of-complex-gold-ores-for-preliminary-process-selection-the-case-of-kapanda-ibindi-mawemeru-and-itumbi-in-tanzania" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/166554.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">73</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">616</span> Criticality of Adiabatic Length for a Single Branch Pulsating Heat Pipe</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Utsav%20Bhardwaj">Utsav Bhardwaj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shyama%20Prasad%20Das"> Shyama Prasad Das</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To meet the extensive requirements of thermal management of the circuit card assemblies (CCAs), satellites, PCBs, microprocessors, any other electronic circuitry, pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) have emerged in the recent past as one of the best solutions technically. But industrial application of PHPs is still unexplored up to a large extent due to their poor reliability. There are several systems as well as operational parameters which not only affect the performance of an operating PHP, but also decide whether the PHP can operate sustainably or not. Functioning may completely be halted for some particular combinations of the values of system and operational parameters. Among the system parameters, adiabatic length is one of the important ones. In the present work, a simplest single branch PHP system with an adiabatic section has been considered. It is assumed to have only one vapour bubble and one liquid plug. First, the system has been mathematically modeled using film evaporation/condensation model, followed by the steps of recognition of equilibrium zone, non-dimensionalization and linearization. Then proceeding with a periodical solution of the linearized and reduced differential equations, stability analysis has been performed. Slow and fast variables have been identified, and averaging approach has been used for the slow ones. Ultimately, temporal evolution of the PHP is predicted by numerically solving the averaged equations, to know whether the oscillations are likely to sustain/decay temporally. Stability threshold has also been determined in terms of some non-dimensional numbers formed by different groupings of system and operational parameters. A combined analytical and numerical approach has been used, and it has been found that for each combination of all other parameters, there exists a maximum length of the adiabatic section beyond which the PHP cannot function at all. This length has been called as “Critical Adiabatic Length (L_ac)”. For adiabatic lengths greater than “L_ac”, oscillations are found to be always decaying sooner or later. Dependence of “L_ac” on some other parameters has also been checked and correlated at certain evaporator & condenser section temperatures. “L_ac” has been found to be linearly increasing with increase in evaporator section length (L_e), whereas the condenser section length (L_c) has been found to have almost no effect on it upto a certain limit. But at considerably large condenser section lengths, “L_ac” is expected to decrease with increase in “L_c” due to increased wall friction. Rise in static pressure (p_r) exerted by the working fluid reservoir makes “L_ac” rise exponentially whereas it increases cubically with increase in the inner diameter (d) of PHP. Physics of all such variations has been given a good insight too. Thus, a methodology for quantification of the critical adiabatic length for any possible set of all other parameters of PHP has been established. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=critical%20adiabatic%20length" title="critical adiabatic length">critical adiabatic length</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evaporation%2Fcondensation" title=" evaporation/condensation"> evaporation/condensation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pulsating%20heat%20pipe%20%28PHP%29" title=" pulsating heat pipe (PHP)"> pulsating heat pipe (PHP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20management" title=" thermal management"> thermal management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58485/criticality-of-adiabatic-length-for-a-single-branch-pulsating-heat-pipe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/58485.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">227</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">615</span> Eccentric Loading of CFDST Columns</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trevor%20N.%20Haas">Trevor N. Haas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alexander%20Koen"> Alexander Koen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Columns have traditionally been constructed of reinforced concrete or structural steel. Much attention was allocated to estimate the axial capacity of the traditional column sections to the detriment of other forms of construction. Other forms of column construction such as Concrete Filled Double Skin Tubes received little research attention, and almost no attention when subjected to eccentric loading. This paper investigates the axial capacity of columns when subjected to eccentric loading. The experimental axial capacities are compared to other established theoretical formulae on concentric loading to determine a possible relationship. The study found a good correlation between the reduction in axial capacity for different column lengths and hollow section ratios. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CSDST" title="CSDST">CSDST</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFST" title=" CFST"> CFST</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axial%20capacity" title=" axial capacity"> axial capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hollow%20section%20ratios" title=" hollow section ratios"> hollow section ratios</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11764/eccentric-loading-of-cfdst-columns" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11764.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">614</span> Exploitation of the Solvent Effect and the Mechanism of the Cycloaddition Reaction Between 2-Chlorobenzimidazole and Benzonitrile N-Oxide</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Abdoul-Hakim">M. Abdoul-Hakim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Zeroual"> A. Zeroual</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Garmes"> H. Garmes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> 2-Chlorobenzimidazoles are amphoteric compounds and versatile intermediates for the construction of polycyclic heterocycles. In this theoretical study performed by DFT at the B3LYP/6-311+G(d,p) level, we showed that the most likely route to obtain benzimidazo[1,2-d]oxadiazole from the reaction of 2-Chlorobenzimidazole with benzonitrile N-oxide involves the presence of anionic species, a concerted mechanism is not possible. The inclusion of the effect of the polar protic solvent (MeOH) favors the course of the reaction. The key interactions causing bond formation and breakage were identified by ELF topological analysis. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=benzimidazo%5B1" title="benzimidazo[1">benzimidazo[1</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2-d%5Doxadiazole" title=" 2-d]oxadiazole"> 2-d]oxadiazole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=benzonitrile%20N-oxide" title=" benzonitrile N-oxide"> benzonitrile N-oxide</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DFT" title=" DFT"> DFT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ELF" title=" ELF"> ELF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polycyclic%20heterocycles" title=" polycyclic heterocycles"> polycyclic heterocycles</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148777/exploitation-of-the-solvent-effect-and-the-mechanism-of-the-cycloaddition-reaction-between-2-chlorobenzimidazole-and-benzonitrile-n-oxide" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148777.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">101</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">613</span> Explosive Clad Metals for Geothermal Energy Recovery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Heather%20Mroz">Heather Mroz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Geothermal fluids can provide a nearly unlimited source of renewable energy but are often highly corrosive due to dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), Ammonia (NH3) and chloride ions. The corrosive environment drives material selection for many components, including piping, heat exchangers and pressure vessels, to higher alloys of stainless steel, nickel-based alloys and titanium. The use of these alloys is cost-prohibitive and does not offer the pressure rating of carbon steel. One solution, explosion cladding, has been proven to reduce the capital cost of the geothermal equipment while retaining the mechanical and corrosion properties of both the base metal and the cladded surface metal. Explosion cladding is a solid-state welding process that uses precision explosions to bond two dissimilar metals while retaining the mechanical, electrical and corrosion properties. The process is commonly used to clad steel with a thin layer of corrosion-resistant alloy metal, such as stainless steel, brass, nickel, silver, titanium, or zirconium. Additionally, explosion welding can join a wider array of compatible and non-compatible metals with more than 260 metal combinations possible. The explosion weld is achieved in milliseconds; therefore, no bulk heating occurs, and the metals experience no dilution. By adhering to a strict set of manufacturing requirements, both the shear strength and tensile strength of the bond will exceed the strength of the weaker metal, ensuring the reliability of the bond. For over 50 years, explosion cladding has been used in the oil and gas and chemical processing industries and has provided significant economic benefit in reduced maintenance and lower capital costs over solid construction. The focus of this paper will be on the many benefits of the use of explosion clad in process equipment instead of more expensive solid alloy construction. The method of clad-plate production with explosion welding as well as the methods employed to ensure sound bonding of the metals. It will also include the origins of explosion cladding as well as recent technological developments. Traditionally explosion clad plate was formed into vessels, tube sheets and heads but recent advances include explosion welded piping. The final portion of the paper will give examples of the use of explosion-clad metals in geothermal energy recovery. The classes of materials used for geothermal brine will be discussed, including stainless steels, nickel alloys and titanium. These examples will include heat exchangers (tube sheets), high pressure and horizontal separators, standard pressure crystallizers, piping and well casings. It is important to educate engineers and designers on material options as they develop equipment for geothermal resources. Explosion cladding is a niche technology that can be successful in many situations, like geothermal energy recovery, where high temperature, high pressure and corrosive environments are typical. Applications for explosion clad metals include vessel and heat exchanger components as well as piping. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clad%20metal" title="clad metal">clad metal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=explosion%20welding" title=" explosion welding"> explosion welding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=separator%20material" title=" separator material"> separator material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=well%20casing%20material" title=" well casing material"> well casing material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=piping%20material" title=" piping material"> piping material</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141940/explosive-clad-metals-for-geothermal-energy-recovery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141940.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">612</span> Temperature Distribution Enhancement in a Conical Diffuser Fitted with Helical Screw-Tape with and without Center-Rod</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ehan%20Sabah%20Shukri">Ehan Sabah Shukri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wirachman%20Wisnoe"> Wirachman Wisnoe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Temperature distribution investigation in a conical diffuser fitted with helical screw-tape with and without center-rod is studied numerically. A helical screw-tape is inserted in the diffuser to create swirl flow that helps to enhance the temperature distribution rate with inlet Reynolds number 4.3 x 104. Three pitch lengths ratios (Y/L = 0.153, 0.23 and 0.307) for the helical screw-tape with and without center-rod are simulated and compared. The geometry of the conical diffuser and the inlet condition for both arrangements are kept constant. Numerical findings show that the helical screw-tape inserts without center-rod perform significantly better than the helical tape inserts with center-rod in the conical diffuser. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diffuser" title="diffuser">diffuser</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature%20distribution" title=" temperature distribution"> temperature distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CFD" title=" CFD"> CFD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pitch%20ratio" title=" pitch ratio"> pitch ratio</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45021/temperature-distribution-enhancement-in-a-conical-diffuser-fitted-with-helical-screw-tape-with-and-without-center-rod" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45021.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">409</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">611</span> Efficient DCT Architectures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mr.%20P.%20Suryaprasad">Mr. P. Suryaprasad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Lalitha"> R. Lalitha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents an efficient area and delay architectures for the implementation of one dimensional and two dimensional discrete cosine transform (DCT). These are supported to different lengths (4, 8, 16, and 32). DCT blocks are used in the different video coding standards for the image compression. The 2D- DCT calculation is made using the 2D-DCT separability property, such that the whole architecture is divided into two 1D-DCT calculations by using a transpose buffer. Based on the existing 1D-DCT architecture two different types of 2D-DCT architectures, folded and parallel types are implemented. Both of these two structures use the same transpose buffer. Proposed transpose buffer occupies less area and high speed than existing transpose buffer. Hence the area, low power and delay of both the 2D-DCT architectures are reduced. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transposition%20buffer" title="transposition buffer">transposition buffer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=video%20compression" title=" video compression"> video compression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=discrete%20cosine%20transform" title=" discrete cosine transform"> discrete cosine transform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20efficiency%20video%20coding" title=" high efficiency video coding"> high efficiency video coding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=two%20dimensional%20picture" title=" two dimensional picture"> two dimensional picture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33624/efficient-dct-architectures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33624.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">522</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">610</span> Design of Rigid L-Shaped Retaining Walls</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Rouili">Ahmed Rouili </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cantilever L-shaped walls are known to be relatively economical as retaining solution. The design starts by proportioning the wall dimensions for which the stability is checked for. A ratio between the lengths of the base and the stem, falling between 0,5 to 0,7, ensure the stability requirements in most cases. However, the displacement pattern of the wall in terms of rotations and translations, and the lateral pressure profile, do not have the same figure for all wall’s proportioning, as it is usually assumed. In the present work, the results of a numerical analysis are presented, different wall geometries were considered. The results show that the proportioning governs the equilibrium between the instantaneous rotation and the translation of the wall-toe, also, the lateral pressure estimation based on the average value between the at-rest and the active pressure, recommended by most design standards, is found to be not applicable for all walls. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cantilever%20wall" title="cantilever wall">cantilever wall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proportioning" title=" proportioning"> proportioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20analysis" title=" numerical analysis"> numerical analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lateral%20pressure%20estimation" title=" lateral pressure estimation "> lateral pressure estimation </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1833/design-of-rigid-l-shaped-retaining-walls" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1833.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">323</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">609</span> Simplified Linearized Layering Method for Stress Intensity Factor Determination</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeries%20J.%20Abou-Hanna">Jeries J. Abou-Hanna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bradley%20Storm"> Bradley Storm</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper looks to reduce the complexity of determining stress intensity factors while maintaining high levels of accuracy by the use of a linearized layering approach. Many techniques for stress intensity factor determination exist, but they can be limited by conservative results, requiring too many user parameters, or by being too computationally intensive. Multiple notch geometries with various crack lengths were investigated in this study to better understand the effectiveness of the proposed method. By linearizing the average stresses in radial layers around the crack tip, stress intensity factors were found to have error ranging from -10.03% to 8.94% when compared to analytically exact solutions. This approach proved to be a robust and efficient method of accurately determining stress intensity factors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fracture%20mechanics" title="fracture mechanics">fracture mechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method"> finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress%20intensity%20factor" title=" stress intensity factor"> stress intensity factor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress%20linearization" title=" stress linearization"> stress linearization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146820/simplified-linearized-layering-method-for-stress-intensity-factor-determination" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146820.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">608</span> New Innovation and Sustainability in a Developing Country: The Case of Cameroon</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lema%20Catherine%20Forje">Lema Catherine Forje</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Innovation activates the system of an economy to a new level. Innovation follows a process. The first step in innovation is the idea-generation process. There is widespread appreciation that people go to great lengths, incur expenses: energy and materials to generate innovative ideas. People get inspired, create, and connect. The inspiration also enables the building of a culture of innovation. Data collection was done through a face-to-face interview with the producer of the first Cameroon beer that came out in the early 1960s, a rice producing company, a cement producing company, and 100 women following a type of dressing commonly worn by Cameroonian women (wrappa). There were a total number of one hundred and three interviewees. The implication of this study is for everybody. It sheds light on the factors that are likely to sustain an innovation. Conclusion emphasises continuous research to keep giving the innovation a face lift. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneurship" title="entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ideas" title=" ideas"> ideas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovation" title=" innovation"> innovation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12102/new-innovation-and-sustainability-in-a-developing-country-the-case-of-cameroon" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12102.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">296</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">607</span> Democracy as a Curve: A Study on How Democratization Impacts Economic Growth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henrique%20Alpalh%C3%A3o">Henrique Alpalhão</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper attempts to model the widely studied relationship between a country's economic growth and its level of democracy, with an emphasis on possible non-linearities. We adopt the concept of 'political capital' as a measure of democracy, which is extremely uncommon in the literature and brings considerable advantages both in terms of dynamic considerations and plausibility. While the literature is not consensual on this matter, we obtain, via panel Arellano-Bond regression analysis on a database of more than 60 countries over 50 years, significant and robust results that indicate that the impact of democratization on economic growth varies according to the stage of democratic development each country is in. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=democracy" title="democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title=" economic growth"> economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20capital" title=" political capital"> political capital</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20economy" title=" political economy"> political economy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81495/democracy-as-a-curve-a-study-on-how-democratization-impacts-economic-growth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81495.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">321</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">606</span> Asymmetric Synthesis of β- and γ-Borylated Amines via Rh-Catalyzed Hydroboration of Allylamine Derivatives</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rukshani%20Wickrama-Arachchi">Rukshani Wickrama-Arachchi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tanner%20Metz"> Tanner Metz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=James%20M.%20Takacs"> James M. Takacs </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Amines bearing γ-stereocenters are important structural motifs found in many biologically active compounds. Regioselective Rh-catalyzed asymmetric hydroboration of acyclic allylamines is used to synthesize amines bearing chiral β- and γ-boronic esters yields up to 70% with 98:2 enantioselectivity. The major enantiomeric outcome can be independent of starting alkene geometry, revealing that cis/trans-isomerization of alkene can occur before hydroboration. Stereospecific transformations of the newly generated C-B bond illustrates the utility of these chiral synthons. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=allylamines" title="allylamines">allylamines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=borylated%20amines" title=" borylated amines"> borylated amines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chiral%20amines" title=" chiral amines"> chiral amines</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydroboration" title=" hydroboration"> hydroboration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rhodium-catalysis" title=" rhodium-catalysis"> rhodium-catalysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111277/asymmetric-synthesis-of-v-and-gh-borylated-amines-via-rh-catalyzed-hydroboration-of-allylamine-derivatives" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/111277.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">190</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">605</span> Political Alienation and Corruption in Libya</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mabroka%20B.%20Al-Werfalli">Mabroka B. Al-Werfalli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper looks at some aspects of Libya’s political culture relating to corruption and tries to map the links that bond political alienation to corruption. The subject was approached by surveying opinion. The study, of which culture of corruption was part, concerned the phenomena of political alienation in Libya. It was based on a survey conducted in winter 2001 and targeted a sample of 877 participants from the city of Benghazi. The questions were designed to determine the extent to which corruption is seen, by the Libyans, as a national problem. It also describes perceptions about levels, types and causes of corruption; trust in governmental institutions and senior officials of the State and assessments of anti-corruption regulations and actions taken by the regime. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anti-corruption" title="anti-corruption">anti-corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corruption" title=" corruption"> corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culture%20of%20corruption" title=" culture of corruption"> culture of corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=participating%20in%20corruption" title=" participating in corruption"> participating in corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20alienation" title=" political alienation"> political alienation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20culture" title=" political culture"> political culture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6579/political-alienation-and-corruption-in-libya" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6579.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">381</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">604</span> Optimal Design of Substation Grounding Grid Based on Genetic Algorithm Technique</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Z.%20Gabr">Ahmed Z. Gabr</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20A.%20Helal"> Ahmed A. Helal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussein%20E.%20Said"> Hussein E. Said</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With the incessant increase of power systems capacity and voltage grade, the safety of grounding grid becomes more and more prominent. In this paper, the designing substation grounding grid is presented by means of genetic algorithm (GA). This approach purposes to control the grounding cost of the power system with the aid of controlling grounding rod number and conductor lengths under the same safety limitations. The proposed technique is used for the design of the substation grounding grid in Khalda Petroleum Company “El-Qasr” power plant and the design was simulated by using CYMGRD software for results verification. The result of the design is highly complying with IEEE 80-2000 standard requirements. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20algorithm" title="genetic algorithm">genetic algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimum%20grounding%20grid%20design" title=" optimum grounding grid design"> optimum grounding grid design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20system%20analysis" title=" power system analysis"> power system analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power%20system%20protection" title=" power system protection"> power system protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20layer%20model" title=" single layer model"> single layer model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=substation" title=" substation"> substation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51818/optimal-design-of-substation-grounding-grid-based-on-genetic-algorithm-technique" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51818.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">535</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">603</span> Multi-Path Signal Synchronization Model with Phase Length Constraints</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tzu-Jung%20Huang">Tzu-Jung Huang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsun-Jung%20Cho"> Hsun-Jung Cho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chien-Chia%20Li%C3%A4m%20Huang"> Chien-Chia Liäm Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To improve the level of service (LoS) of urban arterial systems containing a series of signalized intersections, a proper design of offsets for all intersections associated is of great importance. The MAXBAND model has been the most common approach for this purpose. In this paper, we propose a MAXBAND model with phase constraints so that the lengths of the phases in a cycle are variable. In other words, the length of a cycle is also variable in our setting. We conduct experiments on a real-world traffic network, having several major paths, in Taiwan for numerical evaluations. Actual traffic data were collected through on-site experiments. Numerical evidences suggest that the improvements are around 32%, on average, in terms of total delay of the entire network. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=arterial%20progression" title="arterial progression">arterial progression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MAXBAND" title=" MAXBAND"> MAXBAND</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=signal%20control" title=" signal control"> signal control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=offset" title=" offset"> offset</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63250/multi-path-signal-synchronization-model-with-phase-length-constraints" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/63250.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">358</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">602</span> Feeding Habits and Condition Factor of Oreochromis niloticus in Lake Alau, Northeastern Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahra%20Ali%20Lawan">Zahra Ali Lawan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Abdulhakim"> Ali Abdulhakim </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The stomach contents of 100 Oreochromis niloticus, sampled between April and August, 2011 in Alau Lake, northeastern Nigeria, were examined. Herbs and algae were the main contents representing 40.15%, 23.36% followed by some mud / sand components, insect parts and fish remains representing 14.60%, 13.87% and 8.03% respectively. Oreochromis niloticus was affirmed as an herbivore and a benthic feeder due to the presence of both herbs and mud/sand among its stomach content. The mean stomach fullness percentage was 70.94% and stomach emptiness was 29.06%. The average condition factor of the fishes was 1.69 with the best conditions recorded in the dry months of April and May at 1.74 and 1.94 respectively. The general trend in the condition factor for this species in this study is that relatively higher condition factors were recorded for relatively higher lengths. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stomach%20contents" title="stomach contents">stomach contents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oreochromis%20niloticus" title=" oreochromis niloticus"> oreochromis niloticus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=herbivores" title=" herbivores"> herbivores</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lake%20Alau" title=" Lake Alau"> Lake Alau</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36608/feeding-habits-and-condition-factor-of-oreochromis-niloticus-in-lake-alau-northeastern-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/36608.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">601</span> Using Lagrange Equations to Study the Relative Motion of a Mechanism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20A.%20Petre">R. A. Petre</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20E.%20Nichifor"> S. E. Nichifor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Craifaleanu"> A. Craifaleanu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Stroe"> I. Stroe</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The relative motion of a robotic arm formed by homogeneous bars of different lengths and masses, hinged to each other is investigated. The first bar of the mechanism is articulated on a platform, considered initially fixed on the surface of the Earth, while for the second case the platform is considered to be in rotation with respect to the Earth. For both analyzed cases the motion equations are determined using the Lagrangian formalism, applied in its traditional form, valid with respect to an inertial reference system, conventionally considered as fixed. However, in the second case, a generalized form of the formalism valid with respect to a non-inertial reference frame will also be applied. The numerical calculations were performed using a MATLAB program. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lagrange%20equations" title="Lagrange equations">Lagrange equations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relative%20motion" title=" relative motion"> relative motion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inertial%20reference%20frame" title=" inertial reference frame"> inertial reference frame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-inertial%20reference%20frame" title=" non-inertial reference frame"> non-inertial reference frame</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128576/using-lagrange-equations-to-study-the-relative-motion-of-a-mechanism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128576.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">122</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">600</span> Characteristic Study on Conventional and Soliton Based Transmission System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhupeshwaran%20Mani">Bhupeshwaran Mani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Radha"> S. Radha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Jawahar"> A. Jawahar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Sivasubramanian"> A. Sivasubramanian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Here, we study the characteristic feature of conventional (ON-OFF keying) and soliton based transmission system. We consider 20 Gbps transmission system implemented with Conventional Single Mode Fiber (C-SMF) to examine the role of Gaussian pulse which is the characteristic of conventional propagation and hyperbolic-secant pulse which is the characteristic of soliton propagation in it. We note the influence of these pulses with respect to different dispersion lengths and soliton period in conventional and soliton system, respectively, and evaluate the system performance in terms of quality factor. From the analysis, we could prove that the soliton pulse has more consistent performance even for long distance without dispersion compensation than the conventional system as it is robust to dispersion. For the length of transmission of 200 Km, soliton system yielded Q of 33.958 while the conventional system totally exhausted with Q=0. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispersion%20length" title="dispersion length">dispersion length</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retrun-to-zero%20%28rz%29" title=" retrun-to-zero (rz)"> retrun-to-zero (rz)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soliton" title=" soliton"> soliton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soliton%20period" title=" soliton period"> soliton period</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=q-factor" title=" q-factor"> q-factor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30789/characteristic-study-on-conventional-and-soliton-based-transmission-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30789.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">346</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">599</span> Fatigue Truck Modification Factor for Design Truck (CL-625)</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Najari">Mohamad Najari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gilbert%20Grondin"> Gilbert Grondin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marwan%20El-Rich"> Marwan El-Rich</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Design trucks in standard codes are selected based on the amount of damage they cause on structures-specifically bridges- and roads to represent the real traffic loads. Some limited numbers of trucks are run on a bridge one at a time and the damage on the bridge is recorded for each truck. One design track is also run on the same bridge “n” times -“n” is the number of trucks used previously- to calculate the damage of the design truck on the same bridge. To make these damages equal a reduction factor is needed for that specific design truck in the codes. As the limited number of trucks cannot be the exact representative of real traffic through the life of the structure, these reduction factors are not accurately calculated and they should be modified accordingly. Started on July 2004, the vehicle load data were collected in six weigh in motion (WIM) sites owned by Alberta Transportation for eight consecutive years. This database includes more than 200 million trucks. Having these data gives the opportunity to compare the effect of any standard fatigue trucks weigh and the real traffic load on the fatigue life of the bridges which leads to a modification for the fatigue truck factor in the code. To calculate the damage for each truck, the truck is run on the bridge, moment history of the detail under study is recorded, stress range cycles are counted, and then damage is calculated using available S-N curves. A 2000 lines FORTRAN code has been developed to perform the analysis and calculate the damages of the trucks in the database for all eight fatigue categories according to Canadian Institute of Steel Construction (CSA S-16). Stress cycles are counted using rain flow counting method. The modification factors for design truck (CL-625) are calculated for two different bridge configurations and ten span lengths varying from 1 m to 200 m. The two considered bridge configurations are single-span bridge and four span bridge. This was found to be sufficient and representative for a simply supported span, positive moment in end spans of bridges with two or more spans, positive moment in interior spans of three or more spans, and the negative moment at an interior support of multi-span bridges. The moment history of the mid span is recorded for single-span bridge and, exterior positive moment, interior positive moment, and support negative moment are recorded for four span bridge. The influence lines are expressed by a polynomial expression obtained from a regression analysis of the influence lines obtained from SAP2000. It is found that for design truck (CL-625) fatigue truck factor is varying from 0.35 to 0.55 depending on span lengths and bridge configuration. The detail results will be presented in the upcoming papers. This code can be used for any design trucks available in standard codes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bridge" title="bridge">bridge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue" title=" fatigue"> fatigue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatigue%20design%20truck" title=" fatigue design truck"> fatigue design truck</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rain%20flow%20analysis" title=" rain flow analysis"> rain flow analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FORTRAN" title=" FORTRAN"> FORTRAN</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20890/fatigue-truck-modification-factor-for-design-truck-cl-625" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20890.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info 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