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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-教科書制度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教科書制度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>教科書制度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-教科書制度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-教科書市場的流弊" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教科書市場的流弊"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>教科書市場的流弊</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-教科書市場的流弊-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-承擔教材成本的責任" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#承擔教材成本的責任"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>承擔教材成本的責任</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-承擔教材成本的責任-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-教科書書價過高的解決方法與局限" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教科書書價過高的解決方法與局限"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>教科書書價過高的解決方法與局限</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-教科書書價過高的解決方法與局限-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关教科書書價過高的解決方法與局限子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-教科書書價過高的解決方法與局限-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-校內二手教科書買賣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#校內二手教科書買賣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>校內二手教科書買賣</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-校內二手教科書買賣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-開發電子教材" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#開發電子教材"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>開發電子教材</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-開發電子教材-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">教科書</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。71种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="كتاب مدرسي – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كتاب مدرسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibru_de_testu" title="Llibru de testu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llibru de testu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C9%99rslik" title="Dərslik – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dərslik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Падручнік – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Падручнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Учебник – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Учебник" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%87" title="পাঠ্যবই – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাঠ্যবই" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llibre_de_text" title="Llibre de text – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llibre de text" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-ku%C5%8F-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%86" title="Gáu-kuŏ-cṳ̆ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-kuŏ-cṳ̆" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Ӏамат – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ӏамат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%8Debnice" title="Učebnice – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Učebnice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%95%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BA%C4%95%D1%87" title="Вĕренткĕч – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вĕренткĕч" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6rebog" title="Lærebog – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lærebog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehrbuch" title="Lehrbuch – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lehrbuch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Textbook" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lernolibro" title="Lernolibro – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lernolibro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_de_texto" title="Libro de texto – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libro de texto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95pik" title="Õpik – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õpik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikasliburu" title="Ikasliburu – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ikasliburu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="کتاب درس – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتاب درس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oppikirja" title="Oppikirja – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oppikirja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooliraamat" title="Kooliraamat – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kooliraamat" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_scolaire" title="Manuel scolaire – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Manuel scolaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%BAdzjeboek" title="Stúdzjeboek – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stúdzjeboek" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9acsleabhar" title="Téacsleabhar – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Téacsleabhar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93" title="ספר לימוד – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספר לימוד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पाठ्यपुस्तक – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पाठ्यपुस्तक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ud%C5%BEbenik" title="Udžbenik – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Udžbenik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80%D6%84" title="Դասագիրք – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դասագիրք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku_ajar" title="Buku ajar – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Buku ajar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3" title="Ӏаморг – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Ӏаморг" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_di_testo" title="Libro di testo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libro di testo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8" title="教科書 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="教科書" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%95" title="ಪಠ್ಯಪುಸ್ತಕ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಠ್ಯಪುಸ್ತಕ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%EA%B3%BC%EC%84%9C" title="교과서 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교과서" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Окуу китеби – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Окуу китеби" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liber_definitivus" title="Liber definitivus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Liber definitivus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro_de_aprende" title="Libro de aprende – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Libro de aprende" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadov%C4%97lis" title="Vadovėlis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vadovėlis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81c%C4%ABbu_gr%C4%81mata" title="Mācību grāmata – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mācību grāmata" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87" title="पाठ्यपुस्तके – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाठ्यपुस्तके" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buku_teks" title="Buku teks – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buku teks" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="ကျောင်းသုံးစာအုပ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောင်းသုံးစာအုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="पाठ्यपुस्तक – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पाठ्यपुस्तक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studieboek" title="Studieboek – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Studieboek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skoleb%C3%B8ker" title="Skolebøker – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Skolebøker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A0_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95" title="ਪਾਠ ਪੁਸਤਕ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਠ ਪੁਸਤਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podr%C4%99cznik_szkolny" title="Podręcznik szkolny – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Podręcznik szkolny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="درسی کتاب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="درسی کتاب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livro_did%C3%A1tico" title="Livro didático – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Livro didático" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Учебник – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Учебник" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A_%DA%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="درسي ڪتاب – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="درسي ڪتاب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ud%C5%BEbenik" title="Udžbenik – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Udžbenik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Textbook" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teksti_shkollor" title="Teksti shkollor – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Teksti shkollor" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ud%C5%BEbenik" title="Udžbenik – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Udžbenik" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4robok" title="Lärobok – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lärobok" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பாடநூல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாடநூல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="పాఠ్యపుస్తకము – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాఠ్యపుస్తకము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Китоби дарсӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Китоби дарсӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="หนังสือเรียน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หนังสือเรียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklat-pampaaralan" title="Aklat-pampaaralan – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aklat-pampaaralan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ders_kitab%C4%B1" title="Ders kitabı – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ders kitabı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Дәреслек – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дәреслек" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Підручник – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Підручник" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="درسی کتاب – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="درسی کتاب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darslik" title="Darslik – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Darslik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ch_gi%C3%A1o_khoa" title="Sách giáo khoa – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sách giáo khoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E4%B9%A6" title="教科书 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="教科书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobwnj" title="Gobwnj – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gobwnj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-kho-su" title="Kàu-kho-su – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-kho-su" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8" title="教科書 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="教科書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83790#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div 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hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83790" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-8764b4b0" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E6%9D%90&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="教材">教材</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-8764b4b0" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-title" data-noteta-code="zh-hans:教科书;zh-sg:课本;zh-hant:教科書; 1=zh-hans:教科书;zh-sg:课本;zh-hant:教科書;"></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_textbooks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Japanese_textbooks.jpg/200px-Japanese_textbooks.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Japanese_textbooks.jpg/300px-Japanese_textbooks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Japanese_textbooks.jpg/400px-Japanese_textbooks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>日本教科書</figcaption></figure> <p><b>教科書</b>或<b>課本</b>即是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="學校">學校</a>指定最官方的讀本<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E7%B1%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="書籍">書籍</a>，它根據學校<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%B2%E7%A8%8B" title="課程">課程</a>內容編寫，也用來泛指有關學校課程的書籍。 </p><p>通常在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="小學">小學</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="中學">中學</a>低年級，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="學生">學生</a>只要熟讀教科書內容，便可以應付<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AC%E9%A9%97" title="測驗">測驗</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E8%A9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="考試">考試</a>。教科書也是教師重要的教學工具，美國有90%以上的老師，在90%的教學時間中，都是運用教科書來實施教學<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在成長<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="知識">知識</a>中，教科書的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E4%BF%A1%E5%8A%9B" title="公信力">公信力</a>是具有一定的權威。至少考試試題的答案是以教科書為標準。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="教科書制度"><span id=".E6.95.99.E7.A7.91.E6.9B.B8.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6"></span>教科書制度</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：教科書制度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>世界各國教科書選定方式不一，可分為<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="國定教科書" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="国定教科書"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%9A%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="國定教科書（页面不存在）">國定制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%9A%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="ja:国定教科書"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">国定教科書</span></a></span>）</span></span>、審定制、認可制與自由發行制四種類型<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>： </p> <ul><li>國定制是由中央教育行政機關統一編輯與印行，民間出版商不得編寫教科書，政府能強力干預和控制教育內容及課程運作。</li> <li>審定制（日本稱<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文部科學省檢定完畢教科書" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="文部科学省検定済教科書"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%9C%81%E6%AA%A2%E5%AE%9A%E5%AE%8C%E7%95%A2%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文部科學省檢定完畢教科書（页面不存在）">檢定制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E9%83%A8%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9C%81%E6%A4%9C%E5%AE%9A%E6%B8%88%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="ja:文部科学省検定済教科書"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">文部科学省検定済教科書</span></a></span>）</span></span>）是由民間出版商依照政府公布的法令、課程標準/綱要或指導方針來編寫教科書，由中央教育行政機關或所委任的人員審查是否符合政府的要求，審查合格則准予出版發行，接受選用，若不合格，僅可成為一般著作品。</li> <li>認可制（或稱認定制、選用制、採用制）是一種發行前未審查，但事後審查的制度。由民間出版社依政府公布的要求及自己的特色編寫教科書，出版發行後，由教育行政機關組成審查委員會，就已出版的教科書選擇合適者製成目錄、公布名單，讓學校根據自己的教學需求與目標選擇。</li> <li>自由發行制是交由市場決定，政府干預最小的制度。民間出版社依據政府公布的要求，編輯具有自己特色的教科書，出版發行後，由學校自行選用，政府不予審查。教育當局不硬性規定課程一定要使用教科書，學校是否或如何使用教科書，憑校長或教師決定。</li></ul> <p>日本公益法人教科書研究中心針對 43 個國家的教科書制度所完成的調查報告，各國<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%8B%99%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="義務教育">義務教育</a>階段教科書實施審定制及自由制的國家相較於認可制或國定制者多，國定制及審定制多集中於亞洲及歐洲前社會主義國家，認可制及自由制則集中於北美洲、西歐、北歐國家，同時兼採兩種以上制度者比例也很高。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>目前施行國定制之國家有<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯聯合大公國">阿拉伯聯合大公國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E6%97%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="約旦">約旦</a>；採用審定制之國家有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列">以色列</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣">台灣</a>（台灣在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E7%B7%A8%E8%AD%AF%E9%A4%A8" title="國立編譯館">國立編譯館</a>的統編本時代為國定制，開放<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%B6%B1%E5%A4%9A%E6%9C%AC" title="一綱多本">一綱多本</a>後，有一段兩者並行的過渡期，再轉變為完全的審定制）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="中國大陸">中國大陸</a>（语文、政治、历史科目为国定制）等；而實施認可制的國家則有美國部分的州；自由制則為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>部分的州、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="澳洲">澳洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E8%A5%BF%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="紐西蘭">紐西蘭</a>等。<sup id="cite_ref-韓國_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-韓國-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-美國1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-美國1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>的教科書制度是由各州自主決定，分成「州認可制」（state adoption）和「<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E5%8C%BA" title="学区">地方學區</a>自由選用制」（district selection），前者是州政府組成審查委員會，提供各學區核定之推薦書單，後者是由地方學區組成委員會，直接負責審查與篩選。<sup id="cite_ref-美國1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-美國1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="韓國">韓國</a>中小學教科書制度為國定、審定與認可三軌並行，為非單一教科書制度類型；並僅在無國定、審定教科書可用或不易用、不合用時，得申請認可制之核准。<sup id="cite_ref-韓國_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-韓國-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="教科書市場的流弊"><span id=".E6.95.99.E7.A7.91.E6.9B.B8.E5.B8.82.E5.A0.B4.E7.9A.84.E6.B5.81.E5.BC.8A"></span>教科書市場的流弊</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：教科書市場的流弊"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有學者認為，學校對教科書市場的絕對選擇權，令教科書出版公司的經營成本日益增加，除了必須免費的教學光碟外，亦需提供電子白板、批改課業服務，到星級研討會、教科書名譽編輯等職位予校方，始能獲得採購<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而影音畫俱全的教學簡報、電子黑板服務、大量自動批改的網上操練、互動討論平台等等本屬錦上添花的配套，均在市場化的潮流下成為「必需品」，進而推高書價。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" title="中国大陆">中国大陆</a>，教科书不允许刊印任何<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%91%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="广告">广告</a>，但有一些不法分子会在教科书上刊印广告，例如一民众投诉<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82%E4%BB%81%E7%88%B1%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="北京市仁爱教育研究所">北京市仁爱教育研究所</a>编写的英语教科书存在这一现象。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="承擔教材成本的責任"><span id=".E6.89.BF.E6.93.94.E6.95.99.E6.9D.90.E6.88.90.E6.9C.AC.E7.9A.84.E8.B2.AC.E4.BB.BB"></span>承擔教材成本的責任</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：承擔教材成本的責任"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在近年教科書爭議中，社會有人認為基於用者自付原則，教師應自行承擔教師用書的費用，然而有學者認為，教師與消防員、醫護人員等所提供的社會服務屬類似性質，用者該是市民，抑或代表市民管理稅款的用家，故把教科書的責任轉嫁至教師身上並不合理。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="教科書書價過高的解決方法與局限"><span id=".E6.95.99.E7.A7.91.E6.9B.B8.E6.9B.B8.E5.83.B9.E9.81.8E.E9.AB.98.E7.9A.84.E8.A7.A3.E6.B1.BA.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95.E8.88.87.E5.B1.80.E9.99.90"></span>教科書書價過高的解決方法與局限</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：教科書書價過高的解決方法與局限"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="校內二手教科書買賣"><span id=".E6.A0.A1.E5.85.A7.E4.BA.8C.E6.89.8B.E6.95.99.E7.A7.91.E6.9B.B8.E8.B2.B7.E8.B3.A3"></span>校內二手教科書買賣</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：校內二手教科書買賣"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>除了商業的二手教科書買賣，不少學校都有私人性質的二手書買賣活動。這類買賣可以是個別高年級學生出售二手書給相熟的低年級學生，或者是作為「中介人」的學生聯絡有意買賣二手書的高、低年級學生並安排時間進行集體買賣，甚至是因校方支持而得以大規模、公開舉辦的「二手書展」。不論規模大小，校內的二手書買賣通常都有一個共通點：因為買賣雙方都是學生，甚至是學長和學弟、妹關係，所以售價鮮少高於二手書市場的水平，而且不易出現賣方不顧關係欺瞞或強迫買方購買書本的情況。 </p><p>部份學生因與低年級學生不熟或找不到「中介人」，所以會放在<a href="/wiki/Yahoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo">Yahoo</a>及<a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>中拍賣，然而兩者也需收取每本書本寄賣費，因此很多學生會選擇把教科書放在免費的網路拍賣網站中出售。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="開發電子教材"><span id=".E9.96.8B.E7.99.BC.E9.9B.BB.E5.AD.90.E6.95.99.E6.9D.90"></span>開發電子教材</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：開發電子教材"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有人提出，教育局應協助出版書高開發電子教材，以解決書價過高的問題。可是有學者認為，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8" title="電子書">電子書</a>定價極可能不減反增，而電子教材亦會壓縮了下一代的想像空間，對於傾向他律，學習主動性不足的學生，欠缺規範的電子學習模式更為不利<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E4%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="维基教科书">维基教科书</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="開放式教科書" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Open textbook"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%BC%8F%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="開放式教科書（页面不存在）">開放式教科書</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_textbook" class="extiw" title="en:Open textbook"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Open textbook</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%9C%E5%85%85%E6%95%99%E6%9D%90" title="補充教材">補充教材</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E4%BA%8C%E6%89%8B%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E8%B2%B7%E8%B3%A3" title="香港二手教科書買賣">香港二手教科書買賣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣教育改革">台灣教育改革</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="日本歷史教科書問題">日本歷史教科書問題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%8C%96" title="教育市場化">教育市場化</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yager, R.E. (1992). Viewpoint: What we did not learn from the 60s about science curriculum reform. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 29(8): 905-910.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">徐易男; 黃昭勳. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://educationreport20120101.blogspot.com/2013/08/blog-post_682.html">「一綱多本」與「一綱一本」教科書制度之爭議與省思</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-01-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105061241/http://educationreport20120101.blogspot.com/2013/08/blog-post_682.html">存档</a>于2024-01-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&rft.au=%E5%BE%90%E6%98%93%E7%94%B7&rft.au=%E9%BB%83%E6%98%AD%E5%8B%B3&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%80%E7%B6%B1%E5%A4%9A%E6%9C%AC%E3%80%8D%E8%88%87%E3%80%8C%E4%B8%80%E7%B6%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%9C%AC%E3%80%8D%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E4%B9%8B%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0%E8%88%87%E7%9C%81%E6%80%9D&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducationreport20120101.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F08%2Fblog-post_682.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ej.naer.edu.tw/JTR/v13.3/2020-12-jtr-v13n3-103.pdf">教科書制度的變革與挑戰</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-01-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105061209/https://ej.naer.edu.tw/JTR/v13.3/2020-12-jtr-v13n3-103.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2024-01-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&rft.btitle=%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%8A%E9%9D%A9%E8%88%87%E6%8C%91%E6%88%B0&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fej.naer.edu.tw%2FJTR%2Fv13.3%2F2020-12-jtr-v13n3-103.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-韓國-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-韓國_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-韓國_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">張嘉育; 文貞喜. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ej.naer.edu.tw/JTR/v07.3/2014-12-jtr-v7n3-033.pdf">韓國中小學教科書制度探析</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 教科書研究. 2014, <b>7</b> (3): 33–65 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-01-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200723222913/https://ej.naer.edu.tw/JTR/v07.3/2014-12-jtr-v7n3-033.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2020-07-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&rft.atitle=%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%B0%8F%E5%AD%B8%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E6%8E%A2%E6%9E%90&rft.au=%E5%BC%B5%E5%98%89%E8%82%B2&rft.au=%E6%96%87%E8%B2%9E%E5%96%9C&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pages=33-65&rft.volume=7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fej.naer.edu.tw%2FJTR%2Fv07.3%2F2014-12-jtr-v7n3-033.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-美國1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-美國1_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-美國1_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">林沛潔. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epaper.naer.edu.tw/edm.php?grp_no=3&edm_no=199&content_no=3512">從國外經驗看臺灣教科書的審定制度</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-01-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240105065547/https://epaper.naer.edu.tw/edm.php?grp_no=3&edm_no=199&content_no=3512">存档</a>于2024-01-05）. <q>美國各州的教科書選用政策不同，有採州選制、或採學區自由選用。採用「州選制」也就是州政府制定課程標準或指導方針，再由民間出版社依此規範撰寫教科書，當地課程委員會將已出版且合適的教科書製成書單，再提供給各校選擇。法院在公立中小學課程判決方面，認為無論是課程規劃或教科書選用都屬於「課程問題」，肯定此屬於州政府教育當局的所有權。但如果涉及歧視、政教分離，或帶有特定偏見，法院也會判定違反平等保障。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E6%B2%9B%E6%BD%94&rft.btitle=%E5%BE%9E%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%96%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E7%9C%8B%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepaper.naer.edu.tw%2Fedm.php%3Fgrp_no%3D3%26edm_no%3D199%26content_no%3D3512&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">紀舜傑. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tisanet.org/quarterly/10-4-3.pdf">檢視美國歷史教科書之爭議</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 台灣國際研究季刊. 2014, <b>10</b> (4): 47–62 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2024-01-05</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220926022328/http://www.tisanet.org/quarterly/10-4-3.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2022-09-26）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&rft.atitle=%E6%AA%A2%E8%A6%96%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E4%B9%8B%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0&rft.au=%E7%B4%80%E8%88%9C%E5%82%91&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%AD%A3%E5%88%8A&rft.pages=47-62&rft.volume=10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tisanet.org%2Fquarterly%2F10-4-3.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.hk.apple.nextmedia.com/template/apple/art_main.php?iss_id=20110414&sec_id=4104&art_id=15164960">梁亦華(2011.4.14)︰官方統一教材的弊端，《蘋果日報》，E08</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20120512/16328945">梁亦華(2012.5.12)︰市場化催生的教科書爭議，《蘋果日報》，E5</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-05-23</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150507220840/http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/news/art/20120512/16328945">存档</a>于2015-05-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&rft.btitle=%E6%A2%81%E4%BA%A6%E8%8F%AF%282012.5.12%29%EF%B8%B0%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%82%AC%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8%E7%88%AD%E8%AD%B0%EF%BC%8C%E3%80%8A%E8%98%8B%E6%9E%9C%E6%97%A5%E5%A0%B1%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%8CE5&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhk.apple.nextmedia.com%2Fnews%2Fart%2F20120512%2F16328945&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.qq.com/a/20140903/030241.htm">广东初中英语课本插广告：属于售后服务(图)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20141024060310/http://news.qq.com/a/20140903/030241.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），腾讯新闻</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hket.com/eti/article/46b67198-927b-4597-bc8e-0669ac4f7695-916891">梁亦華(2012.5.18)︰教材用者自付政府家長有責，《經濟日報》，A40。</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2018年8月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">梁亦華. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hkptu.org/ptu/director/pubdep/ptunews/605/p02a.htm">化虛為實的電子教材</a>. 《教協報》，第605期. 2012-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8&rft.au=%E6%A2%81%E4%BA%A6%E8%8F%AF&rft.btitle=%E5%8C%96%E8%99%9B%E7%82%BA%E5%AF%A6%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%95%99%E6%9D%90&rft.date=2012-06-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E3%80%8A%E6%95%99%E5%8D%94%E5%A0%B1%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC605%E6%9C%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkptu.org%2Fptu%2Fdirector%2Fpubdep%2Fptunews%2F605%2Fp02a.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span 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