Optimize TCP Segmentation and Reassembly with Tools and Techniques

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class="bg-color-surface"></div> </div> <div class="max-w-[1128px] py-2 md:py-4 mx-auto">  <code id="isGuest" style="display: none"></code> <code id="memberUrn" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isNbaRecommendedArticlesDeeplinkEnabled" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isDynamicTextareaEnabled" style="display: none"></code> <article class="article-main relative flex-grow">  <section class="core-section-container my-3 relative">    <div class="core-section-container__content break-words">  <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex article-content-row-reduced"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div> <div class="article-segment-content-container ">  <div class="x-article-last-update-time text-sm leading-[24px] text-color-text-secondary"> Last updated on Sep 24, 2024 </div> <section class="mb-2"> <ol itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BreadcrumbList" class="breadcrumbs "> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumb inline-block mr-0.5 font-sans text-sm babybear:text-xs text-color-text after:content-['/'] after:text-color-text-low-emphasis after:ml-0.5 after:no-underline last:mr-0 last:after:hidden"> <a itemprop="item" class="breadcrumb__link inline-block link-no-visited-state !text-color-text-low-emphasis" href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/topics/home/" data-tracking-control-name="breadcrumb" data-tracking-will-navigate> <span class="font-normal" itemprop="name">All</span> </a> <meta itemprop="position" content="1"> </li> <li itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ListItem" class="breadcrumb inline-block mr-0.5 font-sans text-sm babybear:text-xs text-color-text after:content-['/'] after:text-color-text-low-emphasis after:ml-0.5 after:no-underline last:mr-0 last:after:hidden"> <a aria-current="page" itemprop="item" class="breadcrumb__link inline-block link-no-visited-state !text-color-text" href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/topics/transmission-control-protocol-(tcp)-s6669/" data-tracking-control-name="breadcrumb" data-tracking-will-navigate> <span class="font-semibold" itemprop="name">Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)</span> </a> <meta itemprop="position" content="2"> </li> </ol> </section> <h1 class="pulse-title text-display-md text-color-text lg:text-display-lg font-bold w-11/12 ">How do you measure and improve the efficiency and reliability of TCP segmentation and reassembly processes?</h1>  <div class="powered-by-ai py-3 text-sm text-color-text-secondary">Powered by AI and the LinkedIn community</div> <section class="table-of-content pb-6"> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="segment-size-and-mtu"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">1</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#segment-size-and-mtu" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">Segment size and MTU </a>  </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="congestion-control-and-window-size"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">2</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#congestion-control-and-window-size" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">Congestion control and window size </a> <p class="inline-promotion-text mt-0.5 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis">Be the first to add your personal experience</p> </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="retransmission-and-timeout"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">3</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#retransmission-and-timeout" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">Retransmission and timeout </a> <p class="inline-promotion-text mt-0.5 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis">Be the first to add your personal experience</p> </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="segmentation-offloading-and-checksum-offloading"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">4</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#segmentation-offloading-and-checksum-offloading" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">Segmentation offloading and checksum offloading </a> <p class="inline-promotion-text mt-0.5 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis">Be the first to add your personal experience</p> </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="bufferbloat-and-codel"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">5</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#bufferbloat-and-codel" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">Bufferbloat and CoDel </a> <p class="inline-promotion-text mt-0.5 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis">Be the first to add your personal experience</p> </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="tcp-options-and-extensions"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">6</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#tcp-options-and-extensions" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">TCP options and extensions </a> <p class="inline-promotion-text mt-0.5 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis">Be the first to add your personal experience</p> </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> <div class="group menu-item relative flex cursor-pointer flex-row justify-start border-0 pl-0" data-chunk-header-id="here’s-what-else-to-consider"> <h3 class="text-color-text group-hover:text-color-text-brand">7</h3> <div class="ml-2 mr-6 mt-0.5 min-w-[75%]"> <a class="fragmented-links font-normal !text-color-text underline decoration-1 underline-offset-4 group-hover:!text-color-text-brand" href="#here’s-what-else-to-consider" data-tracking-will-navigate data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__toc-article-segment-navigation">Here’s what else to consider </a> <p class="inline-promotion-text mt-0.5 text-xs font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis">Be the first to add your personal experience</p> </div> <icon class="invisible absolute right-2 top-1/2 flex -translate-y-2/4 items-center justify-between rounded-full border-1 border-solid border-color-container-brand p-1 group-hover:visible" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/6q8fxh9snmcwlh1wxg6fktwgf" data-svg-class-name="w-2 h-2 text-color-text-brand"></icon> </div> </section> <div class="x-article-introduction"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>TCP segmentation and reassembly are essential processes for transmitting data over the internet. They allow TCP to divide large data units into smaller segments that can fit into the network layer packets and reassemble them at the destination. However, these processes also involve some challenges and trade-offs that affect the efficiency and reliability of TCP communication. In this article, you will learn how to measure and improve the performance of TCP segmentation and reassembly using some tools and techniques.</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-article-segment-contributions md:column md:w-1/2"> <code id="shouldExpandContributionBox" style="display: none"></code> <div class="x-featured-expert-section__wrapper flex h-full flex-1 flex-col"> <div class="x-featured-expert-section h-full"> <div class="x-featured-expert-section__article-experts"> <div class="x-featured-expert-section__title mt-2 pb-0.5 text-xl font-bold text-color-text"> Top experts in this article </div> <div class="x-featured-expert-section__subtitle pb-3 text-sm text-color-text-secondary"> Selected by the community from 1 contribution. <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/help/linkedin/answer/a1652832" target="_blank" aria-label="Learn more about collaborative articles" data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article__featured-expert-learn-more-link" 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class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class="md:pt-6 "> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div id="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7044348656166068224_7044348659034972162_"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h2 class="flex"> <a id="segment-size-and-mtu" href="#segment-size-and-mtu" class="dummy-anchor invisible absolute mt-[-100px]"></a> <span class="header-index pr-1.5">1</span> <span class>Segment size and MTU</span> </h2> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>One of the factors that influences the efficiency of TCP segmentation and reassembly is the segment size. 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You'll no longer see this contribution</p> </template> </li>  </ul>  </div> </div> <code id="contributionCopyLink" style="display: none"></code> <code id="contributionCopyFail" style="display: none"></code> <code id="contributionCopyUnsupported" style="display: none"></code> </div> </div> <div class="contribution__container left__border -mb-2 -mt-1 animate-show ml-0 pl-0 md:ml-[-41px] md:pl-[32px] pr-0 lg:ml-[-33px] lg:pl-[40px] lg:pr-1 pt-2 pb-4"> <div class="flex flex-col justify-between lg:flex-col"> <div class="flex items-center justify-between gap-1"> </div> </div> <div class="contribution__text-wrapper relative"> <p class="contribution__text mb-1 whitespace-pre-wrap pt-1 text-md leading-open text-color-text md:mb-0 md:pt-0 line-clamp-5 lg:text-lg" data-tracking-control-name="comment_text">LinkedIn should take some measure about these AI generated texts, which most of the time lead to misinformation: assuming that "the segment size should match the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of the network layer" is completely wrong. The segment size will never match the MTU size, because the MTU is also comprised of the TCP header and the IP header. Nevertheless, the segment size can - and mostly due to efficiency, should - match the MSS (maximum segment size). Usually: TCP MSS = 1460 bytes TCP header = 20 bytes IP header = 20 bytes MTU = (TCP header + IP header) + MSS = 1500 bytes Keep in mind that segmentation and fragmentation and different concepts!</p> <button class="contribution__see-more-button absolute bottom-0 right-0 hidden cursor-pointer border-0 bg-color-surface p-0 text-md leading-open text-color-text-secondary hover:text-color-action hover:underline lg:text-lg" data-tracking-control-name="comment_expand" data-feed-control="comment_expand" data-feed-action-type="expandContributionText" data-feed-action-category="EXPAND" role="button" type="button">…see more</button> </div>  <div class="contribution__social-action-bar relative right-1 flex flex-row items-center justify-start gap-1"> <div class="contribution-social-activity inline-flex items-center justify-start"> <code id="i18n_reaction_selection_state" style="display: none"></code> <div class="reactions-menu flex flex-row relative items-center justify-center select-none 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data-tracking-will-navigate data-accessory-entity-urn="urn:li:comment:(urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659034972162),7244337211033231361)" data-reactions-count="2">  <div class="like-button-default flex flex-row items-center "> <icon class="contribution-social-activity__icon w-[24px] h-[24px] mr-0.5 sm:m-0" data-svg-class-name="contribution-social-activity__icon w-[24px] h-[24px] mr-0.5 sm:m-0--svg" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/e2cf8dn8tvjcu9gl3qcxhw31q"> </icon> <span class="contribution-social-activity__button-text sm:pl-0.5 text-md font-bold hidden md:block">Like</span> </div> </a> </div> <template id="selected-reaction"> <div> <div class="selected-reaction--LIKE flex flex-row items-center"> <img class="inline-block align-middle relative w-3 h-3 mr-1 babybear:mr-0 mb-0.5" alt="Like" aria-hidden="true" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/7ze70iqo2l1rn7hwfoykiwjod"> <span class="contribution-social-activity__button-text sm:pl-0.5 text-md font-bold hidden md:block">Like</span> </div> <div class="selected-reaction--PRAISE flex flex-row items-center"> <img class="inline-block align-middle relative w-3 h-3 mr-1 babybear:mr-0 mb-0.5" alt="Celebrate" aria-hidden="true" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/czva5w81r4b0pjr7sh5r4nbw9"> <span class="contribution-social-activity__button-text sm:pl-0.5 text-md font-bold hidden md:block">Celebrate</span> </div> <div class="selected-reaction--APPRECIATION flex flex-row items-center"> <img class="inline-block align-middle relative w-3 h-3 mr-1 babybear:mr-0 mb-0.5" alt="Support" aria-hidden="true" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/8kvqqk9m1eu5ffqkdlum1ka1m"> <span class="contribution-social-activity__button-text sm:pl-0.5 text-md font-bold hidden md:block">Support</span> </div> <div class="selected-reaction--EMPATHY flex flex-row items-center"> <img class="inline-block 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class="contribution-social-activity__button-text sm:pl-0.5 text-md font-bold hidden md:block">Funny</span> </div> </div> </template> <code id="i18n_reaction_singular" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_reactions_plural" style="display: none"></code> <div class="flex items-center font-sans text-sm babybear:text-xs contribution-social-activity__social-actions before:middot flex items-center justify-start gap-1 pr-1 before:mx-0.5" data-sap-comment-urn="urn:li:comment:(articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659034972162),7244337211033231361)"> <div class="flex items-center font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis no-underline visited:text-color-text-low-emphasis my-1" role="button" aria-label="2 Reactions" data-separate-ctas="false" data-test-id="social-actions__reactions" data-id="social-actions__reactions" data-num-reactions="2" data-singular="%numReactions%" data-plural="%numReactions%" data-entity-urn="urn:li:comment:(urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659034972162),7244337211033231361)" tabindex="0"> <img alt data-reaction-type="LIKE" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/9sun4diznbhgyelaeryxy75ur" height="16px" width="16px"> <img alt data-reaction-type="EMPATHY" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/37hg81qnm85dsy5mbqfifg9qs" height="16px" width="16px"> <span aria-hidden="true" class="font-normal ml-0.5" data-test-id="social-actions__reaction-count"> 2 </span> </div> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-APPRECIATION" style="display: none"></code>  <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-EMPATHY" style="display: none"></code> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-ENTERTAINMENT" style="display: none"></code>  <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-INTEREST" style="display: none"></code> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-LIKE" style="display: none"></code> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-MAYBE" style="display: none"></code> <code id="social-actions__reaction-image-PRAISE" style="display: none"></code>  </div> </div>  </div>  </div>  </li> </ul>  </div> </div> </div> <code id="loginUrl" style="display: none"></code> <div class="article-segment" data-is-logged-in="false" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659047526400)" data-test-id="article-segment" data-total-count="0" data-tracking-prefix="article-ssr-frontend-x-article" role="presentation"> <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class="md:pt-6 sticky-on-scroll"> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div id="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7044348656166068224_7044348659047526400_"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h2 class="flex"> <a id="congestion-control-and-window-size" href="#congestion-control-and-window-size" class="dummy-anchor invisible absolute mt-[-100px]"></a> <span class="header-index pr-1.5">2</span> <span class>Congestion control and window size</span> </h2> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Another factor that affects the reliability of TCP segmentation and reassembly is the congestion control. Congestion control is the process by which TCP adapts its transmission rate to the network conditions and avoids overwhelming the receiver or the intermediate routers. Congestion control relies on the concept of window size, which is the amount of data that TCP can send or receive without waiting for an acknowledgment. The window size is determined by two parameters: the receiver window, which is the amount of buffer space available at the receiver, and the congestion window, which is the amount of data that TCP estimates can be sent without causing congestion. You can measure the window size of your TCP connection using tools like tcpdump or wireshark, which can capture and analyze the TCP header fields.</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-article-segment-contributions md:column md:pb-[200px] md:w-1/2"> <div class="article-segment-contributions-header-container bg-color-canvas-tint md:ml-[-12px] md:pt-6 lg:ml-0 sticky-on-scroll mt-1 ">  <div class="add-your-perspective-section relative flex flex-row items-center " data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659047526400)" data-test-add-contribution> <code id="add_your_perspective_tracking_prefix" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isGuest" style="display: none"></code> <code id="showFuseErrorMessage" style="display: none"></code> <div class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F1%2Fhow-do-you-measure-improve-efficiency-1e&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="add_contribution_cta" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link class="add-your-perspective-button btn-sm flex flex-col items-start justify-center lg:btn-md bg-color-surface-accent-tint-1 hover:bg-color-container-tertiary-hover " data-test-add-contribution-btn aria-describedby="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7044348656166068224_7044348659047526400_" data-test-contribution-cta-link-guest role="button"> <div data-test-contribution-btn-text class="add-your-perspective-button-text text-left text-color-text-low-emphasis">Add your perspective</div> </a> </div> <div class="contribution-text-area-wrapper relative w-full hidden"> <code id="min_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="min_reply_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="max_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_try_refreshing_the_page" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters_fraction" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error_suggestion" style="display: none"></code> <div class="contribution-text-area-border ease-linear duration-300 mb-2 rounded-md border-1 border-solid border-[var(--color-input-container-border)] p-2 transition-all focus-within:shadow-border hover:shadow-border active:shadow-border-active md:px-3"> <textarea class="contribution-text-area leading-normal placeholder:text-color-input-hint box-border w-full resize-none border-0 bg-color-transparent p-0 text-md leading-open tracking-wide text-color-text outline-none placeholder:text-color-text-disabled lg:text-lg" placeholder="Some ways to get started: - One time at work… - In my experience… - One thing I’ve found helpful…" rows="4" data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659047526400)" aria-errormessage="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659047526400)" data-feed-control="comment_box" data-feed-action-category="EXPAND" data-feed-action-type="expandContributionBox"></textarea> <div class="contribution-action-bar flex w-full items-center pt-2"> <span class="contribution-helper-text grow text-left text-xs text-color-text-secondary lg:text-sm" role="alert"> <span class="contribution-character-count"></span> <span class="contribution-error-message hidden text-color-signal-negative" id="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659047526400)"> Help others by sharing more (125 characters min.) </span> </span> <button class="contribution-cancel-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-tertiary mr-1 transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="cancel_contribution"> Cancel </button> <button disabled="true" aria-disabled="true" class="submit-contribution-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-primary transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="comment_post" data-feed-control="comment_post" data-feed-action-category="COMMENT" data-feed-action-type="submitContribution"> <div class="loader flex"> <div class="loader__container mb-2 overflow-hidden"> <icon class="loader__icon inline-block loader__icon--default text-color-progress-loading" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/ddi43qwelxeqjxdd45pe3fvs1" data-svg-class-name="loader__icon-svg--x-small fill-currentColor h-[20px] min-h-[20px] w-[20px] min-w-[20px]"></icon> </div> </div> <span class="submit-contribution-button-text">Add</span> <span class="save-contribution-changes-button-text">Save</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="contribution-list contribution-list-guest">  </ul>  </div> </div> </div> <code id="loginUrl" style="display: none"></code> <div class="article-segment" data-is-logged-in="false" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659051712513)" data-test-id="article-segment" data-total-count="0" data-tracking-prefix="article-ssr-frontend-x-article" role="presentation"> <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class="md:pt-6 sticky-on-scroll"> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div id="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7044348656166068224_7044348659051712513_"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h2 class="flex"> <a id="retransmission-and-timeout" href="#retransmission-and-timeout" class="dummy-anchor invisible absolute mt-[-100px]"></a> <span class="header-index pr-1.5">3</span> <span class>Retransmission and timeout</span> </h2> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>A third factor that influences the reliability of TCP segmentation and reassembly is the retransmission. Retransmission is the process by which TCP resends segments that are lost, corrupted, or delayed in the network. Retransmission is triggered by two mechanisms: acknowledgments and timeouts. Acknowledgments are messages that TCP sends to confirm the receipt of segments. If a segment is not acknowledged within a certain time, TCP assumes that it was lost and resends it. This time is called the retransmission timeout (RTO), which is calculated based on the round-trip time (RTT) and the variance of the RTT. You can measure the RTT and the RTO of your TCP connection using tools like ping or hping, which can send and measure the response time of packets.</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-article-segment-contributions md:column md:pb-[200px] md:w-1/2"> <div class="article-segment-contributions-header-container bg-color-canvas-tint md:ml-[-12px] md:pt-6 lg:ml-0 sticky-on-scroll mt-1 ">  <div class="add-your-perspective-section relative flex flex-row items-center " data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659051712513)" data-test-add-contribution> <code id="add_your_perspective_tracking_prefix" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isGuest" style="display: none"></code> <code id="showFuseErrorMessage" style="display: none"></code> <div class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F1%2Fhow-do-you-measure-improve-efficiency-1e&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="add_contribution_cta" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link class="add-your-perspective-button btn-sm flex flex-col items-start justify-center lg:btn-md bg-color-surface-accent-tint-1 hover:bg-color-container-tertiary-hover " data-test-add-contribution-btn aria-describedby="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7044348656166068224_7044348659051712513_" data-test-contribution-cta-link-guest role="button"> <div data-test-contribution-btn-text class="add-your-perspective-button-text text-left text-color-text-low-emphasis">Add your perspective</div> </a> </div> <div class="contribution-text-area-wrapper relative w-full hidden"> <code id="min_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="min_reply_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="max_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_try_refreshing_the_page" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters_fraction" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error_suggestion" style="display: none"></code> <div class="contribution-text-area-border ease-linear duration-300 mb-2 rounded-md border-1 border-solid border-[var(--color-input-container-border)] p-2 transition-all focus-within:shadow-border hover:shadow-border active:shadow-border-active md:px-3"> <textarea class="contribution-text-area leading-normal placeholder:text-color-input-hint box-border w-full resize-none border-0 bg-color-transparent p-0 text-md leading-open tracking-wide text-color-text outline-none placeholder:text-color-text-disabled lg:text-lg" placeholder="Some ways to get started: - One time at work… - In my experience… - One thing I’ve found helpful…" rows="4" data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659051712513)" aria-errormessage="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659051712513)" data-feed-control="comment_box" data-feed-action-category="EXPAND" data-feed-action-type="expandContributionBox"></textarea> <div class="contribution-action-bar flex w-full items-center pt-2"> <span class="contribution-helper-text grow text-left text-xs text-color-text-secondary lg:text-sm" role="alert"> <span class="contribution-character-count"></span> <span class="contribution-error-message hidden text-color-signal-negative" id="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659051712513)"> Help others by sharing more (125 characters min.) </span> </span> <button class="contribution-cancel-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-tertiary mr-1 transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="cancel_contribution"> Cancel </button> <button disabled="true" aria-disabled="true" class="submit-contribution-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-primary transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="comment_post" data-feed-control="comment_post" data-feed-action-category="COMMENT" data-feed-action-type="submitContribution"> <div class="loader flex"> <div class="loader__container mb-2 overflow-hidden"> <icon class="loader__icon inline-block loader__icon--default text-color-progress-loading" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/ddi43qwelxeqjxdd45pe3fvs1" data-svg-class-name="loader__icon-svg--x-small fill-currentColor h-[20px] min-h-[20px] w-[20px] min-w-[20px]"></icon> </div> </div> <span class="submit-contribution-button-text">Add</span> <span class="save-contribution-changes-button-text">Save</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="contribution-list contribution-list-guest">  </ul>  </div> </div> </div> <code id="loginUrl" style="display: none"></code> <div class="article-segment" data-is-logged-in="false" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659055886338)" data-test-id="article-segment" data-total-count="0" data-tracking-prefix="article-ssr-frontend-x-article" role="presentation"> <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class="md:pt-6 sticky-on-scroll"> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div id="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7044348656166068224_7044348659055886338_"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h2 class="flex"> <a id="segmentation-offloading-and-checksum-offloading" href="#segmentation-offloading-and-checksum-offloading" class="dummy-anchor invisible absolute mt-[-100px]"></a> <span class="header-index pr-1.5">4</span> <span class>Segmentation offloading and checksum offloading</span> </h2> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>One of the ways to improve the efficiency and reliability of TCP segmentation and reassembly is to use segmentation offloading and checksum offloading. These are features that allow the network interface card (NIC) to perform some of the tasks that are normally done by the TCP layer, such as dividing data into segments, calculating checksums, and reassembling segments. By offloading these tasks to the NIC, TCP can reduce the CPU load, the memory usage, and the latency of the communication. You can enable or disable segmentation offloading and checksum offloading using tools like ethtool or ifconfig, which can configure the NIC parameters.</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-article-segment-contributions md:column md:pb-[200px] md:w-1/2"> <div class="article-segment-contributions-header-container bg-color-canvas-tint md:ml-[-12px] md:pt-6 lg:ml-0 sticky-on-scroll mt-1 ">  <div class="add-your-perspective-section relative flex flex-row items-center " data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659055886338)" data-test-add-contribution> <code id="add_your_perspective_tracking_prefix" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isGuest" style="display: none"></code> <code id="showFuseErrorMessage" style="display: none"></code> <div class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F1%2Fhow-do-you-measure-improve-efficiency-1e&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="add_contribution_cta" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link class="add-your-perspective-button btn-sm flex flex-col items-start justify-center lg:btn-md bg-color-surface-accent-tint-1 hover:bg-color-container-tertiary-hover " data-test-add-contribution-btn aria-describedby="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7044348656166068224_7044348659055886338_" data-test-contribution-cta-link-guest role="button"> <div data-test-contribution-btn-text class="add-your-perspective-button-text text-left text-color-text-low-emphasis">Add your perspective</div> </a> </div> <div class="contribution-text-area-wrapper relative w-full hidden"> <code id="min_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="min_reply_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="max_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_try_refreshing_the_page" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters_fraction" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error_suggestion" style="display: none"></code> <div class="contribution-text-area-border ease-linear duration-300 mb-2 rounded-md border-1 border-solid border-[var(--color-input-container-border)] p-2 transition-all focus-within:shadow-border hover:shadow-border active:shadow-border-active md:px-3"> <textarea class="contribution-text-area leading-normal placeholder:text-color-input-hint box-border w-full resize-none border-0 bg-color-transparent p-0 text-md leading-open tracking-wide text-color-text outline-none placeholder:text-color-text-disabled lg:text-lg" placeholder="Some ways to get started: - One time at work… - In my experience… - One thing I’ve found helpful…" rows="4" data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659055886338)" aria-errormessage="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659055886338)" data-feed-control="comment_box" data-feed-action-category="EXPAND" data-feed-action-type="expandContributionBox"></textarea> <div class="contribution-action-bar flex w-full items-center pt-2"> <span class="contribution-helper-text grow text-left text-xs text-color-text-secondary lg:text-sm" role="alert"> <span class="contribution-character-count"></span> <span class="contribution-error-message hidden text-color-signal-negative" id="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659055886338)"> Help others by sharing more (125 characters min.) </span> </span> <button class="contribution-cancel-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-tertiary mr-1 transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="cancel_contribution"> Cancel </button> <button disabled="true" aria-disabled="true" class="submit-contribution-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-primary transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="comment_post" data-feed-control="comment_post" data-feed-action-category="COMMENT" data-feed-action-type="submitContribution"> <div class="loader flex"> <div class="loader__container mb-2 overflow-hidden"> <icon class="loader__icon inline-block loader__icon--default text-color-progress-loading" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/ddi43qwelxeqjxdd45pe3fvs1" data-svg-class-name="loader__icon-svg--x-small fill-currentColor h-[20px] min-h-[20px] w-[20px] min-w-[20px]"></icon> </div> </div> <span class="submit-contribution-button-text">Add</span> <span class="save-contribution-changes-button-text">Save</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="contribution-list contribution-list-guest">  </ul>  </div> </div> </div> <code id="loginUrl" style="display: none"></code> <div class="article-segment" data-is-logged-in="false" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659102048256)" data-test-id="article-segment" data-total-count="0" data-tracking-prefix="article-ssr-frontend-x-article" role="presentation"> <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class="md:pt-6 sticky-on-scroll"> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div id="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7044348656166068224_7044348659102048256_"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h2 class="flex"> <a id="bufferbloat-and-codel" href="#bufferbloat-and-codel" class="dummy-anchor invisible absolute mt-[-100px]"></a> <span class="header-index pr-1.5">5</span> <span class>Bufferbloat and CoDel</span> </h2> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>Another way to improve the reliability of TCP segmentation and reassembly is to address the problem of bufferbloat. Bufferbloat is the phenomenon where excessive buffering in the network causes high latency, jitter, and packet loss. Buffering is useful to smooth out traffic bursts and avoid congestion, but too much buffering can delay packets and reduce the responsiveness of TCP. One of the solutions to bufferbloat is CoDel, which stands for controlled delay. CoDel is an algorithm that manages the queue length in the routers by dropping packets that exceed a target delay. By dropping packets, CoDel signals TCP to reduce its window size and transmission rate, thus alleviating congestion and improving latency. You can test for bufferbloat using tools like flent or netperf, which can measure the latency under different load conditions.</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-article-segment-contributions md:column md:pb-[200px] md:w-1/2"> <div class="article-segment-contributions-header-container bg-color-canvas-tint md:ml-[-12px] md:pt-6 lg:ml-0 sticky-on-scroll mt-1 ">  <div class="add-your-perspective-section relative flex flex-row items-center " data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659102048256)" data-test-add-contribution> <code id="add_your_perspective_tracking_prefix" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isGuest" style="display: none"></code> <code id="showFuseErrorMessage" style="display: none"></code> <div class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F1%2Fhow-do-you-measure-improve-efficiency-1e&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="add_contribution_cta" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link class="add-your-perspective-button btn-sm flex flex-col items-start justify-center lg:btn-md bg-color-surface-accent-tint-1 hover:bg-color-container-tertiary-hover " data-test-add-contribution-btn aria-describedby="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7044348656166068224_7044348659102048256_" data-test-contribution-cta-link-guest role="button"> <div data-test-contribution-btn-text class="add-your-perspective-button-text text-left text-color-text-low-emphasis">Add your perspective</div> </a> </div> <div class="contribution-text-area-wrapper relative w-full hidden"> <code id="min_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="min_reply_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="max_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_try_refreshing_the_page" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters_fraction" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error_suggestion" style="display: none"></code> <div class="contribution-text-area-border ease-linear duration-300 mb-2 rounded-md border-1 border-solid border-[var(--color-input-container-border)] p-2 transition-all focus-within:shadow-border hover:shadow-border active:shadow-border-active md:px-3"> <textarea class="contribution-text-area leading-normal placeholder:text-color-input-hint box-border w-full resize-none border-0 bg-color-transparent p-0 text-md leading-open tracking-wide text-color-text outline-none placeholder:text-color-text-disabled lg:text-lg" placeholder="Some ways to get started: - One time at work… - In my experience… - One thing I’ve found helpful…" rows="4" data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659102048256)" aria-errormessage="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659102048256)" data-feed-control="comment_box" data-feed-action-category="EXPAND" data-feed-action-type="expandContributionBox"></textarea> <div class="contribution-action-bar flex w-full items-center pt-2"> <span class="contribution-helper-text grow text-left text-xs text-color-text-secondary lg:text-sm" role="alert"> <span class="contribution-character-count"></span> <span class="contribution-error-message hidden text-color-signal-negative" id="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659102048256)"> Help others by sharing more (125 characters min.) </span> </span> <button class="contribution-cancel-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-tertiary mr-1 transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="cancel_contribution"> Cancel </button> <button disabled="true" aria-disabled="true" class="submit-contribution-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-primary transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="comment_post" data-feed-control="comment_post" data-feed-action-category="COMMENT" data-feed-action-type="submitContribution"> <div class="loader flex"> <div class="loader__container mb-2 overflow-hidden"> <icon class="loader__icon inline-block loader__icon--default text-color-progress-loading" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/ddi43qwelxeqjxdd45pe3fvs1" data-svg-class-name="loader__icon-svg--x-small fill-currentColor h-[20px] min-h-[20px] w-[20px] min-w-[20px]"></icon> </div> </div> <span class="submit-contribution-button-text">Add</span> <span class="save-contribution-changes-button-text">Save</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="contribution-list contribution-list-guest">  </ul>  </div> </div> </div> <code id="loginUrl" style="display: none"></code> <div class="article-segment" data-is-logged-in="false" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659110408192)" data-test-id="article-segment" data-total-count="0" data-tracking-prefix="article-ssr-frontend-x-article" role="presentation"> <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class="md:pt-6 sticky-on-scroll"> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div id="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7044348656166068224_7044348659110408192_"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h2 class="flex"> <a id="tcp-options-and-extensions" href="#tcp-options-and-extensions" class="dummy-anchor invisible absolute mt-[-100px]"></a> <span class="header-index pr-1.5">6</span> <span class>TCP options and extensions</span> </h2> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>In order to improve the efficiency and reliability of TCP segmentation and reassembly, you can use TCP options and extensions. These features enhance the functionality of TCP by adding information or capabilities to the TCP header. Selective acknowledgments (SACK) enable TCP to acknowledge individual segments instead of cumulative ones, reducing unnecessary retransmissions. Window scaling allows for larger window sizes than the 16-bit limit in the TCP header, increasing the throughput of high-bandwidth connections. Timestamps help measure RTT and RTO more accurately, improving congestion control and retransmission mechanisms. You can check if your TCP connection supports these options and extensions using tools like tcpdump or wireshark, which can display and interpret the TCP header fields.</span> </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="column-article-segment-contributions md:column md:pb-[200px] md:w-1/2"> <div class="article-segment-contributions-header-container bg-color-canvas-tint md:ml-[-12px] md:pt-6 lg:ml-0 sticky-on-scroll mt-1 ">  <div class="add-your-perspective-section relative flex flex-row items-center " data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659110408192)" data-test-add-contribution> <code id="add_your_perspective_tracking_prefix" style="display: none"></code> <code id="isGuest" style="display: none"></code> <code id="showFuseErrorMessage" style="display: none"></code> <div class="mb-2"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/signup/cold-join?session_redirect=%2Fadvice%2F1%2Fhow-do-you-measure-improve-efficiency-1e&trk=article-ssr-frontend-x-article" target="_self" data-tracking-control-name="add_contribution_cta" data-tracking-will-navigate data-test-link class="add-your-perspective-button btn-sm flex flex-col items-start justify-center lg:btn-md bg-color-surface-accent-tint-1 hover:bg-color-container-tertiary-hover " data-test-add-contribution-btn aria-describedby="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7044348656166068224_7044348659110408192_" data-test-contribution-cta-link-guest role="button"> <div data-test-contribution-btn-text class="add-your-perspective-button-text text-left text-color-text-low-emphasis">Add your perspective</div> </a> </div> <div class="contribution-text-area-wrapper relative w-full hidden"> <code id="min_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="min_reply_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="max_char_limit" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_success" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_edit_post_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_try_refreshing_the_page" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_characters_fraction" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_contribution_post_rate_limit_error_suggestion" style="display: none"></code> <div class="contribution-text-area-border ease-linear duration-300 mb-2 rounded-md border-1 border-solid border-[var(--color-input-container-border)] p-2 transition-all focus-within:shadow-border hover:shadow-border active:shadow-border-active md:px-3"> <textarea class="contribution-text-area leading-normal placeholder:text-color-input-hint box-border w-full resize-none border-0 bg-color-transparent p-0 text-md leading-open tracking-wide text-color-text outline-none placeholder:text-color-text-disabled lg:text-lg" placeholder="Some ways to get started: - One time at work… - In my experience… - One thing I’ve found helpful…" rows="4" data-segment-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659110408192)" aria-errormessage="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659110408192)" data-feed-control="comment_box" data-feed-action-category="EXPAND" data-feed-action-type="expandContributionBox"></textarea> <div class="contribution-action-bar flex w-full items-center pt-2"> <span class="contribution-helper-text grow text-left text-xs text-color-text-secondary lg:text-sm" role="alert"> <span class="contribution-character-count"></span> <span class="contribution-error-message hidden text-color-signal-negative" id="error-urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659110408192)"> Help others by sharing more (125 characters min.) </span> </span> <button class="contribution-cancel-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-tertiary mr-1 transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="cancel_contribution"> Cancel </button> <button disabled="true" aria-disabled="true" class="submit-contribution-button ease-linear duration-300 btn-sm btn-primary transition-all lg:btn-md" data-tracking-control-name="comment_post" data-feed-control="comment_post" data-feed-action-category="COMMENT" data-feed-action-type="submitContribution"> <div class="loader flex"> <div class="loader__container mb-2 overflow-hidden"> <icon class="loader__icon inline-block loader__icon--default text-color-progress-loading" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/ddi43qwelxeqjxdd45pe3fvs1" data-svg-class-name="loader__icon-svg--x-small fill-currentColor h-[20px] min-h-[20px] w-[20px] min-w-[20px]"></icon> </div> </div> <span class="submit-contribution-button-text">Add</span> <span class="save-contribution-changes-button-text">Save</span> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="contribution-list contribution-list-guest">  </ul>  </div> </div> </div> <code id="loginUrl" style="display: none"></code> <div class="article-segment" data-is-logged-in="false" data-thread-urn="urn:li:articleSegment:(urn:li:linkedInArticle:7044348656166068224,7044348659118821376)" data-test-id="article-segment" data-total-count="0" data-tracking-prefix="article-ssr-frontend-x-article" role="presentation"> <div class="md:row pb-6 md:flex"> <div class="column-article-segment-content md:column md:mb-8 md:mr-4 md:w-1/2 md:flex-1 md:pr-[88px]"> <div class="md:pt-6 sticky-on-scroll"> <div class="article-segment-content-container "> <div id="content-urn_li_articleSegment__urn_li_linkedInArticle_7044348656166068224_7044348659118821376_"> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <h2 class="flex"> <a id="here’s-what-else-to-consider" href="#here’s-what-else-to-consider" class="dummy-anchor invisible absolute mt-[-100px]"></a> <span class="header-index pr-1.5">7</span> <span class>Here’s what else to consider</span> </h2> </div> <div class="article-main__content" data-test-id="publishing-text-block"> <p> <span class>This is a space to share examples, stories, or insights that don’t fit into any of the previous sections. 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pl-1">Facebook</span> </button> </li> <li> <button data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_social-share-intent_social-share_twitter" class="social-share__item social-share-item" data-share-service="twitter"> <icon class="social-share__item-icon" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/4bmfmbwr1b97362o29qmjo1zj"></icon> <span class="social-share__item-text pl-1">Twitter</span> </button> </li>  </ul> <button aria-expanded="false" class="social-share__button social-share__button-square social-share-button social-action-bar__button social-share-button--square " aria-label data-tracking-control-name="article-ssr-frontend-x-article_x-social-details_social-share-intent_social-share_main_button"> <icon class="social-share__button-icon " data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/852gyy4s01pfis5qf9k99s6d2" data-svg-class-name="social-share-button-icon social-action-bar__icon--svg "></icon> <span class="social-share__button-text-square social-action-bar__button-text "> Share </span> </button> </div> </div> <code id="i18n_reaction_singular" style="display: none"></code> <code id="i18n_reactions_plural" style="display: none"></code> <div class="flex items-center font-sans text-sm babybear:text-xs" data-sap-comment-urn="urn:li:ugcPost:7044348656451248129">  <div class="flex items-center font-normal text-color-text-low-emphasis no-underline visited:text-color-text-low-emphasis my-1" data-test-id="social-actions__comments" data-id="social-actions__comments" data-num-comments="1" data-singular="%numComments% Contribution" data-plural="%numComments% Contributions" data-entity-urn="urn:li:ugcPost:7044348656451248129"> 1 Contribution </div>  </div> </div> </div>  <code id="contentUrn" style="display: none"></code> <div id="toasts" class="toasts fixed z-8 babybear:right-4 mamabear:right-4 papabear:min-h-[96px] invisible top:auto bottom-4 left-4 papabear:w-[400px] toasts--bottom" type="bottom"> <template id="toast-template"> <div class="toast container-raised flex toast--bottom transition ease-accelerate duration-xxslow " data-id="toast"> <div class="toast__message flex flex-1 babybear:items-center mamabear:items-center papabear:items-start py-2 px-1.5" data-id="toast__message" role="alert" tabindex="-1"> <div class="toast__message-content-container" data-id="toast__message-content-container"> <p class="toast__message-content font-sans text-sm opacity-90 inline babybear:self-center mamabear:self-center papabear:self-start" data-id="toast__message-content"></p> </div> </div> <button class="toast__dismiss-btn cursor-pointer babybear:self-center mamabear:self-center papabear:self-start pt-3 pb-2 papabear:py-2 pl-0.5 pr-0" data-id="toast__dismiss-btn" aria-label="Close"> <svg width="24" height="24" class="fill-color-icon"><path d="M13 4.32 9.31 8 13 11.69 11.69 13 8 9.31 4.31 13 3 11.69 6.69 8 3 4.31 4.31 3 8 6.69 11.68 3Z"></path></svg> </button> </div> </template> <template id="toast-icon-caution"> <icon class="text-color-icon-caution toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/u6kgm8vi5s4rhtbgmjlphlp6"></icon> </template> <template id="toast-icon-error"> <icon class="text-color-icon-negative toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/2ffvlzyh9wb65459t9va8w2ph"></icon> </template> <template id="toast-icon-gdpr"> <icon class="text-color-icon-neutral toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/a0d85elrpgg38lskvq1kvzb3"></icon> </template> <template id="toast-icon-notify"> <icon class="text-color-icon-neutral toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/de23f5me7dfm17unsj9up4vga"></icon> </template> <template id="toast-icon-success"> <icon class="text-color-icon-positive toast__icon w-3 h-3 shrink-0 mr-2" data-delayed-url="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/c44ryoszao52cyd0y87z7s0uf"></icon> </template> <template id="toast-cta"> <a class="toast__cta cta-link font-medium ml-0.5 text-sm text-inherit inline" target="_blank"></a> </template> </div> </div> <script src="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/e52nctzocrwiod8oiqb4ks0wi" async></script>  <script src="https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/dpjtia3nuvskqc47hb0di7bzo" async defer></script>  </body> </html>

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