CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# article: https://ogp.me/ns/article#"><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","author":{"@type":"Person","description":"Robert N. Charette is a Contributing Editor to IEEE Spectrum and an acknowledged international authority on information technology and systems risk management. A self-described “risk ecologist,” he is interested in the intersections of business, political, technological, and societal risks. Charette is an award-winning author of multiple books and numerous articles on the subjects of risk management, project and program management, innovation, and entrepreneurship. A Life Senior Member of the IEEE, Charette was a recipient of the IEEE Computer Society’s Golden Core Award in 2008.","identifier":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/robert-n-charette","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjY0NTkxNC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc1NDM4NzE3M30.MTQySQ4SkKwqBh31wur--gqjA9a52wpqPBFrbbae81E/image.png?width=210"},"name":"Robert N. Charette","url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/robert-n-charette"},"dateModified":"2024-01-24T13:50:49Z","datePublished":"2023-12-24T14:00:01Z","description":"\u003Cp>Nanoparticles may boost energy density enough for EVs\u003C/p>","headline":"Can Flow Batteries Finally Beat Lithium?","image":"https://assets.rbl.ms/50902453/origin.jpg","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/flow-battery-2666672335","@type":"WebPage"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","height":210,"url":"https://assets.rbl.ms/26794698/origin.png","width":2000},"name":"IEEE Spectrum"},"url":"https://spectrum.ieee.org/flow-battery-2666672335"}</script><meta charset="utf-8"/><script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer ||[]; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('consent','default',{ 'ad_storage':'denied', 'analytics_storage':'denied', 'ad_user_data':'denied', 'ad_personalization':'denied', 'personalization_storage':'denied', 'functionality_storage':'granted', 'security_storage':'granted', 'wait_for_update': 500 }); gtag("set", "ads_data_redaction", true); </script><script src="https://cmp.osano.com/AzyzptTmRlqVd2LRf/04dfdd03-699a-4224-a9f1-d3ca23cdf4e9/osano.js"></script><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Light.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Regular.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Light.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Bold.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Regular.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Regular.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><link rel="preload" as="font" href="https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Bold.woff2" type="font/woff2" crossorigin=""/><script type="text/javascript"> navigator.userAgent.includes("Chrome")&&function(e,t,n,r,i){var o,a,c=["click","contextmenu","dblclick","gotpointercapture","keydown","keypress","keyup","lostpointercapture","mousedown","mouseup","mousemove","pointercancel","pointerdown","pointerenter","pointerleave","pointermove","pointerover","pointerup","touchcancel","touchend","touchmove","touchstart"],s=["scroll","wheel"],u=new r,p=new r,l=new r,d=25,f=25,v="_rmStopped",m="_rmImmediatelyStopped",h=e.setTimeout,y=e.clearTimeout,g=n.prototype,E=null;function L(e){return function(e){return new Promise((function(t){h(t,e||0)}))}(e)}function w(e){return i&&"scheduling"in i&&"isInputPending"in i.scheduling&&i.scheduling.isInputPending({includeContinuous:!0})?L(e).then((function(){return w(e)})):L(e)}function I(e,t,r,i,o){if(!(r[m]||i===n.BUBBLING_PHASE&&r[v]&&element!==r.target)){var a,c={get:(a={currentTarget:o},function(e,t,n){if(t in a)return a[t];var r=Reflect.get(e,t);return r instanceof Function?function(){return Reflect.apply(r,e,arguments)}:r})},s=new Proxy(r,c);try{e&&"handleEvent"in e?e.handleEvent.call(e,s):e.call(t,s)}catch(e){console.error(e)}}}function P(e){return function(t){var n=this,r=t.eventPhase,i=t.currentTarget,o={canceled:!1};"dataset"in n&&n.dataset.inpZillaSkip?I(e,n,t,r,i):(l.has(e)&&(l.get(e).canceled=!0),l.set(e,o),w(f).then((function(){o.canceled||(I(e,n,t,r,i),l.delete(e))})))}}function _(e){return function(t){var r=this,i=t.eventPhase,o=t.currentTarget,a=t.timeStamp;new n("rm").timeStamp-a<d||"dataset"in r&&r.dataset.inpZillaSkip?I(e,r,t,i,o):(E&&(E.style.display="none",E.style.opacity="0",E.style.display="block",E.style.opacity="1"),w().then((function(){I(e,r,t,i,o)})))}}function k(e,t,n,r,i){if(!n.has(r)){var o=i(r);n.set(r,o)}var a=Array.from(t);a[1]=n.get(r),e._rmInpAddEventListener.apply(e,a)}function A(t,n){var r=this||e;if(n){if(s.includes(t))return void k(r,arguments,p,n,P);if(c.includes(t))return void k(r,arguments,u,n,_)}r._rmInpAddEventListener.apply(r,arguments)}function x(t,n){var r=this||e,i=n;n&&(c.includes(t)&&u.has(n)?i=u.get(n):s.includes(t)&&p.has(n)&&(i=p.get(n)));var o=Array.from(arguments);o[1]=i,r._rmInpRemoveEventListener.apply(r,o)}function T(e){e._rmInpAddEventListener=e.addEventListener,e._rmInpRemoveEventListener=e.removeEventListener,e.addEventListener=A,e.removeEventListener=x}function S(e){c.forEach((function(t){var n="on"+t;Object.defineProperty(e,n,{set:function(e){var n=this,r="__rmInpOn"+t;n[r]&&n.removeEventListener(t,n[r],{passive:!0}),n[r]=e,n.addEventListener(t,e,{passive:!0})}})}))}function b(e,t){return function(){this[e]=!0,t.apply(this,arguments)}}function C(e,t,n){return w().then((function(){e.apply(t,n)})).catch(console.error)}t.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",(function(){var e;(e=t.createElement("div")).style.height="100px",e.style.width="100px",e.style.backgroundColor="#ffffff03",e.style.position="fixed",e.style.top="1px",e.style.left="1px",e.style.transform="translateX(-100px)",t.body.appendChild(e),E=e})),T(e),T(t),T(Element.prototype),S(e),S(t),S(HTMLElement.prototype),o=g.stopPropagation,a=g.stopImmediatePropagation,g.stopPropagation=b(v,o),g.stopImmediatePropagation=b(m,a),function(){var t=new r;function n(e){t.has(e)?y(t.get(e)):y(e)}e.setTimeout=function(e,t){var n=this,r=Array.from(arguments).splice(2);return h((function(){C(e,n,r)}),t)},e.setInterval=function(e,n){var r=this,i=Array.from(arguments).splice(2);function o(){var e=h(a,n);t.set(c,e)}function a(){C(e,r,i).then(o)}var c=h(a,n);t.set(c,c)},e.clearInterval=n,e.clearTimeout=n}()}(window,document,Event,Map,navigator); </script><meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"/><link fetchpriority="high" rel="preload" imagesrcset="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/an-image-of-a-gas-nozzle-in-front-of-a-forest-with-lightning-coming-out.jpg?id=50902453&width=3600&height=4728 3x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/an-image-of-a-gas-nozzle-in-front-of-a-forest-with-lightning-coming-out.jpg?id=50902453&width=2400&height=3152 2x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/an-image-of-a-gas-nozzle-in-front-of-a-forest-with-lightning-coming-out.jpg?id=50902453&width=1200&height=1576 1x" as="image"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/flow-battery-2666672335"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@"/><meta name="twitter:site:id" content=""/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/an-image-of-a-gas-nozzle-in-front-of-a-forest-with-lightning-coming-out.png?id=50902516&width=1200&height=600&coordinates=0%2C146%2C0%2C146"/><meta property="fb:app_id" content="200167090048537"/><meta property="og:type" content="article"/><meta property="article:section" content="Energy"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://spectrum.ieee.org/flow-battery-2666672335"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="IEEE Spectrum"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/an-image-of-a-gas-nozzle-in-front-of-a-forest-with-lightning-coming-out.png?id=50902516&width=1200&height=600&coordinates=0%2C146%2C0%2C146"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="600"/><meta property="og:title" content="Can Flow Batteries Finally Beat Lithium?"/><meta property="og:description" content="Nanoparticles may boost energy density enough for EVs"/><meta name="description" content="Nanoparticles may boost energy density enough for EVs"/><meta name="keywords" content="climate change, climate tech, evs, flow batteries, grid storage, lithium-ion batteries, type:cover, batteries, nanoelectrofuel batteries"/><meta name="referrer" content="always"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://user-stats.rbl.ms/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><link rel="preconnect" href="https://pages-stats.rbl.ms/" crossorigin="anonymous"/><script class="rm-i-script">window.REBELMOUSE_BOOTSTRAP_DATA = {"isUserLoggedIn": false, "site": {"id": 20265424, "isCommunitySite": false}, "runner": {"id": 20265424}, "post": {"id": 2666672335, "sections": [0, 497728257, 2241528953, 544169537, 539626628, 539619077, 544169516, 544169517, 2221589049, 2241528955, 598415773], "shareUrl": "https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fflow-battery-2666672335", "status": 0, "tags": ["climate change", "climate tech", "evs", "flow batteries", "grid storage", "lithium-ion batteries", "type:cover", "batteries", "nanoelectrofuel batteries"]}, "path": "/flow-battery-2666672335", "pathParams": {"slug": "flow-battery-2666672335"}, "resourceId": "pp_2666672335", "fbId": "200167090048537", "fbAppVersion": "v2.5", "clientGaId": "UA-747464-1", "messageBusUri": "wss://messages.rebelmouse.io", "section": {"id": null}, "tag": {"slug": "nanoelectrofuel-batteries"}, "fullBootstrapUrl": "/res/bootstrap/data.js?site_id=20265424\u0026resource_id=pp_2666672335\u0026path_params=%7B%22slug%22%3A%22flow-battery-2666672335%22%7D\u0026warehouse10x=1\u0026override_device=desktop\u0026post_id=2666672335", "whitelabel_menu": {}, "useRiver": true, "engine": {"recaptchaSiteKey": null, "lazyLoadShortcodeImages": true, "backButtonGoToPage": true, "changeParticleUrlScroll": false, "countKeepReadingAsPageview": true, "defaultVideoPlayer": "", "theoPlayerLibraryLocation": "", "trackPageViewOnParticleUrlScroll": false, "webVitalsSampleRate": 100, "overrideDevicePixelRatio": null, "image_quality_level": 85, "sendEventsToCurrentDomain": false, "enableLoggedOutUserTracking": false}}; </script><script class="rm-i-script">window.REBELMOUSE_BASE_ASSETS_URL = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/"; window.REBELMOUSE_BASE_SSL_DOMAIN = "https://spectrum.ieee.org"; window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_LOW_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE = []; window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB = {}; window.RM_OVERRIDES = {}; window.RM_AD_LOADER = []; </script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/main.6dd57737d73e2cefa676.bundle.mjs" class="rm-i-script" type="module" async="async" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="main.mjs"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/main.5cf2d86defc2a8468262.bundle.js" class="rm-i-script" nomodule="nomodule" defer="defer" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="main.js"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/runtime.7c6b21900ce170cda6bd.bundle.mjs" class="rm-i-script" type="module" async="async" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="runtime.mjs"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/runtime.a23ceda6b8448f51fcb3.bundle.js" class="rm-i-script" nomodule="nomodule" defer="defer" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="runtime.js"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/iabTracking.31cf81e3384788188e0d.bundle.mjs" class="rm-i-script" type="module" async="async" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="iabTracking.mjs"></script><script src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/static/dist/social-ux/iabTracking.7f23064d1f64f976ca2f.bundle.js" class="rm-i-script" nomodule="nomodule" defer="defer" data-js-app="true" data-src-host="https://spectrum.ieee.org" data-src-file="iabTracking.js"></script><link rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"/><meta name="theme-color" content="#647187"/><script class="rm-i-script"> if ('serviceWorker' in navigator) { window.addEventListener('load', function() { navigator.serviceWorker.register('/sw.js').then(function(registration) { console.log('ServiceWorker registration successful with scope: ', registration.scope); }, function(err) { console.log('ServiceWorker registration failed: ', err); }); }); } else { console.log('ServiceWorker not enabled'); } </script><script class="rm-i-script"> // fallback error prone google tag setup var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; </script><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="IEEE Spectrum" href="/feeds/topic/energy.rss"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1.0"/><title>Can Flow Batteries Finally Beat Lithium? - IEEE Spectrum</title><style class="rm-i-styles"> article,aside,details,figcaption,figure,footer,header,hgroup,nav,section{display:block;}audio,canvas,video{display:inline-block;}audio:not([controls]){display:none;}[hidden]{display:none;}html{font-size:100%;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-ms-text-size-adjust:100%;}body{margin:0;font-size:1em;line-height:1.4;}body,button,input,select,textarea{font-family:Tahoma,sans-serif;color:#5A5858;}::-moz-selection{background:#145A7C;color:#fff;text-shadow:none;}::selection{background:#145A7C;color:#fff;text-shadow:none;}:focus{outline:5px auto #2684b1;}a:hover,a:active{outline:0;}abbr[title]{border-bottom:1px dotted;}b,strong{font-weight:bold;}blockquote{margin:1em 40px;}dfn{font-style:italic;}hr{display:block;height:1px;border:0;border-top:1px solid #ccc;margin:1em 0;padding:0;}ins{background:#ff9;color:#000;text-decoration:none;}mark{background:#ff0;color:#000;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold;}pre,code,kbd,samp{font-family:monospace,serif;_font-family:'courier new',monospace;font-size:1em;}pre{white-space:pre;white-space:pre-wrap;word-wrap:break-word;}q{quotes:none;}q:before,q:after{content:"";content:none;}small{font-size:85%;}sub,sup{font-size:75%;line-height:0;position:relative;vertical-align:baseline;}sup{top:-0.5em;}sub{bottom:-0.25em;}ul,ol{margin:1em 0;padding:0 0 0 40px;}dd{margin:0 0 0 40px;}nav ul,nav ol{list-style:none;list-style-image:none;margin:0;padding:0;}img{border:0;-ms-interpolation-mode:bicubic;vertical-align:middle;}svg:not(:root){overflow:hidden;}figure{margin:0;}form{margin:0;}fieldset{border:0;margin:0;padding:0;}label{cursor:pointer;}legend{border:0;padding:0;}button,input{line-height:normal;}button,input[type="button"],input[type="reset"],input[type="submit"]{cursor:pointer;-webkit-appearance:button;}input[type="checkbox"],input[type="radio"]{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;}input[type="search"]{-webkit-appearance:textfield;box-sizing:content-box;}input[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration{-webkit-appearance:none;}button::-moz-focus-inner,input::-moz-focus-inner{border:0;padding:0;}textarea{overflow:auto;vertical-align:top;resize:vertical;}input:invalid,textarea:invalid{background-color:#fccfcc;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}td{vertical-align:top;}.ir{display:block;border:0;text-indent:-999em;overflow:hidden;background-color:transparent;background-repeat:no-repeat;text-align:left;direction:ltr;}.ir br{display:none;}.hidden{display:none !important;visibility:hidden;}.visuallyhidden{border:0;clip:rect(0 0 0 0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;}.visuallyhidden.focusable:active,.visuallyhidden.focusable:focus{clip:auto;height:auto;margin:0;overflow:visible;position:static;width:auto;}.invisible{visibility:hidden;}.clearfix:before,.clearfix:after{content:"";display:table;}.clearfix:after{clear:both;}.clearfix{zoom:1;}.zindex20{z-index:20;}.zindex30{z-index:30;}.zindex40{z-index:40;}.zindex50{z-index:50;}html{font-size:11.25px;font-family:serif;line-height:1.66;color:#0D0D0D;font-weight:normal;}body,button,input,select,textarea{font-family:serif;color:#0D0D0D;}.col,body{font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.66;}a{color:#FF4C00;text-decoration:none;}a:hover{color:#FF4C00;text-decoration:none;}.with-primary-color{color:#FF4C00;}.with-primary-color:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.js-tab,.js-keep-reading,.js-toggle{cursor:pointer;}.noselect{-webkit-touch-callout:none;-webkit-user-select:none;-khtml-user-select:none;-moz-user-select:none;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}.tabs__tab{display:inline-block;padding:10px;}.tabs__tab-content{display:none;}.tabs__tab-content.active{display:block;}button:focus,input[type="text"],input[type="email"]{outline:0;}audio,canvas,iframe,img,svg,video{vertical-align:middle;max-width:100%;}textarea{resize:vertical;}.main{background-color:#bdbdbd;position:relative;overflow:hidden;}.valign-wrapper{display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.valign-wrapper .valign{display:block;}#notification{position:fixed;}.article-module__controls-placeholder{position:absolute;}.display-block{display:block;}.cover-all{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;}.full-width{width:100%;}.fa{font-family:FontAwesome,"fontawesome-mini" !important;}.fa.fa-instagram{font-size:1.15em;}.fa-googleplus:before{content:"\f0d5";}.post-partial,.overflow-visible{overflow:visible !important;}.attribute-data{margin:0 10px 10px 0;padding:5px 10px;background-color:#FF4C00;color:white;border-radius:3px;margin-bottom:10px;display:inline-block;}.attribute-data[value=""]{display:none;}.badge{display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;}.badge-image{border-radius:100%;}.js-expandable.expanded .js-expand,.js-expandable:not(.expanded) .js-contract{display:none;}.js-scroll-trigger{display:block;width:100%;}.sticky-target:not(.legacy){position:fixed;opacity:0;top:0;will-change:transform;transform:translate3d(0px,0px,0px);}.sticky-target.legacy{position:relative;}.sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{position:fixed;}.color-inherit:hover,.color-inherit{color:inherit;}.js-appear-on-expand{transition:all 350ms;height:0;overflow:hidden;opacity:0;}.content-container{display:none;}.expanded .content-container{display:block;}.expanded .js-appear-on-expand{opacity:1;height:auto;}.logged-out-user .js-appear-on-expand{height:0;opacity:0;}.h1,.h2{margin:0;padding:0;font-size:1em;font-weight:normal;}.lazyload-placeholder{display:none;position:absolute;text-align:center;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.1);top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;}div[runner-lazy-loading] .lazyload-placeholder,iframe[runner-lazy-loading] + .lazyload-placeholder{display:block;}.abs-pos-center{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;}.relative{position:relative;}.runner-spinner{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;width:50px;}.runner-spinner:before{content:"";display:block;padding-top:100%;}.rm-non-critical-loaded .runner-spinner-circular{animation:rotate 2s linear infinite;height:100%;transform-origin:center center;width:100%;position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;margin:auto;}.position-relative{position:relative;}.collection-button{display:inline-block;}.rm-non-critical-loaded .runner-spinner-path{stroke-dasharray:1,200;stroke-dashoffset:0;animation:dash 1.5s ease-in-out infinite,color 6s ease-in-out infinite;stroke-linecap:round;}.pagination-container .pagination-wrapper{display:flex;align-items:center;}.pagination-container .pagination-wrapper a{color:rgba(59,141,242,1);margin:0 5px;}@keyframes rotate{100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}@keyframes dash{0%{stroke-dasharray:1,200;stroke-dashoffset:0;}50%{stroke-dasharray:89,200;stroke-dashoffset:-35px;}100%{stroke-dasharray:89,200;stroke-dashoffset:-124px;}}@keyframes color{100%,0%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,1);}40%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,0.6);}66%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);}80%,90%{stroke:rgba(255,255,255,0.7);}}.js-section-loader-feature-container > .slick-list > .slick-track > .slick-slide:not(.slick-active){height:0;visibility:hidden;}.rebellt-item-media-container .instagram-media{margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}.js-hidden-panel{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;transition:all 300ms;z-index:10;}.js-hidden-panel.active{transform:translate3d(0,-100%,0);}.content{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;max-width:1100px;width:90%;}.ad-tag{text-align:center;}.ad-tag__inner{display:inline-block;}.content .ad-tag{margin-left:-5%;margin-right:-5%;}@media (min-width:768px){.content .ad-tag{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}.user-prefs{display:none;}.no-mb:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:0;}.no-mt:not(:first-child){margin-top:0;}.sm-mt-0:not(:empty):before,.sm-mt-1:not(:empty):before,.sm-mt-2:not(:empty):before,.sm-mb-0:not(:empty):after,.sm-mb-1:not(:empty):after,.sm-mb-2:not(:empty):after,.md-mt-0:not(:empty):before,.md-mt-1:not(:empty):before,.md-mt-2:not(:empty):before,.md-mb-0:not(:empty):after,.md-mb-1:not(:empty):after,.md-mb-2:not(:empty):after,.lg-mt-0:not(:empty):before,.lg-mt-1:not(:empty):before,.lg-mt-2:not(:empty):before,.lg-mb-0:not(:empty):after,.lg-mb-1:not(:empty):after,.lg-mb-2:not(:empty):after{content:'';display:block;overflow:hidden;}.sm-mt-0:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0;}.sm-mt-0 > *{margin-top:0;}.sm-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-10px;}.sm-mt-1 > *{margin-top:10px;}.sm-mt-2:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-20px;}.sm-mt-2 > *{margin-top:20px;}.sm-mb-0:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0;}.sm-mb-0 > *{margin-bottom:0;}.sm-mb-1:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-10px;}.sm-mb-1 > *{margin-bottom:10px;}.sm-mb-2:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-20px;}.sm-mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.md-mt-0:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0;}.md-mt-0 > *{margin-top:0;}.md-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-10px;}.md-mt-1 > *{margin-top:10px;}.md-mt-2:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-20px;}.md-mt-2 > *{margin-top:20px;}.md-mb-0:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0;}.md-mb-0 > *{margin-bottom:0;}.md-mb-1:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-10px;}.md-mb-1 > *{margin-bottom:10px;}.md-mb-2:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-20px;}.md-mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.lg-mt-0:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0;}.lg-mt-0 > *{margin-top:0;}.lg-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-10px;}.lg-mt-1 > *{margin-top:10px;}.lg-mt-2:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:-20px;}.lg-mt-2 > *{margin-top:20px;}.lg-mb-0:not(:empty):after{margin-top:0;}.lg-mb-0 > *{margin-bottom:0;}.lg-mb-1:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-10px;}.lg-mb-1 > *{margin-bottom:10px;}.lg-mb-2:not(:empty):after{margin-top:-20px;}.lg-mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}}.sm-cp-0{padding:0;}.sm-cp-1{padding:10px;}.sm-cp-2{padding:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.md-cp-0{padding:0;}.md-cp-1{padding:10px;}.md-cp-2{padding:20px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.lg-cp-0{padding:0;}.lg-cp-1{padding:10px;}.lg-cp-2{padding:20px;}}.mb-2 > *{margin-bottom:20px;}.mb-2 > :last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.v-sep > *{margin-bottom:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.v-sep > *{margin-bottom:40px;}}.v-sep > *:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}@media only screen and (max-width:767px){.hide-mobile{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (max-width:1023px){.hide-tablet-and-mobile{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.hide-tablet-and-desktop{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.hide-tablet{display:none !important;}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.hide-desktop{display:none !important;}}.row.px10{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}.row.px10 > .col{padding-left:10px;padding-right:10px;}.row.px20{margin-left:-20px;margin-right:-20px;}.row.px20 > .col{padding-left:20px;padding-right:20px;}.row{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;}.row:after{content:'';display:table;clear:both;}.row:not(:empty){margin-bottom:-20px;}.col{margin-bottom:20px;}@media (min-width:768px){.col{margin-bottom:40px;}.row:not(:empty){margin-bottom:-40px;}}.row .col{float:left;box-sizing:border-box;}.row .col.pull-right{float:right;}.row .col.s1{width:8.3333333333%;}.row .col.s2{width:16.6666666667%;}.row .col.s3{width:25%;}.row .col.s4{width:33.3333333333%;}.row .col.s5{width:41.6666666667%;}.row .col.s6{width:50%;}.row .col.s7{width:58.3333333333%;}.row .col.s8{width:66.6666666667%;}.row .col.s9{width:75%;}.row .col.s10{width:83.3333333333%;}.row .col.s11{width:91.6666666667%;}.row .col.s12{width:100%;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.row .col.m1{width:8.3333333333%;}.row .col.m2{width:16.6666666667%;}.row .col.m3{width:25%;}.row .col.m4{width:33.3333333333%;}.row .col.m5{width:41.6666666667%;}.row .col.m6{width:50%;}.row .col.m7{width:58.3333333333%;}.row .col.m8{width:66.6666666667%;}.row .col.m9{width:75%;}.row .col.m10{width:83.3333333333%;}.row .col.m11{width:91.6666666667%;}.row .col.m12{width:100%;}}@media only screen and (min-width:1024px){.row .col.l1{width:8.3333333333%;}.row .col.l2{width:16.6666666667%;}.row .col.l3{width:25%;}.row .col.l4{width:33.3333333333%;}.row .col.l5{width:41.6666666667%;}.row .col.l6{width:50%;}.row .col.l7{width:58.3333333333%;}.row .col.l8{width:66.6666666667%;}.row .col.l9{width:75%;}.row .col.l10{width:83.3333333333%;}.row .col.l11{width:91.6666666667%;}.row .col.l12{width:100%;}}.widget{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;}.widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:#FF4C00;}.widget__headline{font-family:Theinhardt-Regular,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;color:#0D0D0D;cursor:pointer;}.widget__headline-text{font-family:inherit;color:inherit;word-break:break-word;}.widget__section-text{display:block;}.image,.widget__image{background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;display:block;z-index:0;}.widget__play{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;text-align:center;}.rm-widget-image-holder{position:relative;}.rm-video-holder{position:absolute;width:100%;height:100%;top:0;left:0;}.rm-zindex-hidden{display:none;z-index:-1;}.rm-widget-image-holder .widget__play{top:0;left:0;}.image.no-image{background-color:#e4e4e4;}.widget__video{position:relative;}.widget__video .rm-scrop-spacer{padding-bottom:56.25%;}.widget__video.rm-video-tiktok{max-width:605px;}.widget__video video,.widget__video iframe{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:100%;}.widget__product-vendor{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.widget__product-buy-link{margin:15px 0;}.widget__product-buy-link-btn{background-color:#000;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1em;padding:1.25rem;font-weight:700;}.widget__product-buy-btn:hover{color:#fff;}.widget__product-price{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.widget__product-compare-at-price{text-decoration:line-through;}.rebellt-item.is--mobile,.rebellt-item.is--tablet{margin-bottom:0.85em;}.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col2,.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col3{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col2{width:48%;}.rebellt-item.show_columns_on_mobile.col3{width:32%;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.rebellt-item.col2:not(.show_columns_on_mobile),.rebellt-item.col3:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.rebellt-item.col2:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){width:48%;}.rebellt-item.col3:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){width:32%;}}.rebellt-item.parallax{background-size:cover;background-attachment:fixed;position:relative;left:calc(-50vw + 50%);width:100vw;min-height:100vh;padding:0 20%;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:inherit;text-align:center;z-index:3;}.rebellt-item.parallax.is--mobile{background-position:center;margin-bottom:0;padding:0 15%;}.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description:before,.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description:after{content:"";display:block;padding-bottom:100%;}.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description.is--mobile:before,.rebellt-item.parallax.has-description.is--mobile:after{padding-bottom:90vh;}.rebellt-item.parallax h3,.rebellt-item.parallax p{color:white;text-shadow:1px 0 #000;}.rebellt-item.parallax.is--mobile p{font-size:18px;font-weight:400;}.rebellt-ecommerce h3{font-size:1.8em;margin-bottom:15px;}.rebellt-ecommerce--vendor{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.rebellt-ecommerce--price{font-size:1.5em;line-height:1.5;margin:25px 0;}.rebellt-ecommerce--compare-at-price{text-decoration:line-through;}.rebellt-ecommerce--buy{margin:15px 0;}.rebellt-ecommerce--btn{background-color:#000;color:#fff;display:inline-block;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1em;padding:1.25rem;font-weight:700;}.rebellt-ecommerce--btn:hover{color:#fff;}.rebelbar.skin-simple{height:50px;line-height:50px;color:#0D0D0D;font-size:1.2rem;border-left:none;border-right:none;background-color:#fff;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__inner{position:relative;height:100%;margin:0 auto;padding:0 20px;max-width:1300px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .logo{float:left;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .logo__image{max-height:50px;max-width:190px;}.rebelbar--fake.skin-simple{position:relative;border-color:#fff;}.rebelbar--fixed.skin-simple{position:absolute;width:100%;z-index:3;}.with-fixed-header .rebelbar--fixed.skin-simple{position:fixed;top:0;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle{position:relative;cursor:pointer;float:left;text-align:center;font-size:0;width:50px;margin-left:-15px;height:100%;color:#0D0D0D;}.rebelbar.skin-simple i{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;font-size:20px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links{display:none;padding:0 100px 0 40px;overflow:hidden;height:100%;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-list{margin:0 -15px;height:100%;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links li{display:inline-block;padding:0 15px;text-align:left;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-link{color:#0D0D0D;display:block;font-size:1.8rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-link:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__sharebar.sharebar{display:none;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-list.js--active .rebelbar__more-sections-button{visibility:visible;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__more-sections-button{cursor:pointer;visibility:hidden;}.rebelbar.skin-simple #rebelbar__more-sections{visibility:hidden;position:fixed;line-height:70px;left:0;width:100%;background-color:#1f1f1f;}.rebelbar.skin-simple #rebelbar__more-sections a{color:white;}.rebelbar.skin-simple #rebelbar__more-sections.opened{visibility:visible;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__menu-toggle{margin-right:15px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple{height:100px;line-height:100px;font-weight:700;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .logo__image{max-width:350px;max-height:100px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__inner{padding:0 40px;}.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__sharebar.sharebar{float:left;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:20px;padding-left:40px;}}@media (min-width:960px){.rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links{display:block;}.with-floating-shares .rebelbar.skin-simple .search-form{display:none;}.with-floating-shares .rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__sharebar.sharebar{display:block;}.with-floating-shares .rebelbar.skin-simple .rebelbar__section-links{display:none;}}.menu-global{display:none;width:100%;position:fixed;z-index:3;color:white;background-color:#1a1a1a;height:100%;font-size:1.8rem;overflow-y:auto;overflow-x:hidden;line-height:1.6em;}@media (min-width:768px){.menu-global{display:block;max-width:320px;top:0;-webkit-transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate3d(-320px,0,0);}.menu-global,.all-content-wrapper{transition:transform .2s cubic-bezier(.2,.3,.25,.9);}}.menu-overlay{position:fixed;top:-100%;left:0;height:0;width:100%;cursor:pointer;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:opacity 200ms;}.menu-opened .menu-overlay{visibility:visible;height:100%;z-index:1;opacity:1;top:0;}@media only screen and (min-width:768px){.menu-opened .menu-overlay{z-index:10;background:rgba(255,255,255,.6);}}@media (min-width:960px){.logged-out-user .rebelbar.skin-simple .menu-overlay{display:none;}}@media (min-width:600px){.rm-resized-container-5{width:5%;}.rm-resized-container-10{width:10%;}.rm-resized-container-15{width:15%;}.rm-resized-container-20{width:20%;}.rm-resized-container-25{width:25%;}.rm-resized-container-30{width:30%;}.rm-resized-container-35{width:35%;}.rm-resized-container-40{width:40%;}.rm-resized-container-45{width:45%;}.rm-resized-container-50{width:50%;}.rm-resized-container-55{width:55%;}.rm-resized-container-60{width:60%;}.rm-resized-container-65{width:65%;}.rm-resized-container-70{width:70%;}.rm-resized-container-75{width:75%;}.rm-resized-container-80{width:80%;}.rm-resized-container-85{width:85%;}.rm-resized-container-90{width:90%;}.rm-resized-container-95{width:95%;}.rm-resized-container-100{width:100%;}}.rm-embed-container{position:relative;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-instagram{max-width:540px;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok{max-width:572px;min-height:721px;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote,.rm-embed-twitter blockquote{all:revert;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;position:relative;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote,.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > iframe,.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > section{width:100%;min-height:721px;display:block;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > section{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-direction:column;text-align:center;}.rm-embed-container.rm-embed-tiktok blockquote > section:before{content:"";display:block;width:100%;height:300px;border-radius:8px;}.rm-embed-container > .rm-embed,.rm-embed-container > .rm-embed-holder{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;}.rm-embed-holder{display:block;height:100%;width:100%;display:flex;align-items:center;}.rm-embed-container > .rm-embed-spacer{display:block;}.rm-embed-twitter{max-width:550px;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:10px;}.rm-embed-twitter blockquote{position:relative;height:100%;width:100%;flex-direction:column;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;flex-direction:column;text-align:center;}.rm-embed-twitter:not(.rm-off) .twitter-tweet{margin:0 !important;}.logo__image,.image-element__img,.rm-lazyloadable-image{max-width:100%;height:auto;}.logo__image,.image-element__img{width:auto;}@media (max-width:768px){.rm-embed-spacer.rm-embed-spacer-desktop{display:none;}}@media (min-width:768px){.rm-embed-spacer.rm-embed-spacer-mobile{display:none;}}.sharebar{margin:0 -4px;padding:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;}.sharebar a{color:#fff;}.sharebar a:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#fff;}.sharebar .share,.sharebar .share-plus{display:inline-block;margin:0 4px;font-size:14px;font-weight:400;padding:0 10px;width:20px;min-width:20px;height:40px;line-height:38px;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:2px;}.sharebar .share-plus i,.sharebar .share i{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.sharebar .hide-button{display:none;}.sharebar.enable-panel .hide-button{display:inline-block;}.sharebar.enable-panel .share-plus{display:none;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child{width:68px;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child:after{content:'Share';padding-left:5px;vertical-align:middle;}.sharebar--fixed{display:none;position:fixed;bottom:0;z-index:1;text-align:center;width:100%;left:0;margin:20px auto;}.with-floating-shares .sharebar--fixed{display:block;}.sharebar.fly_shared:not(.enable-panel) .share:nth-child(5){display:none;}.share-media-panel .share-media-panel-pinit{position:absolute;right:0;bottom:0;background-color:transparent;}.share-media-panel-pinit_share{background-image:url('/static/img/whitelabel/runner/spritesheets/pin-it-sprite.png');background-color:#BD081C;background-position:-1px -17px;border-radius:4px;float:right;height:34px;margin:7px;width:60px;background-size:194px auto;}.share-media-panel-pinit_share:hover{opacity:.9;}@media (min-width:768px){.sharebar .share-plus .fa,.sharebar .share .fa{font-size:22px;}.sharebar .share,.sharebar .share-plus{padding:0 15px;width:30px;min-width:30px;height:60px;line-height:60px;margin:0 4px;font-size:16px;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child{width:180px;}.sharebar.with-first-button-caption:not(.enable-panel) .share:first-child:after{content:'Share this story';padding-left:10px;vertical-align:middle;text-transform:uppercase;}.share-media-panel-pinit_share{background-position:-60px -23px;height:45px;margin:10px;width:80px;}}.action-btn{display:block;font-size:1.6rem;color:#FF4C00;cursor:pointer;border:2px solid #FF4C00;border-color:#FF4C00;border-radius:2px;line-height:1em;padding:1.6rem;font-weight:700;text-align:center;}.action-btn:hover{color:#FF4C00;border:2px solid #FF4C00;border-color:#FF4C00;}.section-headline__text{font-size:3rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1;}.section-headline__text{color:#0D0D0D;}@media (min-width:768px){.section-headline__text{font-size:3.6rem;}.content__main .section-headline__text{margin-top:-.3rem;margin-bottom:2rem;}}.module-headline__text{font-size:3rem;font-weight:700;color:#262626;}@media (min-width:768px){.module-headline__text{font-size:3.6rem;}}.search-form{position:absolute;top:0;right:20px;z-index:1;}.search-form__text-input{display:none;height:42px;font-size:1.3rem;background-color:#f4f4f4;border:none;color:#8f8f8f;text-indent:10px;padding:0;width:220px;position:absolute;right:-10px;top:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;}.search-form .search-form__submit{display:none;position:relative;border:none;bottom:2px;background-color:transparent;}.search-form__text-input:focus,.search-form__submit:focus{border:0 none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;outline:0 none;}.show-search .search-form__close{position:absolute;display:block;top:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1rem;right:-28px;}.search-form__open{vertical-align:middle;bottom:2px;display:inline-block;position:relative;color:#0D0D0D;font-size:1.9rem;}.show-search .search-form__text-input{display:block;}.show-search .search-form__submit{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding:0;color:#0D0D0D;font-size:1.9rem;}.search-form__close,.show-search .search-form__open{display:none;}.quick-search{display:block;border-bottom:1px solid #d2d2d2;padding:24px 0 28px;margin-bottom:20px;position:relative;}.quick-search__submit{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0;margin:0;position:absolute;zoom:.75;color:#000;}.quick-search__input{background-color:transparent;border:0;padding:0;font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:700;line-height:3em;padding-left:40px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;}@media (min-width:768px){.search-form{right:40px;}.quick-search{margin-bottom:40px;padding:0 0 20px;}.quick-search__submit{zoom:1;}.quick-search__input{line-height:2.2em;padding-left:60px;}}.search-widget{position:relative;}.search-widget__input,.search-widget__submit{border:none;padding:0;margin:0;color:#0D0D0D;background:transparent;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;}.social-links__link{display:inline-block;padding:12px;line-height:0;width:25px;height:25px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 6px;font-size:1.5em;text-align:center;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;color:white;}.social-links__link:hover{color:white;}.social-links__link > span{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1em;}.article__body{font-family:Theinhardt-Regular,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;}.body-description .horizontal-rule{border-top:2px solid #eee;}.article-content blockquote{border-left:5px solid #FF4C00;border-left-color:#FF4C00;color:#656565;padding:0 0 0 25px;margin:1em 0 1em 25px;}.article__splash-custom{position:relative;}.body hr{display:none;}.article-content .media-caption{color:#9a9a9a;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2;}.giphy-image{margin-bottom:0;}.article-body a{word-wrap:break-word;}.article-content .giphy-image__credits-wrapper{margin:0;}.article-content .giphy-image__credits{color:#000;font-size:1rem;}.article-content .image-media,.article-content .giphy-image .media-photo-credit{display:block;}.tags{color:#FF4C00;margin:0 -5px;}.tags__item{margin:5px;display:inline-block;}.tags .tags__item{line-height:1;}.slideshow .carousel-control{overflow:hidden;}.shortcode-media .media-caption,.shortcode-media .media-photo-credit{display:block;}@media (min-width:768px){.tags{margin:0 -10px;}.tags__item{margin:10px;}.article-content__comments-wrapper{border-bottom:1px solid #d2d2d2;margin-bottom:20px;padding-bottom:40px;}}.subscription-widget{background:#FF4C00;padding:30px;}.subscription-widget .module-headline__text{text-align:center;font-size:2rem;font-weight:400;color:#fff;}.subscription-widget .social-links{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;text-align:center;font-size:0;}.subscription-widget .social-links__link{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:39px;height:39px;color:#fff;box-sizing:border-box;border-radius:50%;font-size:20px;margin:0 5px;line-height:35px;background:transparent;border:2px solid #fff;border-color:#fff;}.subscription-widget .social-links__link:hover{color:#FF4C00;border-color:#FF4C00;background:transparent;}.subscription-widget .social-links__link .fa-instagram{margin:5px 0 0 1px;}.subscription-widget__site-links{margin:30px -5px;text-align:center;font-size:.8em;}.subscription-widget__site-link{padding:0 5px;color:inherit;}.newsletter-element__form{text-align:center;position:relative;max-width:500px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}.newsletter-element__submit,.newsletter-element__input{border:0;padding:10px;font-size:1.6rem;font-weight:500;height:40px;line-height:20px;margin:0;}.newsletter-element__submit{background:#262626;color:#fff;position:absolute;top:0;right:0;}.newsletter-element__submit:hover{opacity:.9;}.newsletter-element__input{background:#f4f4f4;width:100%;color:#8f8f8f;padding-right:96px;box-sizing:border-box;}.gdpr-cookie-wrapper{position:relative;left:0;right:0;padding:.5em;box-sizing:border-box;}.gdpr-cookie-controls{text-align:right;}.runner-authors-list{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:0;list-style-type:none;}.runner-authors-author-wrapper{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:flex-start;align-items:stretch;align-content:stretch;}.runner-authors-avatar-thumb{display:inline-block;border-radius:100%;width:55px;height:55px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:cover;}.runner-authors-author-info{width:calc(100% - 55px);}.runner-author-name-container{padding:0 6px;}.rm-breadcrumb__list{margin:0;padding:0;}.rm-breadcrumb__item{list-style-type:none;display:inline;}.rm-breadcrumb__item:last-child .rm-breadcrumb__separator{display:none;}.rm-breadcrumb__item:last-child .rm-breadcrumb__link,.rm-breadcrumb__link.disabled{pointer-events:none;color:inherit;}.social-tab-i .share-fb:after,.social-tab-i .share-tw:after{content:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i a{margin-right:0;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i li{line-height:1px;float:left;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i ul{margin:0;padding:0;list-style:none;}.share-tab-img{max-width:100%;padding:0;margin:0;position:relative;overflow:hidden;display:inline-block;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i{position:absolute;bottom:0;right:0;margin:0;padding:0;z-index:1;list-style-type:none;}.close-share-mobile,.show-share-mobile{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.75);}.share-buttons .social-tab-i.show-mobile-share-bar .close-share-mobile,.share-buttons .social-tab-i .show-share-mobile,.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{width:30px;height:30px;line-height:27px;padding:0;text-align:center;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i.show-mobile-share-bar .show-share-mobile,.share-buttons .social-tab-i .close-share-mobile{display:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .icons-share{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;font:normal normal normal 14px/1 FontAwesome;color:white;}.social-tab-i .icons-share.fb:before{content:'\f09a';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.tw:before{content:'\f099';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.pt:before{content:'\f231';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.tl:before{content:'\f173';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.em:before{content:'\f0e0';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.sprite-shares-close:before{content:'\f00d';}.social-tab-i .icons-share.sprite-shares-share:before{content:'\f1e0';}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.share-tab-img .social-tab-i{display:block;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{display:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i.show-mobile-share-bar .share{display:block;}.social-tab-i li{float:left;}}@media only screen and (min-width:769px){.social-tab-i .close-share-mobile,.social-tab-i .show-share-mobile{display:none !important;}.share-tab-img .social-tab-i{display:none;}.share-tab-img:hover .social-tab-i{display:block;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{width:51px;height:51px;line-height:47px;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i{margin:5px 0 0 5px;top:0;left:0;bottom:auto;right:auto;display:none;}.share-buttons .social-tab-i .share{display:block;}}.accesibility-hidden{border:0;clip:rect(1px 1px 1px 1px);clip:rect(1px,1px,1px,1px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;background:#000;color:#fff;}body:not(.rm-non-critical-loaded) .follow-button{display:none;}.posts-custom .posts-wrapper:after{content:"";display:block;margin-bottom:-20px;}.posts-custom .widget{margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;}.posts-custom .widget__headline,.posts-custom .social-date{display:block;}.posts-custom .social-date{color:#a4a2a0;font-size:1.4rem;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_headline] .widget{vertical-align:top;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_headline="top"] .widget{vertical-align:bottom;}.posts-custom .posts-wrapper{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;font-size:0;line-height:0;}.posts-custom .widget{display:inline-block;}.posts-custom article{margin:0;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.66;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="2"] article,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="3"] article,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="4"] article{margin:0 10px;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="2"] .posts-wrapper,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="3"] .posts-wrapper,.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="4"] .posts-wrapper{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;}@media (min-width:768px){.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="2"] .widget{width:50%;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="3"] .widget{width:33.3333%;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_columns="4"] .widget{width:25%;}}.posts-custom .widget__headline{font-size:1em;font-weight:700;word-wrap:break-word;}.posts-custom .widget__section{display:block;}.posts-custom .widget__head{position:relative;}.posts-custom .widget__head .widget__body{position:absolute;padding:5%;bottom:0;left:0;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.4);background:linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,0.5));}.posts-custom .widget__head .social-author__name,.posts-custom .widget__head .main-author__name,.posts-custom .widget__head .social-author__social-name,.posts-custom .widget__head .main-author__social-name,.posts-custom .widget__head .widget__headline,.posts-custom .widget__head .widget__subheadline{color:white;}.posts-custom .widget__subheadline *{display:inline;}.posts-custom .main-author__avatar,.posts-custom .social-author__avatar{float:left;border-radius:50%;margin-right:8px;height:30px;width:30px;min-width:30px;overflow:hidden;position:relative;}.posts-custom .main-author__name,.posts-custom .social-author__name{color:#1f1f1f;font-size:1.4rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.66;display:inline;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;}.posts-custom .main-author__social-name,.posts-custom .social-author__social-name{color:#757575;display:block;font-size:1.2rem;line-height:0.8em;}.posts-custom .main-author__name:hover,.posts-custom .social-author__name:hover,.posts-custom .main-author__social-name:hover,.posts-custom .social-author__social-name:hover{color:#FF4C00;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel] .posts-wrapper:after{margin-bottom:0 !important;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel] .widget{margin-bottom:0 !important;}.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel][data-attr-layout_columns="1"] .posts-wrapper:not(.slick-initialized) .widget:not(:first-child),.posts-custom[data-attr-layout_carousel]:not([data-attr-layout_columns="1"]) .posts-wrapper:not(.slick-initialized){display:none !important;}.posts-custom .slick-arrow{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;width:7%;max-width:60px;min-width:45px;min-height:60px;height:15%;color:white;border:0;margin:auto 10px;background:#FF4C00;z-index:1;cursor:pointer;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1;opacity:0.9;}.posts-custom .slick-prev{left:0;}.posts-custom .slick-next{right:0;}.posts-custom .slick-arrow:before{position:absolute;left:0;right:0;width:13px;bottom:0;top:0;margin:auto;height:16px;}.posts-custom .slick-arrow:hover{background:#FF4C00;opacity:1;}.posts-custom .slick-dots{display:block;padding:10px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;margin:0 -5px;}.posts-custom .slick-dots li{display:inline-block;margin:0 5px;}.posts-custom .slick-dots button{font-size:0;width:10px;height:10px;display:inline-block;line-height:0;border:0;background:#FF4C00;border-radius:7px;padding:0;margin:0;vertical-align:middle;outline:none;}.posts-custom .slick-dots .slick-active button,.posts-custom .slick-dots button:hover{background:#FF4C00;}.posts-custom hr{display:none;}.posts-custom{font-family:Theinhardt-Regular,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;}.posts-custom blockquote{border-left:5px solid #FF4C00;border-left-color:#FF4C00;color:#656565;padding:0 0 0 25px;margin:1em 0 1em 25px;}.posts-custom .media-caption{color:#9a9a9a;font-size:1.4rem;line-height:2;}.posts-custom a{word-wrap:break-word;}.posts-custom .giphy-image__credits-wrapper{margin:0;}.posts-custom .giphy-image__credits{color:#000;font-size:1rem;}.posts-custom .body .image-media,.posts-custom .body .giphy-image .media-photo-credit{display:block;}.posts-custom .widget__shares.enable-panel .share-plus,.posts-custom .widget__shares:not(.enable-panel) .hide-button{display:none;}.posts-custom .widget__shares{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;font-size:0;}.posts-custom .widget__shares a{display:inline-block;padding:5px;line-height:0;width:25px;height:25px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 10px;font-size:1.5rem;text-align:center;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;color:white;}.posts-custom .widget__shares a:hover{color:white;}.posts-custom .widget__shares i{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1em;}.infinite-scroll-wrapper:not(.rm-loading){width:1px;height:1px;}.infinite-scroll-wrapper.rm-loading{width:1px;}.rm-loadmore-placeholder.rm-loading{display:block;width:100%;}.post-splash-custom,.post-splash-custom .widget__head{position:relative;}.post-splash-custom .widget__head .widget__body{position:absolute;padding:5%;bottom:0;left:0;box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;background:rgba(0,0,0,.4);background:-webkit-linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));background:-o-linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));background:-moz-linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));background:linear-gradient(transparent 5%,rgba(0,0,0,.5));}.post-splash-custom .headline{font-size:2rem;font-weight:700;position:relative;}.post-splash-custom .post-controls{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;z-index:2;}.post-splash-custom hr{display:none;}.post-splash-custom .widget__section{display:block;}.post-splash-custom .post-date{display:block;}.post-splash-custom .photo-credit p,.post-splash-custom .photo-credit a{font-size:1.1rem;margin:0;}.post-splash-custom .widget__subheadline *{display:inline;}.post-splash-custom .widget__image .headline,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .photo-credit,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .photo-credit p,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .photo-credit a,.post-splash-custom .widget__image .post-date{color:#fff;}@media (min-width:768px){.post-splash-custom .headline{font-size:3.6rem;}}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares.enable-panel .share-plus,.post-splash-custom .widget__shares:not(.enable-panel) .hide-button{display:none;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares{margin-left:-10px;margin-right:-10px;font-size:0;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares a{display:inline-block;padding:5px;line-height:0;width:25px;height:25px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 10px;font-size:1.5rem;text-align:center;position:relative;vertical-align:middle;color:white;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares a:hover{color:white;}.post-splash-custom .widget__shares i{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:auto;height:1em;}.post-authors{font-size:1.1em;line-height:1;padding-bottom:20px;margin-bottom:20px;color:#9a9a9a;border-bottom:1px solid #d2d2d2;}.post-authors__name,.post-authors__date{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.post-authors__name{font-weight:600;}.post-authors__date{margin-left:7px;}.post-authors__fb-like{float:right;overflow:hidden;}.post-authors__fb-like[fb-xfbml-state='rendered']:before{content:'Like us on Facebook';line-height:20px;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:15px;}.post-authors__list{list-style:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin:0;padding:0;}.post-author{display:inline;}.post-author__avatar{z-index:0;border-radius:100%;object-fit:cover;width:50px;height:50px;}.post-author__avatar,.post-author__name{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.post-author__bio p{margin:0;}.post-pager{display:table;width:100%;}.post-pager__spacing{display:table-cell;padding:0;width:5px;}.post-pager__btn{display:table-cell;font-size:1.6rem;background:#FF4C00;color:white;cursor:pointer;line-height:1em;padding:1.6rem;font-weight:700;text-align:center;}.post-pager__btn:hover{background:#FF4C00;color:white;}.post-pager__btn .fa{transition:padding 200ms;}.post-pager__btn:hover .fa{padding:0 5px;}.post-pager__spacing:first-child,.post-pager__spacing:last-child{display:none;}.arrow-link{font-weight:600;font-size:1.5rem;color:#FF4C00;margin:0 -.5rem;text-align:right;position:relative;}.arrow-link__anchor span{vertical-align:middle;margin:0 .5rem;}.list{display:block;margin-left:-1em;margin-right:-1em;padding:0;}.list__item{display:inline-block;padding:1em;}.logo__anchor{display:block;font-size:0;}.logo__image.with-bounds{max-width:190px;max-height:100px;}@media (min-width:768px){.logo__image.with-bounds{max-width:350px;}}.widget__head .rm-lazyloadable-image{width:100%;}.crop-16x9{padding-bottom:56.25%;}.crop-3x2{padding-bottom:66.6666%;}.crop-2x1{padding-bottom:50%;}.crop-1x2{padding-bottom:200%;}.crop-3x1{padding-bottom:33.3333%;}.crop-1x1{padding-bottom:100%;}.rm-crop-16x9 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-16x9 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-3x2 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-3x2 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-2x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-2x1 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-1x2 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-1x2 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-3x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-3x1 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-1x1 > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-1x1 > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer),.rm-crop-custom > .widget__img--tag,.rm-crop-custom > div:not(.rm-crop-spacer){position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;height:100%;width:100%;object-fit:contain;}.rm-crop-16x9 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-3x2 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-2x1 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-1x2 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-3x1 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-1x1 > .rm-crop-spacer,.rm-crop-custom > .rm-crop-spacer{display:block;}.rm-crop-16x9 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:56.25%;}.rm-crop-3x2 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:66.6666%;}.rm-crop-2x1 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:50%;}.rm-crop-1x2 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:200%;}.rm-crop-3x1 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:33.3333%;}.rm-crop-1x1 > .rm-crop-spacer{padding-bottom:100%;}.share-plus{background-color:#afafaf;}.share-plus:hover{background-color:#aaaaaa;}.share-facebook,.share-fb{background-color:#1777f2;}.share-facebook:hover,.share-fb:hover{background-color:#318bff;}.share-twitter,.share-tw{background-color:#50abf1;}.share-twitter:hover,.share-tw:hover{background-color:#00a8e5;}.share-apple{background-color:#000000;}.share-apple:hover{background-color:#333333;}.share-linkedin{background-color:#0077b5;}.share-linkedin:hover{background:#006da8;}.share-pinterest{background-color:#ce1e1f;}.share-pinterest:hover{background:#bb2020;}.share-googleplus{background-color:#df4a32;}.share-googleplus:hover{background-color:#c73c26;}.share-reddit{background-color:#ff4300;}.share-email{background-color:#5e7286;}.share-email:hover{background:#48596b;}.share-tumblr{background-color:#2c4762;}.share-tumblr:hover{background-color:#243c53;}.share-sms{background-color:#ff922b;}.share-sms:hover{background-color:#fd7e14;}.share-whatsapp{background-color:#4dc247;}.share-instagram{background-color:#3f729b;}.share-instagram:hover{background-color:#4B88B9;}.share-youtube{background-color:#cd201f;}.share-youtube:hover{background-color:#EA2524;}.share-linkedin{background-color:#0077b5;}.share-linkedin:hover{background-color:#005d8e;}.share-slack{background-color:#36C5F0;}.share-slack:hover{background-color:#0077b5;}.share-openid{background-color:#F7931E;}.share-openid:hover{background-color:#E6881C;}.share-st{background-color:#eb4924;}.share-copy-link{background-color:#159397;}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnails{margin:0 -0.5%;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;min-height:115px;}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnail{width:19%;margin:0.5%;display:inline-block;cursor:pointer;}.listicle-slideshow-pager{display:none;}.rm-non-critical-loaded .listicle-slideshow-pager{display:contents;}.rm-top-sticky-flexible{position:fixed;z-index:4;top:0;left:0;width:100%;transform:translate3d(0px,0px,0px);}.rm-top-sticky-stuck{position:relative;}.rm-top-sticky-stuck .rm-top-sticky-floater{position:fixed;z-index:4;top:0;left:0;width:100%;transform:translate3d(0px,-200px,0px);}.rm-top-sticky-stuck.rm-stuck .rm-top-sticky-floater{transform:translate3d(0px,0px,0px);}.osano-cm-dialog{background-color:#1A1A1A;color:#BFBFBF;padding:44px 20px 24px 20px;font-size:18px;line-height:28px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.osano-cm-info,.osano-cm-info-views{background:#1A1A1A;color:#BFBFBF;font-size:18px;line-height:28px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;box-shadow:unset}.osano-cm-header,.osano-cm-info-dialog-header{background:#1A1A1A;font-size:20px;color:#fff}.osano-cm-link{color:#f2f2f2}.osano-cm-close{color:#efefef;stroke:#efefef}.osano-cm-close:hover,.osano-cm-close:focus{background-color:#1a1a1a;border-color:#1a1a1a;color:#fff;stroke:#fff;outline:none}.osano-cm-link:focus{color:unset}.osano-cm-buttons button.osano-cm-manage{border-radius:4px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;padding:8px 12px 5px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:1.4;background-color:#ff4c00;color:white;border:none;margin-top:12px}.osano-cm-buttons button:hover,.osano-cm-buttons button:active{background-color:#A32700;color:#ffffff}.osano-cm-close{stroke-width:1px;border-radius:50%;border-style:solid;border-width:2px;box-sizing:initial;cursor:pointer;height:20px;line-height:normal;margin:16px;min-height:20px;min-width:20px;order:0;outline:none;overflow:hidden;padding:0;text-decoration:none;transition-timing-function:ease-out;width:20px;z-index:2}.osano-cm-link{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;transition-duration:0.2s;transition-property:color;transition-timing-function:ease-out}.osano-cm-link:hover,.osano-cm-link:active{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;color:#FF4C00}.osano-cm-close:focus,.osano-cm-close:hover{stroke-width:2px;transform:unset}.osano-cm-link:focus{font-weight:normal}.osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#b8b8b8}.osano-cm-toggle__input:checked + .osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#ff4c00;border-color:#ff4c00}.osano-cm-toggle__input:checked:focus + .osano-cm-toggle__switch,.osano-cm-toggle__input:checked:hover + .osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#ff4c00;border-color:#ff4c00}.osano-cm-toggle__input:disabled:checked + .osano-cm-toggle__switch,.osano-cm-toggle__input:disabled:checked:focus + .osano-cm-toggle__switch,.osano-cm-toggle__input:disabled:checked:hover + .osano-cm-toggle__switch{background-color:#ff4c00;border-color:#ff4c00;opacity:0.5}.osano-cm-button{background-color:#ff4b00;border:1px solid #ff4b00;color:#ffffff;border-radius:4px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;padding:8px 12px 5px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:normal;margin-right:8px}.osano-cm-button:hover{background-color:#A32700;border:1px solid #A32700}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle{color:#f2f2f2;cursor:pointer}.osano-cm-drawer-toggle .osano-cm-label{font-size:18px;line-height:1.375em;margin:0 auto 0 0;font-weight:normal;color:white;font-family:"Favorit-Pro"}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:focus,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle:focus{color:#ff4b00}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:hover,.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:active,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle:hover,.osano-cm-expansion-panel__toggle:active{color:#ff4b00}.osano-cm-disclosure--collapse{border-bottom:1px solid #4a4a4a;padding-bottom:1em}.osano-cm-widget{display:none}.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:focus,.osano-cm-disclosure__toggle:hover{text-decoration:none}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.osano-cm-dialog{padding:32px 32px 32px 32px}.osano-cm-dialog--type_bar .osano-cm-button{flex:0.3 0.5 70%;margin:0.25em 0.5em;width:auto}}.osano-cm-save{width:40%;float:right;margin:0 16px 24px 0}.osano-cm-powered-by{clear:both;margin-bottom:0}.rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial{margin-bottom:0;height:0}.rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial .rbl-ad:before,[id^="google_ads_"]:before{content:none!important}@media (max-width:727px){.top-leader-container.top-leader-container{min-height:147px}.rbl-ad{display:flex;flex-direction:column;align-items:center;justify-content:center}.rblad-ieee_in_content .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_in_content_new .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_new .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.after_main_article_content{min-height:370px;min-width:350px}.feature_post_full + div{min-height:400px;box-sizing:border-box}.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard .rbl-ad{min-height:180px;min-width:350px}}@media (min-width:1440px){.after_main_article_content,.rblad-ieee_infinite_new,.rblad-ieee_in_content,.feature_post_full + div,.article_column .rbl-ad,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard .rbl-ad{box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;justify-content:center;align-items:center;min-width:790px}.after_main_article_content{min-height:320px}.rblad-ieee_infinite_new{min-height:125px}.rblad-ieee_in_content{min-height:384px}.feature_post_full + div{min-height:344px}.article_column .rbl-ad{min-height:320px}.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard .rbl-ad{min-height:280px;min-width:970px}.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard .rbl-ad{min-height:120px}.top-leader-container.top-leader-container,.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard{min-width:970px}}.sidebar_repeat_ad.sidebar_repeat_ad{margin-top:0}.top-leader-container.top-leader-container,.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard.rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard{height:180px;padding:0!important;margin-top:-10px!important}.sidebar_repeat_ad.sidebar_repeat_ad{justify-content:flex-start}.rbl-ad{width:100%}.sidebar_repeat_ad .rbl-ad-gpt>div{text-align:left!important}.rblad-ieee_in_content{padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:40px;border-top:1px solid lightgray;border-bottom:1px solid lightgray;display:flex;justify-content:center;clear:both}.ad-in-content.ad-in-content{border:0}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Mono';font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Light.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Mono';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/FavoritMono/ABCFavoritMono-Regular.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light';font-weight:300;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Light.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Pro';font-weight:700;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Bold.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Ivar-Headline';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Regular.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Favorit-Pro';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Regular.woff2') format('woff2')}@font-face{font-family:'Ivar-Headline-Bold';font-weight:400;font-style:normal;font-display:swap;src:url('https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarHeadline-Bold.woff2') format('woff2')}.homepage-logo{display:inline;font-size:1.6rem}.lightbox--shown.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-caption,.lightbox--shown.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-photo-credit{display:none}.headline__h1{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-size:42px;line-height:44px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.5px;padding:16px 16px 0px 16px;margin:0}body>#myframe{position:absolute}.widget.tag-type-webinar .widget__headline-text,.widget.tag-type-whitepaper .widget__headline-text{text-transform:capitalize}@media (min-width:1568px){.main{border-left:1px solid #bdbdbd;border-right:1px solid #bdbdbd}}[id^="google_ads_"]{margin:0 auto!important}[id^="google_ads_"]:before{content:"Advertisement";text-transform:uppercase;display:block;font-size:10px;color:#595959;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;padding-bottom:0px;letter-spacing:1px}.stick_in_parent{top:40px!important}.sidebar_repeat_ad{align-items:flex-start!important}.ad-in-content{padding-top:40px;padding-bottom:40px;border-top:1px solid lightgray;border-bottom:1px solid lightgray;display:flex;justify-content:center}.content{width:auto;max-width:none}.search__close{float:right;position:relative;right:30px;padding-top:3px}.search__close:before,.search__close:after{position:absolute;left:14px;content:" ";height:25px;border-left:2px solid}.search__close:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.search__close:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.search-form{position:relative;right:0;margin-left:20px}.search-form__open{font-size:16px;line-height:53px;height:53px;width:53px;text-align:center;bottom:0}.search-form .search-form__submit{position:absolute;display:block;margin-left:3px;top:0;height:32px;z-index:1}.show-search .search-form__submit{color:#fff;position:absolute;right:0;padding:17px;top:0;display:initial}.topbar_sticky{margin:0}.topbar_sticky .sticky-target.sticky-active{z-index:2;width:100%;top:0}@media (max-width:767px){.menu-opened .menu-global{margin-top:53px}.menu-opened .rebelbar__menu-toggle .fa-bars:before{content:"\f00d"}.cta-member__right-column{margin-top:18px;margin-left:16px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container{box-sizing:border-box;padding:0 30px;margin:0 auto}.scrolled .rebelbar .container{padding:15px 30px 10px!important}.welcome-ad-cont{margin-bottom:32px}}#sidebar_1 div{padding:16px}.arrow-link,.custom-field-PodcastTime{display:none}.menu-global{display:none!important}.infinite-scroll-wrapper:not(.rm-loading){margin:0}.main,.all-content-wrapper{background-color:#ecece9;overflow:inherit}body:not(.section-podcast,.section-podcasts,.section-video,.section-chatbot,.section-fixing-the-future){background:#ecece9}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(1){background:#ff4c00;border:1px solid #ff4c00}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(2){border:1px solid #595959!important;margin-left:15px}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(1):hover{background:#a32700}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(2):hover{border:1px solid #bfbfbf!important}.articles-count{margin:0}.posts-custom .social-date,.posts-custom .time-to-read,.updated_post .social-date-modified,.posts-custom .custom-field-TimeofRead{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;padding-right:9px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.5px;line-height:16px;margin:0;vertical-align:middle}.posts-custom .social-date,.posts-custom .time-to-read,.article_post.updated_post .social-date-modified,.posts-custom .custom-field-TimeofRead{color:#404040}.posts-custom .time-to-read,.posts-custom .custom-field-TimeofRead{border-left:1px solid #a6a6a6;padding-left:7px}.story_teaser .widget .row .col{margin:0}.story_teaser .widget{padding-bottom:20px}.story_teaser.infinite .widget{border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;margin:0;padding:16px 6px}.story_teaser.not_infinite .widget:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;margin-bottom:0px}.dark_layout .story_teaser.infinite .widget{border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.widget .widget__headline-text,.widget .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:transparent;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:3px;transition-duration:300ms;transition-property:text-decoration-color}.featured_post .widget .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget .widget__subheadline-text,.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__headline-text,.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__subheadline-text,.story_teaser .widget .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget .widget__subheadline-text{text-underline-offset:5px}.widget .widget__subheadline-text{font-weight:normal}.widget .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.widget .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;color:inherit}.widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:inherit}.current_post .widget .widget__headline-text,.current_post .widget .widget__subheadline-text,.feature_post_full .widget .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:none}.icon-close:before,.icon-close:after{position:absolute;left:14px;content:" ";height:29px;border-left:2px solid;color:#f2f2f2}.icon-close:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.icon-close:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.footer{color:#8c8c8c}.dark_top_bar,.footer{background-color:#0d0d0d}.rebelbar-wrapper_static,.rebelbar-wrapper{background:#ecece9;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.rebelbar-wrapper div .text-element:nth-child(2){color:#0d0d0d}.rebel-use-info-wrapper button{width:24px;height:24px;border-radius:40px;border:none;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;background-size:105%}.rebel-user-info{display:inline-block}.menu-item__title{font-family:Favorit-Pro,sans-serif;font-size:18px;margin-right:16px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;white-space:nowrap;line-height:32px}.menu-item__title:before,.topbar-sticky .rebelbar__menu-toggle:before{content:"";display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom;border-left:1px solid #d9d9d9;height:32px;margin-right:16px}.dark_layout .menu-item__title:before,.dark_layout .topbar-sticky .rebelbar__menu-toggle:before{border-left:1px solid #404040}.menu-item__title:after{content:"";margin-left:8px;vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;width:13px;height:10px;transition:all 0.3s ease;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto}.menu-item:hover .menu-item__title:after{transform:rotate(180deg);position:relative;top:-2px}.menu-item{cursor:pointer}.menu-dropdown:before{content:"TOPICS";color:#737373;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;padding-top:19px;display:block}.menu-dropdown{padding:0 16px;background:#fff;box-sizing:border-box;position:absolute;z-index:2;box-shadow:0 5px 5px #00000017;min-width:231px;transition:all 0.2s ease-out;max-height:0;overflow:hidden}.menu-dropdown .list{padding-bottom:10px}.menu-dropdown .list__item{color:#0d0d0d}.menu-dropdown .list__item:before{content:"";background:#ff4c00;vertical-align:baseline;width:0;height:0;border-radius:50%;display:inline-block;transition:all 200ms ease}.menu-dropdown .list__item.active:before,.menu-dropdown .list__item:hover:before{transition:all 200ms ease;width:13px;height:13px;margin-right:5px}.menu-item:hover .menu-dropdown{max-height:471px}.Top_hugeMenu .rebelbar__menu-toggle{border:none!important;padding:9px 0;position:relative;float:right}.notification-counter{background:#fa8;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;padding:0px 8px;border-radius:40px;font-size:12px;padding-top:3px;float:left;margin-top:3px;height:16px;line-height:16px}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper{display:none;right:32px;top:40px;width:224px;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 16px 12px;z-index:100;background:#fff;position:absolute;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;line-height:22px;text-transform:capitalize}.user-menu-container:hover .user-info__dropdown-wrapper{display:block}.user-info__dropdown{padding:0;margin:0;display:none}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .user-info__dropdown{display:block}.user-info__dropdown li,.member-link{padding-bottom:12px;list-style:none}.member-link{display:block}.user-info__dropdown li a,.member-link{color:#0d0d0d}.dark_layout .member-link{color:#d9d9d9}.user-info__dropdown .title strong{font-weight:400}.user-info__dropdown .title a:first-child{cursor:text}.river-notification{border-bottom:1px solid #e6e6e6;padding-bottom:16px;padding-top:2px}.river-notification .content-wrp .date,.river-notification .aside{display:none}.river-notification .content-wrp{font-size:14px;letter-spacing:-0.014285714285714287em;line-height:18px}.is_unread .title:before{content:"\f111";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:#ffaa88;padding-right:8px;font-size:11px;vertical-align:text-top}.river-notification .content-wrp a{font-weight:bold}.user-info__dropdown .profile_link:hover:before{content:"\f111";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:#ff4c00;padding-right:5px;float:left}#user_avatar{border-radius:50%;max-width:24px}#user_name{display:inline-block;color:white;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:initial;font-size:14px;color:#bfbfbf;padding:0 10px;margin-top:6px;vertical-align:middle}@media (max-width:767px){#user_name{margin-top:0}}.toggle-user-dropdown:after{content:"";box-sizing:border-box;height:8px;width:8px;border:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:0;border-right:0;transform:scaleX(-1) rotate(-135deg);margin-top:-4px;margin-left:9px;vertical-align:super;display:inline-block}.user-menu-container{display:inline-block;padding:2px 0px;vertical-align:middle}.toggle-user-dropdown{position:relative;top:6px}.user-info__dropdown .mark-all-as-read{text-align:right;font-size:9px;line-height:16px;cursor:pointer;border-top:1px solid #e6e6e6;margin-top:12px;padding:18px 0 21px;text-transform:lowercase;position:relative}.user-info__dropdown .mark-all-as-read:before{content:"NOTIFICATIONS";float:left;font-size:12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.0625em;color:#737373;cursor:initial;position:absolute;left:0;top:18px}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .notification-counter{float:right;position:relative;top:26px;cursor:text;z-index:1}.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .notification-counter:not(.hidden) + .user-info__dropdown .mark-all-as-read{padding-top:35px;padding-bottom:7px}.user-info__dropdown .title{margin:0}.user-menu-container:hover .toggle-user-dropdown:after{margin-top:0;transform:scaleX(1) rotate(45deg);position:relative;top:4px}.user-menu-container:hover>.rebel-use-info-wrapper .user-info__dropdown{display:block}.rebelbar__menu-toggle svg g g{fill:#0d0d0d}.dark_layout .rebelbar__menu-toggle svg g g{fill:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .mobile_search_icon path{stroke:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout #mobile_search_icon svg g g,.dark_layout #search_modal svg g g{stroke:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search__close:before,.dark_layout .search__close:after{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .user-info__dropdown-wrapper{background:#404040}.dark_layout .user-info__dropdown-wrapper a,.dark_layout .user-info__dropdown{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .river-notification{border-bottom:1px solid #595959}.rebelbar__menu-toggle{min-width:32px;line-height:32px;white-space:nowrap}.rebelbar__menu-toggle svg{margin-top:-4px}.dark_layout .site_logo svg g{fill:#f2f2f2}.dark_layout .site_logo .text-element{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search-form .search-form__submit svg g{stroke:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout,.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper,.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper_static{background:#1a1a1a;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .dark_top_bar{background-color:#262626;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .menu-dropdown{background:#404040}.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper div .text-element:nth-child(2),.dark_layout .list__item{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .fa-search:before,.dark_layout .module-headline__text,.dark_layout .rebelbar-wrapper .text-element{color:#f2f2f2}.dark_layout .menu-item__title{color:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input{background:#404040;color:#f2f2f2}.bottom_menu_links .list__item:not(:last-child){border-right:1px solid #404040;padding:0px 7.5px}.bottom_menu_links .list__item:first-child{padding-left:0px;padding-right:15.5px}.js-hidden-panel.active + .featured_columns .sticky_column{top:0px!important}.js-hidden-panel:not(.active) ~ .featured_columns .sticky_column{top:135px!important}.js-hidden-panel:not(.active) ~ .featured_columns .sticky_column .container_head_sticky{top:115px!important}#mobile_search_icon.fa-search:before{padding-right:15px;vertical-align:sub}#search_modal{position:absolute;top:106px;left:0;width:100%;z-index:999;background:#ecece9;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;padding:16px;box-sizing:border-box}#search_modal.on-search-page{position:static;margin-bottom:0}.dark_layout #search_modal{border-bottom:1px solid #404040;background:#1a1a1a}#search_mobile{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;height:30px;width:72%;border-radius:5px;border:0;padding:0 10px}.dark_layout #search_mobile{background:#404040}#search_form button{background:transparent;border:0;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:20px}.search-form__text-input{position:initial;background:white;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;color:#0d0d0d;height:32px;width:130px;border-radius:4px;display:inline-block;font-size:16px;padding:2px 20px 0 30px;box-sizing:border-box}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .search-form__text-input{position:static}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__headline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .widget__subheadline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .popular_widget .widget__headline{color:rgba(255,76,0,1)!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__headline a.widget__headline-text{text-decoration:none;color:white!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:none;color:#999999!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .popular_widget .widget__headline .widget__headline-text{text-decoration:none;color:white!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__headline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .widget__body:hover .widget__subheadline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .video-row .popular_widget .widget__headline:hover{text-decoration:underline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__subheadline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__headline{color:rgba(255,76,0,1)!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__headline a.widget__headline-text{text-decoration:none;color:#0d0d0d!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration:none;color:#595959!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__headline,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__subheadline{text-decoration:underline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .fullwidth_post .widget__headline.h1,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .widget__subheadline{display:inline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .featured_columns .bigger-teaser-headline .widget__headline.h1,_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .featured_columns .bigger-teaser-headline .widget__subheadline{display:inline}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .menu-opened .huge-menu{display:block}@media screen and (min-width:1024px){_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-next-pandemic .story_teaser .widget .widget__head{width:32.5%}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-next-pandemic .story_teaser .widget .widget__body{width:66.5%}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-institute .story_teaser .widget .col:first-child{width:34.7%!important}_:-ms-fullscreen,:root .section-the-institute .story_teaser .widget .col:last-child{width:63.3%!important}}.search-form__text-input:active,.search-form__text-input:focus{border:1px solid #ff4c00;color:#0d0d0d;caret-color:#0a7aff}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus{background:#d9d9d9}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active + .search-form__submit svg g,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus + .search-form__submit svg g{stroke:#0d0d0d}.search-form__text-input::placeholder,.search-form__text-input:-ms-input-placeholder,.search-form__text-input::-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active::placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus::placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active:-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus::-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:active:-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:focus::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#8c8c8c}.dark_layout .search-form__text-input::placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input:-ms-input-placeholder,.dark_layout .search-form__text-input::-ms-input-placeholder{color:#bfbfbf}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{top:0px;z-index:0}.featured_columns .row{overflow:inherit;margin:0!important}.featured_columns .row .home_column .story_teaser .widget{padding:24px 32px 24px 22px}.featured_columns .row .home_column,.featured_columns .row .sticky_column,.featured_columns .row .scroll_column,.featured_columns .row .widget_column{padding:0!important}.featured_columns .row .section_column{padding:0px 0px 20px!important}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{width:calc(100% - 75%);top:0px;z-index:0}.featured_columns .row .scroll_column{float:right}.featured_columns .widget .row .col{margin-bottom:0}.scroll_column .row .col{margin-bottom:20px}.scroll_column .widget .widget__headline-text{color:#0d0d0d;font-family:Favorit-Pro,sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:26px}.scroll_column .widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:#0d0d0d}@media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1023px){.widget_column.col.l3{width:25%}.article_column.col.l9,.section_column.col.l9{width:75%}}.like-button{display:inline-block;margin:0;margin-top:-4px;line-height:normal;font-size:18px;vertical-align:middle}.like-label{display:none}.like-btn.like,.like-btn.unlike{color:#a6a6a6;border-left:1px solid;padding-left:4px;font-size:14px}.fa-heart:before,.fa-heart-o:before{visibility:hidden}.like-btn.like .heart{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:bottom;cursor:pointer;background-position:center 0.23em}.like-btn.unlike .heart,.like-btn.like .heart:active,.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:active,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart:active{background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center 0.23em}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart{background-position:center 0.25em}.all-related-sections{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap}.all-related-sections a{display:none}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{display:inline;padding:1px 8px 5px 8px;margin-right:7px;border:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;line-height:1;letter-spacing:0.0625em;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;margin-bottom:10px;transition-duration:200ms;transition-property:all}.all-related-sections a[href$="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href$="/type/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:not([href$="/topic/"]) ~ [href*="/topic/"]{display:none}.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#404040;order:1}.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#d9d9d9;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #d9d9d9;color:#404040}.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#bfbfbf;order:1}.popular_widget .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#d9d9d9;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #d9d9d9;color:#bfbfbf}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{order:2}.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#bfbfbf}.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left:1px solid #404040;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.FillDark .time-to-read,.FillDark .like-btn.like,.FillDark .like-btn.unlike,.trending_stories_carousel .like-btn.like,.trending_stories_carousel .like-btn.unlike{border-left:1px solid #404040}.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover,.dark_layout .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover,.trending_stories_carousel .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background-color:#404040;border:1px solid #404040;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #404040}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border:1px solid #ff4c00;background-color:#ff4c00;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #ff4c00;color:white}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/the-institute"]{color:#005690}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/the-institute"]:hover{border:1px solid #005690;background-color:#005690;color:white!important;box-shadow:0 -4px 0 #005690}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#005690}@media (min-width:1024px){.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{margin-bottom:10px}}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text:before{content:"";display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:center;background-size:100% auto;margin-left:4px;margin-right:5px;height:1em;width:8px;width:0.25em;margin-top:-0.1em}.fullwidth_post{margin-bottom:0}.fullwidth_post .widget .row{margin:0}.fullwidth_post .widget .row .col{padding:0;margin-bottom:10px}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{max-width:50%;position:absolute;bottom:0;padding:32px;margin:32px 32px 20px 32px;height:fit-content;z-index:1}.fullwidth_post.TopLeft .widget__body{top:0;left:0}.fullwidth_post.TopRight .widget__body{top:0;right:0}.fullwidth_post.BottomLeft .widget__body{bottom:0;left:0}.fullwidth_post.BottomRight .widget__body{bottom:0;right:0}.fullwidth_post .widget__head .widget__body{max-width:100%;margin:0;height:auto;background:transparent!important;border:0!important}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{border:1px solid rgba(242,242,242,0.4)}.fullwidth_post .widget:after{content:"";position:absolute;top:25%;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%)}.fullwidth_post .social-date,.fullwidth_post .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__subheadline{color:#bfbfbf}.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{color:#bfbfbf;border:solid rgba(191,191,191,0.4);border-width:0 0 1px 1px}.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover,.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border-color:#f2f2f2;background:transparent;box-shadow:none}.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__headline{color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .widget__headline:hover .widget__headline-text,.fullwidth_post:not(.FillDark,.FillLight) .widget__headline:hover + .widget__subheadline .widget__subheadline-text{text-decoration-color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent{border-color:#bfbfbf}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .social-date,.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{color:#404040}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget:hover .widget__headline{color:#0d0d0d}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget__subheadline{color:#595959}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]{border-left:1px solid rgba(64,64,64,0.4);border-bottom:1px solid rgba(64,64,64,0.4)}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget__body{background:#1a1a1a;border:0}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget:after{background:none}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .social-date,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#a6a6a6}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget:hover .widget__headline{color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget .widget__subheadline{color:#8c8c8c}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget__body{background:#ecece9;border:0}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget:after{background:none}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .social-date,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .time-to-read,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:#404040}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget:hover .widget__headline{color:#0d0d0d}.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget__subheadline{color:#595959}.fullwidth_post.Transparent .widget:after{background:none}.fullwidth_post.DarkBottom .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%)}.fullwidth_post.DarkTop .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:0;bottom:25%}.fullwidth_post.DarkLeft .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(270deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:0;right:25%}.fullwidth_post.DarkRight .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:0;left:25%;right:0}.fullwidth_post.LightBottom .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%)}.fullwidth_post.LightTop .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(0deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%);top:0;bottom:25%}.fullwidth_post.LightLeft .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(270deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%);top:0;right:25%}.fullwidth_post.LightRight .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(90deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%);top:0;left:25%;right:0}@media (max-width:1023px){.fullwidth_post.mb-2:not(.Transparent,.FillLight,.FillDark) .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(13,13,13,0) 0%,#0d0d0d 100%);top:20%;bottom:0;left:0;right:0}.fullwidth_post.LightBottom .widget:after,.fullwidth_post.LightTop .widget:after,.fullwidth_post.LightLeft .widget:after,.fullwidth_post.LightRight .widget:after{background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,#ecece9 100%)}.fullwidth_post.mb-2:not(.Transparent,.FillLight,.FillDark){padding-bottom:20%;background:#0d0d0d}.fullwidth_post.LightBottom,.fullwidth_post.LightTop,.fullwidth_post.LightLeft,.fullwidth_post.LightRight{background:#ecece9}.fullwidth_post .widget__body{max-width:100%}.fullwidth_post .widget .widget__body{padding:16px;margin:16px;top:auto;left:0;right:0;bottom:0}.fullwidth_post:not(.Transparent,.FillLight,.FillDark) .widget .widget__body{bottom:-20vw}}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:before{content:""}.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.010416666666666666em;line-height:24px}.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__headline-text{font-family:Ivar-Headline-Bold,serif}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:Ivar-Headline,serif}.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:32px}@media (min-width:768px){.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.0046875em;line-height:32px}.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:42px;line-height:42px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text,.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text,.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:48px;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:48px}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__headline-text,.dark_layout .article_post .widget__subheadline-text{letter-spacing:-1.25px}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container>img.rm-shortcode,.rebellt-item-media-container .share-tab-img>img,.rebellt-item-media-container .product-image-container>img{width:auto}}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__headline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif}.featured_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.article_post .widget__headline,.story_teaser .widget__headline{display:contents}.featured_post .widget__headline:before,.article_post .widget__headline:before,.fullwidth_post .widget__headline:before,.story_teaser .widget__headline:before{content:"";display:block;margin:8px}.featured_post .widget__subheadline:after,.article_post .widget__subheadline:after,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:after,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline:after{content:"";display:block;margin:5px}.individual_podcast .widget__subheadline:after{margin-bottom:16px}.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget .widget__headline a{color:#f2f2f2}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline,.featured_post .widget__subheadline,.article_post .widget__subheadline,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline{color:#595959;display:contents}.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget__subheadline,.fullwidth_post.BorderLight .widget__subheadline:before{color:#bdbdbd}.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.15px;line-height:26px}.story_teaser .widget__headline-text{font-family:Ivar-Headline-Bold,serif}.story_teaser .widget__subheadline{font-family:Ivar-Headline,serif}@media (min-width:768px){.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;line-height:32px}}@media (min-width:1024px) and (max-width:1151px){.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:42px;line-height:42px;letter-spacing:-0.2px}.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__body,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:28px;line-height:28px}}@media (min-width:1151px){.story_teaser .widget__body,.story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:42px;line-height:42px;letter-spacing:-0.2px}.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__body,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section_column:not(.bigger-teaser-headline) .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:36px;line-height:36px;letter-spacing:-0.004722222222222222em}}.fullwidth_post.BorderDark .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.post-custom .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.featured_post .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.featured_post .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a,.article_post .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.article_post .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a,.story_teaser .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.story_teaser .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a{color:#0d0d0d}.dark_layout .article_post .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.dark_layout .article_post .widget__body:hover .widget__headline a{color:#e6e6e6}a[rel="orange_button"],.mktoForm.mktoHasWidth.mktoLayoutLeft .mktoButtonRow .mktoButtonWrap.mktoSkip .mktoButton{border-radius:4px;background-color:#ff4c00;color:#f2f2f2!important;padding:8px 12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}a[rel="orange_button"]:hover,.mktoButton:hover{color:white!important;background:#a32700;text-decoration:none}a[rel="gray_button"]{border-radius:4px;background-color:#404040;color:#f2f2f2;padding:8px 12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.75px;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}a[rel="gray_button"]:hover{background:#595959}.widget__show-more{text-align:center;padding-bottom:45px}.show-less,.show-more{color:#0d0d0d;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;transition-duration:300ms;transition-property:all}.show-less,.show-more:hover{color:#ff4c00}.show-less{display:none}.dark_layout .widget__headline{color:#e6e6e6}.dark_layout .widget__subheadline{color:#999999}.dark_layout .article_post .social-author:before,.dark_layout .article_post .social-author__name,.dark_layout .article_post .social-date__text{color:#a6a6a6}.dark_layout .posts-custom .social-date{color:#a6a6a6;padding-left:0;padding-right:8px}.dark_layout .posts-custom .social-author + .social-date,.dark_layout .posts-custom .custom-field-PodcastEpisode + .social-date,.dark_layout .posts-custom .custom-field-PodcastVideoTime + .social-date{padding-left:8px}.dark_layout .like-btn.like,.dark_layout .like-btn.unlike{border-left:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:before{color:#bfbfbf}.dark_layout .story_teaser .widget:hover .widget__headline a,.dark_layout .story_teaser .widget__headline:hover a{color:inherit}.custom-field-PodcastEpisode,.custom-field-PodcastVideoTime{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;color:#a6a6a6;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-block;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;padding-right:7px;margin:0;vertical-align:middle}.custom-field-PodcastVideoTime{padding:0 10px;border-left:1px solid #404040;border-right:1px solid #404040}.custom-field-PodcastEpisode:before{content:"Episode "}.section-podcast,.section-podcasts,.section-video,.section-chatbot,.section-fixing-the-future{background:#1a1a1a}.section-video .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__headline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:500}.section-video .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text,.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-weight:300}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a{border-radius:5px;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;display:block}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a{border-radius:5px;background-position:center;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:cover;display:block}.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__head img,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__head img,.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__head img{visibility:hidden}@media (max-width:992px){.top_menu_links .list .list__item:not(:nth-child(1)){display:none}}@media (max-width:767px){.widget.tag-type-podcast .widget__head,.section-podcast .posts-custom .widget__head,.section-podcasts .posts-custom .widget__head{width:20%;float:right;padding:0 0 0 8px}.topbar .search-form,.topbar .main-menu-el{display:none}.menu-opened .menu-global{margin-top:100px}.section_column{margin-bottom:20px!important}.widget.tag-type-podcast{padding-bottom:46px!important}.featured_post .widget__subheadline:after,.article_post .widget__subheadline:after,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:after,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline:after{margin:0px}.tag-type-podcast .widget__subheadline:after{margin:7px}.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__headline-text,.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text{letter-spacing:-0.03125em}.scroll_column .posts-custom .widget__headline{line-height:21px}.scroll_column .widget .widget__headline-text{font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.15px;line-height:21px}.section-podcast .story_teaser .widget .widget__image,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .widget .widget__image{border-radius:5px}.scroll_column .all-related-sections{display:none!important}.Top_hugeMenu .rebelbar__menu-toggle{padding:0}}@media (min-width:768px){.featured_columns .row .scroll_column{border-left:1px solid #bdbdbd}.section_column .story_teaser .widget{padding:16px 10px 16px 22px;margin:0}.section_column .story_teaser .all-related-sections{padding-top:8px}.page_headline_container .module-headline{padding:0px 0px 10px 32px}}@media (min-width:768px){#welcome_ad{min-width:640px;min-height:480px}.menu-opened .all-content-wrapper{-webkit-transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate(-320px,0);transform:translate3d(-320px,0,0)}.menu-global{right:0;-webkit-transform:translate(320px,0);transform:translate(320px,0);transform:translate3d(320px,0,0)}.search-form{padding:0 16px 0;margin:0}.user-menu-container{margin-right:16px}.featured_columns .story_teaser .widget .row .rm-col-center{padding:0 22px 0 10px}.footer .list a:last-child{padding-left:7.5px}.search-form__text-input{width:200px}}@media (min-width:1568px){.main,.rebelbar-wrapper,.dark_top_bar{max-width:1568px;margin:auto}.widget_column .sticky-target.legacy.sticky-active{max-width:392px}}.ftr-copy:first-letter {font-size:1.3em;margin:0 0 0 2px}.rebelbar-wrapper_static{padding:14px 16px 2px 16px;transition:all 300ms}.topbar-sticky.active .rebelbar-wrapper_static{position:fixed;width:100%;top:0;box-sizing:border-box;z-index:1}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel.active + .rebelbar-wrapper_static{transform:translate3d(0,-100%,0)}.topbar__sticky-headline,.topbar__static-headline{display:none}.topbar__sticky-headline{max-width:calc(100% - 214px);box-sizing:border-box}.topbar__sticky-headline .text-element{width:100%;white-space:nowrap;text-overflow:ellipsis;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;height:100%}.topbar__sticky-headline--post{font-family:"Ivar-Headline-Bold",serif}@media (min-width:768px){.rebelbar-wrapper_static{padding:20px 32px 5px}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static{padding-top:13px}.topbar-sticky.active .rebelbar-wrapper_static{max-width:1568px;margin:0 auto}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static .topbar__sticky-headline + .topbar__static-headline{display:none}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static .topbar__sticky-headline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom;padding-left:16px}.topbar__static-headline{font:normal 12px/0.8 "Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em}.topbar__sticky-headline--post{letter-spacing:-0.010416666666666666em;font:bold 24px/24px "Ivar-Headline-Bold",serif;height:26px;position:relative;top:3px}_::-webkit-full-page-media,_:future,:root .topbar__sticky-headline--post{top:5px}.topbar__sticky-headline--section{font:normal 24px/1 "Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;position:relative;top:4px;margin-left:8px}.topbar__sticky-headline--section:before{content:"";display:block;border-left:1px solid #d9d9d9;height:32px;transform:skewX(-15deg);position:absolute;top:-3px;left:6px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.search-form__text-input{width:282px}.topbar__sticky-headline--post{margin-left:8px}.topbar__sticky-headline--post:before{content:"";display:block;border-left:1px solid #d9d9d9;height:32px;transform:skewX(-15deg);position:absolute;top:-4px;left:6px}}@media (min-width:1366px){.topbar__static-headline{display:inline-block;vertical-align:text-bottom;padding-left:16px}}.hide-text.hide-text{font-size:0!important}[data-source-type="multi"] .freeze,[data-attr-source="filtered"] .freeze{display:none!important}@media (max-width:767px){.feature_post_full.current_post .posts-custom .social-author__name{display:inline-flex}}.intro-text:first-letter {color:inherit;padding-top:16px;padding-bottom:16px}.intro-text{padding-top:16px;padding-bottom:16px}.pull-quote em,.ieee-pullquote em,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth em,.ieee-pullquote-left em{font-family:"Favorit-Pro"!important}.body-description .pull-quote a{text-decoration:unset}.body-description small.image-media.media-caption a{text-decoration:unset}.body-description .ieee-pullquote-fullwidth a{text-decoration:unset}.body-description small.image-media.media-photo-credit a{text-decoration:unset}.body-description h2 a,.body-description h3 a,.body-description h4 a{text-decoration:unset}.body-description h2 em,.body-description h3 em{font-family:"Favorit-Pro"}.body-description h4 em,.body-description h5 em{font-family:"Favorit-Mono"}p.shortcode-media.shortcode-media-youtube .rm-shortcode{margin-bottom:8px}p.shortcode-media.shortcode-media-youtube{line-height:18px}figure.xlrg{line-height:18px}.body-description strong em,.body-description em strong{font-family:IvarText}.pull-quote strong,.ieee-pullquote strong,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth strong,.ieee-pullquote-left strong,.pull-quote b,.ieee-pullquote b,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth b,.ieee-pullquote-left b{display:block;line-height:16px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;color:#0d0d0d;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;font-weight:400;text-transform:uppercase;padding-top:16px}@media (min-width:1586px){.rebellt-item.parallax p{width:80%;margin:0 auto}}.ieee-sidebar-small .rblad-ieee_in_content,.ieee-sidebar-medium .rblad-ieee_in_content,.ieee-sidebar-large .rblad-ieee_in_content{display:none}a.shortcode-media-lightbox__toggle.shortcode-media-controls__button.material-icons{display:none}small.image-media.media-caption em{font-family:inherit}.widget__body .photo-credit a{color:unset}.read_also_posts .rm-col-right.col{padding:0 0 0 16px}u{text-underline-offset:1px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-position:from-font;color:inherit}@media (max-width:767px){u{text-underline-offset:0px}}.widget__body>.body,.widget__body.clearfix.sm-mt-1 .js-scroll-trigger,.widget__body.clearfix.sm-mt-1 #utm_campaign{margin-top:0}.social-author{font-size:0;margin-top:15px}.posts-custom .social-author:before{margin-right:5px}.tags .tags__item.tags__item,.dark_layout .tags .tags__item.tags__item{margin:0 5px 12px 0}.tags{font-size:0}.tag-type-webinar .photo-credit,.tag-type-webinar .photo-caption,.tag-type-whitepaper .photo-credit,.tag-type-whitepaper .photo-caption{display:none}.ad-in-content [id^="google_ads_"]{padding-bottom:12px}.dark_layout .ad-in-content{border-top:1px solid #404040;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.feature_post_full .row.px10,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .row.px10{margin-left:0;margin-right:0}.feature_post_full .row.px10>.col,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .row.px10>.col{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.custom-field-pdf-version{border-top:1px solid #bdbdbd;font-size:0;padding:16px 20px 16px;margin:0px -13px 0}.custom-field-pdf-version:before{content:"PDF VERSION";font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:12px;display:block;padding-bottom:24px;color:#404040;text-align:left}.rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]:before,.rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]:before,.pdf-button:before{content:"Download PDF \2193";font-size:initial;color:#f2f2f2;font:400 12px/32px "Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em;height:32px;border-radius:4px;background-color:#ff4c00;text-transform:uppercase;display:inline-flex;justify-content:center;padding:0 16px;line-height:34px}.rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"],.rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]{font-size:0;text-decoration:none}.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version{border:0;float:right;margin:0 32px 0 0;padding:0}.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version:before{content:none}.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]:before,.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]:before{background-color:transparent;border:1px solid;border-color:white;color:white}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]:before,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]:before,.feature_post_full.Yellow .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]:before,.feature_post_full.Yellow .custom-field-pdf-version .rm-shortcode[href*="javascript"]:before{border-color:#0d0d0d;color:#0d0d0d}@media (min-width:375px) and (max-width:1120px){.feature_post_full .social-date-modified + .time-to-read{display:inline-block;width:fit-content;border-left:0;margin-left:24px}}@media (min-width:375px) and (max-width:425px){.social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #a6a6a6;padding-left:8px}.updated_post .posts-custom .time-to-read{border-left:0;padding-left:0}.feature_post_full .social-date-modified + .time-to-read{margin-left:16px}}@media (min-width:992px) and (max-width:1024px){.feature_post_full .social-date-modified{width:48%}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.custom-field-pdf-version{padding:0;margin:0;position:absolute;right:32px;top:2px;border:0}.custom-field-pdf-version:before{position:absolute;left:-100px;top:12px}.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version{top:unset;margin:0;transform:translateY(32px)}.feature_post_full.Vertical .widget__body:first-child{position:relative}.infinite_scroll.article_post .custom-field-pdf-version{position:relative;text-align:right;margin-top:-47px}.infinite_scroll.article_post .custom-field-pdf-version:before{position:absolute;top:12px;right:159px;left:initial}}@media (max-width:767px){.feature_post_full .custom-field-pdf-version{top:unset;margin:0 16px 0 0;transform:translateY(66px)}.infinite_scroll.article_post .custom-field-pdf-version{border-top:0;padding:16px 28px 16px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.posts-custom .social-author{margin-bottom:-2px!important}.custom-field-pdf-version{margin:0 -10px 24px;border:0;padding:0 0 24px;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.infinite_scroll.article_post .custom-field-pdf-version{position:sticky;top:199px;height:0;width:calc(100% - 80%);margin:0;padding-bottom:92px}.infinite_scroll .custom-field-pdf-version + .tags{top:292px}.infinite_scroll .custom-field-pdf-version + .tags + .body{margin-top:-246px}.infinite_scroll .custom-field-pdf-version + .tags:before{padding-top:24px}}.post-partial .widget__headline-text{pointer-events:none}.share-media-panel{display:none}.photo-caption p{margin:0}p.caption{color:#262626;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.1px}.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image{line-height:0.6em!important}.media-caption,.posts-custom .media-caption,.photo-caption{color:#262626;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.1px;display:inline;line-height:18px;padding-right:5px}.media-photo-credit,.photo-credit{color:#737373;font-size:12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px;margin-top:5px;line-height:18px}.photo-credit,.photo-caption p{display:inline}.feature_post_full .photo-credit{padding:8px 0}.feature_post_full .photo-caption{padding-right:0}@media screen and (min-width:768px){.feature_post_full .photo-caption{}}.sm-mt-1:not(:empty):before{margin-bottom:0px}.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image img{width:100%}.posts-custom .body .image-media,.posts-custom .body .image-media p,.posts-custom .body .media-photo-credit p{display:inline}.rm-float-left img{padding-bottom:8px;margin-top:-16px}.rebellt-item p.caption{line-height:20px}.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image img{display:block;margin-bottom:8px}.articles-count{margin:0}.body-description{color:#0d0d0d;font-family:"IvarText","Ivar-Headline",serif;font-size:24px;letter-spacing:0;line-height:36px;margin-bottom:44px}.rebellt-item em{font-family:"IvarText","Ivar-Headline",serif}.body-description>p:first-child strong{text-transform:uppercase;font-family:"Favorit-Pro"}.body-description a,.body-description a u{text-decoration:underline;text-underline-position:from-font;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;color:inherit}.body-description .horizontal-rule{border-top:1px solid #bdbdbd}.body-description a:hover{color:#ff4c00}.widget.tag-type-ti .body-description a{text-decoration-color:#005690}.widget.tag-type-ti .body-description a:hover{color:#005690}.body-description em{font-family:"IvarTextItalic"}.body-description h2{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px;font-weight:400}.body-description h3,.body-description h1[data-role="headline"]{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px;font-weight:400}.body-description h4{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:22px;text-transform:uppercase}.body-description h5{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:20px;font-weight:bold;text-transform:uppercase}.rebellt-item{line-height:20px}.rebellt-item p,.rebellt-item blockquote{line-height:36px}.feature_post_full .rm-col-center{margin-bottom:0}.feature_post_full .posts-custom .social-author{margin:0;line-height:14px;vertical-align:middle}.posts-custom .social-author:before{content:"By ";font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;color:#404040;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;font-weight:normal;display:inline-block}.updated_post .social-date-modified:before{content:"Updated "}.updated_post .social-date:before{content:"Published "}.posts-custom .main-author__avatar,.posts-custom .social-author__avatar{display:none}.posts-custom .main-author__name,.posts-custom .social-author__name{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;color:#404040;text-transform:uppercase;padding-right:8px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;font-weight:normal;text-decoration:underline}.around-the-web{margin-top:32px}.around-the-web__headline,.from-your-site__headline{font-size:0;line-height:0;padding:16px 0}.from-your-site__headline,.around-the-web__headline{border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf}.around-the-web__headline:before,.from-your-site__headline:before{font-size:12px;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase}.around-the-web__headline:before{content:"Around the web"}.from-your-site__headline:before{content:"More from Spectrum"}.from-your-site__item,.around-the-web__item{padding:16px 0 24px 0!important;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;line-height:normal;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.from-your-site__item:last-child,.around-the-web__item:last-child{border-bottom:none}.from-your-site__item a,.around-the-web__item a{margin:0;text-decoration:none}.around-the-web__link:hover,.from-your-site__link:hover{color:#0d0d0d!important;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00}.from-your-site__link:after,.around-the-web__link:after{content:"";border-right:10px solid #ecece9;margin-left:-10px}.article-content__comments-wrapper{border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf}.article-content__comments-wrapper{position:relative}.comment-header{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;padding:13px 0 10px!important}.comment-sort{text-transform:uppercase;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px!important;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px}.comment--sort{text-transform:uppercase;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;background:transparent;border:none;vertical-align:baseline;margin:0 0 0 8px;padding:0;border:0;-webkit-appearance:none}.comment-headline:before{content:"Reader responses";text-transform:uppercase;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;visibility:visible}.comment-headline{visibility:hidden}.talk--load_more__replies,.comment--show--replies,.comment--hide--replies{background:#ecece8;border:1px solid #bfbfbf;text-transform:uppercase;padding:6px 8px 4px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px}.talk--messages{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.comment--item-avatar img{width:80px;height:80px}.comment--item-date{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase}.comment-item--publish{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;border:1px solid #bfbfbf;background:#ecece8;color:#404040;padding:3px 12px 0px}.comment-item--publish:hover,.comment--hide--replies:hover,.comment--show--replies:hover{background:#d9d9d9;color:inherit}.feature_wrapper .topbar{margin-bottom:0!important}.feature_post_full .widget__shares.share-panel{margin:0;float:right;padding:0 32px;border:0;display:inline-block;text-align:right}.feature_post_full .widget__shares a{color:white!important}.feature_post_full .widget__shares a i.fa-twitter{-webkit-mask-image:unset;-webkit-mask-box-image:none;background-color:transparent}.feature_post_full .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{content:"";background-size:contain;width:20px;height:20px;display:block;margin:0 auto;position:relative}.feature_post_full.DarkGray,.feature_post_full.Green,.feature_post_full.LightGreen,.feature_post_full.Yellow,.feature_post_full.Red,.feature_post_full.Purple,.feature_post_full.Pink,.feature_post_full.Blue,.feature_post_full.LightBlue,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2,.feature_post_full.Green .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Red .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Blue .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Pink .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Purple .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .time-to-read{color:#ffffff}.feature_post_full .widget:hover .widget__headline a{color:inherit;text-decoration:none}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections{padding:0 32px}.feature_post_full .widget__headline{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;color:white;font-size:92px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-3px;line-height:84px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:0 32px}.feature_post_full .widget__subheadline{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px;padding:0 32px 248px;border-bottom:1px solid #4096c8;margin-bottom:14px}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:first-child{padding:24px 0px 30px 0px;margin-bottom:0}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{color:white}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__head{margin-bottom:0}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:last-child{background:#ecece8;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd;padding-top:8px;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;line-height:18px}.feature_post_full .social-author{padding-left:32px}.feature_post_full .social-author:before,.feature_post_full .social-author__name,.feature_post_full .social-date{color:white}.feature_post_full .social-date{padding-left:8px}.feature_post_full .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full .like-btn.unlike{border-left-color:#4096c8}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:first-child,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#1a1a1a}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.DarkGray .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#404040;border-bottom-color:#404040;color:#bfbfbf}.feature_post_full .widget__subheadline,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .widget__subheadline{color:#bfbfbf;border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-author:before,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-author__name,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date-modified{color:#a6a6a6}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.unlike{border-left-color:#404040}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date-modified{padding-left:16px}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .time-to-read{border-left:1px solid #404040;color:#a6a6a6}.feature_post_full.Green .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#007d6a}.feature_post_full.Green .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #27c3ae;color:#d2f9f3}.feature_post_full.Green .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Green .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#27c3ae;border-bottom-color:#27c3ae}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#27c3ae;color:#0d0d0d}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget__headline,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-author:before,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-author__name,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-date,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-date-modified,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .time-to-read{color:#0d0d0d}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #007d6a;color:#004238}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.LightGreen .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#007d6a;border-bottom-color:#007d6a;color:#0d0d0d}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-date,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-date-modified{border-left-color:#007d6a}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget__shares a{color:#0d0d0d!important}.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#ffbc00}.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget__headline,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-author:before,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-author__name,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-date__text,.feature_post_full.Yellow .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-date,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-date-modified{color:#0d0d0d}.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #c38500;color:#704d00}.feature_post_full.Yellow .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Yellow .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#704d00;border-bottom-color:#704d00;color:#0d0d0d}.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget__shares a{color:#0d0d0d!important}.feature_post_full.Red .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#a32700}.feature_post_full.Red .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #ffaa88;color:#ffded1}.feature_post_full.Red .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Red .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#ffaa88;border-bottom-color:#ffaa88}.feature_post_full.Red .social-date{border-left:1px solid #ffaa88}.feature_post_full.Red .social-date-modified,.feature_post_full.Red .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Red .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Red .like-btn.unlike{border-left-color:#ffaa88}.feature_post_full.Purple .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#362ba6}.feature_post_full.Purple .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #8d8cd6;color:#d8d6ff}.feature_post_full.Purple .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Purple .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#8d8cd6;border-bottom-color:#8d8cd6}.feature_post_full.Pink .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#ca3674}.feature_post_full.Pink .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #fa5f9f;color:#ffcce1}.feature_post_full.Pink .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Pink .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#fa5f9f;border-bottom-color:#fa5f9f}.feature_post_full.Blue .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#005690}.feature_post_full.Blue .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.Blue .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#4096c8;border-bottom-color:#4096c8}.feature_post_full.Blue .widget__subheadline{color:#d0ebfb;border-bottom:1px solid #4096c8}.feature_post_full.Vertical .social-date{border-left:0}.feature_post_full.LightBlue .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#4096c8}.feature_post_full.LightBlue .widget__subheadline{color:#d0ebfb;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#101341}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .widget .widget__body:first-child{background:#313662}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .widget__subheadline,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .widget__subheadline{border-bottom:1px solid #898ba5;color:#dcdde4}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"],.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border-left-color:#898ba5;border-bottom-color:#898ba5}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .social-date{border-left:1px solid #898ba5}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]:hover{background:#595959;border:1px solid #595959;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #595959;color:#bfbfbf}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"]:hover{border:1px solid #ff4c00;background-color:#ff4c00;color:white}.dark_layout .body-description em{font-family:inherit!important}.dark_layout .photo-caption,.dark_layout .photo-credit{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.1px;display:inline-block;padding-right:10px}.dark_layout .media-caption,.dark_layout .posts-custom .media-caption,.dark_layout .photo-caption{color:#bfbfbf}.dark_layout .media-photo-credit,.dark_layout .photo-credit{color:#737373}.dark_layout .photo-credit a{text-decoration:underline;color:inherit}.dark_layout .show-less,.dark_layout .show-more{color:#f2f2f2}.dark_layout .show-less:hover,.dark_layout .show-more:hover{color:#ff4c00}.dark_layout .body-description{color:#f2f2f2;font-family:"FavoritPro-Regular",sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:36px;margin-bottom:40px}.tags:before{content:"tags"}.widget__shares.share-panel:before,.tags:before,.dark_layout .widget__shares.share-panel:before,.dark_layout .tags:before{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:12px;display:block;padding-bottom:24px;color:#404040;text-align:left}.dark_layout .time-to-read,.dark_layout .widget__shares.share-panel:before,.dark_layout .tags:before{color:#a6a6a6}.tags .tags__item,.dark_layout .tags .tags__item{border:1px solid transparent;display:inline-block;margin:0px;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;white-space:nowrap;letter-spacing:0.0625em;line-height:1;padding:1px 8px 5px 8px}.tags .tags__item{border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;color:#404040}.dark_layout .tags .tags__item{border-left:1px solid #404040;border-bottom:1px solid #404040;color:#bfbfbf}.tags__item[href$="/type-upcoming"],.tags__item[href$="/type-podcast"],.tags__item[href$="/type-video"],.tags__item[href$="/type-cover"],.tags__item[href$="/type-whitepaper"],.tags__item[href$="/type-webinar"],.tags__item[href$="/type-sponsored"],.tags__item[href$="/type-feature"],.tags__item[href$="/type-ti"],.tags__item[href$="/type-slideshow"],.tags__item[href$="/type-departments"]{display:none!important}.tags__item:hover{background-color:#d9d9d9;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #d9d9d9}.dark_layout .tags__item:hover{background-color:#404040;border:1px solid #404040;box-shadow:0px -4px 0px #404040}.posts-custom .widget__shares a{color:#ff4c00;background:transparent;font-size:25px}.posts-custom .widget__shares a i.fa-twitter{-webkit-mask-image:unset;-webkit-mask-box-image:none;background-color:transparent}.posts-custom .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{content:"";background-size:contain;width:20px;height:20px;display:block;margin:0 auto;position:relative}.post-author-list{font-size:0;position:relative}.post-author{display:block;overflow:hidden}.post-author-list:before,.post-author + .post-author:before{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;line-height:12px;display:block;padding-bottom:16px;color:#404040}.post-author-list:before{content:"About the author"}.post-author:first-child + .post-author:before{content:"s";position:absolute;left:10.6em;top:0}.post-author__avatar{display:none}.post-author + .post-author{margin-top:16px;padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf}.post-author__name,.post-author__bio{color:#0d0d0d;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;line-height:22px}.post-author__name{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;float:left;margin-right:5px}.post-author__bio{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif}.post-author__bio a:first-child{display:none}@media (max-width:767px){.current_post .tags{padding-bottom:36px}.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text,.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text,.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.15px;line-height:32px}.article_post .body{}.post-author{margin-left:-16px;margin-right:-16px;padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px}.post-author-list:before{padding-bottom:24px}.post-partial.article__authors{padding-bottom:32px!important}.rebellt-item{line-height:16px}.rebellt-item p,.rebellt-item blockquote{line-height:28px}.comment-header{right:16px}.feature_post_full .body-description{padding:0}}.widget__shares a{font-size:20px!important;margin:0!important}.share-copy-link i svg{display:none}.share-copy-link i{content:" ";background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;background-position:center}.widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{content:"";background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='22px'%20height='16px'%20viewBox='0%200%2022%2016'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3EFF38D0EB-1E4A-449A-B5ED-D75AE92C6713%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-71.000000,-513.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(40.000000,5.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='20'%20height='14'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cpath%20d='M0,2.15810473%20L8.76584115,9.03218556%20C9.49049293,9.60044989%2010.5095071,9.60044989%2011.2341588,9.03218556%20L20,2.15810473%20L20,2.15810473'%20id='Path-6'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding:0 12px;vertical-align:middle}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{content:"";background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding:0 12px;vertical-align:middle}.widget.tag-type-ti .share-copy-link i{content:" ";background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;background-position:center}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__shares a{color:#005690}table{display:block;overflow-x:auto;white-space:nowrap}table th,table td{border-collapse:collapse;padding:8px 16px;background:white;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;color:#0d0d0d;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:0;line-height:20px;text-align:left}table th{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}.article__comments{margin-top:-20px}.listicle-slideshow .media-photo-credit i{font-style:normal!important}.listicle-slideshow{margin:32px 0}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.listicle-slideshow h3,.listicle-slideshow h1{margin:0}.listicle-slideshow h3,.listicle-slideshow h1,.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{order:0}.listicle-slideshow [data-role="headline"]:empty{display:none}.listicle-slideshow .media-caption{order:1}.listicle-slideshow .media-photo-credit{order:2;font-size:12px}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnails{display:none}.listicle-slideshow__counter{font-family:"Favorit-Mono";font-size:14px;color:#262626;font-weight:bolder;text-shadow:0 0 #262626;display:flex;letter-spacing:0.1px}.listicle-slideshow__counter:before{content:"["}.listicle-slideshow__counter:after{content:"]"}.listicle-slideshow.listicle-slideshow .image-media.media-caption{text-indent:64px;margin-top:-18px}.listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn i{visibility:hidden}.listicle-slideshow .listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn{position:static;text-decoration:none;margin:0;line-height:20px;background-color:#404040;border-radius:50%;width:38px;height:38px;display:inline-flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center}.listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn:before{content:"";height:21px;width:21px;display:inline-block;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:auto 100%}.rm-non-critical-loaded .listicle-slideshow-pager{display:block}a.listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn.listicle-slideshow--prev{margin-right:10px}.listicle-slideshow-pager .listicle-slideshow--prev:before{background-position:0 center}.listicle-slideshow-pager .listicle-slideshow--next:before{background-position:100% center}.listicle-slideshow .image-media{display:block!important;margin-top:0;padding:0}.listicle-slideshow .image-media p{margin:0}.ieee-sidebar-small p,.ieee-sidebar-medium p,.ieee-sidebar-large p,.listicle-slideshow p{line-height:inherit!important}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{}.listicle-slideshow-pager{opacity:1;float:right;margin:16px 0}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{padding-bottom:16px}.listicle-slideshow h3:empty{display:none}.feature_post_full.Vertical .posts-custom .social-author{display:block;padding:0 16px}.feature_post_full.Vertical .posts-custom .social-date{padding-left:32px;border:0}@media (min-width:768px){.feature_post_full.Vertical .posts-custom .social-author{padding:0 32px}.feature_post_full.Vertical .posts-custom .social-date{padding-left:32px}.container_feature_below .read_also_posts .widget .row .col{margin-bottom:0}.container_feature_below>.article__authors{margin-top:-10px}.container_feature_below .read_also_posts .posts-wrapper:after{margin-bottom:0}.infinite_scroll .posts-custom .social-date,.posts-custom .post-partial .social-date,.social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #a6a6a6;padding-left:8px}.posts-custom .social-author{display:inline-block;vertical-align:bottom}.dark_layout .social-author.clearfix{vertical-align:text-bottom}.widget__shares.share-panel{border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf}.dark_layout .widget__shares.share-panel{border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding-bottom:11px}.body-description h2{font-size:36px;letter-spacing:-0.49px;line-height:40px}.body-description h3,.body-description h1[data-role="headline"]{font-size:28px;line-height:32px}.body-description h4{font-size:20px;letter-spacing:0.83px;line-height:28px}.body-description h5{font-size:18px;letter-spacing:0.9px;line-height:18px}}@media (min-width:769px){.dark_layout .tags{margin-left:0}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description{margin:72px auto 64px;border:1px solid #bfbfbf;padding:45px 40px;padding:calc(45px - 1em) 40px;max-width:768px;box-sizing:border-box}.feature_post_full.Vertical .col{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center}.feature_post_full.Vertical .widget__body:first-child,.feature_post_full.Vertical .widget__head{width:50%}.feature_post_full.Vertical .widget__head .widget__image{height:100%;padding:inherit!important}.rebellt-item.col3:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){padding:4px}.rebellt-item.col2:not(.show_columns_on_mobile){padding:8px}.read_also_posts .widget .rm-col-center{padding-right:22px}.container_feature_below .tags{margin:16px 0 0}.tags .tags__item{max-width:calc(100% - 32px);overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{padding-top:0}.listicle-slideshow-pager{position:absolute;opacity:1;top:auto;right:0}.listicle-slideshow .image-media{max-width:85%}}.read_also_posts .widget:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd}.read_also_posts .social-date{padding-left:0;border-left:none}.social-author__bio{display:none}.current_post_content .rm-col-center{padding:0!important}@media screen and (max-width:1023px){.post-author__name,.post-author__bio{font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.00625em;line-height:20px}.listicle-slideshow{position:relative}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnails{}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnail{width:8px;height:8px;background:#bfbfbf;border-radius:50%;margin:0 2px}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnail.active{background:#404040}.listicle-slideshow__thumbnail .image{display:none}i.icons-share.em.fa.fa-envelope{margin-top:9px}.feature_post_full .photo-credit{padding:8px 0}.feature_post_full .widget__headline{font-size:36px;line-height:36px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-1px;padding:0 16px}.feature_post_full .widget__subheadline{padding:0 16px 64px;font-size:18px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:20px}.feature_post_full .social-author{padding-left:16px}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:first-child{padding:24px 0 16px 0}.feature_post_full .widget__shares.share-panel{text-align:left;padding:0 16px;width:-webkit-fill-available;border-top:1px solid #404040;padding-top:16px;margin:16px 0 0;border-bottom:0}.feature_post_full.Blue .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #4096c8}.feature_post_full.LightBlue .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf}.feature_post_full.Red .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #fa8}.feature_post_full.Green .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #27c3ae}.feature_post_full.Pink .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #fa5f9f}.feature_post_full.Purple .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #8d8cd6}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .widget__shares.share-panel,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .widget__shares.share-panel{border-top:1px solid #898ba5}.tags .tags__item{line-height:2.3em}.body-description{font-size:18px;line-height:28px;padding:0 16px}.tags{border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf;padding:16px 16px 48px;margin:auto}.article-content__comments-wrapper{padding:0 16px 32px}.feature_post_full .social-date{padding-left:16px}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections,.current_post_content .body-description{padding:0 16px}.media-photo-credit,.photo-credit{padding:0 6px;line-height:18px}.current_post_content .media-photo-credit,.photo-credit{padding:0}.read_also_posts .rm-col-left{padding:0 16px 0 0!important}.read_also_posts .widget .row{margin:0}.infinite_scroll .widget .widget__body:first-child{padding:16px 16px 0!important}.infinite_scroll .widget .widget__body:nth-child(3){display:grid}.infinite_scroll .widget .rm-col-center{padding:0px}.infinite_scroll .tags{margin:0;order:2}.infinite_scroll .photo-credit{padding:6px 16px}.dark_layout .body-description{color:#d9d9d9;margin:0;letter-spacing:0;line-height:24px;font-size:18px;padding-top:24px!important}.dark_layout .current_post .body-description p:first-child{margin-top:0}.dark_layout .tags{border-top:none;padding:0px}.feature_post_full .photo-caption:before{margin-top:-12px}.feature_post_full .tags{margin:0 -16px}table th,table td{font-size:14px;line-height:18px}.article_post-shares-and-tags .tags{display:none!important}.posts-custom .widget__shares{margin-top:0;padding-bottom:10px}}@media (min-width:769px) and (max-width:1023px){.listicle-slideshow__thumbnails{}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.widget__shares.share-panel{border-bottom:0;padding:0px}.body-description p:last-child{padding-bottom:28px}.article_post--body-and-tags{margin-bottom:0}.tag_column{margin-bottom:0}.current_post_media .widget{padding:24px 22px!important}.infinite_scroll .widget__head,.current_post_media .widget__head{margin-top:32px}.tags{margin:0;padding-bottom:40px}.current_post_content .tags{padding-bottom:36px}.container_feature_below .tags{margin:16px 0 0}.infinite_scroll .widget{padding:0px!important}.infinite_scroll .widget .widget__image{margin:0 32px}.infinite_scroll .posts-custom .widget__shares{padding:10px 27px;border-top:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-bottom:1px solid #bfbfbf;margin:0}.dark_layout .infinite_scroll .posts-custom .widget__shares{border-color:#404040}.read_also_posts:before{padding:16px 32px}.read_also_posts .widget .rm-col-center{padding:0 22px 0 0}.feature_post_full .widget__headline{font-size:68px;line-height:64px;letter-spacing:-0.04411764705882353em}.body-description{font-size:20px;line-height:32px;padding:0 32px}.feature_post_full .all-related-sections,.widget .body-description,.feature_post_full .widget__subheadline,.feature_post_full .widget__headline,.tags,.article-content__comments-wrapper{padding-left:32px;padding-right:32px}.feature_post_full .widget__shares.share-panel,.tag_column .widget__shares{padding-left:27px;padding-right:27px}.read_also_posts .widget,.post-partial.article__authors,.infinite_scroll .widget .widget__body:first-child{padding-left:32px!important;padding-right:32px!important}.feature_post_full .posts-custom .social-author{padding-left:32px!important;display:inline-block}.feature_post_full .social-date{padding-left:8px}.featured_columns .widget_column{display:none}.container_feature_below .feature .col{margin-bottom:0}.comment-header{right:32px}.current_post_content .read_also_posts{margin-top:-22px}.feature_post_full .body-description{padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px}.featured_post .widget__headline-text,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text,.article_post .widget__headline-text,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text,.fullwidth_post .widget__headline,.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text{font-size:36px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:36px}}@media (min-width:1376px){.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1375px){.listicle-slideshow .rebellt-item-media-container{}}@media (min-width:1024px){.read_also_posts{}.listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn:before{height:21px;width:21px}.listicle-slideshow .listicle-slideshow-switch-page-btn{width:38px;height:38px}.rebellt-item-media-container .share-tab-img>img{max-height:calc(100vh - 60px);width:auto!important;margin:0 auto}.feature_post_full .photo-caption:before{height:8px}.current_post_content .body-description>p:first-child{margin-top:0}.body-description h2{font-size:42px;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:44px}.body-description h3,.body-description h1[data-role="headline"]{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px}.body-description h4{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:28px}.body-description h5{font-size:20px;letter-spacing:1px;line-height:18px}.widget__shares.share-panel{margin-bottom:30px;margin-top:30px;padding-bottom:20px}.dark_layout .widget__shares.share-panel{margin:15px 0 30px 0;padding-bottom:14px}.article_post .widget__shares.share-panel:before{content:"share this story"}.dark_layout .article_post .widget__shares.share-panel:before{content:"share this episode"}.infinite_scroll .widget__shares.share-panel{width:calc(100% - 80%);position:sticky;top:80px;margin:35px 0 24px;z-index:1}.infinite_scroll .tags{width:calc(100% - 80%);position:sticky;height:0;top:199px;z-index:0;margin-left:0px}.infinite_scroll .body{margin:-150px 0 0 23.2%}.article_column{border-right:1px solid #bdbdbd}.article_post--body-and-tags .tags{display:none!important}.feature_post_full.current_post .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description{border-bottom:0;padding-bottom:calc(64px - 1em);margin-bottom:0}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:last-child{border-bottom:0;padding-left:32px;padding-right:32px}.feature_post_full.Vertical .widget .widget__body:last-child{width:inherit;margin-bottom:0}.container_feature_below{margin:0 auto 64px;border:solid #bfbfbf;border-width:0 1px 1px;padding:0 56px 29px;max-width:768px;box-sizing:border-box}.container_feature_below .tags{padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid #bdbdbd;margin-top:0}.body-description a,.body-description a u{text-underline-offset:1px;text-decoration-thickness:1px}}@media (min-width:1376px){.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description{padding-left:64px;padding-right:64px;margin-top:96px;max-width:992px}.feature_post_full:not(.current_post) .body-description{margin-bottom:96px}.container_feature_below{padding-left:64px;padding-right:64px;max-width:992px;margin-bottom:96px}}.feature_post_full .photo-caption{padding-right:0}.media-caption,.posts-custom .media-caption,.photo-caption{color:#262626;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.1px;display:inline;line-height:18px;padding-right:5px}.photo-credit,.photo-caption p{display:inline}.feature_post_full .photo-credit{padding:8px 0}.feature_post_full .photo-caption{padding-right:0}@media (max-width:767px){.feature_post_full .body-description{padding:0}.feature_post_full.Vertical .posts-custom .social-date{padding-left:16px;border:0}.article_post.infinite_scroll .photo-caption{padding:0 16px}.feature_post_full .social-date-modified{padding-left:16px}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.feature_post_full .body-description{padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px}.article_post.infinite_scroll .photo-caption{padding:0 16px}}@media (max-width:1023px){.feature_post_full .photo-caption:before{margin-top:-12px}.feature_post_full .tags{margin:0 -16px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.feature_post_full .photo-caption:before{height:8px}}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date-modified,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .social-date{border-left:1px solid #404040}.feature_post_full.Yellow .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Yellow .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.Yellow .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-date-modified,.feature_post_full.Yellow .social-date{border-left:1px solid #c38500}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .social-date-modified,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #898ba5}.feature_post_full.Green .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Green .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.Green .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Green .social-date,.feature_post_full.Green .social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #27c3ae}.feature_post_full.LightBlue .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .social-date,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #b0d7ed}.feature_post_full.Purple .social-date,.feature_post_full.Purple .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Purple .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Purple .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.Purple .social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #8d8cd6}.feature_post_full.Pink .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Pink .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Pink .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.Pink .social-date,.feature_post_full.Pink .social-date-modified{border-left:1px solid #fa5f9f}.feature_post_full.Blue .time-to-read,.feature_post_full.Blue .like-btn.like,.feature_post_full.Blue .like-btn.unlike,.feature_post_full.Blue .social-date,.feature_post_full.Blue .social-date-modified{border-left-color:#4096c8}p.ieee-sidebar-medium{width:40%;clear:both;max-width:40%;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;display:block}@media (max-width:767px){p.ieee-sidebar-medium{width:auto;max-width:100%}}@media (min-width:769px){.rebellt-item .fl-scrolly-caption p{font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:2.2rem;line-height:2.6rem}}.ieee-image-small .media-photo-credit p{line-height:inherit}.ieee-sidebar-left h4,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth h4,.ieee-sidebar-left h5,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth h5{margin-bottom:8px}.feature_post_full .ieee-sidebar-large ol li{padding:4px 6px;margin:0 0 0 16px;line-height:inherit!important}.has_voting .vote-down .vote-container:before{content:"No";display:block;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:16px;padding:16px 8px 4px 8px;color:#0d0d0d}.has_voting .vote-up .vote-container:before{content:"Yes";display:block;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:16px;padding:16px 8px 4px 8px;color:#0d0d0d}.has_voting .number-container{font-family:"Favorit-Mono";padding:8px}.has_voting .up_down_voting--wrp{margin:0 0 0 8px}.vote-down.disabled.voted .vote-container:before{content:"No";display:block;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:16px;padding:16px 8px 4px 8px;color:#ffffff}.vote-up.disabled.voted .vote-container:before{content:"Yes";display:block;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-size:16px;padding:16px 8px 4px 8px;color:#ffffff}.has_voting .votes{padding:4px 0 0 0}@media (max-width:767px){.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2:nth-of-type(1){margin-bottom:0}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2:nth-of-type(2){margin-top:0}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2:nth-of-type(1) ul{margin-bottom:0}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2:nth-of-type(2) ul{margin-top:0}.rebellt-item{margin:0!important}.rebellt-item.is--mobile,.rebellt-item.is--tablet{margin-bottom:0}.pull-quote p,.ieee-pullquote p,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth p,.ieee-pullquote-left p{margin-top:0!important;line-height:40px}.body-description .rebellt-item em{line-height:inherit}}.body-description .rebellt-item em{line-height:inherit}.ieee-sidebar-left p em,.ieee-sidebar-medium p em,.ieee-sidebar-small p em,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth p em,.ieee-sidebar-large p em,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns p em,.ieee-sidebar-list-left p em,.ieee-factbox-left p em,.ieee-statbox-left p em,.ieee-number-list-left p em,.ieee-thumbnail-left p em{font-family:"Favorit-Pro"}.body-description .ieee-sidebar-medium em{font-family:unset}.ieee-thumbnail-left>div:first-of-type{float:left;width:100px;padding-right:12px}.ieee-thumbnail-left p:first-of-type{clear:both;padding-top:12px}.post__last-point,.ieee-end-mark{content:"";display:inline-block;width:0.6em;height:0.6em;margin:0 0 0 5px;background-color:#FF4C00}.rebellt-item ol,.rebellt-item ul{line-height:36px}.posts-custom .body .image-media.media-caption p{line-height:18px}pre{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;background:#ddd;padding:10px;border-radius:4px;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;color:#404040}.rebellt-item.ieee-image-small .image-media.media-caption p,.rebellt-item.ieee-image-medium .image-media.media-caption p,.rebellt-item.ieee-image-large .image-media.media-caption p{line-height:18px}.ieee-sidebar-left,.ieee-sidebar-right,.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-small,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth,.ieee-sidebar-large,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns,.ieee-sidebar-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-right,.ieee-factbox-left,.ieee-factbox-right,.ieee-statbox-left,.ieee-statbox-right,.ieee-number-list-left{color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:20px;background:white;padding:16px 16px 32px}.listicle-slideshow-headline{margin:16px 0!important}.ieee-sidebar-right .media-caption p,.ieee-sidebar-right .media-photo-credit p,.ieee-sidebar-left .media-caption p,.ieee-sidebar-left .media-photo-credit p,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth .media-caption p{display:contents}.ieee-sidebar-right p,.ieee-sidebar-left p,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth p,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns p,.ieee-sidebar-list-left p,.ieee-sidebar-list-right p,.ieee-number-list-left p,.ieee-factbox-left p,.ieee-factbox-right p,.ieee-statbox-left p,.ieee-statbox-right p{line-height:20px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns p strong,.ieee-sidebar-left p strong,.ieee-sidebar-right p strong,.ieee-sidebar-list-left p strong,.ieee-sidebar-list-right p strong{display:inline-block;padding-top:16px}.ieee-statbox-left,.ieee-statbox-right{padding-bottom:24px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth h3,.ieee-sidebar-large h3,.ieee-sidebar-medium h3,.ieee-sidebar-small h3,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns h3,.ieee-number-list-left h3,.ieee-statbox-left h3,.ieee-statbox-right h3,.ieee-sidebar-left h3,.ieee-sidebar-right h3,.ieee-sidebar-list-left h3,.ieee-sidebar-list-right h3{font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;margin:0 0 24px;font-size:32px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns h3,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns p,.ieee-sidebar-left p{margin:8px 0 0}.ieee-factbox-left h3,.ieee-factbox-right h3{color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:48px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-1.5px;line-height:48px;margin:8px 0 0 0}.ieee-factbox-left p,.ieee-factbox-right p{margin-top:14px}.ieee-statbox-left strong,.ieee-statbox-right strong{color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;text-transform:uppercase;font-weight:inherit}.ieee-statbox-left p,.ieee-statbox-right p{margin:8px 0}.ieee-statbox-left p:nth-child(2n + 3):not(:last-child),.ieee-statbox-right p:nth-child(2n + 3):not(:last-child){margin-bottom:24px}.ieee-sidebar-list-left p strong,.ieee-sidebar-list-right p strong{border-top:1px solid #d9d9d9;display:inherit;padding-top:8px}.ieee-sidebar-list-left p{margin:0;padding-top:8px}.ieee-sidebar-list-left h3{margin-bottom:20px}.ieee-sidebar-list-left p:nth-child(odd){margin-bottom:16px}.ieee-number-list-left h4{border-bottom:1px solid #d9d9d9;color:#8c8c8c;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:32px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:0;line-height:36px;margin:0}.ieee-number-list-left{padding-bottom:24px}.ieee-number-list-left p{margin:8px 0}.ieee-number-list-left h4:not(:nth-child(2)){margin:24px 0 0 0}.pull-quote,.ieee-pullquote,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth,.ieee-pullquote-left{color:#ff4c00;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:32px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-1px;line-height:40px!important;margin-top:32px!important}.pull-quote p,.ieee-pullquote p,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth p,.ieee-pullquote-left p{margin-top:0}.pull-quote:before,.ieee-pullquote:before,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth:before,.ieee-pullquote-left:before{content:"";display:block;width:40px;height:25px;margin-left:-10px;margin-bottom:16px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.ieee-pullquote-left .caption,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth .caption{line-height:16px;color:#737373;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;font-weight:400;text-transform:uppercase;width:66%}.ieee-pullquote-left .caption strong,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth .caption strong{color:#0d0d0d;font-weight:inherit}.widget.tag-type-ti .pull-quote,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote-fullwidth,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote-left{color:#005690}.widget.tag-type-ti .pull-quote:before,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote:before,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote-fullwidth:before,.widget.tag-type-ti .ieee-pullquote-left:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='62px'%20height='40px'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20id='Page-1'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1568---Feature-article-pull-quote'%20transform='translate(-144.000000,-286.000000)'%20stroke='%23005690'%20stroke-width='5'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group'%20transform='translate(144.758053,243.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(0.000000,44.977510)'%3E%3Cpolyline%20id='Hed/dek-separator'%20transform='translate(17.522490,17.522490)%20rotate(45.000000)%20translate(-17.522490,-17.522490)'%20points='5.24194695%205.0224901%2029.8030332%205.0224901%2029.8030332%2030.0224901'%3E%3C/polyline%3E%3Cpolyline%20id='Hed/dek-separator-Copy'%20transform='translate(39.567470,18.522490)%20rotate(45.000000)%20translate(-39.567470,-18.522490)'%20points='27.2869272%206.0224901%2051.8480135%206.0224901%2051.8480135%2031.0224901'%3E%3C/polyline%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}blockquote,.posts-custom blockquote{border-left:2px solid #D9D9D9;border-left-color:#D9D9D9;color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"IvarTextItalic",sans-serif;font-style:italic}.ieee-sidebar-right ol li,.ieee-sidebar-left ol li,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth ol li,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns ol li,.ieee-sidebar-list-left ol li,.ieee-sidebar-list-right ol li,.ieee-number-list-left ol li,.ieee-factbox-left ol li,.ieee-factbox-right ol li,.ieee-statbox-left ol li,.ieee-statbox-right ol li,.ieee-sidebar-right ul li,.ieee-sidebar-left ul li,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth ul li,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns ul li,.ieee-sidebar-list-left ul li,.ieee-sidebar-list-right ul li,.ieee-number-list-left ul li,.ieee-factbox-left ul li,.ieee-factbox-right ul li,.ieee-statbox-left ul li,.ieee-statbox-right ul li{line-height:20px;padding:8px 0}.ieee-sidebar-small .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-medium .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-large .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-small p.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image.rm-float-left,.ieee-sidebar-medium p.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image.rm-float-left,.ieee-sidebar-large p.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image.rm-float-left{width:100%}.ieee-sidebar-large{display:flow-root;margin-bottom:48px}figcaption{color:#262626;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:14px;letter-spacing:0.1px;display:inline!important;line-height:normal}.ee-ul{padding-left:0;margin:0}.ieee-sidebar-large .ee-ul li,.ieee-sidebar-medium .ee-ul li,.ieee-sidebar-small .ee-ul li{list-style:none;padding:8px 0}.ieee-sidebar-large .ee-ul li:not(:last-child),.ieee-sidebar-medium .ee-ul li:not(:last-child),.ieee-sidebar-small .ee-ul li:not(:last-child){border-bottom:1px solid #d9d9d9}ol,ul{padding-left:1em;margin:49px 0 47px}ul li{padding:12px 0}ol li{padding:12px 0 12px 5px}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul{padding-left:2em;margin:16px 0 4px}.shortcode-media-brightcove,.shortcode-media-facebook,.shortcode-media-imgur,.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image,.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-proxy-image,.shortcode-media-twitter_embed{display:inline-block}@media (min-width:769px){.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.rebellt-item.col2{padding:16px;display:table-cell!important}.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image.rm-float-right,.shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image.rm-float-left{width:50%}.ieee-image-small{width:45%;float:left;margin-right:32px;margin-bottom:16px}.ieee-image-medium{width:70%}.ieee-statbox-left,.ieee-statbox-right,.ieee-sidebar-small{width:25%}.ieee-pullquote-left,.ieee-sidebar-left,.ieee-number-list-left,.ieee-statbox-left,.ieee-factbox-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-small{float:left;margin-right:32px;margin-bottom:5px}.ieee-sidebar-right,.ieee-statbox-right,.ieee-factbox-right,.ieee-sidebar-list-right{float:left;margin-right:32px;margin-bottom:5px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.rebellt-item.col2{vertical-align:top;padding:16px 16px 40px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns[data-basename*="particle"]{padding-top:60px!important}.feature_post_full.Red .social-date{border-left:1px solid #FFAA88}.feature_post_full.Blue .social-date{border-left:1px solid #4096c8}.feature_post_full.Pink .social-date{border-left:1px solid #FA5F9F}.feature_post_full.Purple .social-date{border-left:1px solid #8D8CD6}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .social-date{border-left-color:#007D6A}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .social-date,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .social-date{border-left:1px solid #898BA5}}@media (min-width:769px) and (max-width:1023px){.ieee-pullquote-left,.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-left,.ieee-sidebar-right,.ieee-number-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-right,.ieee-factbox-left,.ieee-factbox-right{width:30%}}@media (max-width:768px){.ieee-sidebar-right p{margin-top:24px}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-medium) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-medium) ul,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-small) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-small) ul,.article_post ul:not(around-the-web__list){margin:37px 0 35px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2{display:block!important}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns[data-basename*="particle"]{padding:1px 16px 32px!important}}@media (min-width:1024px){.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li{line-height:36px}blockquote,.posts-custom blockquote{padding:0 16px;margin:32px 0}.ieee-pullquote-left,.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-left,.ieee-sidebar-right,.ieee-number-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-left,.ieee-sidebar-list-right,.ieee-factbox-left,.ieee-factbox-right{width:40%}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){blockquote,.posts-custom blockquote{padding:0 16px;margin:40px 0}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li{padding:4px 0;line-height:28px}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul,.article_post ul:not(around-the-web__list){margin:40px 0}}@media (max-width:767px){.feature_post_full .social-date.social-date{border-left:none}blockquote,.posts-custom blockquote{padding:0 16px;margin:32px 0}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li{padding:4px 4px;line-height:28px}.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul,.article_post ul:not(around-the-web__list){margin:16px 0 4px}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns h3,.ieee-sidebar-left h3{margin:0 0 11px;font-size:24px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px}.pull-quote p,.ieee-pullquote p,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth p,.ieee-pullquote-left p,p.pull-quote{margin-bottom:16px}.ieee-pullquote-left .caption,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth .caption{margin-bottom:32px}.shortcode-media{margin:32px 0 16px}.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-large,.pull-quote p,.ieee-pullquote p,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth p,.ieee-pullquote-left p,p.pull-quote,.pull-quote,.ieee-pullquote,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth,.ieee-pullquote-left,.rebellt-item{margin:32px 0}.ieee-sidebar-small .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-medium .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-large .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-small .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-medium .shortcode-media,.ieee-sidebar-large .shortcode-media{margin:16px 0}}@media (max-width:768px){.ieee-number-list-left h4{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px}}@media (max-width:768px){.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2{display:block!important;padding-bottom:0px!important}.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2 + .ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns.col2,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns[data-basename*="particle"]{padding:1px 16px 32px!important}}@media (min-width:768px){.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.article_post :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ul li,.feature_post_full :not(.ieee-sidebar-large) ol li{padding:4px 6px}}.article_post .ieee-sidebar-fullwidth ol{list-style-position:inside;padding:0;margin:0}.article_post .ieee-sidebar-fullwidth ol li{line-height:20px;padding:16px 0px}.around-the-web__list{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}@media (max-width:1023px){.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth h3,.ieee-sidebar-large h3,.ieee-sidebar-medium h3,.ieee-sidebar-small h3,.ieee-sidebar-fullwidth-columns h3,.ieee-number-list-left h3,.ieee-statbox-left h3,.ieee-statbox-right h3,.ieee-sidebar-left h3,.ieee-sidebar-right h3,.ieee-sidebar-list-left h3,.ieee-sidebar-list-right h3{font-size:24px;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:28px}}:root{}.talk--messages,.talk-linked-comment{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}@media screen and (max-width:767px){.comment--item-text{overflow:inherit;background:transparent;padding:0;border-radius:5px;margin-bottom:0}.comment--item-avatar.comment--item-avatar img{margin-right:17px}.comment--item-message.comment--item-message{margin:32px 0 5px 0}.talk-linked-comment .comment--item,.talk--messages .comment--item{margin:0 -16px;position:relative;padding:16px 16px 0 16px}.comment--item-message.comment--item-message p{margin:40px 0 0}.talk--messages .comment--custom-field-member-badges{overflow:auto;margin-top:-1px}}.article__comments .comment-item--publish{background:#ff4c00;border:none;padding-top:1px;transition:all 0.3s}.article__comments .comment-item--publish:hover{background:#A32700}.article__comments .comment--item-date{font-size:0px;line-height:0}.article__comments .comment--item-date::after{content:attr(data-date);font-size:12px;display:block;line-height:1.2}.talk--load_more-wrp.has_load_more.loaded.rm-preact:not(:empty):after{content:"";background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,rgba(236,236,233,0.8) 20%,#ECECE9 100%);border:0;display:block;height:200px;margin-top:-263px;position:absolute;width:100%}.talks--load_more:after{content:"\2193";padding-left:8px;font-size:16px}.talks--load_more:before{content:"See all responses";font-size:16px}.talks--load_more.talks--load_more{font-size:0}.article-content__comments-wrapper .talk--messages .material-icons.status-rejected.selected{display:none!important}.talk--load_more-wrp.has_load_more.loaded.rm-preact:not(:empty):after{content:"";background:linear-gradient(180deg,rgba(236,236,233,0) 0%,rgba(236,236,233,0.8) 20%,#ECECE9 100%);border:0;display:block;height:200px;margin-top:-263px;position:absolute;width:100%}.talks--load_more:before{content:"See all responses";font-size:16px}.talks--load_more.talks--load_more{font-size:0}.comment--custom-field-member-badges,.comment--custom-field-grade{display:inline;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;padding:2px 4px 0px;width:fit-content;white-space:nowrap;vertical-align:middle}.comment--item-toolbar{background:white!important}.comment--custom-field-grade{visibility:hidden}.comment--custom-field-grade:before{padding:2px 4px 0px;visibility:visible}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE GRADUATE STUDENT MEMBER"]{background:#D2F9F3;color:#004238}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="GSM"]:before{background:#D2F9F3;color:#004238;content:"IEEE GRADUATE STUDENT MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE STUDENT MEMBER"]{background:#D7F2C2;color:#114200}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="StM"]:before{background:#D7F2C2;color:#114200;content:"IEEE STUDENT MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE ASSOCIATE MEMBER"]{background:#D0EBFB;color:#002E4D}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="AM"]:before{background:#D0EBFB;color:#002E4D;content:"IEEE ASSOCIATE MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE MEMBER"]{background:#DCDDE4;color:#02032C}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="M"]:before,.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SA MBR"]:before{background:#DCDDE4;color:#02032C;content:"IEEE MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LM"]:before{background:#DCDDE4;color:#02032C;content:"IEEE LIFE MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE SENIOR MEMBER"]{background:#D8D6FF;color:#160F57}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SM"]:before{background:#D8D6FF;color:#160F57;content:"IEEE SENIOR MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LS"]:before{background:#D8D6FF;color:#160F57;content:"IEEE LIFE SENIOR MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE FELLOW"]{background:#FFCCE1;color:#6B0F36}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="F"]:before{background:#FFCCE1;color:#6B0F36;content:"IEEE FELLOW"}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LF"]:before{background:#FFCCE1;color:#6B0F36;content:"IEEE LIFE FELLOW"}.comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="H"]:before{background:#FFCCE1;color:#6B0F36;content:"IEEE HONORARY MEMBER"}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="STAFF EDITOR"]{background:#FFDED1;color:#521400}.comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="CONTRIBUTOR"]{background-color:#FFF0CC;color:#704D00}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE GRADUATE STUDENT MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="GSM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE STUDENT MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="StM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE ASSOCIATE MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="AM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="H"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="M"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SA MBR"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE SENIOR MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LS"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE FELLOW"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="F"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LF"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="STAFF EDITOR"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="CONTRIBUTOR"]{color:white}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE GRADUATE STUDENT MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="GSM"]:before{background:#007D6A}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE STUDENT MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="StM"]:before{background:#316E1C}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE ASSOCIATE MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="AM"]:before{background:#005690}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="H"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LM"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="M"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SA MBR"]:before{background:#313662}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE SENIOR MEMBER"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LS"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="SM"]:before{background:#362BA6}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="IEEE FELLOW"],.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="F"]:before,.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-grade[data-value="LF"]:before{background:#CA3674}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="STAFF EDITOR"]{background:#A32700}.dark_layout .comment--custom-field-member-badges[data-value="CONTRIBUTOR"]{background-color:#9E6C00}.talks--load_more{background:transparent!important;border:none!important;color:#0D0D0D!important;text-transform:inherit!important;font-size:16px;font-weight:700!important;letter-spacing:-0.1px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif}.dark_layout .talks--load_more{color:#F2F2F2!important}.talks--load_more:after{content:"\2193";padding-left:8px;font-size:16px}.talks--load_more:hover{color:#FF4C00!important}.comment--item-message{margin:16px 0 5px 0}.comment--item-word-count-user{background:white;margin-left:-6px}.comment--item.rejected-comment .comment--item__reply,.comment--item.proposed-comment .comment--item__reply{margin-left:-8px}.input__star_rating,.author-rating,.talk__author__desc,.comment--item-word-count-min,.comment--item--short-bio,.comment--item--action .comment-action-icon,.comment--hide--replies svg,.comment--show--replies svg{display:none}.comment--item--action .admin-controls svg{display:block}a.comment--item__reply:after,a.comment--item__share:after{vertical-align:text-top;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;font-weight:100}a.comment--item__reply:after{content:"REPLY"}a.comment--item__share:after{content:"SHARE"}.comment--item__share{margin-right:0!important}a.comment--item__like:after,a.comment--item__dislike:after{content:"";vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block;width:13px;height:10px;transition:all 0.3s ease;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100% auto}a.comment--item__like:after{transform:rotate(180deg);position:relative;top:-2px}.comment--item--action>div:not(.admin-controls){display:flex}.comment--item--action div a.comment--item__like{border-left:0;border-right:1px solid #BFBFBF;order:0;margin-left:-8px!important}.comment--item--action div a.comment--item__dislike{order:1}.comment--item--action .comment--item__reply{order:2}.comment--item--action .comment--item__share{order:3}a.comment--item__like:hover:after,a.comment--item__dislike:hover:after{filter:opacity(1)}.comment--item__like.selected,.comment--item__dislike.selected{background:#ff4c007a}a.comment--hide--replies,a.comment--show--replies{font-size:0}a.comment--hide--replies:after,a.comment--show--replies:after,a.comment--show--replies .comment--count{vertical-align:bottom;text-transform:capitalize;color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:24px}a.comment--show--replies:after{content:"Show Responses";color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:24px}a.comment--hide--replies:after{content:"Hide Responses";color:#0D0D0D;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;line-height:24px}a.comment--show--replies .comment--count{float:right;padding-left:8px}a.comment--show--replies .comment--count:before{content:"("}a.comment--show--replies .comment--count:after{content:")"}.talk--load_more__replies,.comment--show--replies,.comment--hide--replies{padding:2px 8px 0 8px!important;background:#ecece9!important;border:none!important;z-index:3!important}.dark_layout .talk--load_more__replies,.dark_layout .comment--show--replies,.dark_layout .comment--hide--replies{background:#1A1A1A!important}.dark_layout .comment--hide--replies:after,.dark_layout .comment--show--replies:after,.dark_layout .comment--show--replies .comment--count{color:#f2f2f2}.comment--item-date{margin:7px 0 0 0;color:#404040;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;font-weight:100;right:0!important}.comment--item--action a:hover{color:#FF4C00!important}.talk-linked-comment .comment--item,.talk--messages .comment--item{border-bottom:1px solid #BFBFBF!important}.dark_layout .talk-linked-comment .comment--item,.dark_layout .talk--messages .comment--item{border-bottom:1px solid #404040!important}.comment--item--action a{margin:16px 0!important;height:14px;line-height:16px;padding:0 8px}.comment--item--action a:not(:first-child){border-left:1px solid #BFBFBF}.dark_layout .comment--item--action a:not(:first-child){border-left:1px solid #262626}.comment--item-text-field{font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif}.dark_layout .comment--item-text-field{color:#fff}.dark_layout .comment--item-text-input,.dark_layout .redactor-box,.dark_layout .comment--item-toolbar{background:#404040!important}.dark_layout .comment--item-text-input{border-color:#404040}.dark_layout a.comment--item__reply:after,.dark_layout a.comment--item__share:after,.dark_layout .comment--item-date,.dark_layout .redactor-toolbar>li a,.dark_layout .redactor-editor p,.dark_layout .comment-headline:before,.dark_layout .comment-sort,.dark_layout .comment--sort{color:#A6A6A6!important}.dark_layout .comment--item-username{color:#F2F2F2}.dark_layout .comment--item-message p{color:#D9D9D9}.dark_layout .talk-linked-comment .comment--item,.dark_layout .talk--messages .comment--item{border-bottom:1px solid #262626}.dark_layout .article-content__comments-wrapper{border-bottom:1px solid #404040}.dark_layout .comment--item-word-count-user{background:#404040}.comment--item-text .comment--item-username{text-transform:capitalize;font-size:18px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:22px}.comment--item-message p{font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:28px}.comment--item-avatar img{width:75px!important;height:75px!important}@media (max-width:1023px){.comment--item-message p{font-size:16px;line-height:24px;letter-spacing:-0.1px;margin:16px 0 0}.comment--item-avatar img{margin-right:7px}}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.talk--messages .comment--custom-field-member-badges,.talk--messages .comment--custom-field-grade,.comment--item-text .comment--item-username{display:block}.comment--item-date{right:0!important;position:relative!important}.replies.level-two{margin:0px}}.material-icons.status-featured,.material-icons.status-proposed,.material-icons.status-rejected{right:105px!important;top:16px!important}@media (min-width:769px){.rm-float-right{float:right;margin-left:32px}.rm-float-left{float:left;margin-right:32px}.rm-resized-container-10{width:10%}.rm-resized-container-15{width:15%}.rm-resized-container-20{width:20%}.rm-resized-container-25{width:25%}.rm-resized-container-30{width:30%}.rm-resized-container-35{width:35%}.rm-resized-container-40{width:40%}.rm-resized-container-45{width:45%}.rm-resized-container-50{width:50%}.rm-resized-container-55{width:55%}.rm-resized-container-60{width:60%}.rm-resized-container-65{width:65%}.rm-resized-container-70{width:70%}.rm-resized-container-75{width:75%}.rm-resized-container-80{width:80%}.rm-resized-container-85{width:85%}.rm-resized-container-90{width:90%}}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author{margin-top:0;position:relative;font-size:18px;width:100%}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author:before{content:""}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author__name{text-decoration:none;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;float:left;margin-right:5px;text-transform:none;padding-right:0}.post-author-list .social-author__bio{display:list-item;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;list-style:none}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author__name,.post-author-list .social-author__bio{color:#0D0D0D;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;line-height:22px}.post-author-list .social-author__bio p{margin:0;line-height:22px}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author__avatar{clear:both;display:block;float:none;height:0;width:0;position:revert}.post-author-list .social-author__bio a:first-child{display:none}.post-author-list:before{margin-bottom:-14px;padding-bottom:0}.post-author-list{padding:16px 0 48px 0;border-top:1px solid #BFBFBF;border-bottom:1px solid #BFBFBF}.container_feature_below .post-author-list{border-top:0;padding-top:6px}.container_feature_below .col{margin-bottom:0}.social-author__bio:not(:last-child){margin-bottom:16px;padding-bottom:16px;border-bottom:1px solid #BFBFBF}.social-author__bio + .social-author__avatar:before{content:"s";position:absolute;left:10.6em;top:2px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;line-height:12px;display:block;padding-bottom:16px;color:#404040}.post-author-list .social-author__avatar.image .cover-all.image{width:0;height:0}@media screen and (max-width:1023px){.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author__name,.post-author-list .social-author__bio p,.post-author-list .social-author__bio{font-size:16px;letter-spacing:-0.00625em;line-height:20px}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.post-author-list{padding-left:32px;padding-right:32px}}@media (min-width:0) and (max-width:767px){.container_feature_below .post-author-list.post-author-list{padding:28px 16px 52px 16px}.post-author-list.post-author-list{padding:16px 16px 32px 16px}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author{margin-top:8px;position:relative}.social-author__bio + .social-author__avatar:before{top:-6px}.post-author-list .social-author__bio{padding-left:16px;padding-right:16px;margin-left:-16px;margin-right:-16px}}#sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16 {margin:0;position:relative;z-index:200;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16 {margin-bottom:24px;}}#sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16_0 {align-items:center;position:relative;}.toggle-user-dropdown{top:0;font-size:0}.rebelbar__user-info .notification-counter:not(.user-info__dropdown-wrapper .notification-counter){position:relative;top:5px}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1 {margin:0;text-transform:uppercase;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1 {padding-top:6px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0 {display:flex;margin:auto;padding:0 32px;justify-content:space-between;box-sizing:border-box;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0 {padding:0 16px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0 a {color:#BFBFBF;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;padding:16px 24px 16px 0px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:10px;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0 a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0 a {padding-bottom:14px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1 {display:inline-block;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 {margin:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a {color:#BFBFBF;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:10px;text-decoration:none;padding:16px 24px 16px 0px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0 a {padding:15px 0px 13px 16px;}}#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_1 {display:inline-block;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_1 {display:none;}}.button-view-hidden{display:none}.section-frontpage .topbar-sticky:not(.active) .rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show,.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show{padding-top:0}.rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show{padding-top:0}.announcement-show .announcement-bar{display:flex}.announcement-bar{background:linear-gradient(45deg,#e9c52e,#d03033,#1e6d6a,#1e6d6a,#d03033,#fdcf0d);padding:0 62px 0 32px;margin:0 -32px 20px;display:none;justify-content:center}.topbar-sticky.active .js-hidden-panel:not(.active) + .rebelbar-wrapper_static.announcement-show .announcement-bar{margin-bottom:10px}.announcement-bar .formatted-text a{color:inherit}.announcement-bar .formatted-text,.announcement-bar .text-element a{font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;font-weight:100;font-size:12px;text-align:center;display:inline-block}.announcement-bar .formatted-text{color:white!important;text-decoration:none;margin:2px 0 -2px;padding-left:15px;padding-right:15px}.announcement-bar .text-element a{display:inline-block;width:max-content;text-decoration-color:transparent;background-color:#FF4C00;border-radius:4px;line-height:100%;letter-spacing:0.0075em;text-transform:uppercase;margin:8px;color:#f2f2f2;padding:8px 12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;letter-spacing:0.0625em;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px}.announcement-bar .text-element a:hover{text-decoration:underline}.announcement-bar .text-element{line-height:0;align-self:center}.announcement-bar .icon-close:before,.announcement-bar .icon-close:after{position:absolute;left:12px;right:12px;content:" ";height:24px;border-left:1px solid;color:#0D0D0D}.announcement-bar .icon-close{position:absolute;width:24px;height:24px;align-self:center;right:32px;font-size:0}@media (max-width:767px){.announcement-bar .widget__subheadline{width:65%;text-align:left}.announcement-bar .icon-close{right:13px;top:calc(50% - 12px)}.announcement-bar{padding-left:16px;padding-right:46px;position:relative;margin:0 -16px 40px}.announcement-bar .text-element a{max-width:100px}.announcement-bar .formatted-text{padding-right:8px;padding-left:0}.announcement-bar .formatted-text,.announcement-bar .text-element a{font-size:11px;line-height:12px}.dark_top_bar{position:relative;z-index:1}}#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0 {display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0 {width:186px;}}.active .topbar__sticky-headline--post ~ .topbar__static-headline,.floating-shares{display:none}.active .floating-shares{font-size:0;display:inline-block;width:25px;height:25px;background-color:transparent;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='18px'%20height='20px'%20viewBox='0%200%2018%2020'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-207.000000,-1593.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-4-Copy'%20transform='translate(208.000000,1528.500000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12-Copy'%20transform='translate(0.000000,64.500000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-2'%20transform='translate(0.000000,1.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M16,8%20L16,16%20C16,17.1045695%2015.1045695,18%2014,18%20L2,18%20C0.8954305,18%200,17.1045695%200,16%20L0,8%20L0,8'%20id='Path'%3E%3C/path%3E%3Cpolyline%20id='Path'%20transform='translate(8.000000,5.656854)%20rotate(-45.000000)%20translate(-8.000000,-5.656854)'%20points='4%201.65685425%2012%201.65685425%2012%209.65685425'%3E%3C/polyline%3E%3Cline%20x1='8'%20y1='0'%20x2='8'%20y2='12'%20id='Path-4'%3E%3C/line%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")!important;background-position:center!important;background-repeat:no-repeat!important;cursor:pointer}.active .site_logo{display:flex}@media (min-width:768px){.active .site_logo{max-width:60%}}@media (max-width:1023px){.active .site_logo svg,.active .mobile_search_icon{display:none}.active .topbar__sticky-headline.topbar__sticky-headline--post{display:inline;width:calc(100% - 30px);max-width:100%}.active .site_logo{width:calc(100% - 50px)!important}}#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0_1_0_1_0 {text-overflow:ellipsis;}#s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_1 {display:flex;align-items:center;padding-bottom:6px;}#sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0_0_1_0 {padding-top:5px;}#sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0_0_1_0 a {display:table;font-size:18px;line-height:22px;white-space:initial;font-family:'Favorit-Pro', sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.2px;padding:6px 20px;}.huge-menu{inset:0px;z-index:5000;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;margin:0 0 -20px;background-color:#1a1a1a;overflow-y:auto}.huge-menu .dark_layout{background:#1a1a1a;border:solid #404040;border-width:0 1px;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 auto;max-width:1568px;padding-top:0}.huge-menu .top-menu .list__item.active:before,.huge-menu .top-menu .list__item:hover:before{font-size:16pt;transition:all 100ms ease;padding-right:10px}.huge-menu .top-menu--sm-links .list__item.active:before,.huge-menu .top-menu--sm-links .list__item:hover:before{font-size:12pt}.huge-menu .top-menu .list__item:before{content:"\f111";font-family:"FontAwesome";color:#ff4c00;font-size:0pt;vertical-align:top;transition:all 100ms ease}.huge-menu-opened{overflow:hidden}.huge-menu{display:none}.huge-menu-opened .huge-menu,.huge-menu-opened .topbar--sticky{display:block}.huge-menu-opened .topbar--sticky{position:fixed;left:0;right:0;top:0}.hm__close{position:absolute;right:0;top:0;width:28px;height:28px;color:#fff;transition:color 0.3s ease}.hm__close:before,.hm__close:after{position:absolute;left:14px;content:" ";height:29px;border-left:2px solid}.hm__close:before{transform:rotate(45deg)}.hm__close:after{transform:rotate(-45deg)}.huge-menu .module-headline__text{letter-spacing:0.75px;color:#8c8c8c;font-size:12px;font-family:"Favorit-Mono",sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:24px;margin-bottom:5px;font-weight:normal}.huge-menu .list{margin:0}.huge-menu .list__item{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.top-menu--sm-links .list{margin:0;padding-bottom:8px}.top-menu--sm-links .list__item{display:block;padding:2px 0;font:20px/28px "Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.0125em}.huge-menu .social-links{margin-left:-16px;margin-right:-16px;display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:flex-start}.huge-menu .social-links__link{color:#bfbfbf;font-size:20px;background:transparent;padding:13px 8px 9px;width:auto;height:auto}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover{color:#ff4c00}.huge-menu .social-links__link>span{position:static}.huge-menu .social-links__link span.fa-twitter{-webkit-mask-image:unset;-webkit-mask-box-image:none;background-color:transparent}.huge-menu .social-links__link span.fa-twitter:before{content:"";background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23bfbfbf"/></svg>') no-repeat center;background-size:contain;width:20px;height:20px;display:block;margin:0 auto;position:relative}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover span.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.huge-menu .social-links__link.share-instagram{font-size:18px;padding-left:4px}.huge-menu .fa-tumblr:before{font-family:"FontAwesome",sans-serif;content:"\f09e"}.huge-menu .fa-tiktok::before,.huge-menu .fa-threads::before{width:20px;height:20px;content:"";display:inline-flex;background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 448 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none"><path d="M448 209.9a210.1 210.1 0 0 1 -122.8-39.3V349.4A162.6 162.6 0 1 1 185 188.3V278.2a74.6 74.6 0 1 0 52.2 71.2V0l88 0a121.2 121.2 0 0 0 1.9 22.2h0A122.2 122.2 0 0 0 381 102.4a121.4 121.4 0 0 0 67 20.1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23bfbfbf"/></svg>');background-size:contain;background-repeat:no-repeat}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover .fa-tiktok::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" fill="none"><path d="M448 209.9a210.1 210.1 0 0 1 -122.8-39.3V349.4A162.6 162.6 0 1 1 185 188.3V278.2a74.6 74.6 0 1 0 52.2 71.2V0l88 0a121.2 121.2 0 0 0 1.9 22.2h0A122.2 122.2 0 0 0 381 102.4a121.4 121.4 0 0 0 67 20.1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>')}.huge-menu .fa-threads::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml, <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 448 512" fill="none"><path d="M331.5 235.7c2.2 .9 4.2 1.9 6.3 2.8c29.2 14.1 50.6 35.2 61.8 61.4c15.7 36.5 17.2 95.8-30.3 143.2c-36.2 36.2-80.3 52.5-142.6 53h-.3c-70.2-.5-124.1-24.1-160.4-70.2c-32.3-41-48.9-98.1-49.5-169.6V256v-.2C17 184.3 33.6 127.2 65.9 86.2C102.2 40.1 156.2 16.5 226.4 16h.3c70.3 .5 124.9 24 162.3 69.9c18.4 22.7 32 50 40.6 81.7l-40.4 10.8c-7.1-25.8-17.8-47.8-32.2-65.4c-29.2-35.8-73-54.2-130.5-54.6c-57 .5-100.1 18.8-128.2 54.4C72.1 146.1 58.5 194.3 58 256c.5 61.7 14.1 109.9 40.3 143.3c28 35.6 71.2 53.9 128.2 54.4c51.4-.4 85.4-12.6 113.7-40.9c32.3-32.2 31.7-71.8 21.4-95.9c-6.1-14.2-17.1-26-31.9-34.9c-3.7 26.9-11.8 48.3-24.7 64.8c-17.1 21.8-41.4 33.6-72.7 35.3c-23.6 1.3-46.3-4.4-63.9-16c-20.8-13.8-33-34.8-34.3-59.3c-2.5-48.3 35.7-83 95.2-86.4c21.1-1.2 40.9-.3 59.2 2.8c-2.4-14.8-7.3-26.6-14.6-35.2c-10-11.7-25.6-17.7-46.2-17.8H227c-16.6 0-39 4.6-53.3 26.3l-34.4-23.6c19.2-29.1 50.3-45.1 87.8-45.1h.8c62.6 .4 99.9 39.5 103.7 107.7l-.2 .2zm-156 68.8c1.3 25.1 28.4 36.8 54.6 35.3c25.6-1.4 54.6-11.4 59.5-73.2c-13.2-2.9-27.8-4.4-43.4-4.4c-4.8 0-9.6 .1-14.4 .4c-42.9 2.4-57.2 23.2-56.2 41.8l-.1 .1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23bfbfbf" /></svg>')}.huge-menu .social-links__link:hover .fa-threads::before{background-image:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 448 512" fill="none"><path d="M331.5 235.7c2.2 .9 4.2 1.9 6.3 2.8c29.2 14.1 50.6 35.2 61.8 61.4c15.7 36.5 17.2 95.8-30.3 143.2c-36.2 36.2-80.3 52.5-142.6 53h-.3c-70.2-.5-124.1-24.1-160.4-70.2c-32.3-41-48.9-98.1-49.5-169.6V256v-.2C17 184.3 33.6 127.2 65.9 86.2C102.2 40.1 156.2 16.5 226.4 16h.3c70.3 .5 124.9 24 162.3 69.9c18.4 22.7 32 50 40.6 81.7l-40.4 10.8c-7.1-25.8-17.8-47.8-32.2-65.4c-29.2-35.8-73-54.2-130.5-54.6c-57 .5-100.1 18.8-128.2 54.4C72.1 146.1 58.5 194.3 58 256c.5 61.7 14.1 109.9 40.3 143.3c28 35.6 71.2 53.9 128.2 54.4c51.4-.4 85.4-12.6 113.7-40.9c32.3-32.2 31.7-71.8 21.4-95.9c-6.1-14.2-17.1-26-31.9-34.9c-3.7 26.9-11.8 48.3-24.7 64.8c-17.1 21.8-41.4 33.6-72.7 35.3c-23.6 1.3-46.3-4.4-63.9-16c-20.8-13.8-33-34.8-34.3-59.3c-2.5-48.3 35.7-83 95.2-86.4c21.1-1.2 40.9-.3 59.2 2.8c-2.4-14.8-7.3-26.6-14.6-35.2c-10-11.7-25.6-17.7-46.2-17.8H227c-16.6 0-39 4.6-53.3 26.3l-34.4-23.6c19.2-29.1 50.3-45.1 87.8-45.1h.8c62.6 .4 99.9 39.5 103.7 107.7l-.2 .2zm-156 68.8c1.3 25.1 28.4 36.8 54.6 35.3c25.6-1.4 54.6-11.4 59.5-73.2c-13.2-2.9-27.8-4.4-43.4-4.4c-4.8 0-9.6 .1-14.4 .4c-42.9 2.4-57.2 23.2-56.2 41.8l-.1 .1z" fill-rule="nonzero" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>')}@media (min-width:768px){.sticky-active .topbar--sticky{display:block}}@media (max-width:768px){svg.site_logo_menu{width:199px;height:28px}.top-menu--big-links .module-headline__text{margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0}.top-menu--big-links .list{margin-bottom:60px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.huge-menu .site_logo_menu{width:341px;height:auto}.Top_hugeMenu{padding:37px 32px 10px!important}.Top_hugeMenu .text-element{position:relative;top:-5px}.Top_hugeMenu .rebelbar__menu-toggle{padding:10px 0;right:-6px}.top-menu--sm-links .list{margin:0;padding-bottom:28px}.top-menu--sm-links .module-headline__text{margin-bottom:8px}.huge-menu .module-headline__text{margin-bottom:8px}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0 {margin:0;padding:16px 16px 12px 16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:13px 9px 7px 15px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0_0_1 {font-family:'Favorit-Mono', sans-serif;font-size:12px;font-weight:normal;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:20px;padding-left:16px;display:none;vertical-align:bottom;color: #D9D9D9;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0_0_1 {display:inline-block;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1 {padding:16px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1 {padding:16px 32px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;margin-bottom:0;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1_1 {padding-top:10px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1_1 {padding-top:0;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1_1 a {display:block;font-size:32px;line-height:36px;font-family:'Favorit-Pro-Light', sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.015625em;padding:8px 0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1_1 a {font-size:28px;letter-spacing:-0.008928571428571428em;line-height:32px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2 {padding:0;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2 {border-left:1px solid #404040;border-right:1px solid #404040;margin-right:-1px;width:24.5%;padding-bottom:35px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2 {border-right:1px solid #404040;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:16px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_0_1 {padding-bottom:22px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_1 {padding:16px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_1 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;margin-bottom:0;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_1_1 {padding-bottom:12px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_2 {padding:16px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_2 {display:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3 {padding:0;border-left:1px solid #404040;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3 {width:25.5%;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3 {margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:20px;border-left:0;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_0 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:16px;margin:0;display:none;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_0 {display:block;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_0_1 {padding-bottom:13px;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_1 {padding:16px;border-bottom:1px solid #404040;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_1 {border:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_2 {border-bottom:1px solid #404040;padding:16px 16px 35px;margin:0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_2 {display:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3 {padding:16px 32px 16px 16px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3 {display:none;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_1 {color:#D9D9D9;font-family:'Favorit-Mono', sans-serif;font-size:14px;font-weight:300;letter-spacing:0;line-height:20px;padding:5px 0 30px;}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_2 {display:inline-block;}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_3 {display:inline-block;padding-left:16px;}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_4 {padding:0;border-top:1px solid #404040;display:none;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_4 {display:block;}}#s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_5 {padding:0;border-top:1px solid #404040;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0 {margin:0;position:relative;z-index:10;padding:16px 0;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0 {margin:auto;padding:22px 35px 12px;justify-content:space-between;box-sizing:border-box;color:#BFBFBF;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0 {padding:18px 17px;}}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0.row-wrapper {padding:0px 0px 20px 0px;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0 {font-size:12px;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 {margin:0;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a {color:#8C8C8C;font-size:12px;text-decoration:none;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:0.064em;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a:hover {text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0 a {border:none;display:block;padding:7px 0px;font-size:11px;letter-spacing:0.12em;}}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {line-height:1.5em;margin-bottom:6px;margin-top:21px;}@media (min-width: 1024px) {#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {line-height:1.5em;margin:0px 0 20px 0px;max-width:1240px;}}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_1 {margin-top:21px;line-height:1.5em;margin-bottom:6px;}}#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_1 {float:right;max-width:111px;position:absolute;right:35px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_1 {margin:5px 15px 0 0;max-width:111px;right:3px;}}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0 {background-color:#1A1A1A;max-width:630px;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_2 {padding:10px 20px;display:none;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_2_0 a {color:white;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;text-decoration:none;padding:10px;border-radius:5px;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_2_0 a:last-child {border:0;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_3 {padding:10px 20px;display:none;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_3_0 a {color:white;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:12px;text-decoration:none;padding:10px;border-radius:5px;}#s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_3_0 a:last-child {border:0;}.gated-popup{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:10000;background:rgba(20,20,20,0.9);align-items:center;justify-content:center;display:none;margin:0px!important;padding:20px}.gated-popup a{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;text-underline-position:under;color:inherit}.gated-popup a:hover{color:#ff4c00}.popup-gated-h2{color:#BFBFBF;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.2px;line-height:22px}.popup-heading-h2{font-size:32px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.5px;line-height:36px;color:#F2F2F2;margin:0;max-width:500px}.for_pdf .popup_links.for_pdf,.for_save .popup_links.for_save,.for_ebooks .popup_links.for_ebooks,.for_pdf_issues .popup_links.for_pdf_issues,.for_nxtbook .popup_links.for_nxtbook,.for_follow_topics .popup_links.for_follow_topics,.for_comments .popup_links.for_comments,.for_member_content .popup_links.for_member_content,.for_pdf .popup-heading-h2.for_pdf,.for_save .popup-heading-h2.for_save,.for_ebooks .popup-heading-h2.for_ebooks,.for_pdf_issues .popup-heading-h2.for_pdf_issues,.for_nxtbook .popup-heading-h2.for_nxtbook,.for_follow_topics .popup-heading-h2.for_follow_topics,.for_comments .popup-heading-h2.for_comments,.for_member_content .popup-heading-h2.for_member_content,.for_pdf .popup-gated-h2.for_pdf,.for_save .popup-gated-h2.for_save,.for_ebooks .popup-gated-h2.for_ebooks,.for_pdf_issues .popup-gated-h2.for_pdf_issues,.for_nxtbook .popup-gated-h2.for_nxtbook,.for_follow_topics .popup-gated-h2.for_follow_topics,.for_comments .popup-gated-h2.for_comments,.for_member_content .popup-gated-h2.for_member_content{display:block!important}.gated-popup__contents{position:relative;overflow:hidden;padding:20px 25px 40px;max-width:480px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.gated-popup__close{position:absolute;color:#000;font-size:23px;border-radius:50%;width:40px;height:40px;line-height:40px;text-align:center;right:10px;top:13px}.gated-popup--shown{display:block;display:-webkit-box;display:-moz-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0 {background-color:#1A1A1A;max-width:736px;}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0_2_0 {margin:32px 0 0;}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0_2_0 a {color:white;font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;line-height:16px;text-decoration:none;padding:8px 12px;border-radius:5px;letter-spacing:0.0625em;}#s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0_2_0 a:last-child {border:0;padding:7px 11px;}.lightbox-popup{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;right:0;bottom:0;z-index:10000;background:rgba(20,20,20,0.9);align-items:center;justify-content:center;display:none;margin:0px!important;padding:16px}.lightbox-popup a{text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-color:#ff4c00;text-underline-offset:2px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;color:inherit}.lightbox-popup a:hover{color:#ff4c00}.popup-ligtbox-h2{color:#BFBFBF;font-family:"Favorit-Pro",sans-serif;font-weight:300;font-size:18px;letter-spacing:-0.011111111111111112em;line-height:22px}.popup-heading-h2{font-size:24px;font-family:"Favorit-Pro-Light",sans-serif;letter-spacing:-0.010416666666666666em;line-height:28px;color:#F2F2F2;margin:0;max-width:500px}.lightbox-popup__contents{position:relative;overflow:hidden;padding:24px 24px 32px;max-width:480px;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.lightbox-popup__close{position:absolute;color:#000;font-size:23px;border-radius:50%;width:40px;height:40px;line-height:40px;text-align:center;right:0;top:19px}.lightbox-popup--shown{display:block;display:-webkit-box;display:-moz-box;display:-ms-flexbox;display:-webkit-flex;display:flex}.popup_links .list .list__item:nth-child(2){margin-left:16px}@media (max-width:768px){.popup-heading-h2{max-width:250px}.icon-close:before,.icon-close:after{height:24px;left:auto}a.js--close-lightbox.lightbox-popup__close.icon-close.hide-text{padding-right:12px}}@media (min-width:1024px){.popup-heading-h2{font-size:32px;letter-spacing:-0.015625em;line-height:36px}.lightbox-popup__close{right:10px}.lightbox-popup__contents{padding-bottom:48px}}.feature_post_full .row{overflow:unset}.rblad-ieee_infinite_new{border-bottom:1px solid silver;padding-bottom:30px;position:relative;background-color:#ecece8;z-index:10000}@media (min-width:1024px){.rblad-ieee_infinite_new:after{content:"";display:block;background-color:#ecece9;height:30px;width:100%;position:absolute;bottom:-31px}}.feature_post_full.current_post .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description .ieee-editors-note:first-letter {font-size:inherit}.body-description>p:first-child strong,.body-description .widget__brief:first-child strong{text-transform:uppercase;font-family:"Favorit-Pro"}.body-description .drop-caps strong:first-child{text-transform:uppercase;font-family:"Favorit-Pro"}.feature_post_full.current_post .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description:first-letter ,.feature_post_full.current_post .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description .drop-caps:first-letter {float:left;font-family:"Favorit-Pro";font-weight:400;margin-bottom:0}@media (min-width:1024px){.Vertical.feature_post_full .widget__subheadline{padding-bottom:560px}.Vertical.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:last-child{padding-left:32px;padding-right:32px;width:inherit}.feature_post_full.current_post .tags{margin:auto;padding:0 40px 29px;max-width:768px;border-left:1px solid #bfbfbf;border-right:1px solid #bfbfbf;box-sizing:border-box}.feature_post_full.current_post .tags:before{padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid #bdbdbd}.feature_post_full.current_post .tags:after{content:"";padding-bottom:48px;border-bottom:1px solid #bdbdbd;display:block}.container_feature_below{padding-bottom:32px;margin-bottom:64px}.feature_post_full.current_post .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description{margin-top:65px;padding-left:56px;padding-right:56px}.feature_post_full.current_post .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description:first-letter ,.feature_post_full.current_post .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description .drop-caps:first-letter {font-size:120px;margin:46px 21px 20px 0}.feature_post_full .widget__subheadline{margin-bottom:16px}.feature_post_full .widget .widget__body:first-child{padding-bottom:22px}}@media (min-width:1376px){.feature_post_full.current_post .tags{padding:0 56px;max-width:992px}.container_feature_below{padding-left:56px;padding-right:56px}}@media (min-width:768px){.container_feature_below{padding-top:10px}.container_feature_below .tags{padding-top:24px}}@media (max-width:767px){.body.expanded .widget__show-more{padding:0;margin-bottom:-14px}.container_feature_below{overflow:hidden}.comment--item-message.comment--item-message,.comment--item-message.comment--item-message p:first-child{margin-top:0!important}.comment--item-message.comment--item-message p{margin:15px 0 0!important}.comment--custom-field-grade{visibility:hidden;position:relative!important;top:-40px}.feature_post_full.current_post .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description:first-letter ,.feature_post_full.current_post .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description .drop-caps:first-letter {font-size:96px;margin:36px 21px 0 0;font-weight:900}.body-description .widget__brief:first-child strong{font-size:16px;line-height:28px}.container_feature_below .article_post .row{margin:0}.container_feature_below .article_post .row .rm-col-center{padding:0;margin:auto}.container_feature_below .article_post .tags{padding:20px 16px 40px}.tags .tags__item{line-height:normal;margin-bottom:4px}}@media (max-width:727px){#top_leaderboard{height:100px}.top-leader-container{height:128px}}@media (min-width:728px){#top_leaderboard{height:90px}}.top-leader-container{width:calc(100% - 64px)}@media (min-width:769px){.feature_post_full .widget__head .rm-lazyloadable-image{max-width:none;height:100%;object-fit:cover}}@media (min-width:768px) and (max-width:1023px){.comment--item-avatar img{width:64px!important;height:64px!important}.container_feature_below .tags{margin-top:36px;padding-top:24px;padding-bottom:39px}.comment-header{right:32px}.feature_post_full.current_post .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description:first-letter ,.feature_post_full.current_post .widget .widget__body:last-child .body-description .drop-caps:first-letter {font-size:108px;margin:46px 21px 0 0}.sm-mt-1>*:empty{margin-top:0}.feature_post_full .widget .body{margin-top:0}}#sSS_Feature_Post_0_0_23_0_0_1_0 {text-align:center;margin:auto;padding:24px 0 36px 0;display:flex;justify-content:center;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sSS_Feature_Post_0_0_23_0_0_1_0 {padding-bottom:0px;padding-top:16px;}}#sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_0_1_0_1_0 .custom-field-FullwidthCardColor {display:none;}#sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_0_1_0_1_0 .custom-field-FullwidthCardPosition {display:none;}#sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_0_1_0_1_0 .custom-field-FeaturePostColor {display:none;}#sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_0_1_0_1_0 .custom-field-FeaturePostImgPosition {display:none;} @media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_0_1_0_1_0 {margin-bottom:10px;}}#sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_1_0 {width:100%;} #sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_1_1_1_0 {width:100%;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_1_1_1_0 {margin-bottom:20px;}} #sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_1_2_1_0:before {color:#404040;content:"READ ALSO";font-family:'Favorit-Mono',sans-serif;font-size:12px;letter-spacing:0.75px;line-height:16px;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_1_2_1_0:before {padding:16px;}}#sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_1_2_1_0 .widget {margin:0px;padding:16px 0;}@media (min-width: 0) and (max-width: 767px) {#sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_1_2_1_0 .widget {padding:16px;}}#sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_1_2_1_0 .widget .widget__headline-text {font-family:'Favorit-Pro', sans-serif;font-size:24px;font-weight:bold;letter-spacing:-0.25px;line-height:26px;}:root{}.lightbox_icon{cursor:pointer;position:relative}.lightbox_icon:before{right:0;top:0;content:"";z-index:3;position:absolute;padding:30px;margin:14px;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='60'%20height='60'%20viewBox='0%200%2096%2096'%20fill='none'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M48%2096C74.5097%2096%2096%2074.5097%2096%2048C96%2021.4903%2074.5097%200%2048%200C21.4903%200%200%2021.4903%200%2048C0%2074.5097%2021.4903%2096%2048%2096Z'%20fill='black'%20fill-opacity='0.4'/%3E%3Cpath%20d='M39.8227%2028H32C29.7909%2028%2028%2029.7909%2028%2032V40.2449'%20stroke='%23F5F5F5'%20stroke-width='7'%20stroke-linecap='round'/%3E%3Cpath%20d='M39.8227%2068H32C29.7909%2068%2028%2066.2091%2028%2064V55.7551'%20stroke='%23F5F5F5'%20stroke-width='7'%20stroke-linecap='round'/%3E%3Cpath%20d='M56.1773%2028H64C66.2091%2028%2068%2029.7909%2068%2032V40.2449'%20stroke='%23F5F5F5'%20stroke-width='7'%20stroke-linecap='round'/%3E%3Cpath%20d='M56.1773%2068H64C66.2091%2068%2068%2066.2091%2068%2064V55.7551'%20stroke='%23F5F5F5'%20stroke-width='7'%20stroke-linecap='round'/%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.rm-float-left.lightbox_icon::before{top:-14px}.custom-field-lightbox-img-shortcode-ids,.lightbox.lightbox_icon:before{display:none}.fixed_scrolling{overflow:hidden}.lightbox-layout{position:fixed;right:0;bottom:0;top:0;left:0;display:none;margin:0px!important;z-index:300;background:rgba(20,20,20)}.lightbox .share-tab-img{display:block}.lightbox{top:50%;left:50%;transform:translate(-50%,-50%);position:fixed;z-index:10000;margin:auto;cursor:initial;width:auto!important}.lightbox img{margin:auto;padding-bottom:0;max-width:100vw!important;max-height:100vh!important;width:auto!important;height:auto!important;box-sizing:border-box}.lightbox__close{position:absolute;color:#fff;font-size:23px;border-radius:50%;width:40px;height:40px;line-height:40px;text-align:center;right:10px;top:13px;cursor:pointer}.lightbox--shown{display:block}.lightbox--shown h3,.lightbox--shown ul,.lightbox--shown p,.lightbox--shown blockquote{display:none}.lightbox--shown .media-caption p,.lightbox--shown .media-photo-credit p{display:table-cell}.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-caption{padding-right:10px;white-space:nowrap;max-width:450px;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;display:inline-block}.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-caption,.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-photo-credit{text-align:left;color:#BFBFBF;font-size:14px;line-height:16px;vertical-align:top}.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-caption a,.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-photo-credit a{vertical-align:top}.lightbox--shown .image-media.media-photo-credit{color:#737373;font-size:12px}@media print{.topbar,.huge-menu,.gdpr-cookie,.gated-popup,.rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial,.rblad-ieee_infinite_leaderboard,.rblad-ieee_infinite_new,.rblad-ieee_in_content,.rblad-ieee_mobile_sticky,.top-leader-container,.container_feature_below,.around-the-web,.time-to-read,.like-button,.widget__shares,.user-prefs,.trending_stories_carousel,.trending-stories__headline-wrapper,.tags,.after_main_article_content,.trending_stories_row,.widget_column,.tag_column,.article__comments,.read_also_posts,.post-author-list,.lightbox_icon:before,.footer{display:none!important}html,body,.main,.all-content-wrapper{background:#FFF!important}body{position:absolute!important;top:0!important;left:0!important}.main{max-width:100%!important;width:100%!important;display:block!important;background-color:#FFF!important;position:relative;left:0;top:0}.all-content-wrapper{background-color:#FFF!important;border:none!important;position:relative!important;left:0!important;top:120px!important}.all-content-wrapper:before{width:100%!important;border-bottom:1px solid black!important;height:100px!important;display:block;position:absolute;left:0;top:-120px!important;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;print-color-adjust:exact;z-index:999;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;content:"";background-image:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/32925844/origin.png)}.widget__head,.widget__body:first-child,.widget__body:last-child{width:100%!important;background:#FFF!important}.widget__headline,.widget__subheadline{color:#000!important;text-transform:none!important;padding-bottom:0!important;border-bottom:none!important;padding:0!important}.all-related-sections,.social-author,.social-date{padding:0!important}.all-related-sections a[href*="/topic/"],.all-related-sections a[href*="/type/"]{border:none!important;color:#000!important;padding:0 16px 0 0!important;margin-right:0!important}.social-author:before,.social-author__name,.social-date{color:#000!important}.photo-credit{color:#000!important}.body-description{max-width:100%!important;width:100%!important}*{color:#000!important;border:none!important;box-shadow:none!important;text-shadow:none!important}*:after,*:before{color:#000!important;border:none!important}.rebellt-item{display:block;clear:both;width:100%;height:auto}.article_column{width:100%!important;border:none!important}.featured_columns{border:none!important;margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.posts-custom .posts-wrapper .widget{padding:0!important}.current_post_content{width:100%!important;padding:0!important}.row-wrapper,.rm-col-center{margin:0!important;padding:0!important}@page{size:8.5in 11in;margin:2cm;margin-bottom:30mm!important}.embed-media,.widget__body{break-inside:avoid;break-after:always;width:600px!important;height:auto}body,.posts-wrapper,.row,.row.px10{background:#FFF!important}img{break-inside:avoid!important;display:block!important;max-width:100%!important}.body-description a,.body-description a u{text-decoration-color:#8f8f8f!important;text-underline-offset:1px!important;text-decoration-thickness:1px!important}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text:before{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;print-color-adjust:exact}h2,h3,h4,h5,h6{break-after:avoid}ul,ol,img,table{break-inside:avoid}.body-description>p:first-child:first-line ,.body-description div:not(.content-container) p:first-child:first-line {font-weight:800!important;text-transform:uppercase!important;font-family:"Favorit-Pro"!important}.body-description>p:first-child:first-letter ,.body-description div:not(.content-container) p:first-child:first-letter {font-size:120px!important;float:left!important;font-family:"Favorit-Pro"!important;font-weight:400!important;margin:42px 16px 16px 0!important}.post__last-point,.ieee-end-mark{background-color:#343434}.body-description,.widget__body,.ieee-sidebar-large,.ieee-sidebar-medium,.ieee-sidebar-small{margin:0!important;padding:0!important}.rm-resized-container-25 img{width:600px!important;height:auto;float:none;clear:both;display:block!important}.rm-float-left{float:none!important;clear:both}.pull-quote:before,.ieee-pullquote:before,.ieee-pullquote-fullwidth:before,.ieee-pullquote-left:before{filter:brightness(0%);-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;print-color-adjust:exact}}.comment--item-toolbar{padding:10px;}.comment--item-text-field .ProseMirror:focus{outline:none;}.comment--item-text-field .ProseMirror-menubar{background:transparent;border:0px;bottom:-37px !important;box-shadow:none;display:inline-block;min-height:22px;left:7px !important;padding:0px !important;position:absolute !important;right:auto;top:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;width:auto !important;}.comment--item-text-field .ProseMirror-icon.ProseMirror-menu-active{outline:0;background-color:#ccc;color:#444;}.comment--item-text-field .ProseMirror-menuitem div:hover{background-color:#1f78d8;color:#fff;outline:0;}.comment--item-word-count{color:#666;font-size:0.9em;text-align:right;padding-bottom:8px;}.comment-headline{font-size:21px;margin:20px 0;font-family:"Helvetica Neue","Montserrat","Helvetica","sans-serif";font-weight:400;display:block;}.sub-headline{margin:4px 0 21px;font-size:14px;color:#666;display:block;}.comment-sort{font-size:13px;}.comment-sort select{margin-left:4px;}.comment-header{display:flex;justify-content:space-between;padding:10px 0 10px;}.comment--login--feedback{border-radius:4px;color:#333;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;margin:10px auto 10px;max-width:210px;padding:10px;text-align:center;}.comment--login--feedback.errors{background:#fbd3d3;}.comment--login--success{background-color:#dff2bf;color:#4f8a10;}.talk-comments-wrp .edit-mode .site-avatar:before{content:"Optimum size is 100x100px";font-size:13px;width:196px;display:block;text-align:left;margin:0 0 0 -26px;color:#696969;}.avatar-list{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;}.avatar-list li{display:inline-block;margin:0 2px;}.avatar-list .avatar-list--item-image{position:relative;z-index:3;}.avatar-list li img{width:38px;height:38px;border-radius:50%;border:2px solid transparent;box-shadow:1px 1px 1px #ccc;cursor:pointer;}.talk-linked-comment .comment--item,.talk--messages .comment--item{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e6e6;margin:0;position:relative;padding:10px 0 0 10px;}.talk-linked-comment{border:1px dashed #8dabea;position:relative;margin:0;background:transparent;}.reply-items .comment--item{border:none;padding:0;}.comment--item .comment--item--short-bio,.comment--item .talk_review,.comment--item .author-rating{font-size:12px;color:#848282;padding:3px 0;}.comment--item .material-icons{font-size:12px;vertical-align:middle;direction:rtl;overflow:hidden;}.comment-item .author-rating .wrapper__post_rating--disabled{color:#777;}.comment--item .author-rating .material-icons{color:#ffc000;}.author-rating{cursor:pointer;}.reply-items .comment--item{padding:inherit;}.comment--item{-webkit-animation:fadeInFromNone 0.3s ease-in-out;-moz-animation:fadeInFromNone 0.3s ease-in-out;-o-animation:fadeInFromNone 0.3s ease-in-out;animation:fadeInFromNone 0.3s ease-in-out;}@keyframes fadeInFromNone{0%{display:none;opacity:0;}100%{display:block;opacity:1;}}.comment--item-avatar{float:left;}.comment--item-avatar img{width:38px;height:38px;border-radius:50%;margin:0 10px 0 0;}.comment--item-avatar img[src='https://www.rebelmouse.com/res/avatars/default']{content:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/18273603/2000x.png);}.comment--item-avatar.editable img:hover{opacity:0.2;}.comment--item-avatar.editable .avatar_edit_text{display:none;}.comment--item-avatar.editable img:hover .avatar_edit_text{display:block;}.comment--item-text{overflow:hidden;background:transparent;padding:7px 9px 10px;border-radius:5px;margin-bottom:0;}.material-icons.status-featured,.material-icons.status-proposed,.material-icons.status-rejected{display:none;position:absolute;right:10px;top:10px;font-size:20px;vertical-align:middle;}.featured-comment .status-featured.selected{display:block;}.proposed-comment .status-proposed.selected{display:block;}.rejected-comment .status-rejected.selected{display:block;}.status-rejected,.status-rejected:hover{color:#b15252;}.status-proposed,.status-proposed:hover{color:#adaba9;}.status-featured,.status-featured:hover{color:#f8bb1d;}.talk--messages__featured .featured-comment{background-color:#fefcf2;}.talk__author__add{margin:10px 0 0 0;}.talk__author__add .input__star_rating{margin:-6px 0 8px 0;}.comment--item-text-input{background:#ffffff;border:2px solid #eeeeee;border-radius:4px;padding:13px 0 0;font-size:20px;overflow:hidden;margin:0 0 10px;}.comment--item-text-field{min-height:44px;padding:0 10px;font-size:15px;color:#333;}.comment--item-text-field:focus{outline:none;box-shadow:none;}.comment--item-text-field.message:before{content:"Add comment...";color:#999;}.comment--item-text-field.reply:before{content:"Reply";color:#999;}.comment--item-text-field.reply:focus:before,.comment--item-text-field.message:focus:before{content:none;}.comment--item-toolbar{background:#f1f1f1;text-align:right;padding:5px;}.comment-item--publish{background:#1c2a50;display:inline-block;line-height:26px;color:#fff;padding:0 15px;border-radius:4px;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;}.comment-item--publish:hover{background:#3984b9;color:#fff;}.comment--item-username{text-transform:uppercase;padding-right:10px;font-weight:500;font-size:13px;}.comment--item-date{color:#999;font-size:12px;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;right:45px;margin:3px 0 0 0;}.comment--item-text .follow-wrapper{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.comment--item--action{padding-bottom:0;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;}.comment--item--action a{font-size:12px;color:#999;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;margin-right:10px;display:inline-block;}.comment--item--action .admin-controls a{margin-right:0;margin-left:5px;}.comment--item--action .selected{color:#4667be;}.action__featured.selected,.action__approved.selected{color:#479ad2;}.action__rejected.selected{color:#ff3f7f;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__share{margin-right:15px;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share-wrp{position:absolute;top:auto;left:106px;margin:-33px 0 0 16px;background-color:#fff;border-radius:4px;box-shadow:inset 0 0 0 1px #d4d6d7,0 2px 2px 0 rgba(0,0,0,0.1);padding:10px;z-index:1000;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share-wrp:focus{outline:none;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share{padding:0;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share a{margin:0;padding:0 5px;}.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share .share-tw,.comment--item--action .comment--item__tooltip_share .share-fb{background:#fff;}.comment--item__copyed-link{color:#999;font-size:12px;}.comment--item--action a:hover{color:#1c2a50;}.comment--item--action .material-icons{font-size:17px;vertical-align:middle;}.comment--item--action .comment-action-icon{fill:currentColor;font-size:17px;vertical-align:middle;}.comment--item--action .comment--item--menu svg{fill:#999;}.comment--item--action .comment-action-icon:hover{fill:#1c2a50;}.action__featured.selected .comment--item--action,.action__approved.selected .comment--item--action{fill:#479ad2;}.status-featured.selected svg{fill:#f8bb1d;}.status-rejected.selected svg,.action__rejected.selected .comment--item--action{fill:#ff3f7f;}.comment--item-message{padding:0;border-radius:4px;font-size:14px;margin:5px 0;line-height:20px;}.comment--item-message p{margin:0;}.comment--hide--replies{display:block;text-transform:capitalize;margin:0;}.level-two{margin-left:40px;margin-top:20px;}.comment--item-reply-to{color:#999;font-size:12px;padding:0 10px;}.comment--item-reply-to .material-icons{vertical-align:middle;font-size:17px;}.comment--login,.comment--signup,.comment--reset,.comment--otp{text-align:center;border:2px solid #eeeeee;background:#fff;border-radius:4px;max-width:50%;margin:0 auto 20px;padding:30px;position:relative;}.comment--login--close{position:absolute;right:10px;top:10px;color:#ccc;cursor:pointer;}.comment--login-headline{font-size:25px;padding:0 0 15px;}.comment--done-button,.comment--signup-button,.comment--login-button,.comment--reset-button{background:#1c2a50;display:block;line-height:36px;color:#fff;padding:0 15px;border-radius:4px;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;width:200px;margin:0 auto;}.comment--done-button:disabled{opacity:0.5;}.comment--login-field{width:196px;padding:0 15px;border-radius:4px;border:2px solid #eeeeee;display:block;line-height:30px;margin:0 auto 10px;font-size:14px;}.comment--login-field.required{background:#ffe4e1;}.comment--login-headline-subheadline{margin:10px 0 15px;position:relative;}.comment--signup .avatar-list,.comment--login .avatar-list{margin:0 0 15px;}.comment--signup .avatar-list .active img,.comment--login .avatar-list .active img{border:2px solid #1c2a50;}.comment--signup .avatar-list .avatar-list--item:hover img,.comment--login .avatar-list .avatar-list--item:hover img{border:2px solid #1c2a50;}.comment--item-text-field{position:relative;}.avatar-list--item-info{position:relative;background:#ffffff;border:4px solid #f7f7f7;min-width:150px;text-align:center;padding:10px;}.avatar-list--item-info:after,.avatar-list--item-info:before{bottom:100%;left:50%;border:solid transparent;content:" ";height:0;width:0;position:absolute;pointer-events:none;}.avatar-list--item-info:after{border-color:rgba(255,255,255,0);border-bottom-color:#ffffff;border-width:12px;margin-left:-12px;}.avatar-list--item-info:before{border-color:rgba(247,247,247,0);border-bottom-color:#f7f7f7;border-width:18px;margin-left:-18px;}.avatar-list--item-drop-down{position:absolute;left:-67px;top:55px;display:none;}.avatar-list--item:hover .avatar-list--item-drop-down{display:block;}.avatar-list--username{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:12px;font-weight:bold;margin:8px 0 2px 0;}.avatar-list--role{font-size:14px;}.avatar-list--rating .material-icons{font-size:16px;margin:10px 0 0 0;color:#edb823;}.comment-text-wrapper .redactor-toolbar{bottom:-52px !important;left:7px !important;top:auto !important;visibility:visible !important;width:auto !important;display:inline-block;right:auto;background:transparent;box-shadow:none;}.comment-text-wrapper .redactor-box{margin:0;padding:0 0 0 10px;}.comment-text-wrapper .redactor-box .redactor-placeholder:after{top:0;}.comment--show--replies{text-transform:capitalize;display:block;margin-bottom:0;}.comment--hide--replies i.material-icons,.comment--show--replies i.material-icons{font-size:16px;vertical-align:middle;}.talk--load_more__replies,.comment--show--replies,.comment--hide--replies{text-align:center;position:relative;background:#fff;z-index:999;display:inline-block;border:1px solid #e5e6e6;border-radius:4px;padding:0 11px 0 4px;line-height:22px;font-size:11px;color:#666;cursor:pointer;}.replies{position:relative;text-align:center;}.reply-items{text-align:left;padding:10px 0;}.replies.level-two{margin-top:-10px;margin-bottom:-11px;padding-left:0;}.comment--login--message{font-size:12px;padding:8px 0 0;}.comment--login--message a{color:#0a7cc4;text-decoration:underline;}.comment--login--message a:hover{text-decoration:none;}.comment--login--message.requirements{color:#ed143d;}.flip-horizontal{-moz-transform:scaleX(-1);-webkit-transform:scaleX(-1);-o-transform:scaleX(-1);transform:scaleX(-1);-ms-filter:fliph;filter:fliph;}.flip-vertical{-moz-transform:scaleY(-1);-webkit-transform:scaleY(-1);-o-transform:scaleY(-1);transform:scaleY(-1);-ms-filter:flipv;filter:flipv;}.comment--item--menu{display:inline-block;padding:0 0 0 12px;}.comment--item--menu .material-icons{font-size:17px;color:#666;cursor:pointer;}.comment--item--menu--drop-down{position:absolute;background:#fff;top:auto;bottom:25px;z-index:99;width:auto;right:1px;padding:9px 18px;box-shadow:0 1px 5px #ccc;line-height:23px;color:#666;text-transform:capitalize;font-size:12px;display:none;}.comment--item--action .comment--item--menu--drop-down a{text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;margin:0;}.comment--item--menu:hover .comment--item--menu--drop-down{display:block;}.comment--signup .community-site-logo{width:90px;height:90px;border-radius:50%;background-size:cover;background-position:center;margin:0 auto 5px;}.comment--signup .site-avatar-edit{min-height:150px;}.comment--signup .site-avatar .input-data{display:none;}.community-site-logo .hover-menu.edit{background:url("/static/img/sprites/icons-buttons.png?3") -125px -214px;width:72px;height:72px;border-radius:50%;font-size:0;vertical-align:top;}.comment--login-headline-subheadline .fake-input{display:block;width:80px;height:140px;overflow:hidden;z-index:99;left:0 !important;opacity:0;position:absolute;margin:0 auto !important;right:0;top:-115px !important;}.comment--item-avatar .comment--login-headline-subheadline .fake-input{width:60px;height:60px;top:-60px !important;}.comment--login-headline-subheadline .fake-input input,.comment--login-headline-subheadline .fake-input input::-webkit-file-upload-button{cursor:pointer;}.comment--signup .fake-input input{display:none;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .image-by-url{-moz-border-radius:0;-webkit-border-radius:0;border-radius:0;-webkit-box-shadow:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;padding:17px 15px 17px;vertical-align:top;font:18px "PT Sans",Tahoma,sans-serif;width:250px;}.community-site-logo .edit-mode .site-avatar{max-width:600px;max-height:none;margin:0 auto;}.community-site-logo .edit-mode .avatar-form{display:inline-block;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .or{color:#a8a8a8;padding:0 11px;text-transform:uppercase;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .buttons{padding:83px;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .add-image-by-src{padding:18px 21px 17px;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .add-image-by-src .upload-arrow{margin:4px 0 3px;display:block;height:12px;width:12px;background-image:url("/static/img/roar/icons.png?31");background-position:-382px -135px;background-size:458px 225px;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .ch-cover-upload,.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode .buttons .btn{width:175px;margin:0 5px;background:#5d97ce;color:#fff;padding:5px 10px;border-radius:3px;font-size:12px;text-transform:uppercase;}.talk-comments-wrp .community-site-logo .edit-mode label{margin:20px 0 35px;font-size:24px;}.community-native-js-wrp .disabled,.community-native-wrp .disabled{opacity:0.6;}.comment--item--action a.disabled{opacity:0.5;cursor:progress;}.talk--load_more-wrp{text-align:center;}.talks--load_more{background:#8db7e0;border:1px solid #8db7e0;border-radius:3px;color:white;cursor:pointer;font-size:13px;font-weight:500;padding:0;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:35px;position:relative;z-index:1;margin:30px 0 0 0;text-align:center;}.talks--load_more:hover{background:#5e99d4;}.community-site-logo.logo-preview .circle-loader{margin:0 auto;height:85px;width:85px;}.community-native-wrp .circle-loader-box{background:rgba(255,255,255,0.9);z-index:7;min-height:200px;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:center;margin-top:-60px;}.community-native-wrp .circle-loader{border:2px solid rgba(0,0,0,0.2);border-left-color:#479ad2;animation-name:loader-spin;animation-duration:1s;animation-iteration-count:infinite;animation-timing-function:linear;position:relative;display:block;vertical-align:top;margin:0;}.community-native-wrp .circle-loader,.community-native-wrp .circle-loader:after{border-radius:50%;width:40px;height:40px;}.community-native-wrp .comment--item-avatar.editable .circle-loader,.community-native-wrp .comment--item-avatar.editable .circle-loader:after{margin-top:-40px;width:38px;height:38px;margin-left:-2px;}@keyframes loader-spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg);}100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}@keyframes checkmark{0%{height:0;width:0;opacity:1;}20%{height:0;width:2em;opacity:1;}40%{height:4em;width:2em;opacity:1;}100%{height:4em;width:2em;opacity:1;}}@media only screen and (max-width:768px){.replies.level-two{margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-left:0;}.comment--login,.comment--signup{max-width:100%;}}.comment_placeholder-wrp{background:#f1f1f1;width:100%;height:94px;}.animated-background{animation-duration:1s;animation-fill-mode:forwards;animation-iteration-count:infinite;animation-name:placeHolderShimmer;animation-timing-function:linear;background:#f6f7f8;background:linear-gradient(to right,#eeeeee 8%,#dddddd 18%,#eeeeee 33%);background-size:800px 104px;height:94px;position:relative;border-radius:4px;padding-top:1px;}.placeholder__textarea_top{background:white;height:15px;margin:2px 2px 0 2px;}.placeholder__textarea_botmiddle_left{background:white;height:20px;margin:0 2px;width:10px;display:inline-block;}.placeholder__textarea_botmiddle_right{background:white;height:20px;margin:-28px 2px 0 117px;}.placeholder__textarea_bottom{background:white;height:15px;margin:0 2px 2px 2px;}.placeholder__button_b{background:#dadada;height:26px;width:20px;border-radius:4px;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:19px;display:inline-block;}.placeholder__button_i{background:#dadada;height:26px;width:20px;border-radius:4px;margin-top:6px;margin-bottom:8px;margin-left:19px;display:inline-block;}.placeholder__button_publish{background:#1c2a50;height:26px;margin:0 2px 2px 2px;opacity:0.5;width:83px;border-radius:4px;margin-top:6px;float:right;margin-right:5px;margin-bottom:8px;}@keyframes placeHolderShimmer{0%{background-position:-468px 0;}100%{background-position:468px 0;}}.talk--messages .follow-button,.comment--item .comment--user-follow{color:#479ad2;font-size:14px;text-align:center;width:auto;border-radius:0;background:none;transition:unset;text-indent:unset;font-weight:bold;margin:0;height:17px;position:static;border:0;cursor:pointer;}.talk--messages .follow-button:hover{background:none;opacity:0.6;}.talk__review{font-weight:900;padding:8px 0;}.talk__review .wrapper__post_rating{cursor:default;}.input__post_rating_total{font-weight:900;padding:0 12px;}.input__post_rating_count{font-weight:400;}.wrapper__post_rating{cursor:pointer;}.wrapper__post_rating--disabled{cursor:default;}.input__post_rating_item svg,.input__post_rating_item--active svg{vertical-align:middle;fill:#ffc000;width:18px;height:18px;}.wrapper__post_rating--disabled i svg{fill:#777;}.input__post_rating_item .icon__star_empty,.input__post_rating_item--active .icon__star_full{display:inline;}.input__post_rating_item--active .icon__star_empty,.input__post_rating_item .icon__star_full{display:none;}.talk__author__add .talk__avatar .comment--item-avatar .fake-input{width:40px;}.comment--item-text .wrapper__post_rating--disabled i svg{height:12px;width:12px;} </style><script class="rm-i-script"> window.REBELMOUSE_LOW_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function() { window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalStylesheet("/static/css-build/roar/runner/social-ux-non-critical.css?v=rmxassetse8b874e39b339059e338b461576785bb", function(){ document.body.classList.add("rm-non-critical-loaded"); }); }); </script><script class="rm-i-script"> var __RUNNER_PUBLIC__ = { root: '#runner-root', events: { PAGE_VIEW: 'page_view.url_change.listicle_switch_page', URL_CHANGE_PAGE_VIEW: 'page_view.url_change', LISTICLE_CHANGE_PAGE_VIEW: 'page_view.listicle_switch_page' } } </script><script class="rm-i-script"> window.__rebelmouseJsBaseUrl = "/static/js-build/"; window.__rebelmousePrimaryColor = "#FF4C00"; </script><link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjU5NjY0OS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4NTc0NjUwNn0.pFbPADvK9fyfasig9FMci3xf6UeB_WJaER5Yea_eRpI/img.png?width=192&height=192" sizes="192x192"/><link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://assets.rebelmouse.io/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjU5NjY0OS9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc4NTc0NjUwNn0.pFbPADvK9fyfasig9FMci3xf6UeB_WJaER5Yea_eRpI/img.png?width=48&height=48" sizes="48x48"/><meta property="article:published_time" content="2023-12-24T14:00:01+00:00"/><meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-01-24T13:50:49+00:00"/><meta property="article:author" content="https://www.facebook.com/48576411181"/><link rel="amphtml" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/amp/flow-battery-2666672335-2666672335"/><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="cta-climate-tech"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="4"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="bold"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2348"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2355"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2308"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2284"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="content" data-abtest-value="8"></script><script> window.postid = "2666672335"; window.category = ["", "magazine", "energy", "feature", "climate-tech", "february", "climate-change"]; window.tags = ["climate-change", "climate-tech", "evs", "flow-batteries", "grid-storage", "lithium-ion-batteries", "type:cover", "batteries", "nanoelectrofuel-batteries"]; window.custom_tags = ['climate change', 'climate tech', 'evs', 'flow batteries', 'grid storage', 'lithium-ion batteries', 'nanoelectrofuel batteries', 'type:cover', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902453', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902560', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902569', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902651', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902661', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902658', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902785', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902502', '~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902516', 'Automotive', 'Technology & Computing', 'Travel', 'Business and Finance', 'Health and Medical Services', 'Automotive Ownership', 'Automotive Products', 'Auto Technology', 'Green Vehicles', 'Luxury Cars', 'Motorcycles', 'Artificial Intelligence', 'Computing', 'Consumer Electronics', 'Internet', 'Cloud Computing', 'Web Development', 'Web Hosting', 'Internet of Things', 'IT and Internet Support', 'Programming Languages'] console.log('tags - ', window.custom_tags) </script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2200"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="greek"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="notification"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="content" data-abtest-value="fix"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="featurebylinemobile"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2308"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="4"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="supercomputing"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="7"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="cssfixes"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="newassemblerclass"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2225"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="2"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="ieeesignout"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="usermenuosano"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="1719"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="invention"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="anbar" data-abtest-value="off"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="anbar" data-abtest-value="on"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IE" data-abtest-value="2184"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="ieee" data-abtest-value="1422"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="climatetech"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2288"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="2201"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="footerfixes"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="ppid" data-abtest-value="link"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="audosano"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="140"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="pdf" data-abtest-value="button2"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="7"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="1843"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="6"></script><meta name="google-site-verification" content="TL2pz9TZSlPds24a3mqZClMC79zWmgOKFwO4aYRjdXk"/><meta name="facebook-domain-verification" content="bgsalp9vtqx07wdoczkh2jq79qvonr"/><meta property="fb:pages" content="48576411181"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="L-skWDKE3KKfxCj4MKcOwZUVoZ1L_MkSRLAsNxx-JIw"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="CTQnzy87CzDH0ZMNer4KvBtvb7X0tiJoehjRFhqPCis"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="TL2pz9TZSlPds24a3mqZClMC79zWmgOKFwO4aYRjdXk"/><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IE" data-abtest-value="2210"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="fixtrending"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="flourishfix"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="authormodule"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="ie" data-abtest-value="2210"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="keepreadingoff"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="IEEE" data-abtest-value="1922"></script><style class="rm-i-styles" id="custom-post-styles-2666672335"> </style><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="final" data-abtest-value="3"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="spectrumcover"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="parsely-title"></script><meta name="parsely-title" content="Can Flow Batteries Finally Beat Lithium?"/><meta name="parsely-link" content="https://spectrum.ieee.org/flow-battery-2666672335"/><meta name="parsely-section" content="Energy"/><meta name="parsely-tags" content="climate change,climate tech,evs,flow batteries,grid storage,lithium-ion batteries,type:cover,batteries,nanoelectrofuel batteries,SpectrumType.Feature,SpectrumCover"/><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="ieee" data-abtest-value="1436"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="oldarrows"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="promo" data-abtest-value="promo"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="popupsoff"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="combined"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="popupnew"></script><script type="application/json" data-abtest-name="test" data-abtest-value="socialpopupnew"></script><script class="rm-i-script"> (function() { var cookie = 'rebelmouse_abtests='; cookie += "v1:165477109-A:2,B:2"; document.cookie = cookie + '; Path=/; SameSite=None; Secure'; })(); </script></head><body class="logged-out-user section-energy"><div id="fb-root"></div><div id="runner-root"></div><div id="curtain" class="curtain"></div><nav class="menu-global"><div class="main-menu-wrapper"><div class="menu-global__search-form hide-tablet-and-desktop"><form action="/search/"><button type="submit" class="menu-global__submit fa fa-search" value="" aria-label="Submit"></button><input name="q" class="menu-global__text-input" type="text" placeholder="Search..." aria-label="Search"/></form></div><div class="divider hide-tablet-and-desktop"></div><div class="divider"></div><ul id="main-menu" class="main-menu"></ul></div></nav><div class="all-content-wrapper"><div class="main v-sep"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Post"></span><div class="feature_wrapper" id="sPost_0_0_19_0_0_0_4_0"><div class="menu-overlay js-toggle" data-target="body" data-share-status-id="menu-toggle" data-toggle-class="menu-opened"></div><link rel="preload" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'" href="https://htlbid.com/v3/spectrum.ieee.org/rblbid.css"/><script> window.PARSELY = window.PARSELY || {}; function isPublished(post){ return [0,1,2].includes(post.status) } window.PARSELY.autotrack = false; window.PARSELY.onload = function () { if(Object.keys(window.REBELMOUSE_BOOTSTRAP_DATA.post).length > 0 && !isPublished(window.REBELMOUSE_BOOTSTRAP_DATA.post)){ return; } var event = { url: location.href, urlref: document.referrer, js: 1 }; window.PARSELY.updateDefaults({ data: { level: localStorage.getItem("userMembershipStatus") || "anonymous" } }); window.PARSELY.beacon.trackPageView(event); }; </script><noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5WJB5X2" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS Fonts"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS Spectrum"></span><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><svg width="0" height="0" viewbox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" style="position: absolute"><mask id="xLogoMask" style="mask-type: alpha" maskunits="userSpaceOnUse" x="1" y="1" width="18" height="18"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="black"></path></mask></svg><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS for Posts"></span><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS Article Components"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="CSS for Comments"></span><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span><div class="topbar topbar--static" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16"><div class="" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16_0"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Element Bar"></span><div class="dark_top_bar" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1"><div class="" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0"><div class="top_menu_links" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0"><div class="list" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_0_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE.org</a><a class="list__item" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/home.jsp" target="_blank">IEEE Xplore Digital Library</a><a class="list__item" href="https://standards.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE Standards</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/sitemap.html" target="_blank">More Sites</a></div></div><div class="" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1"><div class="access_links" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1"><div class="list" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_0_1_1_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum" target="_self">Sign In</a><a class="list__item" href="/st/join" target="_self">Join IEEE</a></div></div><div class="" id="sElement_Bar_0_0_7_0_0_1_0_1_1"><svg width="70px" height="21px" viewbox="0 0 70 21" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><polygon id="path-1" points="0 0 21.3639449 0 21.3639449 21 0 21"></polygon></defs><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-IEEE-Bar-/-Signed-out-/-1376" transform="translate(-1274.000000, -14.000000)"><g id="Group-13" transform="translate(1274.000000, 14.000000)"><polygon id="Fill-1" fill="#FEFEFE" points="23.4111174 18.6889405 27.8363724 18.6889405 27.8363724 2.77905063 23.4111174 2.77905063"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-2" fill="#FEFEFE" points="29.7536549 18.6881005 29.7536549 2.77821061 41.9217005 2.77821061 41.9217005 5.8624668 34.17891 5.8624668 34.17891 9.14692664 41.3017712 9.14692664 41.3017712 12.2311828 34.17891 12.2311828 34.17891 15.6024442 41.9217005 15.6024442 41.9217005 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-3" fill="#FEFEFE" points="43.7923126 18.6881005 43.7923126 2.77821061 55.9603583 2.77821061 55.9603583 5.8624668 48.2175677 5.8624668 48.2175677 9.14692664 55.3418347 9.14692664 55.3418347 12.2311828 48.2175677 12.2311828 48.2175677 15.6024442 55.9603583 15.6024442 55.9603583 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-4" fill="#FEFEFE" points="57.8305486 2.77793061 57.8305486 18.6878205 70 18.6878205 70 15.6021642 62.2558037 15.6021642 62.2558037 12.2323028 69.3800707 12.2323028 69.3800707 9.14664663 62.2558037 9.14664663 62.2558037 5.8621868 70 5.8621868 70 2.77793061"></polygon><g id="Group-12"><g id="Group-7"><mask id="mask-2" fill="white"><use xlink:href="#path-1"></use></mask><g id="Clip-6"></g><path d="M20.9520644,9.85449953 L20.8930235,9.84469935 C19.0838421,8.61967703 17.3983653,7.23365178 15.8098843,5.66142314 L14.0555265,3.83578988 C13.3442244,3.05037557 12.6540084,2.18095973 11.9961242,1.35074461 L11.1976665,0.22232405 C11.099265,0.164923005 10.976966,0.0669212192 10.8687244,0.0375206836 C10.6339666,-0.0646811784 10.3795285,0.0571210406 10.1883485,0.202723693 L8.74184673,2.07875787 C6.42378906,4.93900998 3.67838782,7.60885862 0.684171419,9.65429588 C0.448007872,9.84049927 0.0951682866,10.0211026 0.0220700458,10.3235081 C-0.0566511366,10.596513 0.0853281388,10.8219172 0.256827858,10.9913202 C2.65360672,12.6363502 4.94776689,14.5907858 6.98748895,16.8168264 C7.35016869,17.1962333 7.64396739,17.5728401 7.99680697,17.9284466 C8.59424452,18.719461 9.29570648,19.5160755 9.84534902,20.364491 C10.0168487,20.5450943 10.0463692,20.8390996 10.3148646,20.9259012 C10.525725,20.9987026 10.785786,21.0477034 10.9868062,20.9259012 L11.1878263,20.7256976 C13.6675436,17.2256338 16.8149851,14.0825766 20.3293236,11.5429303 C20.6821632,11.2321246 21.3541047,11.1145225 21.3639449,10.5335119 C21.3386417,10.264707 21.182605,10.0015022 20.9520644,9.85449953 M18.5496626,10.7911166 C18.1476223,11.7879348 17.3337015,12.5831492 16.6238051,13.4525651 C15.0845249,15.1017951 13.4623062,16.6992242 11.6432846,17.9718474 C11.2763877,18.2322522 10.7815688,18.4702565 10.3401679,18.2658528 C9.00190778,17.56724 7.87450799,16.4248192 6.7035304,15.3860003 C5.34559001,14.1301774 3.98202667,12.6713508 2.95302836,11.142523 C2.80120893,10.9283191 2.75763114,10.6651143 2.76184834,10.3823091 C2.89398747,9.85449953 3.2566672,9.42049162 3.60107238,8.97668354 C4.81562776,7.43385543 6.30570729,5.96942875 7.80984416,4.63240439 C7.84498755,4.59740376 7.90824564,4.5232024 7.96306932,4.48960179 C8.60970761,3.93379167 9.25212869,3.44098269 9.92828741,2.95657386 C10.6339666,2.41056392 11.5209856,2.86417218 12.114206,3.36678134 C12.7369467,3.83998996 13.383585,4.37759975 13.9529079,4.9236097 L14.0555265,4.98241077 C15.6285445,6.43703727 17.0891035,8.05406673 18.2910073,9.76209785 C18.4864045,10.0603033 18.6579042,10.3963094 18.5496626,10.7911166" id="Fill-5" fill="#FEFEFE" mask="url(#mask-2)"></path></g><path d="M17.8685838,9.92786087 C16.3152462,7.68782006 14.2755241,5.70538394 12.1135031,3.97215236 C11.5554261,3.58154525 10.9087879,2.8983328 10.1876456,3.3869417 C7.9483091,4.92836978 5.79050526,7.01860786 4.05582778,9.15084671 C3.70298819,9.66885615 3.08587035,10.1616651 3.3656117,10.8504777 C3.56663186,11.3586869 4.01646719,11.7240936 4.30604868,12.1735018 C6.00698851,14.2091389 8.01719014,16.1089735 10.1145474,17.6364013 C11.0367098,18.221612 11.6931882,17.2751947 12.4087075,16.8397868 C13.8734838,15.6875658 15.2314242,14.2875403 16.5162664,12.9253155 L16.5162664,12.8917149 C17.0307655,12.2715036 17.5747851,11.6610924 17.9768254,10.9918802 C18.1525424,10.6642743 18.0653868,10.2162661 17.8685838,9.92786087 L17.8685838,9.92786087 Z M10.4477066,5.41697869 L10.6431039,4.79256731 L10.6684071,4.79256731 C11.0704474,5.9391882 11.4865451,7.08300904 11.9181059,8.21422965 L11.0549843,8.22962993 L11.0367098,8.33183179 L11.163226,11.4020877 L11.163226,11.4510886 C10.844124,11.5042896 10.4533296,11.4902893 10.1384449,11.4608888 L10.1145474,11.4258882 L10.2565266,8.26323054 L10.2565266,8.23943011 C10.0161459,8.21422965 9.71250703,8.23943011 9.46790907,8.21422965 L10.4477066,5.41697869 Z M9.93742469,15.6203646 C10.0217688,14.491944 10.0358262,13.4531251 10.0948671,12.3289046 C10.4912844,12.3695053 10.8356896,12.3541051 11.1969636,12.3401048 L11.2222668,12.4913076 L11.3642461,15.6301648 C10.8891076,15.698766 10.3844486,15.6595653 9.93742469,15.6203646 L9.93742469,15.6203646 Z M13.5501647,11.7058933 C11.492168,12.3443049 8.90420917,12.3149044 6.95304844,11.4608888 C6.60020885,11.2900857 6.15459073,11.0268809 6.03650896,10.6166734 C5.94794763,9.86485972 6.75624548,9.44905214 7.30588802,9.17604717 C7.62920717,9.03464459 7.95814925,8.87924176 8.31520604,8.8596414 C8.64836533,9.10324584 8.99698771,9.29924941 9.33998715,9.51765339 C8.67366857,9.69405661 7.87380512,9.84525936 7.56594907,10.5718726 C7.61936702,11.1248827 8.24632501,11.2998859 8.68350872,11.4370884 C10.2565266,11.8514959 11.9574665,11.7968949 13.4672263,11.250885 C13.7511848,11.0842819 14.2024259,10.8840783 14.1630653,10.4752708 C14.1138646,10.0356628 13.6092056,9.84105928 13.256366,9.70245676 C13.0412885,9.73185729 12.8346454,9.78085819 12.6336252,9.84525936 C12.5253836,9.54285385 12.432605,9.23484824 12.3046831,8.94224291 C12.9724074,9.1172461 13.638726,9.29924941 14.3289421,9.41965161 L14.3289421,9.43505189 C14.1869628,9.44905214 14.0309262,9.49805304 13.8931641,9.551254 L13.8931641,9.57645446 C14.2853643,9.77105801 14.8293839,10.0944639 14.8336011,10.6068732 C14.7422283,11.2270845 14.0604466,11.5098897 13.5501647,11.7058933 L13.5501647,11.7058933 Z" id="Fill-8" fill="#FEFEFE"></path><path d="M14.1946944,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.1646691 L14.3141819,19.1646691 C14.3788457,19.1646691 14.467407,19.1716693 14.467407,19.2528707 C14.467407,19.3410724 14.4224235,19.3564726 14.3465138,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.3564726 Z M14.1946944,19.4922751 L14.2748213,19.4922751 L14.4603783,19.8268812 L14.6613985,19.8268812 L14.4575669,19.4782749 C14.562997,19.4698747 14.6501526,19.4166737 14.6501526,19.2710711 C14.6501526,19.0890678 14.5278536,19.0302667 14.3226163,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.4922751 Z M15.0620331,19.429274 C15.0620331,18.9630655 14.7105992,18.6900605 14.3183991,18.6900605 C13.9233874,18.6900605 13.5719536,18.9630655 13.5719536,19.429274 C13.5719536,19.8954825 13.9233874,20.1670874 14.3183991,20.1670874 C14.7105992,20.1670874 15.0620331,19.8954825 15.0620331,19.429274 L15.0620331,19.429274 Z M14.8483613,19.429274 C14.8483613,19.7694802 14.6051691,19.9976843 14.3183991,19.9976843 L14.3183991,19.9962843 C14.0231946,19.9976843 13.7856254,19.7694802 13.7856254,19.429274 C13.7856254,19.0890678 14.0231946,18.8622636 14.3183991,18.8622636 C14.6051691,18.8622636 14.8483613,19.0890678 14.8483613,19.429274 L14.8483613,19.429274 Z" id="Fill-10" fill="#FEFEFE"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></div></div></div></div><div class="topbar-sticky announcement-show" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16_0_1"><div id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16_0_1_0" class="js-hidden-panel" data-offset="0"></div><div class="rebelbar-wrapper_static announcement-show" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_16_0_1_1"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Announcement Bar"></span><div class="announcement-bar" id="sAnnouncement_Bar_0_0_0_0_0_0_1_0"><script> if (sessionStorage.getItem('anbarclose') || window.location.pathname == '/st/join') { document.querySelector('.rebelbar-wrapper_static').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').style.height = '64px'; document.querySelector('.section-frontpage .topbar-sticky ').style.height = '111px'; } </script><div class="formatted-text ql-editor"><p><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/reinventing-invention/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">See our latest special report, “Reinventing Invention: Stories From Innovation’s Edge”</a> →</p></div><div class="button-view button-view-hidden" id="sAnnouncement_Bar_0_0_0_0_0_0_1_0_2_1_1"><div class="text-element" id="sAnnouncement_Bar_0_0_0_0_0_0_1_0_2_1_1_0"><a class="color-inherit" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/special-reports/reinventing-invention/" target="_blank">View →</a></div></div><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="icon-close announcement-close" onclick="sessionStorage.setItem('anbarclose',true); document.querySelector('.rebelbar-wrapper_static').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').classList.toggle('announcement-show'); document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky ').style.height = '64px'; document.querySelector('.section-frontpage .topbar-sticky ').style.height = '111px';"> Close bar </a></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__TopBar Second Bar"></span><div class="" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0"><div class="site_logo" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0"><a href="/" title="Spectrum Logo"><svg width="214px" height="30px" viewbox="0 0 214 30" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-Sticky-Site-Header-/-1376" transform="translate(-33.000000, -17.000000)" fill="#0D0D0D" fill-rule="nonzero"><g id="IEEE-Spectrum-Logo" transform="translate(32.000000, 15.000000)"><g id="IEEESpectrum-LogoFinal-Black" transform="translate(1.454545, 2.909091)"><path d="M67.5731087,15.3769418 C67.7375958,17.1915012 68.9067885,18.8411007 71.9786975,18.8411007 C74.7749795,18.8411007 75.8285865,17.851341 75.8285865,16.3310345 C75.8285865,14.882062 74.9750314,14.1553466 73.3301597,13.923511 L68.5600317,13.3974225 C64.6123396,12.9515848 62.3361928,10.6911877 62.3361928,6.96398467 C62.3361928,2.83552769 65.4481122,6.3357346e-15 71.7475264,6.3357346e-15 C78.4915004,6.3357346e-15 81.1899792,3.23232323 81.4833887,7.133403 L75.7485657,7.133403 C75.5173945,5.38126088 74.2014972,4.22654127 71.7475264,4.22654127 C69.5247267,4.22654127 68.191047,5.11821665 68.191047,6.57164751 C68.191047,7.6907001 68.8489957,8.51549983 70.5294322,8.71612679 L74.7082955,9.16196447 C79.5095427,9.60780216 81.6834407,11.8994079 81.6834407,15.8495298 C81.6834407,20.1741553 78.984962,23.0765587 71.8764488,23.0765587 C64.6701324,23.0765587 62.1717056,19.3136886 61.9405344,15.390317 L67.5731087,15.3769418 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M101.439684,14.266806 C101.439684,18.8544758 99.3013506,23.0141414 93.8821651,23.0141414 C91.0858831,23.0141414 89.2098403,21.9575061 88.102886,20.1741553 L88.102886,29.0909091 L82.456975,29.0909091 L82.456975,6.00543365 L88.1162228,6.00543365 L88.1162228,8.23462208 C89.2320682,6.48693835 91.1081111,5.46597005 93.8955019,5.46597005 C99.3013506,5.47934518 101.439684,9.53646813 101.439684,14.266806 Z M95.7804359,14.266806 C95.7804359,11.1994427 94.7935129,9.91097179 91.997231,9.91097179 C89.1031459,9.91097179 88.1162228,11.3287356 88.1162228,14.266806 C88.1162228,17.2048763 89.1031459,18.6226402 91.997231,18.6226402 C94.7935129,18.6092651 95.7804359,17.3207941 95.7804359,14.266806 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M114.367486,17.5214211 L119.862247,17.5214211 C119.302102,20.3569488 117.065965,23.0319749 111.077743,23.0319749 C104.364888,23.0319749 101.995384,18.7430164 101.995384,14.2222222 C101.995384,9.43838384 104.760546,5.47934518 111.077743,5.47934518 C117.790598,5.47934518 119.928931,9.73263671 119.928931,14.3203065 C119.934228,14.7845667 119.900021,15.2484337 119.826682,15.7068617 L107.490144,15.7068617 C107.819119,18.3462208 109.103897,19.2378962 111.211111,19.2378962 C112.887102,19.2378962 113.905144,18.5111808 114.367486,17.5214211 Z M107.556828,12.4076628 L114.563093,12.4076628 C114.367486,10.3256008 113.349444,9.20654824 111.144427,9.20654824 C109.103897,9.20654824 107.921368,10.031348 107.556828,12.4076628 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M129.811498,5.47934518 C135.764156,5.47934518 138.662686,8.84096134 138.791609,12.9649599 L133.247946,12.9649599 C133.083459,11.0211076 132.096536,9.89759666 129.895965,9.89759666 C127.52646,9.89759666 126.174998,10.954232 126.174998,14.2534309 C126.174998,17.5526297 127.459776,18.6092651 129.793716,18.6092651 C132.127655,18.6092651 133.119024,17.3207941 133.31463,15.4884013 L138.876075,15.4884013 C138.742707,19.4162313 136.013109,23.0141966 129.895965,23.0141966 C123.085307,23.0319749 120.520196,18.7251829 120.520196,14.266806 C120.520196,9.80842912 123.018623,5.47934518 129.811498,5.47934518 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M141.77016,16.0011146 L141.77016,10.2542668 L138.876075,10.2542668 L138.876075,7.62382445 L142.228057,6.13472658 L144.566442,2.01072797 L147.429408,2.01072797 L147.429408,6.02326715 L151.901681,6.02326715 L151.901681,10.2542668 L147.429408,10.2542668 L147.429408,18.0163009 L151.3771,18.0163009 L151.3771,22.5014281 L148.380766,22.5014281 C143.348348,22.5014281 141.77016,20.2588645 141.77016,16.0011146 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M164.304903,5.74238941 L164.304903,11.2529432 L162.299938,11.2529432 C159.565894,11.2529432 158.414484,12.5904563 158.414484,15.9030303 L158.414484,22.5014281 L152.755236,22.5014281 L152.755236,6.00543365 L158.263333,6.00543365 L158.263333,9.36259143 C158.921282,7.0174852 160.272744,5.73347266 162.935658,5.73347266 L164.304903,5.74238941 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M182.989757,6.00543365 L182.989757,22.5014281 L177.330509,22.5014281 L177.330509,19.5009404 C176.281347,21.6454197 174.405304,23.0319749 171.511219,23.0319749 C167.198988,23.0319749 165.256261,20.3569488 165.256261,16.0367816 L165.256261,6.00543365 L170.915509,6.00543365 L170.915509,15.0470219 C170.915509,17.2762104 171.804629,18.4443051 173.81404,18.4443051 C176.014611,18.4443051 177.330509,16.9239986 177.330509,13.758551 L177.330509,6.00543365 L182.989757,6.00543365 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M213.090909,12.4834552 L213.090909,22.5148032 L207.431661,22.5148032 L207.431661,13.3305468 C207.431661,11.2172762 206.613671,10.0625566 204.737628,10.0625566 C202.514828,10.0625566 201.479004,11.5159875 201.479004,14.7483107 L201.479004,22.5014281 L195.917559,22.5014281 L195.917559,13.3305468 C195.917559,11.2172762 195.095123,10.0625566 193.223526,10.0625566 C191.000726,10.0625566 189.964902,11.5159875 189.964902,14.7483107 L189.964902,22.5014281 L184.305654,22.5014281 L184.305654,6.00543365 L189.964902,6.00543365 L189.964902,8.8097527 C190.982944,6.76335772 192.725619,5.47934518 195.557466,5.47934518 C198.389312,5.47934518 200.163106,6.81685824 200.985542,9.13967259 C202.003585,6.91048415 203.812943,5.47934518 206.809277,5.47934518 C211.117063,5.47934518 213.090909,8.14991292 213.090909,12.4834552 Z" id="Path"></path><polygon id="Path" points="11.9408796 7.10219436 11.9408796 3.0450714 0 3.0450714 0 7.10219436 3.14303867 7.10219436 3.14303867 18.4086381 0 18.4086381 0 22.4702194 11.9408796 22.4702194 11.9408796 18.4086381 8.80228652 18.4086381 8.80228652 7.10219436"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="18.8537864 18.4086381 18.8537864 14.467433 26.0378748 14.467433 26.0378748 10.6956461 18.8537864 10.6956461 18.8537864 7.10219436 26.9136579 7.10219436 26.9136579 3.0450714 18.8537864 3.0450714 13.1945386 3.0450714 13.1945386 22.4613027 13.1945386 22.4702194 27.0025699 22.4702194 27.0025699 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="33.6487408 18.4086381 33.6487408 14.467433 40.8372748 14.467433 40.8372748 10.6956461 33.6487408 10.6956461 33.6487408 7.10219436 41.7086122 7.10219436 41.7086122 3.0450714 33.6487408 3.0450714 27.9939385 3.0450714 27.9939385 22.4613027 27.9939385 22.4702194 41.7975242 22.4702194 41.7975242 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="48.4481407 18.4086381 48.4481407 14.467433 55.6322291 14.467433 55.6322291 10.6956461 48.4481407 10.6956461 48.4481407 7.10219436 56.5080121 7.10219436 56.5080121 3.0450714 48.4481407 3.0450714 42.7888928 3.0450714 42.7888928 22.4613027 42.7888928 22.4702194 56.5924785 22.4702194 56.5924785 18.4086381"></polygon></g></g></g></g></svg></a><div class="topbar__sticky-headline topbar__sticky-headline--post" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0_1_0_1"><div class="text-element" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0_1_0_1_0">Can Flow Batteries Finally Beat Lithium?</div></div><span class="floating-shares hide-desktop">Share</span><script> function createElementChangeListener(selector, callback, oneTime) { const initializedNodes = new Set([]); let reported = false; document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((node) => { if (oneTime && reported) { return; } reported = true; callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); }); const mutationObserver = new MutationObserver(() => { const nodes = document.querySelectorAll(selector); nodes.forEach((node) => { if (oneTime && reported) { return; } if (!initializedNodes.has(node)) { reported = true; callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); if (oneTime) { mutationObserver.disconnect(); } } }); }); if (!oneTime || !reported) { mutationObserver.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, }); } return mutationObserver; } </script><div class="topbar__static-headline" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0_2"><div class="text-element" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_0_2_0">FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER</div></div></div><div class="" id="s__TopBar_Second_Bar_0_0_41_0_0_0_1"><div class="search-form"><form action="/search/"><label for="q" class="hide-text">Search: </label><input placeholder="Type to search" type="text" name="q" id="q" class="search-form__text-input"/><button aria-label="Search" type="submit" class="search-form__submit" value="Search"><svg width="18px" height="19px" viewbox="0 0 18 19" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Page-1" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="1376---Sample-Front-Page" transform="translate(-826.000000, -102.000000)" stroke="#0D0D0D" stroke-width="1.5"><g id="Light-/-Nav" transform="translate(816.857864, 96.000000)"><g id="Search-Icon" transform="translate(7.307612, 5.000000)"><path d="M11.631728,14.6819805 C15.2215789,14.6819805 18.131728,11.7718314 18.131728,8.18198052 C18.131728,4.59212964 15.2215789,1.68198052 11.631728,1.68198052 C8.04187711,1.68198052 5.13172798,4.59212964 5.13172798,8.18198052 C5.13172798,11.7718314 8.04187711,14.6819805 11.631728,14.6819805 Z M11.631728,14.5814755 L11.631728,21.5814755" id="Combined-Shape" transform="translate(11.631728, 11.631728) rotate(-45.000000) translate(-11.631728, -11.631728) "></path></g></g></g></g></svg></button></form></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Element Menu"></span><div class="main-menu-el" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0"><div class="menu-item" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0_0"><div class="menu-item__title">Explore by topic</div><div class="menu-dropdown" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0_0_1"><div class="list" id="sElement_Menu_0_0_8_0_0_0_0_1_0"><a class="list__item" href="/topic/aerospace/" target="_self">Aerospace</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/artificial-intelligence/" target="_self">Artificial Intelligence</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/biomedical/" target="_self">Biomedical</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/climate-tech/" target="_self">Climate Tech</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/computing/" target="_self">Computing</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/consumer-electronics/" target="_self">Consumer Electronics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/energy/" target="_self">Energy</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/tech-history/" target="_self">History of Technology</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/robotics/" target="_self">Robotics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/semiconductors/" target="_self">Semiconductors</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/telecommunications/" target="_self">Telecommunications</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/transportation/" target="_self">Transportation</a></div></div></div></div><div data-share-status-id="huge-menu-toggle" data-toggle-class="huge-menu-opened" class="rebelbar__menu-toggle js-toggle hambg-btn" data-target="body"><svg width="32px" height="18px" viewbox="0 0 32 18" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Page-1" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="992---Search---Open-filters---selected" transform="translate(-928.000000, -75.000000)"><g id="Light-/-Collapsed-Site-Header" transform="translate(0.000000, 56.000000)"><g id="Light-/-Nav" transform="translate(432.857864, 12.000000)"><g id="Group" transform="translate(495.142136, 7.000000)"><rect id="Rectangle" x="0" y="0" width="32" height="2"></rect><rect id="Rectangle-Copy" x="0" y="8" width="32" height="2"></rect><rect id="Rectangle-Copy-2" x="0" y="16" width="32" height="2"></rect></g></g></g></g></g></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="huge-menu" id="sTop_Bar_0_0_29_0_0_17"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Huge Menu Links"></span><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1" class="dark_layout row-wrapper clearfix content sm-cp-2 md-cp-4"><div class="row px20"><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0" class="Top_hugeMenu col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l12"><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0_0"><a href="/" class="hide-text">IEEE Spectrum<svg width="214px" height="30px" class="site_logo_menu" viewbox="0 0 214 30" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-Sticky-Site-Header-/-1376" transform="translate(-33.000000, -17.000000)" fill="#F2F2F2" fill-rule="nonzero"><g id="IEEE-Spectrum-Logo" transform="translate(32.000000, 15.000000)"><g id="IEEESpectrum-LogoFinal-Black" transform="translate(1.454545, 2.909091)"><path d="M67.5731087,15.3769418 C67.7375958,17.1915012 68.9067885,18.8411007 71.9786975,18.8411007 C74.7749795,18.8411007 75.8285865,17.851341 75.8285865,16.3310345 C75.8285865,14.882062 74.9750314,14.1553466 73.3301597,13.923511 L68.5600317,13.3974225 C64.6123396,12.9515848 62.3361928,10.6911877 62.3361928,6.96398467 C62.3361928,2.83552769 65.4481122,6.3357346e-15 71.7475264,6.3357346e-15 C78.4915004,6.3357346e-15 81.1899792,3.23232323 81.4833887,7.133403 L75.7485657,7.133403 C75.5173945,5.38126088 74.2014972,4.22654127 71.7475264,4.22654127 C69.5247267,4.22654127 68.191047,5.11821665 68.191047,6.57164751 C68.191047,7.6907001 68.8489957,8.51549983 70.5294322,8.71612679 L74.7082955,9.16196447 C79.5095427,9.60780216 81.6834407,11.8994079 81.6834407,15.8495298 C81.6834407,20.1741553 78.984962,23.0765587 71.8764488,23.0765587 C64.6701324,23.0765587 62.1717056,19.3136886 61.9405344,15.390317 L67.5731087,15.3769418 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M101.439684,14.266806 C101.439684,18.8544758 99.3013506,23.0141414 93.8821651,23.0141414 C91.0858831,23.0141414 89.2098403,21.9575061 88.102886,20.1741553 L88.102886,29.0909091 L82.456975,29.0909091 L82.456975,6.00543365 L88.1162228,6.00543365 L88.1162228,8.23462208 C89.2320682,6.48693835 91.1081111,5.46597005 93.8955019,5.46597005 C99.3013506,5.47934518 101.439684,9.53646813 101.439684,14.266806 Z M95.7804359,14.266806 C95.7804359,11.1994427 94.7935129,9.91097179 91.997231,9.91097179 C89.1031459,9.91097179 88.1162228,11.3287356 88.1162228,14.266806 C88.1162228,17.2048763 89.1031459,18.6226402 91.997231,18.6226402 C94.7935129,18.6092651 95.7804359,17.3207941 95.7804359,14.266806 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M114.367486,17.5214211 L119.862247,17.5214211 C119.302102,20.3569488 117.065965,23.0319749 111.077743,23.0319749 C104.364888,23.0319749 101.995384,18.7430164 101.995384,14.2222222 C101.995384,9.43838384 104.760546,5.47934518 111.077743,5.47934518 C117.790598,5.47934518 119.928931,9.73263671 119.928931,14.3203065 C119.934228,14.7845667 119.900021,15.2484337 119.826682,15.7068617 L107.490144,15.7068617 C107.819119,18.3462208 109.103897,19.2378962 111.211111,19.2378962 C112.887102,19.2378962 113.905144,18.5111808 114.367486,17.5214211 Z M107.556828,12.4076628 L114.563093,12.4076628 C114.367486,10.3256008 113.349444,9.20654824 111.144427,9.20654824 C109.103897,9.20654824 107.921368,10.031348 107.556828,12.4076628 Z" id="Shape"></path><path d="M129.811498,5.47934518 C135.764156,5.47934518 138.662686,8.84096134 138.791609,12.9649599 L133.247946,12.9649599 C133.083459,11.0211076 132.096536,9.89759666 129.895965,9.89759666 C127.52646,9.89759666 126.174998,10.954232 126.174998,14.2534309 C126.174998,17.5526297 127.459776,18.6092651 129.793716,18.6092651 C132.127655,18.6092651 133.119024,17.3207941 133.31463,15.4884013 L138.876075,15.4884013 C138.742707,19.4162313 136.013109,23.0141966 129.895965,23.0141966 C123.085307,23.0319749 120.520196,18.7251829 120.520196,14.266806 C120.520196,9.80842912 123.018623,5.47934518 129.811498,5.47934518 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M141.77016,16.0011146 L141.77016,10.2542668 L138.876075,10.2542668 L138.876075,7.62382445 L142.228057,6.13472658 L144.566442,2.01072797 L147.429408,2.01072797 L147.429408,6.02326715 L151.901681,6.02326715 L151.901681,10.2542668 L147.429408,10.2542668 L147.429408,18.0163009 L151.3771,18.0163009 L151.3771,22.5014281 L148.380766,22.5014281 C143.348348,22.5014281 141.77016,20.2588645 141.77016,16.0011146 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M164.304903,5.74238941 L164.304903,11.2529432 L162.299938,11.2529432 C159.565894,11.2529432 158.414484,12.5904563 158.414484,15.9030303 L158.414484,22.5014281 L152.755236,22.5014281 L152.755236,6.00543365 L158.263333,6.00543365 L158.263333,9.36259143 C158.921282,7.0174852 160.272744,5.73347266 162.935658,5.73347266 L164.304903,5.74238941 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M182.989757,6.00543365 L182.989757,22.5014281 L177.330509,22.5014281 L177.330509,19.5009404 C176.281347,21.6454197 174.405304,23.0319749 171.511219,23.0319749 C167.198988,23.0319749 165.256261,20.3569488 165.256261,16.0367816 L165.256261,6.00543365 L170.915509,6.00543365 L170.915509,15.0470219 C170.915509,17.2762104 171.804629,18.4443051 173.81404,18.4443051 C176.014611,18.4443051 177.330509,16.9239986 177.330509,13.758551 L177.330509,6.00543365 L182.989757,6.00543365 Z" id="Path"></path><path d="M213.090909,12.4834552 L213.090909,22.5148032 L207.431661,22.5148032 L207.431661,13.3305468 C207.431661,11.2172762 206.613671,10.0625566 204.737628,10.0625566 C202.514828,10.0625566 201.479004,11.5159875 201.479004,14.7483107 L201.479004,22.5014281 L195.917559,22.5014281 L195.917559,13.3305468 C195.917559,11.2172762 195.095123,10.0625566 193.223526,10.0625566 C191.000726,10.0625566 189.964902,11.5159875 189.964902,14.7483107 L189.964902,22.5014281 L184.305654,22.5014281 L184.305654,6.00543365 L189.964902,6.00543365 L189.964902,8.8097527 C190.982944,6.76335772 192.725619,5.47934518 195.557466,5.47934518 C198.389312,5.47934518 200.163106,6.81685824 200.985542,9.13967259 C202.003585,6.91048415 203.812943,5.47934518 206.809277,5.47934518 C211.117063,5.47934518 213.090909,8.14991292 213.090909,12.4834552 Z" id="Path"></path><polygon id="Path" points="11.9408796 7.10219436 11.9408796 3.0450714 0 3.0450714 0 7.10219436 3.14303867 7.10219436 3.14303867 18.4086381 0 18.4086381 0 22.4702194 11.9408796 22.4702194 11.9408796 18.4086381 8.80228652 18.4086381 8.80228652 7.10219436"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="18.8537864 18.4086381 18.8537864 14.467433 26.0378748 14.467433 26.0378748 10.6956461 18.8537864 10.6956461 18.8537864 7.10219436 26.9136579 7.10219436 26.9136579 3.0450714 18.8537864 3.0450714 13.1945386 3.0450714 13.1945386 22.4613027 13.1945386 22.4702194 27.0025699 22.4702194 27.0025699 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="33.6487408 18.4086381 33.6487408 14.467433 40.8372748 14.467433 40.8372748 10.6956461 33.6487408 10.6956461 33.6487408 7.10219436 41.7086122 7.10219436 41.7086122 3.0450714 33.6487408 3.0450714 27.9939385 3.0450714 27.9939385 22.4613027 27.9939385 22.4702194 41.7975242 22.4702194 41.7975242 18.4086381"></polygon><polygon id="Path" points="48.4481407 18.4086381 48.4481407 14.467433 55.6322291 14.467433 55.6322291 10.6956461 48.4481407 10.6956461 48.4481407 7.10219436 56.5080121 7.10219436 56.5080121 3.0450714 48.4481407 3.0450714 42.7888928 3.0450714 42.7888928 22.4613027 42.7888928 22.4702194 56.5924785 22.4702194 56.5924785 18.4086381"></polygon></g></g></g></g></svg></a><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_0_0_1">FOR THE TECHNOLOGY INSIDER</div><div data-share-status-id="huge-menu-toggle" data-toggle-class="huge-menu-opened" class="rebelbar__menu-toggle js-toggle hm__close js--active" data-target="body" data-loaded="true"></div></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1" class="top-menu top-menu--big-links col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l6"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Topics</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_1_1"><a class="list__item" href="/topic/aerospace/" target="_self">Aerospace</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/artificial-intelligence/" target="_self">Artificial Intelligence</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/biomedical/" target="_self">Biomedical</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/climate-tech/" target="_self">Climate Tech</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/computing/" target="_self">Computing</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/consumer-electronics/" target="_self">Consumer Electronics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/energy/" target="_self">Energy</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/tech-history/" target="_self">History of Technology</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/robotics/" target="_self">Robotics</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/semiconductors/" target="_self">Semiconductors</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/telecommunications/" target="_self">Telecommunications</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/transportation/" target="_self">Transportation</a></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2" class="top-menu top-menu--sm-links col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s6 m12 l3"><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_0"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Sections</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_0_1"><a class="list__item" href="/type/feature/" target="_self">Features</a><a class="list__item" href="/type/news/" target="_self">News</a><a class="list__item" href="/type/opinion/" target="_self">Opinion</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/careers/" target="_self">Careers</a><a class="list__item" href="/topic/diy/" target="_self">DIY</a><a class="list__item" href="/engineering-resources/" target="_self">Engineering Resources</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_1"><h3 class="module-headline__text">More</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_1_1"><a class="list__item" href="/newsletters/" target="_self">Newsletters</a><a class="list__item" href="/podcasts/" target="_self">Podcasts</a><a class="list__item" href="/special-reports/" target="_self">Special Reports</a><a class="list__item" href="/collections/" target="_self">Collections</a><a class="list__item" href="/type/explainer/" target="_self">Explainers</a><a class="list__item" href="/top-programming-languages" target="_self">Top Programming Languages</a><a class="list__item" href="https://robotsguide.com" target="_blank">Robots Guide ↗</a><a class="list__item" href="https://jobs.ieee.org/" target="_blank">IEEE Job Site ↗</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_2"><h3 class="module-headline__text">For IEEE Members</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_2_2_1"><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/current-issue" target="_self">Current Issue</a><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/" target="_self">Magazine Archive</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/" target="_self">The Institute</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/ti-archive/" target="_self">The Institute Archive</a></div></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3" class="top-menu top-menu--sm-links col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s6 m12 l3"><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_0"><h3 class="module-headline__text">For IEEE Members</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_0_1"><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/current-issue" target="_self">Current Issue</a><a class="list__item" href="/magazine/" target="_self">Magazine Archive</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/" target="_self">The Institute</a><a class="list__item" href="/the-institute/ti-archive/" target="_self">The Institute Archive</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_1"><h3 class="module-headline__text">IEEE Spectrum</h3><div class="list" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_1_1"><a class="list__item" href="/st/about" target="_self">About Us</a><a class="list__item" href="/st/contact" target="_self">Contact Us</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.parsintl.com/publications/ieee-media/" target="_blank">Reprints & Permissions ↗</a><a class="list__item" href="https://advertise.ieee.org/ " target="_blank">Advertising ↗</a></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_2"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Follow IEEE Spectrum</h3><div class="sm-mb-2" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_2_1"><div class="social-links"><a class="social-links__link share-twitter" href="https://twitter.com/ieeespectrum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open twitter"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-twitter"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/IEEE.Spectrum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open facebook"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-facebook"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/ieeespectrum/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open instagram"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-instagram"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-threads" href="https://www.threads.net/@ieeespectrum " target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open threads"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-threads"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ieee-spectrum/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open linkedin"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-linkedin"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ieeespectrum" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open youtube"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-youtube"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-tiktok" href="https://www.tiktok.com/@ieeespectrum " target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open tiktok"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-tiktok"></span></a><a class="social-links__link share-tumblr" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/customfeeds/feed/all-topics/rss" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Open tumblr"><span aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-tumblr"></span></a></div></div></div><div class="" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3"><h3 class="module-headline__text">Support IEEE Spectrum</h3><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_1"><i>IEEE Spectrum</i> is the flagship publication of the IEEE — the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences. Our articles, podcasts, and infographics inform our readers about developments in technology, engineering, and science.</div><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_2"><a class="color-inherit" href="/st/join" target="_self" rel="orange_button">Join IEEE</a></div><div class="text-element" id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_3_3_3"><a class="color-inherit" href="https://ieee.omeda.com/ieee/r-main.do" target="_blank" rel="orange_button">Subscribe</a></div></div></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_4" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l12"></div><div id="s__Huge_Menu_Links_0_0_35_0_0_1_5" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m12 l12"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Footer"></span><div class="footer containerHidden" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0"><div class="" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0"><div id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0" class=" row-wrapper clearfix content sm-cp-2 md-cp-4"><div class="row "><div id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m10 l10"><div class="bottom_menu_links" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0"><div class="list" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_0_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/" target="_blank">About IEEE</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/contact.html" target="_blank">Contact & Support</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/accessibility-statement.html" target="_blank">Accessibility</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p9-26.html" target="_blank">Nondiscrimination Policy</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/about/help/site-terms-conditions.html" target="_blank">Terms</a><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/security-privacy.html" target="_blank">IEEE Privacy Policy</a><a class="list__item" href="#" target="_self" rel="cookie-preferences">Cookie Preferences</a><a class="list__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/st/ppid-info" target="_self">Ad Privacy Options</a></div></div><div class="ftr-copy" id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_0_1">© Copyright 2024 IEEE — All rights reserved. A public charity, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.</div></div><div id="sFooter_0_0_9_0_0_0_0_0_1" class=" col sm-mb-2 md-mb-4 s12 m2 l2"><svg viewbox="0 0 70 21" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><defs><polygon id="path-1" points="0 0 21.3639449 0 21.3639449 21 0 21"></polygon></defs><g id="Symbols" stroke="none" stroke-width="1" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"><g id="Light-/-IEEE-Bar-/-Signed-out-/-1376" transform="translate(-1274.000000, -14.000000)"><g id="Group-13" transform="translate(1274.000000, 14.000000)"><polygon id="Fill-1" fill="#FEFEFE" points="23.4111174 18.6889405 27.8363724 18.6889405 27.8363724 2.77905063 23.4111174 2.77905063"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-2" fill="#FEFEFE" points="29.7536549 18.6881005 29.7536549 2.77821061 41.9217005 2.77821061 41.9217005 5.8624668 34.17891 5.8624668 34.17891 9.14692664 41.3017712 9.14692664 41.3017712 12.2311828 34.17891 12.2311828 34.17891 15.6024442 41.9217005 15.6024442 41.9217005 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-3" fill="#FEFEFE" points="43.7923126 18.6881005 43.7923126 2.77821061 55.9603583 2.77821061 55.9603583 5.8624668 48.2175677 5.8624668 48.2175677 9.14692664 55.3418347 9.14692664 55.3418347 12.2311828 48.2175677 12.2311828 48.2175677 15.6024442 55.9603583 15.6024442 55.9603583 18.6881005"></polygon><polygon id="Fill-4" fill="#FEFEFE" points="57.8305486 2.77793061 57.8305486 18.6878205 70 18.6878205 70 15.6021642 62.2558037 15.6021642 62.2558037 12.2323028 69.3800707 12.2323028 69.3800707 9.14664663 62.2558037 9.14664663 62.2558037 5.8621868 70 5.8621868 70 2.77793061"></polygon><g id="Group-12"><g id="Group-7"><mask id="mask-2" fill="white"><use xlink:href="#path-1"></use></mask><g id="Clip-6"></g><path d="M20.9520644,9.85449953 L20.8930235,9.84469935 C19.0838421,8.61967703 17.3983653,7.23365178 15.8098843,5.66142314 L14.0555265,3.83578988 C13.3442244,3.05037557 12.6540084,2.18095973 11.9961242,1.35074461 L11.1976665,0.22232405 C11.099265,0.164923005 10.976966,0.0669212192 10.8687244,0.0375206836 C10.6339666,-0.0646811784 10.3795285,0.0571210406 10.1883485,0.202723693 L8.74184673,2.07875787 C6.42378906,4.93900998 3.67838782,7.60885862 0.684171419,9.65429588 C0.448007872,9.84049927 0.0951682866,10.0211026 0.0220700458,10.3235081 C-0.0566511366,10.596513 0.0853281388,10.8219172 0.256827858,10.9913202 C2.65360672,12.6363502 4.94776689,14.5907858 6.98748895,16.8168264 C7.35016869,17.1962333 7.64396739,17.5728401 7.99680697,17.9284466 C8.59424452,18.719461 9.29570648,19.5160755 9.84534902,20.364491 C10.0168487,20.5450943 10.0463692,20.8390996 10.3148646,20.9259012 C10.525725,20.9987026 10.785786,21.0477034 10.9868062,20.9259012 L11.1878263,20.7256976 C13.6675436,17.2256338 16.8149851,14.0825766 20.3293236,11.5429303 C20.6821632,11.2321246 21.3541047,11.1145225 21.3639449,10.5335119 C21.3386417,10.264707 21.182605,10.0015022 20.9520644,9.85449953 M18.5496626,10.7911166 C18.1476223,11.7879348 17.3337015,12.5831492 16.6238051,13.4525651 C15.0845249,15.1017951 13.4623062,16.6992242 11.6432846,17.9718474 C11.2763877,18.2322522 10.7815688,18.4702565 10.3401679,18.2658528 C9.00190778,17.56724 7.87450799,16.4248192 6.7035304,15.3860003 C5.34559001,14.1301774 3.98202667,12.6713508 2.95302836,11.142523 C2.80120893,10.9283191 2.75763114,10.6651143 2.76184834,10.3823091 C2.89398747,9.85449953 3.2566672,9.42049162 3.60107238,8.97668354 C4.81562776,7.43385543 6.30570729,5.96942875 7.80984416,4.63240439 C7.84498755,4.59740376 7.90824564,4.5232024 7.96306932,4.48960179 C8.60970761,3.93379167 9.25212869,3.44098269 9.92828741,2.95657386 C10.6339666,2.41056392 11.5209856,2.86417218 12.114206,3.36678134 C12.7369467,3.83998996 13.383585,4.37759975 13.9529079,4.9236097 L14.0555265,4.98241077 C15.6285445,6.43703727 17.0891035,8.05406673 18.2910073,9.76209785 C18.4864045,10.0603033 18.6579042,10.3963094 18.5496626,10.7911166" id="Fill-5" fill="#FEFEFE" mask="url(#mask-2)"></path></g><path d="M17.8685838,9.92786087 C16.3152462,7.68782006 14.2755241,5.70538394 12.1135031,3.97215236 C11.5554261,3.58154525 10.9087879,2.8983328 10.1876456,3.3869417 C7.9483091,4.92836978 5.79050526,7.01860786 4.05582778,9.15084671 C3.70298819,9.66885615 3.08587035,10.1616651 3.3656117,10.8504777 C3.56663186,11.3586869 4.01646719,11.7240936 4.30604868,12.1735018 C6.00698851,14.2091389 8.01719014,16.1089735 10.1145474,17.6364013 C11.0367098,18.221612 11.6931882,17.2751947 12.4087075,16.8397868 C13.8734838,15.6875658 15.2314242,14.2875403 16.5162664,12.9253155 L16.5162664,12.8917149 C17.0307655,12.2715036 17.5747851,11.6610924 17.9768254,10.9918802 C18.1525424,10.6642743 18.0653868,10.2162661 17.8685838,9.92786087 L17.8685838,9.92786087 Z M10.4477066,5.41697869 L10.6431039,4.79256731 L10.6684071,4.79256731 C11.0704474,5.9391882 11.4865451,7.08300904 11.9181059,8.21422965 L11.0549843,8.22962993 L11.0367098,8.33183179 L11.163226,11.4020877 L11.163226,11.4510886 C10.844124,11.5042896 10.4533296,11.4902893 10.1384449,11.4608888 L10.1145474,11.4258882 L10.2565266,8.26323054 L10.2565266,8.23943011 C10.0161459,8.21422965 9.71250703,8.23943011 9.46790907,8.21422965 L10.4477066,5.41697869 Z M9.93742469,15.6203646 C10.0217688,14.491944 10.0358262,13.4531251 10.0948671,12.3289046 C10.4912844,12.3695053 10.8356896,12.3541051 11.1969636,12.3401048 L11.2222668,12.4913076 L11.3642461,15.6301648 C10.8891076,15.698766 10.3844486,15.6595653 9.93742469,15.6203646 L9.93742469,15.6203646 Z M13.5501647,11.7058933 C11.492168,12.3443049 8.90420917,12.3149044 6.95304844,11.4608888 C6.60020885,11.2900857 6.15459073,11.0268809 6.03650896,10.6166734 C5.94794763,9.86485972 6.75624548,9.44905214 7.30588802,9.17604717 C7.62920717,9.03464459 7.95814925,8.87924176 8.31520604,8.8596414 C8.64836533,9.10324584 8.99698771,9.29924941 9.33998715,9.51765339 C8.67366857,9.69405661 7.87380512,9.84525936 7.56594907,10.5718726 C7.61936702,11.1248827 8.24632501,11.2998859 8.68350872,11.4370884 C10.2565266,11.8514959 11.9574665,11.7968949 13.4672263,11.250885 C13.7511848,11.0842819 14.2024259,10.8840783 14.1630653,10.4752708 C14.1138646,10.0356628 13.6092056,9.84105928 13.256366,9.70245676 C13.0412885,9.73185729 12.8346454,9.78085819 12.6336252,9.84525936 C12.5253836,9.54285385 12.432605,9.23484824 12.3046831,8.94224291 C12.9724074,9.1172461 13.638726,9.29924941 14.3289421,9.41965161 L14.3289421,9.43505189 C14.1869628,9.44905214 14.0309262,9.49805304 13.8931641,9.551254 L13.8931641,9.57645446 C14.2853643,9.77105801 14.8293839,10.0944639 14.8336011,10.6068732 C14.7422283,11.2270845 14.0604466,11.5098897 13.5501647,11.7058933 L13.5501647,11.7058933 Z" id="Fill-8" fill="#FEFEFE"></path><path d="M14.1946944,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.1646691 L14.3141819,19.1646691 C14.3788457,19.1646691 14.467407,19.1716693 14.467407,19.2528707 C14.467407,19.3410724 14.4224235,19.3564726 14.3465138,19.3564726 L14.1946944,19.3564726 Z M14.1946944,19.4922751 L14.2748213,19.4922751 L14.4603783,19.8268812 L14.6613985,19.8268812 L14.4575669,19.4782749 C14.562997,19.4698747 14.6501526,19.4166737 14.6501526,19.2710711 C14.6501526,19.0890678 14.5278536,19.0302667 14.3226163,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.0302667 L14.0231946,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.8268812 L14.1946944,19.4922751 Z M15.0620331,19.429274 C15.0620331,18.9630655 14.7105992,18.6900605 14.3183991,18.6900605 C13.9233874,18.6900605 13.5719536,18.9630655 13.5719536,19.429274 C13.5719536,19.8954825 13.9233874,20.1670874 14.3183991,20.1670874 C14.7105992,20.1670874 15.0620331,19.8954825 15.0620331,19.429274 L15.0620331,19.429274 Z M14.8483613,19.429274 C14.8483613,19.7694802 14.6051691,19.9976843 14.3183991,19.9976843 L14.3183991,19.9962843 C14.0231946,19.9976843 13.7856254,19.7694802 13.7856254,19.429274 C13.7856254,19.0890678 14.0231946,18.8622636 14.3183991,18.8622636 C14.6051691,18.8622636 14.8483613,19.0890678 14.8483613,19.429274 L14.8483613,19.429274 Z" id="Fill-10" fill="#FEFEFE"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Gated_Popup"></span><div class="gated-popup" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0"><div class="gated-popup__contents" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0"><a href="javascript:;" class="js--close-gated gated-popup__close icon-close"></a><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_pdf" style="display:none"> Enjoy more free content and benefits by creating an account </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_save" style="display:none"> Saving articles to read later requires an IEEE Spectrum account </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_member_content" style="display:none"> The Institute content is only available for members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_pdf_issues" style="display:none"> Downloading full PDF issues is exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_ebooks" style="display:none"> Downloading this e-book is exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_nxtbook" style="display:none"> Access to <i>Spectrum</i> 's Digital Edition is exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_follow_topics" style="display:none"> Following topics is a feature exclusive for IEEE Members </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 popup-heading-h2 for_comments" style="display:none"> Adding your response to an article requires an IEEE Spectrum account </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 for_pdf for_save for_comments" style="display:none"> Create an account to access more content and features on <i>IEEE Spectrum</i> , including the ability to save articles to read later, download Spectrum Collections, and participate in conversations with readers and editors. For more exclusive content and features, consider <a class="ieee_link" href="/st/join">Joining IEEE</a> . </h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 for_pdf_issues for_nxtbook for_follow_topics for_member_content" style="display:none"> Join the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences and get access to all of Spectrum’s articles, archives, PDF downloads, and other benefits. <a href="/st/join">Learn more about IEEE →</a></h2><h2 class="popup-gated-h2 for_ebooks" style="display:none"> Join the world’s largest professional organization devoted to engineering and applied sciences and get access to this e-book plus all of <em>IEEE Spectrum’s</em> articles, archives, PDF downloads, and other benefits. <a href="/st/join">Learn more about IEEE →</a></h2><div class="popup_links for_pdf for_save for_comments create_account" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_2"><div class="list" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_2_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fsaml%2Fmain%2Flogin%3Fnext_url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fintegrations%2Fieee%2Fchanges%0A&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum" target="_self">CREATE AN ACCOUNT</a><a class="list__item" href="/core/saml/main/login?next_url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes" target="_self">SIGN IN</a></div></div><div class="popup_links for_pdf_issues for_nxtbook for_follow_topics for_member_content for_ebooks" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_3"><div class="list" id="s__Gated_Popup_0_0_34_0_0_0_0_3_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/membership-application/public/join.html?promo=JOINLITE&style=SPECTRUM&joinlite=TRUE" target="_self">JOIN IEEE</a><a class="list__item" href="/core/saml/main/login?next_url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes" target="_self">SIGN IN</a></div></div></div></div><script> var popupGatedElement=document.querySelector('.gated-popup'), closeGated, gatedCloseBtn = '.js--close-gated', gatedShownClass = 'gated-popup--shown'; closeGated = function () { popupGatedElement.classList.remove(gatedShownClass); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_save'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_pdf'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_ebooks'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_pdf_issues'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_nxtbook'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_follow_topics'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_comments'); popupGatedElement.classList.remove('for_member_content'); }; function openGatedPopup(type){ document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.create_account .list__item")[0].href = "https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum"; // update popups for_member_content document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.for_member_content .list__item")[1].href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); // update popups for_pdf for_save for_comments document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.for_save .list__item")[1].href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); popupGatedElement.classList.add(type); popupGatedElement.classList.add(gatedShownClass); } document.querySelector(gatedCloseBtn).onclick= closeGated; </script><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Session_Popup"></span><div class="lightbox-popup" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0"><div class="lightbox-popup__contents" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0"><a href="javascript:;" class="js--close-lightbox lightbox-popup__close icon-close hide-text">Close</a><h2 class="popup-ligtbox-h2 popup-heading-h2">Access Thousands of Articles — Completely Free</h2><h2 class="popup-ligtbox-h2"> Create an account and get exclusive content and features: <strong>Save articles, download collections,</strong> and <strong>talk to tech insiders</strong> — all free! For full access and benefits, <a class="ieee_link" target="_blank" href="https://www.ieee.org/membership-application/public/join.html?promo=JOINLITE&style=SPECTRUM&joinlite=TRUE">join IEEE</a> as a paying member. </h2><div class="popup_links signin_button" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0_2"><div class="list" id="s__Session_Popup_0_0_39_0_0_0_0_2_0"><a class="list__item" href="https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum3c&signinurl=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fsaml%2Fmain%2Flogin%3Fnext_url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fcore%2Fintegrations%2Fieee%2Fchanges%0A&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum" target="_self">CREATE AN ACCOUNT</a><a class="list__item" href="/core/saml/main/login?next_url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes" target="_self">SIGN IN</a></div></div></div></div><script> function addPopSave(){ var save_post_links = document.querySelectorAll(".like-btn:not(.proc)"); for (i = 0; i < save_post_links.length; i++) { save_post_links[i].removeAttribute("href"); save_post_links[i].addEventListener("click", function(event){ openGatedPopup('for_save'); }); save_post_links[i].classList.add('proc'); } } </script><div class="rblad-ieee_welcome_interstitial"></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="SS Feature Post"></span><div class="" id="sSS_Feature_Post_0_0_23_0_0_1"><div class="top-leader-container" id="sSS_Feature_Post_0_0_23_0_0_1_0"><div class="rblad-ieee_top_leaderboard"></div></div><div class="" id="sSS_Feature_Post_0_0_23_0_0_1_1"><div class="non_member_follow" id="sSS_Feature_Post_0_0_23_0_0_1_1_0_1_0"><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Open Current Feature Post"></span><div class="mb-2 feature_post_full current_post" id="sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_0_1_0_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="None" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current_post" data-source-type="current_post" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="false" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_0_1_0_1_0" data-attr-layout_quality="1" data-attr-header_template="jinja/post/custom-css.html" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[open_current_feature_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/choose/otherwise/choose/otherwise/posts-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source_url="current_post" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,subheadline,author,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_pdf_version,post_shares,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,photo_caption,photo_credit,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,body,tags,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_TimeofRead,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,date_modified,badges_sponsored,section,snark_line,community_name,primary_tag,follow_button,community_comments,badges,page_views,collection_button,main_author,source_link,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_access,custom_field_publication_date,site_field_member_badges,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-limit="1" data-attr-layout_headline="top" data-attr-layout_subheadline="top" data-attr-layout_date="top" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-element_classes="feature_post_full current_post" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-data-rm-device-crops="true" data-attr-layout_mobile_image_crop="original" data-attr-layout_like_button="top" data-attr-layout_all_sections="top" data-attr-layout_author="top" data-attr-layout_post_shares="top" data-attr-all_share_buttons="Email,CopyLink,Separator,Slack,Twitter,Facebook,Linkedin,GooglePlus,Whatsapp,Reddit,Tumblr,Flipboard,SMS,Pinterest" data-attr-layout_tumblr="inactive" data-attr-layout_googleplus="inactive" data-attr-layout_pinterest="inactive" data-attr-layout_whatsapp="inactive" data-attr-layout_reddit="inactive" data-attr-layout_flipboard="inactive" data-attr-layout_sms="inactive" data-attr-layout_slack="inactive" data-attr-layout_separator="inactive" data-attr-layout_facebook="active" data-attr-layout_twitter="active" data-attr-layout_linkedin="active" data-attr-layout_copylink="active" data-attr-layout_photo_caption="bottom" data-attr-layout_photo_credit="bottom" data-attr-layout_custom_field_featurepostcolor="bottom" data-attr-layout_body="bottom" data-attr-layout_custom_field_featurepostimgposition="top" data-attr-show_full_post_body="true" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="top" data-attr-layout_all_headline_tag="h1" data-attr-layout_all_subheadline_tag="h2" data-attr-show_around_the_web="true" data-attr-layout_tags="bottom" data-attr-layout_custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids="bottom" data-attr-layout_custom_field_pdf_version="top" data-attr-filters="section,post_body_pager" data-attr-section_url="" data-attr-source="" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-is_current_post="true"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget post-partial tag-climate-change tag-climate-tech tag-evs tag-flow-batteries tag-grid-storage tag-lithium-ion-batteries tag-type-cover tag-batteries tag-nanoelectrofuel-batteries post-section--topic/energy" data-category="Energy"><article elid="2666672335" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2666672335" data-category="Energy"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/energy/">Energy</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/">Magazine</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/feature/">Feature</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/climate-tech/">Climate Tech</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/magazine/2024/february/">February 2024</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/climate-change/">Climate Change</a></div><h1 class="widget__headline h1"><span class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" data-type="text"> Can Flow Batteries Finally Beat Lithium? </span></h1><div class="widget__subheadline"><h2 class="widget__subheadline-text h2" data-type="text"><p>Nanoparticles may boost energy density enough for EVs</p></h2></div><div class="social-author clearfix"><div class="social-author__avatar image"><div class="cover-all image" style="background-image: url("https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjY0NTkxNC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc1NDM4NzE3M30.MTQySQ4SkKwqBh31wur--gqjA9a52wpqPBFrbbae81E/image.png?width=210")"></div></div><a class="social-author__name" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/robert-n-charette" data-type="text">Robert N. Charette</a></div><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">24 Dec 2023</span></div><div class="time-to-read">10 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="17"></div><div class="widget__shares share-panel"><a href="mailto:?subject=Can%20Flow%20Batteries%20Finally%20Beat%20Lithium%3F&body=https://spectrum.ieee.org/flow-battery-2666672335" target="_blank" data-track-share="Email" class="share share-popup share-email" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Share via Email"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icons-share em fa fa-envelope"></i></a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/flow-battery-2666672335" data-clipboard-text="https://spectrum.ieee.org/flow-battery-2666672335" class="share share-copy-link" title="Copy this link to clipboard"><i class="icons-share" style="width: 60%"><svg aria-hidden="true" data-prefix="far" data-icon="copy" class="svg-inline--fa fa-copy fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewbox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M433.941 65.941l-51.882-51.882A48 48 0 0 0 348.118 0H176c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v48H48c-26.51 0-48 21.49-48 48v320c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h224c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48v-48h80c26.51 0 48-21.49 48-48V99.882a48 48 0 0 0-14.059-33.941zM266 464H54a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V150a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h74v224c0 26.51 21.49 48 48 48h96v42a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm128-96H182a6 6 0 0 1-6-6V54a6 6 0 0 1 6-6h106v88c0 13.255 10.745 24 24 24h88v202a6 6 0 0 1-6 6zm6-256h-64V48h9.632c1.591 0 3.117.632 4.243 1.757l48.368 48.368a6 6 0 0 1 1.757 4.243V112z"></path></svg></i></a><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/flow-battery-2666672335&text=Can%20Flow%20Batteries%20Finally%20Beat%20Lithium%3F&" target="_blank" data-track-share="Twitter" class="share share-popup share-tw" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Share on Twitter"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icons-share tw fa fa-twitter"></i></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fspectrum.ieee.org%2Fflow-battery-2666672335%3Fxrs%3DRebelMouse_fb%26ts%3D1706104249" target="_blank" data-track-share="Facebook" class="share share-popup share-fb" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Share on Facebook"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icons-share fb fa fa-facebook"></i></a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=false&url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/flow-battery-2666672335&" target="_blank" class="share share-popup share-linkedin" data-track-share="Linkedin" rel="noopener noreferrer" aria-label="Share on Linkedin"><i aria-hidden="true" class="icons-share fa fa-linkedin"></i></a></div><div class="custom-field-FeaturePostImgPosition">Vertical</div></div><div class="widget__head"><picture><source srcset="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/an-image-of-a-gas-nozzle-in-front-of-a-forest-with-lightning-coming-out.jpg?id=50902453&width=3600&height=4728 3x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/an-image-of-a-gas-nozzle-in-front-of-a-forest-with-lightning-coming-out.jpg?id=50902453&width=2400&height=3152 2x, https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/an-image-of-a-gas-nozzle-in-front-of-a-forest-with-lightning-coming-out.jpg?id=50902453&width=1200&height=1576 1x"/><img fetchpriority="high" role="img" alt="An image of a gas nozzle in front of a forest with lightning coming out. " aria-label="An image of a gas nozzle in front of a forest with lightning coming out. " src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/an-image-of-a-gas-nozzle-in-front-of-a-forest-with-lightning-coming-out.jpg?id=50902453&width=1200&height=1576" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image rm-hero-media" width="1800" height="2364"/></picture></div><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="photo-credit"> Edmon De Haro </div><span class="js-scroll-trigger" data-target="body" data-triggers="render-rebelbar" data-toggle-class="with-floating-shares"></span><div id="utm_campaign"></div><div class="body js-expandable clearfix js-listicle-body css-listicle-body-2666672335" data-headline="Can Flow Batteries Finally Beat Lithium?"><div class="body-description"><p><strong>As she drives her </strong>electric vehicle to her mother’s house, Monique’s battery gauge indicates that it’s time to reenergize. She stops at a charging station, taps her credit card at the pump, inserts a nozzle into the car, and in 5 minutes exchanges 400 liters of spent nanofluid for fresher stuff. As she waits, a tanker pulls up to refill the station itself by exchanging tens of thousands of liters of charged for spent fuel. Monique closes her EV’s fueling port and heads onto the highway with enough stored energy to drive 640 kilometers (400 miles). </p><p> The battery in her EV is a variation on the <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/its-big-and-longlived-and-it-wont-catch-fire-the-vanadium-redoxflow-battery" target="_self">flow battery</a>, a design in which spent electrolyte can be replaced, the fastest option, or the battery could be directly recharged, though that takes longer. Flow batteries are safe, stable, long-lasting, and easily refilled, qualities that suit them well for balancing the grid, providing uninterrupted power, and backing up sources of electricity.</p><p> This battery, though, uses a completely new kind of fluid, called a nanoelectrofuel. Compared to a traditional flow battery of comparable size, it can store 15 to 25 times as much energy, allowing for a battery system small enough for use in an electric vehicle and energy-dense enough to provide the range and the speedy refill of a gasoline-powered vehicle. It’s the hoped-for civilian spin-off of a <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8333g246i3o" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">project</a> that the <a href="https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/offices/STO" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Strategic Technology Office</a> of the U.S. <a href="https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/offices/STO" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency</a> (<a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/darpa">DARPA</a>) is pursuing as part of a drive to ease the military’s deployment of all-electric supply vehicles by <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2021/03/31/electric-vehicles-biofuel-pentagon-biden-478764" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">2030</a> and of EV tactical vehicles by <a href="https://www.defensenews.com/smr/energy-and-environment/2023/10/09/us-army-ready-to-pursue-electric-light-recon-vehicle/#:~:text=As%20part%20of%20the%20Army's,2050%20to%20include%20a%20charging" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">2050</a>. </p><p><div class="rblad-ieee_in_content"></div></p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image"><img alt="A symmetrical diagram with two cylindrical tanks, one atop the other, on either side of a rectangular reaction vessel in which positive ions flow to the right and electrons flow counterclockwise " class="rm-shortcode rm-lazyloadable-image" data-rm-shortcode-id="5c0b14a77f8c24987623b8fdd861b33c" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-symmetrical-diagram-with-two-cylindrical-tanks-one-atop-the-other-on-either-side-of-a-rectangular-reaction-vessel-in-which-p.png?id=50902560&width=980" height="900" id="51bed" lazy-loadable="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201500%20900'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="1500"/><small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption...">Nanoparticles add greatly to the energy density of the fuel of the flow battery, making it suitable for use in <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/evs">EVs</a>.</small><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit...">Chris Philpot</small></p><p> Using lithium-based batteries would create its own <a href="https://www.americansecurityproject.org/battery-technology-and-the-military-ev-transition/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">set of problems</a>. You’d need a charging infrastructure, which for the U.S. military would mean deploying one, often in inhospitable places. Then there’s the long charging time; the danger of thermal runaway—that is, fires; the relatively short working life of lithium batteries; and the difficulties of acquiring battery materials and recycling them when the old batteries are no longer any good. A battery that mitigates these problems is DARPA’s objective. The new flow battery seems to hit every mark. If it works, the benefits to the electrification of transportation would be huge. </p><h2>Flow batteries are safe and long-lived</h2><p> Nanoelectrofuel batteries are a <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2.F06103if" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">new take</a> on the reduction-oxidation (redox) flow battery, which was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_battery" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">first proposed</a> nearly a century and a half ago. The design <a href="https://blog.upsbatterycenter.com/flow-batteries-history/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">returned to life</a> in the mid-20th century, was developed for possible use on a moon base, and was further improved for use in grid storage. </p><p> The cell of a flow battery uses two chemical solutions containing ions, one acting as the anolyte (adjacent to the anode), the other as the catholyte (near the cathode). An electrochemical reaction between the two solutions pushes electrons through a circuit. Typical redox flow batteries use ions based on iron chromium or vanadium chemistries; the latter takes advantage of vanadium’s four distinct ionic states. </p><p> On the chemical side of the reaction, each solution is continuously pumped into separate sides of a battery cell. Ions pass from one solution to the other by crossing a membrane, which keeps the solutions apart. On the electrical side, current moves from one electrode into an external circuit, circling around before returning to the opposite electrode. The battery can be recharged in two ways: The two solutions can be charged in place by a current moving in the opposite direction, the way conventional batteries are charged, or the spent solutions can be replaced with charged ones. </p><p> Besides beating lithium batteries in performance and safety, flow batteries also scale up more easily: If you want to store more energy, just increase the size of the solution storage tanks or the concentration of the solutions. If you want to provide more power, just stack more cells on top of one another or add new stacks. </p><p> This scalability makes flow batteries suitable for applications that require as much as 100 megawatts, says <a href="https://volta.vc/about-us/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Kara Rodby</a>, a technical principal at <a href="https://volta.vc" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Volta Energy Technologies</a>, in Naperville, Ill., and an expert in flow batteries. An example, she says, is the task of balancing energy flows in the <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/power-grid">power grid. </a></p><p><div class="rblad-ieee_in_content"></div></p><p> However, conventional flow batteries pack very little energy into a given volume and mass. Their energy density is as little as 10 percent that of lithium-ion batteries. It has to do with the amount of material an aqueous solution can hold, Rodby explains. There is only so much salt you can dissolve in a glass of water. </p><p> Therefore, flow batteries have so far been too bulky for most applications. To shrink them enough to fit in <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/electric-vehicles">electric vehicles</a>, you need to raise their energy density to that of lithium-ion batteries. </p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image"><img alt="A number of vessels linked by tubes and held up by a tubular metal framework are shown. The one in the middle is orange; the others are white or transparent." class="rm-shortcode rm-lazyloadable-image" data-rm-shortcode-id="5f77ae87f41dccec2047528e37bac39d" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-number-of-vessels-linked-by-tubes-and-held-up-by-a-tubular-metal-framework-are-shown-the-one-in-the-middle-is-orange-the-oth.png?id=50902569&width=980" height="2063" id="4d10f" lazy-loadable="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%203000%202063'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="3000"/><small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption...">This 100-liter reaction vessel [orange] is used to make the anodes for the nanoelectrofuel flow battery. </small><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit...">Influit Energy</small></p><h2>Nanoparticles boost flow battery’s energy density</h2><p> One good way to add capacity to a flow battery is with nanofluids, which hold nanoparticles in suspension. These particles undergo redox reactions at the electrode surface similar to how the dissolved ions react in conventional flow batteries, but the nanofluids are more energy dense. Importantly, the nanofluids are engineered to remain suspended indefinitely, unlike other suspensions—for instance, sand in water. That indefinite suspension helps the particles move through the system and make contact with the electrodes. The particles can compose up to 80 percent of the liquid’s weight while leaving it no more viscous than motor oil. </p><p> Nanofluids suspended in water-based electrolytes were first <a href="http://www.phys.iit.edu/~segre/nanoelectrofuels.pdf" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">investigated</a> for this application in 2009 by researchers at <a href="https://www.anl.gov/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Argonne National Laboratory</a> and the <a href="https://www.iit.edu/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Illinois Institute of Technology</a>. The scientists found the nanofluids could be used in a system with an energy-storing potential approaching that of a lithium-ion battery and with the pumpable recharging of a flow battery. What’s more, the nanoscale particles could be made from readily available, inexpensive minerals, such as ferric oxide and gamma manganese dioxide for the anode and cathode materials, respectively. </p><p> Additionally, because the nanoelectrofuel is an aqueous suspension, it did not catch fire or explode, nor would the material be hazardous if the battery were to leak. The battery possessed a wide operational range of between -40 °C and 80 °C. </p><p> In 2013, the team <a href="https://www.anl.gov/article/arpae-awards-iitargonne-team-34-million-for-breakthrough-battery-technology" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">received</a> a three-year, US $3.44 million grant from the <a href="https://www.energy.gov" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">U.S. Department of Energy’s</a> <a href="https://arpa-e.energy.gov/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy</a> (ARPA-E) to build a prototype 1 kilowatt-hour nanoelectrofuel battery. The prototype’s success encouraged several of the principal investigators to spin off a company, called <a href="https://www.influitenergy.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Influit Energy</a>, to commercialize the technology. Through additional government contracts, the startup has continued to improve the components of the technology—the nanoelectrofuel itself, the battery architecture, and the recharging and delivery system. </p><p><a href="https://www.influitenergy.com/team/john-katsoudas" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">John Katsoudas</a>, a founder and chief executive of Influit, emphasizes the distinction between his company’s design and a conventional flow battery. “Our novelty is in doing what others have already done [with flow batteries] but doing it with nanofluids,” he says. </p><p> With the basic science problem resolved, Katsoudas adds, Influit is now developing a battery with an energy density rated at 550 to 850 watt-hours per kilogram or higher, as compared to 200 to 350 Wh/kg for a <a href="https://thundersaidenergy.com/downloads/lithium-ion-batteries-energy-density/#:~:text=(in%20mols).-,Today's%20lithium%20ion%20batteries%20have%20an%20energy%20density%20of%20200,0.1%20kg%20in%20the%20balance." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">standard</a> EV lithium-ion battery. The company expects larger versions would also beat old-style flow batteries at backing up the grid because the nanoelectrofuel can be reused at least as many times as a flow battery—10,000 or more cycles—and it will probably be cheaper. </p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image"><img alt="Front view of a toy jeep with black grill, orange body, open top and a mass of wires in the back. Behind the jeep stands a man in a lab coat. Various lab equipment brackets the view, and on the right side there is another man bent over a laboratory bench." class="rm-shortcode rm-lazyloadable-image" data-rm-shortcode-id="2faba27e368cad34a4570c09fae7b140" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/front-view-of-a-toy-jeep-with-black-grill-orange-body-open-top-and-a-mass-of-wires-in-the-back-behind-the-jeep-stands-a-man-i.png?id=50902651&width=980" height="2000" id="60f6d" lazy-loadable="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%203000%202000'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="3000"/><small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption...">This remote-controlled toy Jeep is powered by a nanoelectrofuel flow battery. </small><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit...">Influit Energy </small></p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image"><img alt="Photo of the back part of an orange toy Jeep that is filled with apparatus, including cubical sections containing red wires and a small tank to which two tubes are attached" class="rm-shortcode rm-lazyloadable-image" data-rm-shortcode-id="a2b86c047f4b44b9e7205e995333cc62" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/photo-of-the-back-part-of-an-orange-toy-jeep-that-is-filled-with-apparatus-including-cubical-sections-containing-red-wires-and.png?id=50902661&width=980" height="2000" id="6eeae" lazy-loadable="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%203000%202000'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="3000"/><small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption...">This closeup shows the toy Jeep’s onboard nanoelectrofuel battery. </small><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit...">Influit Energy </small></p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image"><img alt="A white tray on a wooden table bears an assemblage of objects, including two transparent vessels. The objects are connected by a system of tubes and wires, some of which lead leftward to a square gray panel studded, on its perimeter, with a dozen metal screws threaded through bolts. Behind the tray with a digital display." class="rm-shortcode rm-lazyloadable-image" data-rm-shortcode-id="a39f81e390a04f38c09df8f71a9842e9" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-white-tray-on-a-wooden-table-bears-an-assemblage-of-objects-including-two-transparent-vessels-the-objects-are-connected-by-a.png?id=50902658&width=980" height="2000" id="a42f3" lazy-loadable="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%203000%202000'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="3000"/><small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption...">Here’s a clear view of a cell of the nanoelectrofuel battery, unobscured by any packaging other than its front panel, to the left. </small><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit...">Influit Energy </small></p><p> The fuel would be created as needed, he says, eventually at such a scale as to replace fossil fuels. The fuel could be transported to depots much as gasoline is today, either by tanker trucks or via existing upgraded pipelines. At the depot, the spent fuel could be recharged with electricity from any source—solar, wind, hydroelectric, nuclear, or fossil fuels. The recharging could also be done at a service station or in the EV itself. In the latter case, the recharging would work just as it does for today’s battery electric vehicles. </p><p> What if there were a tanker crash or a pipeline rupture? </p><p> “The NEF turns into a pastelike substance, which you then sweep up,” Katsoudas explains. If you don’t want to wait for it to dry, he adds, you can add more water to reduce the acidity, “then you just shop-vac it up.” </p><p> What you do not want to do is throw that stuff away. “What is collected is the most valuable part of the battery,” he says. “There are processes to easily reconstitute the active material into a new nanofluid that can be reused.” </p><p>And what of the risks of the charged liquids intermingling? Katsoudas says they have demonstrated that directly mixing the different existing anolyte and catholyte liquids poses minimal safety hazards, and that since the next generation NEF materials will use identical liquids, the risks are minimized altogether.</p><h2>Designing a flow battery for electric vehicles</h2><p> On every count, nanoelectrofuel flow batteries appear to beat lithium-ion batteries for use in EVs and larger systems. Influit expects that its current generation of nanoelectrofuel, together with the entire ecosystem needed to produce, distribute, and recycle the fuel that the company is building around it, should cost $130/kWh when used in an EV. In comparison, <a href="https://about.bnef.com/blog/lithium-ion-battery-pack-prices-rise-for-first-time-to-an-average-of-151-kwh/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">lithium-ion batteries cost</a> around $138/kWh. True, lithium-ion’s costs should drop below $100/kWh in a few years, but Influit expects its next-generation nanoelectrofuel to fall even further, to around $50 to $80/kWh. That next-gen system should have 5 times the energy density of present Li-ion systems. </p><p> Here’s what that means for an EV. </p><p> A <a href="https://motorandwheels.com/electric-cars-battery-sizes/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">typical EV battery</a> today occupies about the same volume as would a flow battery with 400 liters of nanelectrofuel. If nanoparticles made up 30 percent of the weight of that fuel, the EV would have a range of only 105 km. Raise that to 40 percent, and the range would climb to 274 km. At 50 percent, it hits 362 km. And at 80 percent, it’s 724 km (450 miles). And that’s all assuming the flow battery’s tank remains the same size. </p><p> Influit has already achieved the 50 percent mark and has demonstrated an 80 percent nanoelectrofuel, says <a href="https://www.darpa.mil/staff/mr-aaron-kofford" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aaron Kofford</a>, a program manager in DARPA’s Strategic Technology Office. </p><p> For the military, nanoelectrofuel batteries have obvious advantages over lithium-ion batteries as well as internal combustion engines, Kofford says. In military fighting vehicles, protecting a vehicle’s fossil-fuel tank is critical, but that added protection weighs a lot and requires that the vehicle have a heavier suspension. That weight, in turn, reduces range and payload. Lithium-ion batteries, which are heavy in themselves and prone to fires, would also need to be heavily shielded against a shell hit. </p><p> By contrast, nanoelectrofuel batteries are fireproof, so the weight and safety issues are reduced tremendously. This video shows flammability tests with nanoelectrofuel samples: </p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-youtube"><span class="rm-shortcode" data-rm-shortcode-id="3252d2e8b85ad1a07da7f96a4dc0325b" style="display:block;position:relative;padding-top:56.25%;"><iframe frameborder="0" height="auto" type="lazy-iframe" scrolling="no" data-runner-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/DsbqNSUklNE?rel=0" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;" width="100%"></iframe></span><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit...">Influit Energy</small></p><p> “At the <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8333g246i3o" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">system level</a>, if we can take a chemistry that is inherently safe, we don’t need as much inner packaging in the battery itself,” Kofford says. They also don’t give off as much heat, so the vehicles are harder to spot from a distance, he adds. Civilian applications for nanoelectrofuel flow batteries beckon, notably in aviation. The reduced need for fire-safety systems in electric aircraft is a draw, observes<a href="https://www.aiaa.org/detail/person/starr-ginn" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> Starr Ginn</a>, NASA’s advanced air-mobility lead strategist. </p><p> With nanoelectrofuels, Ginn says, “You don’t [need] high-powered cables, you don’t have electromagnetic interference problems.” Nanoelectrofuel “just keeps checking these boxes off of all the things that are making it hard to build electric airplanes.” </p><p> Similarly, the <a href="https://www.afrl.af.mil/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory</a>’s <a href="https://www.wpafb.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2344474/afrls-transformational-capabilities-office-reaches-initial-operating-capability/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Transformational Capabilities Office</a> is assessing how nanoelectrofuels <a href="https://www.wpafb.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/2832192/afrls-expeditionary-energy-campaign-commences/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">could</a> help in combat operations. Influit is also working with a commercial partner to pilot nanoelectrofuel flow batteries in their line of electric utility vehicles. </p><h2>Lithium-ion batteries have a considerable head start</h2><p> Considerably more work must be done to fulfill the potential of nanoelectrofuel technology. Influit and its government sponsors expect it will take two more years to put together all the pieces of a closed-loop system and to prove its value and scalability in a variety of applications. Katsoudas says that by 2025 or 2026, the world will be ready to give a serious look to nanoelectrofuel flow batteries for powering zero-emission vehicles, grid backup, electric utility vehicles, and the like. </p><p> Two possible barriers block the technology’s ascent: market forces and competing technologies. </p><p> Lithium-ion batteries are a mature technology and have a developed market. Hundreds of billions of dollars are being <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-ev-transition-explained-2658463682" target="_self">poured</a> into the development and improvement of <a href="https://dragonflyenergy.com/types-of-lithium-batteries-guide/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">lithium batteries of all types</a>, with governments underwriting much of the investment. For instance, <a href="https://www.darpa.mil/program/morphogenic-interfaces" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">DARPA</a>, the <a href="https://www.energy.gov/eere/vehicles/batteries" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Department of Energy</a>, and the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2101129" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">National Science Foundation</a> are working with a host of companies to overcome the limitations of lithium batteries. Government research organizations in the <a href="https://rechargebatteries.org/battery-research-innovation/#:~:text=Research%20&%20Innovation%20for%20Sustainable%20Battery%20Power.,leadership%20potential%20of%20the%20European%20battery%20industry." rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">EU</a>, <a href="https://www.reuters.com/article/southkorea-battery/s-korea-launches-government-backed-battery-alliance-to-source-key-metals-idUSL4N31X27P" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">South Korea</a>, and elsewhere are funding similar research. To overtake lithium technology, Influit will have to convince someone with extremely deep pockets to help it scale up—perhaps from its own logistics supply chain or from EV manufacturers. </p><p class="shortcode-media shortcode-media-rebelmouse-image"><img alt="A man in a striped shirt stands behind a wooden table bearing three rectangular prisms with a metallic shine." class="rm-shortcode rm-lazyloadable-image" data-rm-shortcode-id="08652d34794527ebe15d71b5eedf07fd" data-rm-shortcode-name="rebelmouse-image" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/a-man-in-a-striped-shirt-stands-behind-a-wooden-table-bearing-three-rectangular-prisms-with-a-metallic-shine.png?id=50902785&width=980" height="1778" id="b51c1" lazy-loadable="true" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%202200%201778'%3E%3C/svg%3E" width="2200"/><small class="image-media media-caption" placeholder="Add Photo Caption...">An Influit Energy technician assembles stacks of battery cells. </small><small class="image-media media-photo-credit" placeholder="Add Photo Credit...">Influit Energy </small></p><p> Then there is the technological competition. News arrives nearly daily of yet another lithium-ion advance. One report from researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences boasts of a <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0256-307X/40/4/048201" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">711 Wh/kg lithium-ion battery</a>. A Chinese manufacturer <a href="https://thedriven.io/2023/05/24/breakthrough-ev-battery-pack-could-last-2-million-kms-or-130-years-of-average-driving/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">claims</a> that a new lithium manganese iron phosphate battery chemistry will power an EV for 1,000 km on a single charge and last 130 years. Other announcements involve <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/993042" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">significant improvements</a> in rapidly charging lithium-based batteries and making them <a href="https://www.haaretz.com/haaretz-labels/chariotindustries/2023-03-19/ty-article-labels/.premium/power-to-defend-producing-the-next-generation-of-military-batteries/00000186-f913-dd8e-a7d7-ff7fdab90000" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">safer for use in military vehicles</a>. </p><p> Then there are the new battery chemistries that are not lithium based—for instance, <a href="https://cleantechnica.com/2023/04/22/the-sodium-ion-battery-is-coming-to-production-cars-this-year/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">sodium-ion</a> and<a href="https://www.gac-motor.com/en/media/newsdetail/id/166.html" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank"> graphene-based</a> batteries. And there have been advances in grid-scale batteries involving <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/liquid-metal-battery" target="_self">liquid metal technology</a>, and <a href="https://www.pv-magazine.com/2023/01/13/lithium-sulfur-flow-battery-with-250-wh-l-energy-density/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">improved</a> traditional flow-battery technology using lithium sulfur. </p><p> Other direct competitors to Influit include <a href="https://www.efuel-alliance.eu/efuels" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">e-fuels</a> (synthetic carbon-based and carbon-neutral fuels produced from captured carbon dioxide and water using renewable electricity sources), as well as liquid organic hydrogen. Both fuels aim <a href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2023/10/13/biden-harris-administration-announces-regional-clean-hydrogen-hubs-to-drive-clean-manufacturing-and-jobs/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">to directly displace fossil fuels</a>. For Influit to gain market adoption, Volta’s Rodby says, the company will need to articulate what the “market differentiator” for nanoelectrofuels is. Right now it seems the technology is a particularly good fit for the Department of Defense, which would likely be willing to pay a premium for it. As the largest user of fossil fuels in government, the DOD alone may enable Influit Energy to get to scale. </p><p> Of course, it may turn out that nanoelectrofuels find a home in other applications, such as boats, trains, or planes. For example, the largest cargo container ship carries some 15 million liters of fuel. If some portion of that were nanoelectrofuel that could be continually recharged, it might be possible to reduce the ship’s carbon footprint. </p><p> There is a rich history of apparently superior technologies that came too late <a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/xerox-alto" target="_self">or too early</a> to displace the incumbents. Nanoelectrofuel flow batteries appear to be superior to what we have today. Perhaps they will also be lucky. <span class="ieee-end-mark"></span></p><p><em>This article appears in the February 2024 print issue.</em></p><div class="around-the-web"><div class="from-your-site__headline">From Your Site Articles</div><ul class="around-the-web__list"><li class="from-your-site__item"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/new-flow-battery-can-store-ten-times-more-energy" class="from-your-site__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">New Flow Battery Ups Storage Capacity by Factor of Ten ›</a></li><li class="from-your-site__item"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/its-big-and-longlived-and-it-wont-catch-fire-the-vanadium-redoxflow-battery" class="from-your-site__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">It’s Big and Long-Lived, and It Won’t Catch Fire: The Vanadium Redox-⁠Flow Battery ›</a></li></ul><div class="around-the-web__headline">Related Articles Around the Web</div><ul class="around-the-web__list"><li class="around-the-web__item"><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/flow-battery" class="around-the-web__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Flow Battery - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics ›</a></li><li class="around-the-web__item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_battery" class="around-the-web__link" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Flow battery - Wikipedia ›</a></li></ul></div></div></div><span class="" data-elid="2666672335" data-post-url="https://spectrum.ieee.org/flow-battery-2666672335" data-authors="Robert N. Charette" data-headline="Can Flow Batteries Finally Beat Lithium?" data-page-title="Can Flow Batteries Finally Beat Lithium? - IEEE Spectrum"></span><div class="tags"><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/climate-change">climate change</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/climate-tech">climate tech</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/evs">evs</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/flow-batteries">flow batteries</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/grid-storage">grid storage</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/lithium-ion-batteries">lithium-ion batteries</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/type-cover">type:cover</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/batteries">batteries</a><a class="tags__item" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/tag/nanoelectrofuel-batteries">nanoelectrofuel batteries</a></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2666672335" class="post-context post-context-2666672335"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Robert N. Charette","11":2666672335,"7":"climate change, climate tech, evs, flow batteries, grid storage, lithium-ion batteries, type:cover, batteries, nanoelectrofuel batteries","10":"nanoelectrofuel batteries","6":"energy","8":"12/24/2023"}, "post": {"id": 2666672335, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 2241528953, 544169537, 539626628, 539619077, 544169516, 544169517, 2221589049, 2241528955, 598415773], "authors": [21075158], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><div class="container_feature_below" id="sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_1"><div class="" id="sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_1_0"><div class="mb-2 post-author-list" id="sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_1_0_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="None" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="current_post" data-source-type="current_post" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="false" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_1_0_0" data-attr-layout_quality="1" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[open_current_feature_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/element_wrapper/element_wrapper/current_post-" data-attr-layout_all_headline_tag="h1" data-attr-layout_all_subheadline_tag="h2" data-attr-all_element_order="author,headline,subheadline,section,community_name,date,date_modified,badges,badges_sponsored,photo_credit,photo_caption,body,snark_line,page_views,post_shares,follow_button,community_comments,like_button,source_link,collection_button,tags,primary_tag,main_author,all_sections,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,words_count,time_to_read,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_Instagram,site_field_member_badges,site_field_Twitter,site_field_LinkedIn,site_field_grade,site_field_Facebook,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_access,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_publication_date,custom_field_TimeofRead,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-layout_author="top" data-attr-layout_remove_image="true" data-attr-show_authors_bio="true" data-attr-element_classes="post-author-list" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-data-rm-ecomerce="true" data-attr-filters="section,post_body_pager" data-attr-section_url="" data-attr-source="" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-is_current_post="true"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget post-partial tag-climate-change tag-climate-tech tag-evs tag-flow-batteries tag-grid-storage tag-lithium-ion-batteries tag-type-cover tag-batteries tag-nanoelectrofuel-batteries post-section--topic/energy" data-category="Energy"><article elid="2666672335" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2666672335" data-category="Energy"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:100.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="social-author clearfix"><div class="social-author__avatar image"><div class="cover-all image" style="background-image: url("https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJpbWFnZSI6Imh0dHBzOi8vYXNzZXRzLnJibC5tcy8yNjY0NTkxNC9vcmlnaW4ucG5nIiwiZXhwaXJlc19hdCI6MTc1NDM4NzE3M30.MTQySQ4SkKwqBh31wur--gqjA9a52wpqPBFrbbae81E/image.png?width=210")"></div></div><a class="social-author__name" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/u/robert-n-charette" data-type="text">Robert N. Charette</a><div class="social-author__bio"><p><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/robert-charette-500309/" target="_blank">Robert N. Charette</a> is a Contributing Editor to <em>IEEE Spectrum</em> and an acknowledged international authority on information technology and systems risk management. A self-described “risk ecologist,” he is interested in the intersections of business, political, technological, and societal risks. Charette is an award-winning author of multiple books and numerous articles on the subjects of risk management, project and program management, innovation, and entrepreneurship. A Life Senior Member of the IEEE, Charette was a recipient of the IEEE Computer Society’s Golden Core Award in 2008.</p></div></div></div><div class="widget__head"></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2666672335" class="post-context post-context-2666672335"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Robert N. Charette","11":2666672335,"7":"climate change, climate tech, evs, flow batteries, grid storage, lithium-ion batteries, type:cover, batteries, nanoelectrofuel batteries","10":"nanoelectrofuel batteries","6":"energy","8":"12/24/2023"}, "post": {"id": 2666672335, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 2241528953, 544169537, 539626628, 539619077, 544169516, 544169517, 2221589049, 2241528955, 598415773], "authors": [21075158], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div><span class="viewport-css-anchor"></span></div><div class="" id="sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_1_1_1_0"><div class="post-partial article__comments"><div class="article-content__comments-wrapper"><div id="comments-widget"><div class="talk-comments-wrp community-native-wrp " data-talk_id="post:2666672335:comments" data-limit="3" data-order="best" data-is_amp="" data-count_top_level="15" data-count_featured="0" data-show_rating="False" data-all_element_order="avatar,title,date,site_field_member_badges,site_field_grade,message,update_author_rating,update_avatar,follow,bio,review" data-words-per-message="{"min": 1, "max": 100}" data-inactive_layout_attributes="update_avatar,follow,bio,review" data-active_layout_attributes="site_field_member_badges,site_field_grade"><div class="editmode-section-title"></div><a href="#" class="hidden new-comments-notification" aria-label="New coments notification"></a><div class="comment-headline">The Conversation (15)</div><div class="add-comment"><div class="comment_placeholder-wrp"><div class="animated-background"><div class="placeholder__textarea_top"></div><div class="placeholder__textarea_botmiddle_left"></div><div class="placeholder__textarea_botmiddle_right"></div><div class="placeholder__textarea_bottom"></div><div class="placeholder__button_b"></div><div class="placeholder__button_i"></div><div class="placeholder__button_publish"></div></div><div class="comment-login-wrp"></div></div></div><div class="comment-header"></div><div class="talk--messages"><div class="talk--messages__featured"></div><div class="talk--messages__top_level"><div id="comment-65c3d91d042aef7817a98518" class="comment--item approved-comment" data-talk_id="post:2666672335:comments" data-message_id="65c3d91d042aef7817a98518" data-parents=""><div class="comment--item-avatar"><img src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/res/avatars/default" title="Chris Stamos" alt="Chris Stamos" loading="lazy" width="38" height="38"/></div><div class="comment--item-text"><span class="comment--item-username">Chris Stamos</span><span class="comment--item-date" title="February 07 2024, 19:25:17">07 Feb, 2024</span><div class="comment--custom-field-grade" data-value="INDV"> INDV </div><div class="comment--item-message"><p>Hey it’s schmuck....I just spilled some of that nanoelectrofuel on my paper cut. Paying at the pump. Now what? TA-HW WON now I’m a gonner in a Ron Serling episode of “Dreams For Sale” - twilight Zone</p></div><div class="comment--item--action"><div><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="reply" class="comment--item__reply disabled" data-message_id="65c3d91d042aef7817a98518" aria-label="reply"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="share" class="comment--item__share disabled" data-message_id="65c3d91d042aef7817a98518" aria-label="share"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.16c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.65 0 1.61 1.31 2.92 2.92 2.92 1.61 0 2.92-1.31 2.92-2.92s-1.31-2.92-2.92-2.92z"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="like" class="comment--item__like disabled" data-action="like" data-message_id="65c3d91d042aef7817a98518" aria-label="like"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M1 21h4V9H1v12zm22-11c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2h-6.31l.95-4.57.03-.32c0-.41-.17-.79-.44-1.06L14.17 1 7.59 7.59C7.22 7.95 7 8.45 7 9v10c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h9c.83 0 1.54-.5 1.84-1.22l3.02-7.05c.09-.23.14-.47.14-.73v-2z"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="unlike" class="comment--item__dislike disabled" data-action="dislike" data-message_id="65c3d91d042aef7817a98518" aria-label="unlike"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M15 3H6c-.83 0-1.54.5-1.84 1.22l-3.02 7.05c-.09.23-.14.47-.14.73v2c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h6.31l-.95 4.57-.03.32c0 .41.17.79.44 1.06L9.83 23l6.59-6.59c.36-.36.58-.86.58-1.41V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm4 0v12h4V3h-4z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="comment-login-wrp"></div></div><div class="replies level-two hidden"><a href="javascript: void(0);" class="comment--show--replies" data-message_id="65c3d91d042aef7817a98518" aria-label="show replies"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16.59 8.59L12 13.17 7.41 8.59 6 10l6 6 6-6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg><span class="comment--count">0</span> Replies </a><a href="javascript: void(0);" class="comment--hide--replies hidden" data-message_id="65c3d91d042aef7817a98518" aria-label="hide replies"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M12 8l-6 6 1.41 1.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg> Hide replies </a><div class="reply-items hidden"></div><div class="talk--load_more__replies hidden" data-message_id="65c3d91d042aef7817a98518">Show More Replies</div></div></div><div id="comment-658c135153102b5acc4ea060" class="comment--item approved-comment" data-talk_id="post:2666672335:comments" data-message_id="658c135153102b5acc4ea060" data-parents=""><div class="comment--item-avatar"><img src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/res/avatars/default" title="Joseph Kerr" alt="Joseph Kerr" loading="lazy" width="38" height="38"/></div><div class="comment--item-text"><span class="comment--item-username">Joseph Kerr</span><span class="comment--item-date" title="December 27 2023, 12:06:41">27 Dec, 2023</span><div class="comment--custom-field-grade" data-value="INDV"> INDV </div><div class="comment--item-message"><p>I didn't see mention of use in cars?</p></div><div class="comment--item--action"><div><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="reply" class="comment--item__reply disabled" data-message_id="658c135153102b5acc4ea060" aria-label="reply"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="share" class="comment--item__share disabled" data-message_id="658c135153102b5acc4ea060" aria-label="share"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.16c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.65 0 1.61 1.31 2.92 2.92 2.92 1.61 0 2.92-1.31 2.92-2.92s-1.31-2.92-2.92-2.92z"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="like" class="comment--item__like disabled" data-action="like" data-message_id="658c135153102b5acc4ea060" aria-label="like"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M1 21h4V9H1v12zm22-11c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2h-6.31l.95-4.57.03-.32c0-.41-.17-.79-.44-1.06L14.17 1 7.59 7.59C7.22 7.95 7 8.45 7 9v10c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h9c.83 0 1.54-.5 1.84-1.22l3.02-7.05c.09-.23.14-.47.14-.73v-2z"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="unlike" class="comment--item__dislike disabled" data-action="dislike" data-message_id="658c135153102b5acc4ea060" aria-label="unlike"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M15 3H6c-.83 0-1.54.5-1.84 1.22l-3.02 7.05c-.09.23-.14.47-.14.73v2c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h6.31l-.95 4.57-.03.32c0 .41.17.79.44 1.06L9.83 23l6.59-6.59c.36-.36.58-.86.58-1.41V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm4 0v12h4V3h-4z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="comment-login-wrp"></div></div><div class="replies level-two hidden"><a href="javascript: void(0);" class="comment--show--replies" data-message_id="658c135153102b5acc4ea060" aria-label="show replies"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16.59 8.59L12 13.17 7.41 8.59 6 10l6 6 6-6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg><span class="comment--count">0</span> Replies </a><a href="javascript: void(0);" class="comment--hide--replies hidden" data-message_id="658c135153102b5acc4ea060" aria-label="hide replies"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M12 8l-6 6 1.41 1.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg> Hide replies </a><div class="reply-items hidden"></div><div class="talk--load_more__replies hidden" data-message_id="658c135153102b5acc4ea060">Show More Replies</div></div></div><div id="comment-658c2e4fb8fd66964927d311" class="comment--item approved-comment" data-talk_id="post:2666672335:comments" data-message_id="658c2e4fb8fd66964927d311" data-parents=""><div class="comment--item-avatar"><img src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/res/avatars/default" title="Daniel Smith" alt="Daniel Smith" loading="lazy" width="38" height="38"/></div><div class="comment--item-text"><span class="comment--item-username">Daniel Smith</span><span class="comment--item-date" title="December 27 2023, 14:01:51">27 Dec, 2023</span><div class="comment--custom-field-grade" data-value="M"> M </div><div class="comment--item-message"><p>Again the EV folks flunk geochemistry. Vanadium, like lithium, is relatively scarce in the Earth's crust. There are only thirteen elements we can use effectively without limit (H, C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Cl, Ar, K, Ca, Fe) due to their abundance in Earth's atmosphere, oceans, or crust. Bulk use of any other elements will always prove uneconomical at scale. There's only enough lithium to service at most 10% of the current vehicle fleet. The technology may be neat, but it simply isn't commercially viable.</p></div><div class="comment--item--action"><div><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="reply" class="comment--item__reply disabled" data-message_id="658c2e4fb8fd66964927d311" aria-label="reply"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 9V5l-7 7 7 7v-4.1c5 0 8.5 1.6 11 5.1-1-5-4-10-11-11z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="share" class="comment--item__share disabled" data-message_id="658c2e4fb8fd66964927d311" aria-label="share"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path><path d="M18 16.08c-.76 0-1.44.3-1.96.77L8.91 12.7c.05-.23.09-.46.09-.7s-.04-.47-.09-.7l7.05-4.11c.54.5 1.25.81 2.04.81 1.66 0 3-1.34 3-3s-1.34-3-3-3-3 1.34-3 3c0 .24.04.47.09.7L8.04 9.81C7.5 9.31 6.79 9 6 9c-1.66 0-3 1.34-3 3s1.34 3 3 3c.79 0 1.5-.31 2.04-.81l7.12 4.16c-.05.21-.08.43-.08.65 0 1.61 1.31 2.92 2.92 2.92 1.61 0 2.92-1.31 2.92-2.92s-1.31-2.92-2.92-2.92z"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="like" class="comment--item__like disabled" data-action="like" data-message_id="658c2e4fb8fd66964927d311" aria-label="like"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0V0z"></path><path d="M1 21h4V9H1v12zm22-11c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2h-6.31l.95-4.57.03-.32c0-.41-.17-.79-.44-1.06L14.17 1 7.59 7.59C7.22 7.95 7 8.45 7 9v10c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h9c.83 0 1.54-.5 1.84-1.22l3.02-7.05c.09-.23.14-.47.14-.73v-2z"></path></svg></a><a href="javascript: void(0);" title="unlike" class="comment--item__dislike disabled" data-action="dislike" data-message_id="658c2e4fb8fd66964927d311" aria-label="unlike"><svg class="comment-action-icon" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="17" height="17" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path fill="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z"></path><path d="M15 3H6c-.83 0-1.54.5-1.84 1.22l-3.02 7.05c-.09.23-.14.47-.14.73v2c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h6.31l-.95 4.57-.03.32c0 .41.17.79.44 1.06L9.83 23l6.59-6.59c.36-.36.58-.86.58-1.41V5c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm4 0v12h4V3h-4z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="comment-login-wrp"></div></div><div class="replies level-two "><a href="javascript: void(0);" class="comment--show--replies" data-message_id="658c2e4fb8fd66964927d311" aria-label="show replies"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16.59 8.59L12 13.17 7.41 8.59 6 10l6 6 6-6z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg><span class="comment--count">3</span> Replies </a><a href="javascript: void(0);" class="comment--hide--replies hidden" data-message_id="658c2e4fb8fd66964927d311" aria-label="hide replies"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="16" height="16" viewbox="0 0 24 24" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M12 8l-6 6 1.41 1.41L12 10.83l4.59 4.58L18 14z"></path><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"></path></svg> Hide replies </a><div class="reply-items hidden"></div><div class="talk--load_more__replies hidden" data-message_id="658c2e4fb8fd66964927d311">Show More Replies</div></div></div></div></div><script type="rm-preact-state">{"authors": {"24547848": {"id": 26484308, "path": "u/chris-stamos", "title": "Chris Stamos", "image": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/res/avatars/default", "about": "", "rating": 0, "owner_id": 24547848, "site_specific_data": {"affiliation": null, "works_for": null, "LinkedIn": null, "Instagram": null, "member_of": null, "grade": "INDV", "Twitter": null, "job_title": null, "alumni_of": null, "last_name": "Stamos", "member_badges": null, "first_name": "Chris", "mini_bio": null, "Facebook": null}}, "24145345": {"id": 25889534, "path": "u/joseph-kerr", "title": "Joseph Kerr", "image": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/res/avatars/default", "about": "", "rating": 0, "owner_id": 24145345, "site_specific_data": {"affiliation": null, "works_for": null, "LinkedIn": null, "Instagram": null, "member_of": null, "grade": "INDV", "Twitter": null, "job_title": null, "alumni_of": null, "last_name": "Kerr", "member_badges": null, "first_name": "Joseph", "mini_bio": null, "Facebook": null}}, "24515027": {"id": 26449891, "path": "u/daniel-smith-b", "title": "Daniel Smith", "image": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/res/avatars/default", "about": "", "rating": 0, "owner_id": 24515027, "site_specific_data": {"affiliation": null, "works_for": null, "LinkedIn": null, "Instagram": null, "member_of": null, "grade": "M", "Twitter": null, "job_title": null, "alumni_of": null, "last_name": "Smith", "member_badges": null, "first_name": "Daniel", "mini_bio": null, "Facebook": null}}}, "forcedComments": [], "topLevelComments": [{"id": "65c3d91d042aef7817a98518", "html": "\u003cp\u003eHey it\u2019s schmuck....I just spilled some of that nanoelectrofuel on my paper cut. Paying at the pump. Now what? TA-HW WON now I\u2019m a gonner in a Ron Serling episode of \u201cDreams For Sale\u201d - twilight Zone\u003c/p\u003e", "data": null, "payload": {"review_score": 5}, "status": "approved", "rating": 10, "author_id": 24547848, "created_ts": 1707333917, "updated_ts": 1707333917, "parents": "", "counts": {"replies": {"total": 0, "direct": 0, "public": {"total": 0, "direct": 0, "total_eq_1": false}}, "reports": 0}}, {"id": "658c135153102b5acc4ea060", "html": "\u003cp\u003eI didn't see mention of use in cars?\u003c/p\u003e", "data": null, "payload": {"review_score": 5}, "status": "approved", "rating": 10, "author_id": 24145345, "created_ts": 1703678801, "updated_ts": 1703678801, "parents": "", "counts": {"replies": {"total": 0, "direct": 0, "public": {"total": 0, "direct": 0, "total_eq_1": false}}, "reports": 0}}, {"id": "658c2e4fb8fd66964927d311", "html": "\u003cp\u003eAgain the EV folks flunk geochemistry. Vanadium, like lithium, is relatively scarce in the Earth's crust. There are only thirteen elements we can use effectively without limit (H, C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Cl, Ar, K, Ca, Fe) due to their abundance in Earth's atmosphere, oceans, or crust. Bulk use of any other elements will always prove uneconomical at scale. There's only enough lithium to service at most 10% of the current vehicle fleet. The technology may be neat, but it simply isn't commercially viable.\u003c/p\u003e", "data": null, "payload": {"review_score": 5}, "status": "approved", "rating": 9, "author_id": 24515027, "created_ts": 1703685711, "updated_ts": 1703685711, "parents": "", "counts": {"replies": {"total": 3, "direct": 3, "public": {"total": 3, "direct": 3, "total_eq_1": false}}, "reports": 0}}], "featuredComments": []} </script><div class="talk--load_more-wrp has_load_more"></div></div></div></div></div><script> var clickeableItems = [ ".talk-comments-wrp .add-comment", ".talk-comments-wrp .comment-item--publish", ".talk-comments-wrp .comment--item__reply", ".talk-comments-wrp .comment--item__like", ".talk-comments-wrp .comment--item__dislike", ".talk-comments-wrp .replies"]; var talkItems = document.querySelectorAll(clickeableItems.join(",")) || []; talkItems.forEach(function(item) { item.addEventListener("click", function(event){ event.preventDefault(); event.stopPropagation(); openGatedPopup('for_comments'); }, true); }); </script></div><div class="mb-2 read_also_posts" id="sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_1_2_1_0"><div class="posts-custom posts-custom-section section-holder clearfix" data-block="section_1" data-format="posts-custom" data-source="filtered_parent_site" data-source-type="page" data-source-unique="true" data-section-id="" data-is-reordable="false" data-using-stickers="false" data-has-more="true" data-attr-v="2" data-attr-posts_id="sOpen_Current_Feature_Post_0_0_15_0_0_1_2_1_0" data-attr-source_unique="true" data-attr-without_current="true" data-attr-layout_quality="1" data-attr-node_id="/root/blocks/block[open_current_feature_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/element_wrapper/choose[2]/otherwise/posts-" data-attr-use_tag_image_for_lead_media="true" data-attr-source="filtered" data-attr-from_regular_sections_of_current_post="true" data-attr-from_regular_sections_other_than="webinar,whitepaper,sponsored,podcast,video,tests,issue-cover-posts,paper" data-attr-all_element_order="all_sections,headline,date,time_to_read,like_button,custom_field_TimeofRead,section,primary_tag,author,badges,badges_sponsored,photo_credit,community_name,subheadline,snark_line,page_views,photo_caption,follow_button,community_comments,body,collection_button,tags,source_link,main_author,post_shares,custom_field_contact-person-phone,custom_field_event-performer,custom_field_event-street-address,custom_field_job-type,custom_field_event-postal-code,custom_field_contact-person-title,custom_field_event-start,custom_field_company_name,custom_field_event-end,custom_field_hiring-organization,custom_field_event-price,custom_field_job-tags,custom_field_event-city,custom_field_contact_email,custom_field_posted-on-date,custom_field_job-title,custom_field_job-location,custom_field_event-region,custom_field_event-currency,custom_field_base-salary,custom_field_event-country,custom_field_contact_person,custom_field_expire-date,date_modified,custom_field_ContentType,custom_field_CustomFieldTestEG,custom_field_Issue,custom_field_FullwidthCardColor,custom_field_FullwidthCardPosition,product_prices,product_vendor,product_buy_link,site_field_Twitter,site_field_Facebook,site_field_Instagram,site_field_LinkedIn,custom_field_PodcastVideoTime,custom_field_Editor,custom_field_PodcastEpisode,custom_field_FeaturePostColor,custom_field_due_date,custom_field_FeaturePostImgPosition,custom_field_access,site_field_member_badges,custom_field_publication_date,words_count,site_field_first_name,site_field_last_name,site_field_grade,custom_field_pdf_version,custom_field_fullwidthbackgroundposition,custom_field_disable_comments,custom_field_lightbox_img_shortcode_ids,custom_field_copy_editor,custom_field_is_updated_post,custom_field_youtube_video" data-attr-limit="3" data-attr-layout_headline="right" data-attr-data-rm-device-crops="true" data-attr-layout_desktop_image_crop="original" data-attr-layout_image_column_width="28" data-attr-data-rm-advanced="true" data-attr-element_classes="read_also_posts" data-attr-layout_date="right" data-attr-layout_all_date_format="%d %b %Y" data-attr-layout_all_date_full_format="false" data-attr-layout_all_image_crop="original" data-attr-layout_like_button="right" data-attr-layout_all_sections="right" data-attr-layout_time_to_read="right" data-attr-format="posts-custom" data-attr-source_site="parent_site"><div class="posts-wrapper clearfix"><div class="widget tag-video-friday tag-robotics tag-kaist tag-figure post-section--topic/robotics" elid="2669971262" data-category="Robotics"><article elid="2669971262" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669971262"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:28.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/video-friday-cobot-proxie" aria-label="Video Friday: Cobot Proxie"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Four wheeled white robots with big eye graphics pull carts around a warehouse." aria-label="Four wheeled white robots with big eye graphics pull carts around a warehouse." src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 2160 1215'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/four-wheeled-white-robots-with-big-eye-graphics-pull-carts-around-a-warehouse.jpg?id=54966469&width=1200&height=675" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="2160" height="1215"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:72.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/robotics/">Robotics</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/video-friday-cobot-proxie" aria-label="Video Friday: Cobot Proxie" data-type="text"> Video Friday: Cobot Proxie </a></h2><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">15h</span></div><div class="time-to-read">3 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669971262" class="post-context post-context-2669971262"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Evan Ackerman","11":2669971262,"7":"video friday, robotics, kaist, figure","10":"robotics","6":"robotics","8":"11/22/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669971262, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539266128, 544169523, 572343881, 591401899, 544169516], "authors": [21075149], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-giving-tuesday tag-ieee-foundation tag-ieee-news tag-type-ti post-section--topic/the-institute" elid="2669959009" data-category="The Institute"><article elid="2669959009" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669959009"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:28.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/ieee-foundation-giving-tuesday" aria-label="Double Your Impact This Giving Tuesday"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Illustration of several hands holding up credit cards, coins, dollar bills and hearts to put into a donation jar." aria-label="Illustration of several hands holding up credit cards, coins, dollar bills and hearts to put into a donation jar." src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 6675 4172'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/illustration-of-several-hands-holding-up-credit-cards-coins-dollar-bills-and-hearts-to-put-into-a-donation-jar.jpg?id=54836896&width=1200&height=750" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="6675" height="4172"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:72.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/the-institute/">The Institute</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/article/">Article</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/ieee-foundation-giving-tuesday" aria-label="Double Your Impact This Giving Tuesday" data-type="text"> Double Your Impact This Giving Tuesday </a></h2><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">21 Nov 2024</span></div><div class="time-to-read">2 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="0"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669959009" class="post-context post-context-2669959009"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"IEEE Foundation","11":2669959009,"7":"giving tuesday, ieee foundation, ieee news, type:ti","10":"ieee news","6":"the-institute","8":"11/21/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669959009, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539626938, 544175596, 544169516], "authors": [25273863], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div><div class="widget tag-carbon-capture tag-climate-tech tag-methanol-economy tag-sustainable-energy tag-climate-change post-section--topic/climate-tech" elid="2669734082" data-category="Climate Tech"><article elid="2669734082" data-frozen-sections="[]" class="clearfix image-article sm-mb-1 quality-HD post-2669734082"><div class="row px10"><div class="rm-col-center col sm-mb-1" style="width:28.0%;"><div class="widget__head"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/carbon-capture-2669734082" aria-label="French Startup Aims to Make Fuel Out of Thin Air"><img role="img" type="lazy-image" alt="Illustration of a shadow figure throwing a lasso around a smoke cloud labeled "C O2" as it rises from a factory's smokestack." aria-label="Illustration of a shadow figure throwing a lasso around a smoke cloud labeled "C O2" as it rises from a factory's smokestack." src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg' viewBox='0 0 6000 4500'%3E%3C/svg%3E" data-runner-src="https://spectrum.ieee.org/media-library/illustration-of-a-shadow-figure-throwing-a-lasso-around-a-smoke-cloud-labeled-c-o2-as-it-rises-from-a-factory-s-smokestack.jpg?id=54518299&width=1200&height=900" style="object-fit: cover;" class="rm-lazyloadable-image" width="6000" height="4500"/></a></div></div><div class="rm-col-right col" style="width:72.0%;"><div class="widget__body clearfix sm-mt-1"><div class="all-related-sections"><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/climate-tech/">Climate Tech</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/energy/">Energy</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/type/news/">News</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/topic/transportation/">Transportation</a><a href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/collections/climate-change/">Climate Change</a></div><h2 class="widget__headline h2"><a class="widget__headline-text custom-post-headline" href="https://spectrum.ieee.org/carbon-capture-2669734082" aria-label="French Startup Aims to Make Fuel Out of Thin Air" data-type="text"> French Startup Aims to Make Fuel Out of Thin Air </a></h2><div class="social-date"><span class="social-date__text">21 Nov 2024</span></div><div class="time-to-read">4 min read</div><div class="like-button" data-post-likes="2"></div></div></div></div><script type="application/json" id="post-context-2669734082" class="post-context post-context-2669734082"> {"customDimensions": {"5":"Willie D. Jones","11":2669734082,"7":"carbon capture, climate tech, methanol economy, sustainable energy, climate change","10":"carbon capture","6":"climate-tech","8":"11/21/2024"}, "post": {"id": 2669734082, "providerId": 0, "sections": [0, 497728257, 539619077, 544169516, 544169523, 539622579, 2221589049, 598415773], "authors": [20372183], "streams": [], "split_testing": {}} } </script></article></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="wrapper-lazy-loading infinite-scroll-wrapper next-page-wrapper" style="display: block !important;" data-skl-id="/root/blocks/block[ss_feature_post]/abtests/abtest[1]/element_wrapper/lazyload-" data-has-more="true" data-more-posts-exists="true" data-posts-sources="trending_posts_id,multi_filtered_parent_site_filtered_parent_site,post_sponsor_webinar_whitepaper,post_most_sections,post_sponsored" data-ignore-page-number="false"></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="JS post functions"></span><script> function feature_post_full_style(){ var feature_post_full = document.querySelectorAll(".feature_post_full:not(.proc)"); for (i = 0; i < feature_post_full.length; i++) { var style_post_color = feature_post_full[i].querySelector(".custom-field-FeaturePostColor"); var style_post_position = feature_post_full[i].querySelector(".custom-field-FeaturePostImgPosition"); if(style_post_color){ feature_post_full[i].classList.add(style_post_color.innerText.trim()); }else{ feature_post_full[i].classList.add('DarkGray'); } if(style_post_position){ feature_post_full[i].classList.add(style_post_position.innerText.trim()); } feature_post_full[i].classList.add('proc'); } } </script></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="Parsely Spectrum Tags"></span><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Lightbox_Functionality"></span><div class="lightbox-layout" id="s__Lightbox_Functionality_0_0_36_0_0_1_1_1"><div class="lightbox__close hm__close"></div></div><span class="js-brick-description hidden" data-name="__Social_Popup"></span></div></div><script class="rm-i-script" defer="defer" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-747464-1"></script><script class="rm-i-script"> (function (i, s, o, g, r, a, m) { i["GoogleAnalyticsObject"] = r; (i[r] = i[r] || function () { (i[r].q = i[r].q || []).push(arguments);}),(i[r].l = 1 * new Date()); })(window, document, "script", "/", "ga"); ga('create', 'UA-747464-1', 'auto', {'name': 'b'}); window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.gtag = function(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); var utmCampaignData = null;// ADD REFERRER AS SOURCE IF SOURCE IS NOT PRESENT OR IF ISN'T URL UTM if(utmCampaignData && (utmCampaignData.dataSource != "url" || !utmCampaignData['campaignSource'])) { var referrerAnchor = document.createElement('a'); referrerAnchor.setAttribute('href', document.referrer); if(referrerAnchor.href && referrerAnchor.host) { var splitHost = referrerAnchor.host.split("."); var nakedDomain = splitHost.length < 3 ? splitHost[0] : splitHost[1]; if (nakedDomain) { nakedDomain = nakedDomain[0].toUpperCase() + nakedDomain.substring(1); utmCampaignData['campaignSource'] = nakedDomain; } } } var configParams = { transport: 'beacon', send_page_view: false }; // DEFAULTS if (utmCampaignData) { configParams.campaignName = utmCampaignData.campaignName; configParams.campaignSource = utmCampaignData.campaignSource; configParams.campaignMedium = utmCampaignData.campaignMedium; configParams.campaignContent = utmCampaignData.campaignContent; if (utmCampaignData.campaignKeyword) { configParams.campaignKeyword = utmCampaignData.campaignKeyword; } } gtag('config', 'UA-747464-1', configParams);gtag('config', 'G-DPQFLXZCWN', configParams); window._ga_cd_params = window._ga_cd_params || {}; window._ga_cd_params["dimension9"] = 'test,cta-climate-tech';window._ga_cd_params["dimension5"] = "Robert N. Charette"; window._ga_cd_params["dimension11"] = '2666672335'; window._ga_cd_params["dimension7"] = "climate change, climate tech, evs, flow batteries, grid storage, lithium-ion batteries, type:cover, batteries, nanoelectrofuel batteries"; window._ga_cd_params["dimension10"] = 'nanoelectrofuel batteries'; window._ga_cd_params["dimension6"] = 'energy'; window._ga_cd_params["dimension8"] = '12/24/2023'; if(window._ga_cd_params && Object.keys(window._ga_cd_params).length){ gtag('event', 'page_view', window._ga_cd_params); }else{ gtag('event', 'page_view'); } </script><script class="lazy-style" type="css"> .menu-item__title:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.dark_layout .menu-item__title:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}#mobile_search_icon.fa-search:before{content:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/26018263/origin.png)}.like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23404040'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.like-btn.unlike .heart,.like-btn.like .heart:active,.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:active,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart:active{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23FF4C00'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart,.widget.tag-type-podcast .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23BFBFBF'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.like-btn.like .heart:hover,.like-btn.unlike .heart:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23404040'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23404040'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.dark_layout .like-btn.like .heart:hover{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23bfbfbf'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23bfbfbf'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.featured_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.article_post .widget__subheadline-text:before,.story_teaser .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.dark_layout .widget__subheadline-text:before,.podcast_collection .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .widget__subheadline-text:before,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post.FillDark .widget__subheadline-text:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.fullwidth_post .widget__subheadline:before{content:"";background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='7px'%20height='13px'%20viewBox='0%200%207%2013'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20id='Typography'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-1152.000000,-384.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='1376'%20height='1600'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(1146.136039,384.000000)'%20stroke='%23A6A6A6'%20stroke-width='1.5'%3E%3Cpolyline%20transform='translate(6.363961,6.500000)%20rotate(45.000000)%20translate(-6.363961,-6.500000)'%20points='1.86396103%202%2010.863961%202%2010.863961%2011'%3E%3C/polyline%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.fullwidth_post .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23A6A6A6'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.fullwidth_post.TextDarkFillTransparent .like-btn.like .heart,.fullwidth_post.FillLight .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23404040'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-fixing-the-future .widget__head>a{background-image:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/26705823/origin.jpg)}.section-podcast .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.section-podcasts .story_teaser .tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a,.widget.tag-chatbot-podcast .widget__head>a{background-image:url(https://assets.rbl.ms/46469974/origin.jpg)}#notification .success{color:white!important;font-family:"Favorit-Mono"!important;font-size:12px!important;background:#ff4c00!important;text-transform:uppercase!important}.fa-twitter{-webkit-mask-box-image:url(#xLogoMask);-webkit-mask-image:url(#xLogoMask);-webkit-mask-repeat:space;-webkit-mask-position:20px;-webkit-mask-origin:content-box;-webkit-mask-size:24px;background-color:currentColor}.tag-type-ti .body-description a,.tag-type-ti .body-description a u{text-underline-position:from-font;text-decoration-color:#005690;color:inherit;text-underline-offset:1px;text-decoration-thickness:1px}.feature_post_full .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23ffffff"/></svg>') no-repeat center!important}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before,.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%230d0d0d"/></svg>') no-repeat center!important}.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Blue .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Blue .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Pink .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Pink .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Red .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Red .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Purple .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Purple .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Green .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Green .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.like .heart:active{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%23FFFFFF'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.feature_post_full.DarkGray .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.feature_post_full.Green .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.Purple .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.Red .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.Pink .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.Blue .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.LightBlue .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue1 .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.DarkBlue2 .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.LightGreen .like-btn.like .heart:active,.feature_post_full.Yellow .like-btn.unlike .heart,.feature_post_full.Yellow .like-btn.like .heart:active{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='%230D0D0D'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%230D0D0D'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .like-btn.like .heart,.feature_post_full.Yellow .like-btn.like .heart{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='12px'%20height='14px'%20viewBox='0%200%2012%2014'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Cg%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(-444.000000,-335.000000)'%20stroke='%230D0D0D'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(208.000000,332.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20transform='translate(237.000000,4.000000)'%3E%3Cpath%20d='M1,0%20L9,0%20C9.55228475,-1.01453063e-16%2010,0.44771525%2010,1%20L10,12%20L10,12%20L5,9%20L0,12%20L0,1%20C-6.76353751e-17,0.44771525%200.44771525,1.01453063e-16%201,0%20Z'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E%0A")}.feature_post_full .widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='22px'%20height='16px'%20viewBox='0%200%2022%2016'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3EFF38D0EB-1E4A-449A-B5ED-D75AE92C6713%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-71.000000,-513.000000)'%20stroke='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(40.000000,5.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='20'%20height='14'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cpath%20d='M0,2.15810473%20L8.76584115,9.03218556%20C9.49049293,9.60044989%2010.5095071,9.60044989%2011.2341588,9.03218556%20L20,2.15810473%20L20,2.15810473'%20id='Path-6'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.feature_post_full .share-copy-link i{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='18px'%20height='24px'%20viewBox='0%200%2018%2024'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E46EA7BC9-C553-4F97-AD62-250CD1D1C778%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-156.000000,-509.000000)'%20stroke='%23FFFFFF'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-5'%20transform='translate(133.098076,12.000000)%20rotate(-60.000000)%20translate(-133.098076,-12.000000)%20translate(122.098076,9.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle-Copy-2'%20x='12'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cline%20x1='5'%20y1='3'%20x2='17'%20y2='3'%20id='Path-7'%20stroke-linecap='round'%3E%3C/line%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before,.feature_post_full.Yellow .widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='22px'%20height='16px'%20viewBox='0%200%2022%2016'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3EFF38D0EB-1E4A-449A-B5ED-D75AE92C6713%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-71.000000,-513.000000)'%20stroke='%230D0D0D'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(40.000000,5.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='20'%20height='14'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cpath%20d='M0,2.15810473%20L8.76584115,9.03218556%20C9.49049293,9.60044989%2010.5095071,9.60044989%2011.2341588,9.03218556%20L20,2.15810473%20L20,2.15810473'%20id='Path-6'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.feature_post_full.LightGreen .share-copy-link i,.feature_post_full.Yellow .share-copy-link i{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='18px'%20height='24px'%20viewBox='0%200%2018%2024'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E46EA7BC9-C553-4F97-AD62-250CD1D1C778%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-156.000000,-509.000000)'%20stroke='%230D0D0D'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-5'%20transform='translate(133.098076,12.000000)%20rotate(-60.000000)%20translate(-133.098076,-12.000000)%20translate(122.098076,9.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle-Copy-2'%20x='12'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cline%20x1='5'%20y1='3'%20x2='17'%20y2='3'%20id='Path-7'%20stroke-linecap='round'%3E%3C/line%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.posts-custom .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23ff4c00"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.posts-custom .widget__shares a:hover i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23ffffff"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.share-copy-link i{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='18px'%20height='24px'%20viewBox='0%200%2018%2024'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E46EA7BC9-C553-4F97-AD62-250CD1D1C778%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-156.000000,-509.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-5'%20transform='translate(133.098076,12.000000)%20rotate(-60.000000)%20translate(-133.098076,-12.000000)%20translate(122.098076,9.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle-Copy-2'%20x='12'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cline%20x1='5'%20y1='3'%20x2='17'%20y2='3'%20id='Path-7'%20stroke-linecap='round'%3E%3C/line%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='22px'%20height='16px'%20viewBox='0%200%2022%2016'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3EFF38D0EB-1E4A-449A-B5ED-D75AE92C6713%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-71.000000,-513.000000)'%20stroke='%23FF4C00'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(40.000000,5.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='20'%20height='14'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cpath%20d='M0,2.15810473%20L8.76584115,9.03218556%20C9.49049293,9.60044989%2010.5095071,9.60044989%2011.2341588,9.03218556%20L20,2.15810473%20L20,2.15810473'%20id='Path-6'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__shares a .fa-envelope:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='22px'%20height='16px'%20viewBox='0%200%2022%2016'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3EFF38D0EB-1E4A-449A-B5ED-D75AE92C6713%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-71.000000,-513.000000)'%20stroke='%23005690'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-3'%20transform='translate(40.000000,5.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='20'%20height='14'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cpath%20d='M0,2.15810473%20L8.76584115,9.03218556%20C9.49049293,9.60044989%2010.5095071,9.60044989%2011.2341588,9.03218556%20L20,2.15810473%20L20,2.15810473'%20id='Path-6'%3E%3C/path%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.widget.tag-type-ti .share-copy-link i{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20width='18px'%20height='24px'%20viewBox='0%200%2018%2024'%20version='1.1'%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20xmlns:xlink='http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink'%3E%3Ctitle%3E46EA7BC9-C553-4F97-AD62-250CD1D1C778%3C/title%3E%3Cg%20id='Podcast-pages'%20stroke='none'%20stroke-width='1'%20fill='none'%20fill-rule='evenodd'%3E%3Cg%20id='1376---Individual-podcast-episode'%20transform='translate(-156.000000,-509.000000)'%20stroke='%23005690'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-12'%20transform='translate(32.000000,509.000000)'%3E%3Cg%20id='Group-5'%20transform='translate(133.098076,12.000000)%20rotate(-60.000000)%20translate(-133.098076,-12.000000)%20translate(122.098076,9.000000)'%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle'%20x='0'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Crect%20id='Rectangle-Copy-2'%20x='12'%20y='0'%20width='10'%20height='6'%20rx='2'%3E%3C/rect%3E%3Cline%20x1='5'%20y1='3'%20x2='17'%20y2='3'%20id='Path-7'%20stroke-linecap='round'%3E%3C/line%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/g%3E%3C/svg%3E")}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__shares i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23005690"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.widget.tag-type-ti .widget__shares a:hover i.fa-twitter:before{background:url('data:image/svg+xml,<svg width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M15.1563 1.875H17.9141L11.8906 8.75781L18.9766 18.125H13.4297L9.08203 12.4453L4.11328 18.125H1.35156L7.79297 10.7617L1 1.875H6.6875L10.6133 7.06641L15.1563 1.875ZM14.1875 16.4766H15.7148L5.85547 3.4375H4.21484L14.1875 16.4766Z" fill="%23005690"/></svg>') no-repeat center}.listicle-slideshow-pager .listicle-slideshow--prev:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.listicle-slideshow-pager .listicle-slideshow--next:before{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}a.comment--item__like:after,a.comment--item__dislike:after{background-image:url("data:image/svg+xml;base64,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")}.post-author-list .social-author__bio a:first-child{display:inline}.post-author-list .posts-custom .social-author{width:100%}.post-author-list .flourish-embed,.post-author-list .rm-shortcode{display:none} </script><script class="rm-i-script" id="parsely-cfg" src="//cdn.parsely.com/keys/spectrum.ieee.org/p.js"></script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-medium-normal"> window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function loadFonts(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadFontFace('IvarText', 'https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarText-Regular.woff2', {selector: '', weight: '400', style: 'normal' }); window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadFontFace('IvarTextItalic', 'https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarText-Italic.woff2', {selector: '', weight: '400', style: 'italic' }); window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadFontFace('IvarText', 'https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/IvarCompleteWeb/IvarText-Bold.woff2', {selector: '', weight: '700', style: 'normal' });}); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://openfpcdn.io/fingerprintjs/v4/iife.min.js", function() { if (!localStorage.getItem('ppid')) { var fpPromise = FingerprintJS.load() fpPromise .then(fp => fp.get()) .then(result => { window.ppid=result.visitorId localStorage.setItem('ppid', result.visitorId); }) } else { window.ppid = localStorage.getItem('ppid') } }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://htlbid.com/v3/spectrum.ieee.org/rblbid.js", function() { rblbid.addHook("beforePbjsAuction", (hbConfig, auctionInfo) => { window.auction = {}; var d = { key: "adxbid", val: function (e) { var realPrice = e.pbHg; if (e.pbHg == 0.0 || e.pbHg == 0.01) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":"0.01" , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return 0.01; } e.pbHg = parseFloat((e.pbHg - 0.01).toFixed(2)); if (e.pbHg >= 0.01 && e.pbHg < 1.02) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":e.pbHg.toFixed(2) , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return e.pbHg.toFixed(2); } else if (e.pbHg >= 1.02 && e.pbHg < 2.0) { var temp = e.pbHg.toString(); if (/\d+(\.\d+)?/.test(temp)) { var lastNum = parseInt(temp[temp.length - 1]); if (lastNum % 2 == 1) { e.pbHg = parseFloat(e.pbHg.toFixed(2)) - 0.01; } } window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":e.pbHg.toFixed(2) , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return e.pbHg.toFixed(2); } else if (e.pbHg >= 2 && e.pbHg < 5) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":e.pbHg.toFixed(1) + 0 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return e.pbHg.toFixed(1) + 0; } else if (e.pbHg >= 5 && e.pbHg < 10) { function roundDown(number) { var decimalPart = number % 1; if (decimalPart < 0.5) { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price": realPrice, "adxbid":number - decimalPart , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return number - decimalPart} else { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":number - decimalPart + 0.5 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return number - decimalPart + 0.5}; } window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":roundDown(e.pbHg).toFixed(1) + 0 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return roundDown(e.pbHg).toFixed(1) + 0; } else { window.auction[e.adUnitCode] = {"price":realPrice, "adxbid":10.00 , "targeting":auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting}; return (e.pbHg = "10.00"); } }, }; auctionInfo.bidderSettings.standard.adserverTargeting.push(d); let adUnits = auctionInfo.adUnits.map(item=>{return item.code}); let slotRendered = function (event) { var slot = event.slot; auctionInfo.adUnits.filter((adUnit) => { if (adUnit.code == slot.getSlotElementId()) { console.group( "Moravac: ", slot.getSlotElementId(), "finished rendering." ); console.log("Is empty:", event.isEmpty); console.log("Prebid price?: ", window.auction[slot.getSlotElementId()]?.price || 0); console.log("AdxBid price?: ", window.auction[slot.getSlotElementId()]?.adxbid) if(event.isEmpty && window.auction[slot.getSlotElementId()]?.price){ //console.log("HB price is set but ad is empty"); //console.log("Reloading ad without AdXBID"); //slot.setTargeting('adxbid', '0.01'); //console.log("set: ", slot.getTargetingKeys()) //console.log("Refresh unit") //googletag.pubads().refresh([slot], {changeCorrelator: true}) //console.log("Refreshed") } adUnits = adUnits.filter(function(item) { return item !== slot.getSlotElementId() }) console.groupEnd(); } }); if (adUnits.length == 0){ googletag.pubads().removeEventListener("slotRenderEnded", slotRendered); console.group( "Moravac: ", ); console.log("Listener removed for this auction") console.groupEnd(); } }; googletag.cmd.push(function () { googletag.pubads().addEventListener("slotRenderEnded", slotRendered); }); return auctionInfo; }); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ REBELMOUSE_STDLIB .createElementChangeListener('.rm-shortcode[href*=".pdf"]', function(pdfLink){ pdfLink.href = 'javascript:void(0);'; pdfLink.classList.add('pdf-link-nonmember'); pdfLink.addEventListener('click', function(){ openGatedPopup('for_pdf_issues'); }); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ //var ssoValidatorUrl = 'https://oamssoqae.ieee.org/ieeevendorsso/rest/auth/validatePFToken?_=' + (+ new Date()); var ssoValidatorUrl = 'https://securesso.ieee.org/ieeevendorsso/rest/auth/validatePFToken?_=' + (+ new Date()); function getCookie(name) { const value = `; ${document.cookie}`; const parts = value.split(`; ${name}=`); if (parts.length === 2) return parts.pop().split(';').shift(); } fetch(ssoValidatorUrl, { method: 'GET', mode: 'cors', credentials: 'include', }).then(function (response) { // The API call was successful! if (response.ok) { response.json().then(function(result) { if (typeof result == 'object' && result.cookieValid && getCookie('user_logged_in') !== "1") { //SSO console.log('we should be logged in, redirect to SSO iDP'); //window.location.href = 'https://spectrumtest.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=' + window.location.href; window.location.href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); } else if (typeof result == 'object' && !result.cookieValid) { //SLO console.log('we should be logged out, remove cookie and do not show user'); //document.cookie = "sessionid= ; expires = Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"; } }); } else { return Promise.reject(response); } }).then(function (data) { // This is the JSON from our response console.log(data); }).catch(function (err) { // There was an error console.warn('Something went wrong.', err); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function changeDateFormat(widget){ var dates_toChange=widget.querySelectorAll('.widget .social-date__text:not(.processed),.widget .social-date-modified__text:not(.processed)'); if(dates_toChange){ dates_toChange.forEach(function(date) { if(!date.innerHTML.trim()==""){ date.classList.add('processed') var date_string=date.innerHTML.toString(); var slpit_dateText=date_string.split(" "); if(slpit_dateText.length==1){ let plural=true; if(slpit_dateText[0].length==2){ if(slpit_dateText[0].charAt(0)=="1"){ plural=false; } } let modifier=plural ? 'hours ago':'hour ago'; if(slpit_dateText[0].substr(-1)=='m'){ modifier=plural ? 'minutes ago':'minute ago'; } if(slpit_dateText[0].substr(-1)=='s'){ modifier=plural ? 'seconds ago':'second ago'; } var new_dateText=slpit_dateText[0].slice(0,-1); date.innerHTML= new_dateText+" "+ modifier; date.classList.add("modified"); } } }); } } _createElementChangeListener= function (selector, callback) { const initializedNodes = new Set([]); document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((node) => { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); }); const mutationObserver = new MutationObserver(() => { const nodes = document.querySelectorAll(selector); nodes.forEach((node) => { if (!initializedNodes.has(node)) { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); } }); }); mutationObserver.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, }); } _createElementChangeListener(".widget",changeDateFormat); }); window.REBELMOUSE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ feature_post_full_style(); }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOW_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let scnt=1; let options = { // threshhold for intersection observer, so it triggers before or after element in viewport dependinng upon value rootMargin: '0px 0px 400px 0px' } function handleIntersection(entries) { entries.map((entry) => { if (entry.isIntersecting) { if(!entry.target.classList.contains('sidebar_sticky_parent')){ processAd(entry.target) //your call back here with the element that is intersected or in viewport } else { sidebar_ad_repeat(entry.target) } observer.unobserve(entry.target); // if you want to run it only once unobserve it } }); } window.IcreateElementChangeListener=function(selector, callback) { // look for elements that are injected later in the page. const initializedNodes = new Set([]); document.querySelectorAll(selector).forEach((node) => { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); }); const mutationObserver = new MutationObserver(() => { const nodes = document.querySelectorAll(selector); nodes.forEach((node) => { if (!initializedNodes.has(node)) { callback(node); initializedNodes.add(node); } }); }); mutationObserver.observe(document.body, { childList: true, subtree: true, }); } const observer = new IntersectionObserver(handleIntersection,options); IcreateElementChangeListener(".sidebar_sticky_parent",function(item){ //looks for item in the dom even if they are lazy laoded observer.observe(item); // observe item }) function sidebar_ad_repeat(sidebar_div){ let ad_id="ieee_sidebar_"+scnt; rblbid.cmd.push(function() { sidebar_div.querySelector(".sidebar_repeat_ad").id=ad_id; sidebar_div.style.height="1800px"; scnt++; sidebar_div.insertAdjacentHTML('afterend','<div class="sidebar_sticky_parent"><div class="stick_in_parent"><div class="sidebar_repeat_ad rblad-ieee_sidebar"></div></div></div>') }); } });</script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-active" type="text"> window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function bootRpm(){ const INTERNAL_CLASS_PREFIXES = ["tag-", "post-section-", "rm-fl-"]; function filterOutNoisyClassNames(className) { function doesClassNameStartWithPrefix(badPrefix) { return className.indexOf(badPrefix) === 0; } return !INTERNAL_CLASS_PREFIXES.some(doesClassNameStartWithPrefix); } function signatureMaker(id, tagName, classList) { const cleanClassList = classList.filter(filterOutNoisyClassNames).sort(); return [id, tagName, cleanClassList]; } window.__rpmOptions = window.__rpmOptions || { lcpTrackerOptions: { signatureMaker: signatureMaker, }, clsTrackerOptions: { signatureMaker: signatureMaker, }, }; window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://www.rebelmouse.com/pharos/client/v1/mjs/web.mjs", function(){}) }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ localStorage.setItem("userMembershipStatus", 'anonymous'); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5WJB5X2'); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("//app-ab24.marketo.com/js/forms2/js/forms2.min.js", function() { }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.loadExternalScript("https://s3.amazonaws.com/ieee-mkto-cross-domain/enterprise-page-code.js", function() { }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let favoritProBook = new FontFace("Favorit-Pro-Book", "url(https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/ABCFavoritProFullWeb/ABCFavoritPro-Book.woff2)", { style: 'normal' }); favoritProBook.load().then(function() { document.fonts.add(favoritProBook); }); let telegrafFont = new FontFace("Telegraf", "url(https://partners.rebelmouse.com/IEEE/Telegraf/Telegraf-UltraBold-800.otf)", { style: 'normal' }); telegrafFont.load().then(function() { document.fonts.add(telegrafFont); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener("span.comment--item-date", function(dateElement){ setTimeout(function(){ const datestring = dateElement.innerHTML.split(','); dateElement.setAttribute('data-date', datestring[0] + datestring[1]); }, 3000); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ document.querySelector(".access_links .list__item").href = "https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum"; }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ /* add tracking links */ const announcementsLinks = document.querySelectorAll('.announcement-bar .text-element > a, .announcement-bar .formatted-text > a'); for (const links of announcementsLinks) { links.classList.add('announcement-link'); } /* if close announcement bar, don't show again for same session */ function anbarclosedFunc() { sessionStorage.setItem('anbarclose',true); } document.querySelector(".button-learn-more-ebook").addEventListener("click",anbarclosedFunc); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ document.querySelector('.button-view').addEventListener('click', function() { PARSELY.conversions.trackLinkClick('Announcement Bar Invention - View Clicked'); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ const cookieButton = document.querySelectorAll('a[rel="cookie-preferences"]'); for (let i = 0; i < cookieButton.length; i++) { cookieButton[i].addEventListener('click', function(event) { event.preventDefault(); Osano.cm.showDrawer('osano-cm-dom-info-dialog-open') }); } }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function otherPopupsNotOpen() { if (document.querySelector('.gated-popup--shown') == null && document.querySelector('.stop-scrolling') == null) return true; else return false; } function showLightBox() { return document.querySelector('.lightbox-popup').classList.add('lightbox-popup--shown'); } function trackClicks() { const titleLinks = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('a')); const handler = function() { if (sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) + 1); } titleLinks.map(item => item.addEventListener('click', handler)); } function countClicks() { if (sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) { if (parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) == 3) { if (otherPopupsNotOpen()) { showLightBox(); updateSigninButtons(); } else sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) - 1); } } else { sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", 0); } trackClicks(); } setTimeout(countClicks, 1000); var popupLightBoxElement=document.querySelector('.lightbox-popup'), closeLightbox, lightboxCloseBtn = '.js--close-lightbox', lightboxShownClass = 'lightbox-popup--shown'; closeLightbox = function () { popupLightBoxElement.parentNode.removeChild(popupLightBoxElement); }; document.querySelector(lightboxCloseBtn).onclick = closeLightbox; function setCookie() { var now = new Date(); now.setTime(now.getTime() + 72 * 3600 * 1000); var expires = "pop_expires="+now; document.cookie = expires + ";path=/"; } function checkCookie() { var today = new Date(); var cookieset = document.cookie.split(';'); var value_expires = ""; cookieset.forEach((e) => { if(e.includes("pop_expires")) { value_expires = e; } }) var time_expire = new Date(value_expires.split("=")[1]); if(today <= time_expire){ return false; }else{ return true; } } var checkPage = true; if(window.location.href.indexOf("the-great-ai-reckoning") > -1) { //console.log("AI Special Report"); checkPage = false; } function updateSigninButtons() { document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.signin_button .list__item")[0].href = "https://www.ieee.org/profile/public/createwebaccount/showCreateAccount.html?ShowMGAMarkeatbilityOptIn=true&sourceCode=spectrum&signinurl=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&url=" + encodeURIComponent(window.location.origin + "/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + window.location.origin + "/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href) + "&autoSignin=Y&car=IEEE-Spectrum"; document.querySelectorAll(".popup_links.signin_button .list__item")[1].href = "https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/saml/main/login?next_url=" + encodeURIComponent("https://spectrum.ieee.org/core/integrations/ieee/changes?redirect=" + window.location.href); } function checkPopup() { var checkClickCount = true; if (sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) { if (parseInt(sessionStorage.getItem("sessionPopupClicks")) > 2) checkClickCount = false; } if (checkCookie() && checkPage && otherPopupsNotOpen() && checkClickCount) { popupLightBoxElement.classList.add(lightboxShownClass); setCookie(); sessionStorage.setItem("sessionPopupClicks", 4); updateSigninButtons(); } } setTimeout(checkPopup, 15000); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener(".widget", (el) => { addPopSave(); }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ document.querySelectorAll(".social-author__bio").forEach(function (item) { if(item.querySelector("a")){ item.querySelector("a").remove(); } var text = item.innerHTML; var dotSpace = text.indexOf(". ") === -1 ? text.length : text.indexOf(". "); var dotEnd = text.indexOf(". <") === -1 ? text.length : text.indexOf(".<"); var dotBr = text.indexOf(".\n") === -1 ? text.length : text.indexOf(".\n"); var firstDot = Math.min(dotSpace, dotEnd, dotBr); var newtext = text.substring(0, firstDot+1); item.innerHTML = newtext; }); let authorsList = document.querySelectorAll(".container_feature_below .post-author-list .social-author__name"); let authorsListBios = document.querySelectorAll(".container_feature_below .post-author-list .social-author__bio p"); for (let i = 0; i < authorsList.length; i++) { authorsListBios[i].innerHTML += ' <a href="'+ authorsList[i].href + '">See full bio →</a>'; } }); window.REBELMOUSE_ACTIVE_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ var LightBoxLayout=document.querySelector('.lightbox-layout'), closeLightbox; function closeLightbox(){ var LightBoxElement=document.querySelector('.lightbox'); LightBoxElement.classList.remove('lightbox--shown'); LightBoxElement.classList.remove('lightbox'); LightBoxLayout.classList.remove('lightbox--shown'); document.body.classList.remove("fixed_scrolling"); } function checkLightboxForPost(item){ let theIds = item.querySelector(".custom-field-lightbox-img-shortcode-ids"); let lightboxImages = JSON.parse(theIds.innerText); let postLightbox = lightboxImages["imageShortcodeIds"]; for (var i=0; i<postLightbox.length; i++) { let theImgs = item.querySelectorAll("img"), getImg, theImage; for (var y=0; y<theImgs.length; y++) { if(theImgs[y].getAttribute('data-runner-src') != null){ getImg = theImgs[y].getAttribute('data-runner-src'); }else{ getImg = theImgs[y].src; } if(getImg.indexOf(postLightbox[i]) != -1){ if(theImgs[y].parentElement.classList.contains("share-tab-img")){ theImage = theImgs[y].parentElement.parentElement; }else{ theImage = theImgs[y].parentElement; } theImage.classList.add("lightbox_icon"); theImage.classList.add("lightbox_"+i); theImage.addEventListener("click", function(event) { this.classList.add('lightbox--shown'); this.classList.add('lightbox'); LightBoxLayout.classList.add('lightbox--shown'); document.body.classList.add("fixed_scrolling"); }); } } } } window.REBELMOUSE_STDLIB.createElementChangeListener(".widget", (el) => { let theIds = el.querySelector(".custom-field-lightbox-img-shortcode-ids"); if(theIds){ let lightboxImages = JSON.parse(theIds.innerText); let postLightbox = lightboxImages["imageShortcodeIds"]; let foundAll = postLightbox.length; for (var i=0; i<postLightbox.length; i++) { let theImgs = el.querySelectorAll("img"), getImg, theImage; for (var y=0; y<theImgs.length; y++) { if(theImgs[y].getAttribute('data-runner-src') != null){ getImg = theImgs[y].getAttribute('data-runner-src'); }else{ getImg = theImgs[y].src; } if(getImg.indexOf(postLightbox[i]) != -1){ if(theImgs[y].parentElement.classList.contains("share-tab-img")){ theImage = theImgs[y].parentElement.parentElement; }else{ theImage = theImgs[y].parentElement; } foundAll = foundAll - 1; theImage.classList.add("lightbox_icon"); theImage.classList.add("lightbox_"+i); theImage.addEventListener("click", function(event) { this.classList.add('lightbox--shown'); this.classList.add('lightbox'); LightBoxLayout.classList.add('lightbox--shown'); document.body.classList.add("fixed_scrolling"); }); } } } if(foundAll != 0){ el.querySelector(".widget__show-more").addEventListener("click", function(event) { checkLightboxForPost(this.parentElement.parentElement.parentElement); }); } } }); document.querySelector('.lightbox__close').onclick= closeLightbox; document.addEventListener("keyup", function(event) { // Number 27 is the "esc" key on the keyboard if (event.keyCode === 27) { closeLightbox(); } }); });</script><script class="rm-i-script" id="user-javascript-lowest" type="text"> window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ window.RM_AD_LOADER.push({ options: { threshold: 500, }, staticSelectors: [], dynamicSelectors: [], dependencies: ["https://htlbid.com/v3/spectrum.ieee.org/rblbid.js"], onDependanciesLoaded: function () { window.rblbid = window.rblbid || {}; rblbid.cmd = rblbid.cmd || []; window.custom_tags = "climate change, climate tech, evs, flow batteries, grid storage, lithium-ion batteries, nanoelectrofuel batteries, type:cover, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902453, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902560, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902569, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902651, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902661, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902658, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902785, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902502, ~rmsc:rebelmouse-image:50902516, Automotive, Technology & Computing, Travel, Business and Finance, Health and Medical Services, Automotive Ownership, Automotive Products, Auto Technology, Green Vehicles, Luxury Cars, Motorcycles, Artificial Intelligence, Computing, Consumer Electronics, Internet, Cloud Computing, Web Development, Web Hosting, Internet of Things, IT and Internet Support, Programming Languages" if(!window.custom_tags){ window.custom_tags = window.tags; } rblbid.cmd.push(function() { rblbid.layout('universal'); rblbid.setTargeting("is_testing","no"); rblbid.setTargeting("is_home", "no"); rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_page_type", "postpage"); rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_post_id", window.postid); rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_category", window.category); rblbid.setTargeting("ieee_tags", window.tags ); rblbid.pubads().setPublisherProvidedId(window.ppid) rblbid.setTargeting("aud", "Interest37, Interest432, Interest464, Interest62, Interest171, Purchase Intent53, Purchase Intent100, Interest40, Interest47, Interest48, Interest49, Interest433, Interest435, Interest448, Interest436, Interest437, Interest438, Interest439, Interest442, Interest443, Interest447") }); function injectGooglePCDTag(segmentID, yourID) { const script = document.createElement('script'); script.async = true; script.id = 'google-pcd-tag'; script.src = `https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/pcd.js`; script.setAttribute('data-audience-pixel', `dc_iu=/22278042776/DFPAudiencePixel;dc_seg=${segmentID};ppid=${yourID}`); document.head.appendChild(script); } fetch("/r/kappa/api/v2/reader/pixelids?aud=Interest37, Interest432, Interest464, Interest62, Interest171, Purchase Intent53, Purchase Intent100, Interest40, Interest47, Interest48, Interest49, Interest433, Interest435, Interest448, Interest436, Interest437, Interest438, Interest439, Interest442, Interest443, Interest447").then(result=>result.json()).then(res => { res.forEach(pixaud=>{ // (function() { // var a = String(Math.floor(Math.random() * 10000000000000000)); // new Image().src = 'https://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/activity;dc_iu=/22278042776,22808949761/DFPAudiencePixel;ord=' + a + `;dc_seg=${pixaud};ppid=${window.ppid}?`; // })(); injectGooglePCDTag(pixaud, window.ppid); }) }) }, onInit: function() { }, }); }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let floatingShares = document.querySelector('.floating-shares'); floatingShares.onclick = function() { if (navigator.share) { navigator.share({ url: window.location.href }).then(() => { console.log('Thanks for sharing!'); }).catch(console.error); } else { alert("sharing "+ window.location.href); } } }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ let topbarHeadline = document.querySelector('.topbar__sticky-headline--post .text-element'); let windowHeight = window.innerHeight/2; if(!!window.IntersectionObserver){ let headlineObserver = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => { entries.forEach(entry => { if(entry.isIntersecting){ var currentHeadline = entry.target.querySelector('.widget__headline-text'); if(currentHeadline) { topbarHeadline.textContent = currentHeadline.textContent; } } }); }, {rootMargin: "0px 0px -" + windowHeight + "px 0px"}); createElementChangeListener(".infinite_scroll .widget", (el) => { headlineObserver.observe(el) }); createElementChangeListener(".article_column .widget", (el) => { headlineObserver.observe(el) }); createElementChangeListener(".feature_post_full .widget", (el) => { headlineObserver.observe(el) }); } }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function menuClick() { document.getElementsByClassName('huge-menu')[0].style.display = 'block'; document.getElementsByClassName('hambg-btn')[0].classList.add('js--active'); document.body.classList.add("huge-menu-opened"); document.body.classList.remove("menu-opened"); } function close(){ document.getElementsByClassName('huge-menu')[0].style.display = 'none'; document.getElementsByClassName('hambg-btn')[0].classList.remove('js--active'); document.body.classList.remove("huge-menu-opened"); document.body.classList.remove("menu-opened"); } function addMenuClickListener() { var rebelMenu_first = document.getElementsByClassName('rebelbar__menu-toggle')[0]; var rebelMenu_second = document.getElementsByClassName('rebelbar__menu-toggle')[1]; var menuClose = document.getElementsByClassName('hm__close')[0]; rebelMenu_first.addEventListener('click', menuClick); rebelMenu_second.addEventListener('click', menuClick); menuClose.addEventListener('click', close); } addMenuClickListener(); }); window.REBELMOUSE_LOWEST_TASKS_QUEUE.push(function(){ function createIdleScrollListener(callback) { let ticking = false; return function onScrollIdle() { if (ticking) { return; } ticking = true; requestAnimationFrame(function A() { callback(); ticking = false; }); }; } var stickyEl = document.querySelector('.topbar-sticky'); var startPosition = stickyEl.offsetTop; var darkTopbarHeight = document.querySelector('.topbar .dark_top_bar').offsetHeight; var currentPosition; stickyEl.style.height = stickyEl.offsetHeight + 'px'; document.addEventListener("scroll", createIdleScrollListener(function B() { currentPosition = stickyEl.getBoundingClientRect().top + darkTopbarHeight; if( currentPosition < startPosition ) { if( !stickyEl.classList.contains('active') ) { stickyEl.classList.add('active'); } } else { if( stickyEl.classList.contains('active') ) { stickyEl.classList.remove('active'); } } })); });</script></body></html>