CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs"> <head> <title>Help:Authors - Scholarpedia</title> <meta charset="UTF-8" /> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.19.17" /> <link rel="canonical" href="/article/Help:Authors" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/w/images/6/64/Favicon.ico" /> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Scholarpedia (en)" /> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Scholarpedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=mediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cskins.vector&only=styles&skin=vector&*" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/skins/vector/font-awesome.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/skins/vector/local-screen.css" /><meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content="" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=styles&skin=vector&*" /> <style>a:lang(ar),a:lang(ckb),a:lang(fa),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none}a.new,#quickbar a.new{color:#ba0000} /* cache key: wikidb:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:c88e2bcd56513749bec09a7e29cb3ffa */</style> <script src="http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&skin=vector&*"></script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"Help","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":12,"wgPageName":"Help:Authors","wgTitle":"Authors","wgCurRevisionId":183047,"wgArticleId":10432,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":[],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgRelevantPageName":"Help:Authors","wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Scholarpedia:Instructions_for_authors","wgVectorEnabledModules":{"collapsiblenav":true,"collapsibletabs":true,"editwarning":false,"expandablesearch":false,"footercleanup":false,"sectioneditlinks":false,"simplesearch":true,"experiments":true}}); }</script><script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.implement("user.options",function($){mw.user.options.set({"ccmeonemails":0,"cols":80,"date":"default","diffonly":0,"disablemail":0,"disablesuggest":0,"editfont":"default","editondblclick":0,"editsection":1,"editsectiononrightclick":0,"enotifminoredits":0,"enotifrevealaddr":0,"enotifusertalkpages":1,"enotifwatchlistpages":1,"extendwatchlist":0,"externaldiff":0,"externaleditor":0,"fancysig":0,"forceeditsummary":0,"gender":"unknown","hideminor":0,"hidepatrolled":0,"highlightbroken":1,"imagesize":2,"justify":0,"math":1,"minordefault":0,"newpageshidepatrolled":0,"nocache":0,"noconvertlink":0,"norollbackdiff":0,"numberheadings":0,"previewonfirst":0,"previewontop":1,"quickbar":5,"rcdays":7,"rclimit":50,"rememberpassword":0,"rows":25,"searchlimit":20,"showhiddencats":0,"showjumplinks":1,"shownumberswatching":1,"showtoc":1,"showtoolbar":1,"skin":"vector","stubthreshold":0,"thumbsize":2,"underline":2,"uselivepreview":0,"usenewrc":0,"watchcreations":0,"watchdefault":0,"watchdeletion":0, "watchlistdays":3,"watchlisthideanons":0,"watchlisthidebots":0,"watchlisthideliu":0,"watchlisthideminor":0,"watchlisthideown":0,"watchlisthidepatrolled":0,"watchmoves":0,"wllimit":250,"vector-simplesearch":1,"vector-collapsiblenav":1,"variant":"en","language":"en","searchNs0":true,"searchNs1":false,"searchNs2":false,"searchNs3":false,"searchNs4":false,"searchNs5":false,"searchNs6":false,"searchNs7":false,"searchNs8":false,"searchNs9":false,"searchNs10":false,"searchNs11":false,"searchNs12":false,"searchNs13":false,"searchNs14":false,"searchNs15":false,"searchNs200":false,"searchNs201":false,"searchNs400":false,"searchNs401":false});;},{},{});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function($){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","watchToken":false});;},{},{}); /* cache key: wikidb:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:e87579b4b142a5fce16144e6d8ce1889 */ }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax"]); }</script> <link rel="canonical" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Help:Authors" /> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-12 ns-subject page-Help_Authors skin-vector action-view"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div>  <div id="content" class="mw-body"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;"></div>  <div id="siteNotice"><script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ document.writeln("\x3cdiv id=\"localNotice\" lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\"\x3e\x3cp style=\"text-align:left;font-style:italic\"\x3e\x3cspan class=\"tex2jax_ignore\"\x3eScholarpedia\x3c/span\x3e is supported by \x3ca rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.braincorp.com\"\x3e\x3cspan class=\"tex2jax_ignore\"\x3eBrain\x3c/span\x3e Corporation\x3c/a\x3e\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3c/div\x3e"); /* ]]> */ </script></div>   <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading"> <span dir="auto">Help:Authors</span> </h1>   <div id="bodyContent">  <div id="siteSub">From Scholarpedia</div>   <div id="contentSub">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scholarpedia:Instructions_for_authors&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarpedia:Instructions for authors">Scholarpedia:Instructions for authors</a>)</div>   <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div>   <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="cp-author-order"><ul id="sp_authors"></ul></div><p><b>Welcome!</b> </p><p>Scholarpedia is a peer-reviewed encyclopedia written <a href="/article/Scholarpedia:Authors" title="Scholarpedia:Authors">by the leading experts of their respective fields</a>. As an encyclopedia, it does not publish research papers or position papers, but, instead, is meant to serve as a repository for "living reviews" to be maintained by future generations of experts via a process of <a href="/article/Scholarpedia:About#Article_Maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarpedia:About">curatorship</a>. If you would like to publish an article on Scholarpedia, please follow the steps below. </p> <table id="toc" class="toc"><tr><td><div id="toctitle"><h2>Contents</h2></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Step_1:_Create_a_user_account"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext"><b>Step 1: Create a user account</b></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Step_2:_Propose_an_article"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext"><b>Step 2: Propose an article</b></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Step_3:_Find_a_sponsor"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext"><b>Step 3: Find a sponsor</b></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Step_4:_Invite_a_co-author_.28optional.29"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext"><b>Step 4: Invite a co-author (optional)</b></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Step_5:_Write_the_article"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext"><b>Step 5: Write the article</b></span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Structure"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext"><b><i>Structure</i></b></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Style"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext"><b><i>Style</i></b></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Step_6:_Invite_peer_reviewers"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext"><b>Step 6: Invite peer reviewers</b></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Step_7:_Revise_the_article"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext"><b>Step 7: Revise the article</b></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Step_8:_Approve_the_article_for_publication"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext"><b>Step 8: Approve the article for publication</b></span></a></li> </ul> </td></tr></table> <h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Step_1:_Create_a_user_account"><b>Step 1: Create a user account</b></span></h2> <ol><li> At the top right of the main page, click “Log in / create account.” </li><li> Under “Log in,” click “create an account,” and then fill in all of the required fields. </li></ol> <h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Step_2:_Propose_an_article"><b>Step 2: Propose an article</b></span></h2> <p>Click <a href="/article/Special:ProposeArticle" title="Special:ProposeArticle">Propose a new article</a>, and type in the proposed article title and deadline for completion. Your title should be short and encyclopedic. </p><p>The article will be created as a subpage of your user page. </p> <h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Step_3:_Find_a_sponsor"><b>Step 3: Find a sponsor</b></span></h2> <p>Your proposed article must be sponsored by an existing Curator of Scholarpedia in order for you to reserve the proposed topic. The article's Sponsor vouches that </p> <ol><li> the topic you propose is encyclopedic and worthy of a new Scholarpedia article </li><li> at least one of the authors is an established expert in the field, and </li><li> the article topic is within the Sponsor's own expertise. </li></ol> <p>One way to find a sponsor is as follows: </p> <ol><li> Search through Scholarpedia's current encyclopedias at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Scholarpedia:Topics">http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Scholarpedia:Topics</a>. Click on the link to the encyclopedia whose general topic most closely matches that of your proposed article. </li><li> Search through the articles within that encyclopedia, and identify one whose topic is related to that of your proposed article. Click on the link to that article. </li><li> In the upper right corner of the article page is the name of that article's curator. Click on that person's name, and you will arrive at his/her user page and find his/her email address. </li><li> Open your article page, and click on the "Invite Sponsor" link on the top toolbar. You will be shown a URL. Copy the URL, and email it to the curator, asking if he/she is willing to sponsor your article. </li></ol> <p>An alternative way to find a sponsor (e.g., if you already have someone in mind and want to know whether that person is a Scholarpedia curator or editor) is to search through the lists of existing Scholarpedia curators (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Special:ListCurators">http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Special:ListCurators</a>) and editors (at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Main_Page">http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Main_Page</a>, under "Active Editorial Board") and then follow steps 3 and 4 above. </p><p>Once your article is sponsored, it is moved from your user page subpage to the main Scholarpedia namespace. If another article with the same title reached "Sponsored" status before yours and is currently in development, then your article will be placed in a queue of articles waiting to take the place of the one currently in development should it be rejected. </p><p><b>Important</b>: Once your article is sponsored, the deadline for getting the article written, reviewed, and approved is two months from the date when the article achieved "Sponsored" status. </p> <h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Step_4:_Invite_a_co-author_.28optional.29"><b>Step 4: Invite a co-author (optional)</b></span></h2> <ol><li> On your article page, click on the "Invite a co-author" button at the top left. </li><li> You will then see an invitation link. Copy this link and email it to another expert on your article's topic. </li></ol> <h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Step_5:_Write_the_article"><b>Step 5: Write the article</b></span></h2> <h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Structure"><b><i>Structure</i></b></span></h3> <p>Scholarpedia articles do not contain an abstract, introduction, discussion, or conclusion section. However, most articles do share common structural elements. In general, each article should: </p> <ul><li> Start with a dictionary-like definition of the main topic (1 sentence to 1 paragraph long). This definition should be conceptually accessible to a broad audience of readers. For example: <ul><li> "A <strong>neuronal burst</strong> of spikes is two or more action potentials followed by a period of quiescence." </li><li> "A <strong><span class="tex2jax_ignore">dynamical system</span></strong> is a system whose state in any moment of time is a function of (1) its immediately previous state and (2) any input." </li><li> Note: Please use <span class="tex2jax_ignore"><strong> ... </strong></span> to bracket the mention of the article's topic in its definition, as this will improve its ranking in Google search results. </li></ul> </li><li> Progress from more basic to more advance concepts. </li><li> Make good use of bullet points, tables, and diagrams. </li><li> Be concise (2,000-4,000 words, not counting figure captions or references) but not terse. </li><li> Include the following sections at the end of the article: <ul><li> “References” (<span class="tex2jax_ignore">== References ==</span>): Keep the list of references to a minimum, ideally less than 20. Cite only major contributions, books, or review articles that are widely available. </li><li> “Recommended reading” (<span class="tex2jax_ignore">==Recommended reading==</span>): Include major books that are not necessarily cited in the article. </li><li> “See also” (<span class="tex2jax_ignore">==See also==</span>): Include links to relevant Scholarpedia articles. Also, go to those articles and add appropriate links to your article. </li></ul> </li><li> Also at the end of your article, include links to place your article in at least one category---for example, <span class="tex2jax_ignore">[[Category: Computational Neuroscience]]</span> and/or <span class="tex2jax_ignore">[[Category: Dynamical Systems]]</span>. </li></ul> <h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Style"><b><i>Style</i></b></span></h3> <p>As entries in an encyclopedia, Scholarpedia articles should be written in "classic style" (as described in "Clear and Simple as the Truth" by Thomas & Turner, 1994, Princeton University Press). </p><p>In general, when writing your article, you should follow these guidelines: </p> <ul><li> Avoid using first- and second-person (e.g., "I," "We," and "You"). </li><li> Target the article to advanced undergraduate students studying in the article’s area and graduate students in related areas. </li><li> Anticipate and answer common questions a reader might ask about a topic (e.g., for an invention: who invented it, when, where, why, and how? What did the invention replace? What was its impact? Has it led to any notable successes or failures?). Notice that, e.g., Wikipedia articles are generally very successful in this regard. </li><li> Mention any and all widely accepted alternative perspectives on issues of controversy. </li><li> Explain only the terms unique to the article or not appropriately explained in other Scholarpedia articles. In all other cases, provide links to the appropriate Scholarpedia article. For instance, the article on <a href="/article/Bursting" title="Bursting">Bursting</a> does not explain concepts such as neurons, spikes, currents, and bifurcations, but instead links to other Scholarpedia articles for definitions of these terms. </li><li> Avoid using abbreviations. </li></ul> <h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Step_6:_Invite_peer_reviewers"><b>Step 6: Invite peer reviewers</b></span></h2> <p>When an article is ready for peer-review, press 'invite reviewer' on the dashboard. The article needs to be accepted by two scholars (an article Sponsor can choose to serve as one of the article's reviewers). </p><p>In general, it is the responsibility of the team of article authors to find reviewers for their article and to persuade these reviewers to approve the article for publication before the two-month deadline. If the article deadline lapses, it returns to the "proposed" (unsponsored) state and the process of sponsorship and review needs to be restarted. </p><p>You may wish to direct the reviewers you invite to <a href="/article/Scholarpedia:Instructions_for_reviewers" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarpedia:Instructions for reviewers">instructions for reviewers</a>. </p> <h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Step_7:_Revise_the_article"><b>Step 7: Revise the article</b></span></h2> <p>Revise the article according to the reviewers' comments and suggestions. </p> <h2> <span class="mw-headline" id="Step_8:_Approve_the_article_for_publication"><b>Step 8: Approve the article for publication</b></span></h2> <p>After the article has been formally approved by two qualified reviewers, it will undergo a one-week cool-off period. During this period, editors of Scholarpedia have an opportunity to look over the article and ensure that it did not reach "published" status erroneously. </p> <ol><li> After the cool-off period ends, one of the authors must approve the very first "official" version of the article for publication, by first clicking on the blue "Publish Article" button in the publication banner at the top of the article. (If this button is not enabled, the article may not have completed the cool-off period.) </li><li> A pop-up will appear. The author should ensure that the order of the authors is correct within that pop-up and then select from the drop-down menu the author who will serve as the article's curator. The curator should be the most established expert on the article's topic, as it is this individual who will control the visibility of future revisions to an article. </li><li> Click "Submit confirmation." The moment of final author approval is the time of official archival publication. </li></ol>    <div class="cp-footer"><table cellpadding="0" border="0"></table></div> </div>   <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a href="http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Authors&oldid=183047">http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Authors&oldid=183047</a>" </div>   <div id='catlinks' class='catlinks catlinks-allhidden'></div>  <div class="visualClear"></div>   </div>  </div>   <div id="mw-head" class="noprint">  <div id="p-personal" class=""> <h5>Personal tools</h5> <ul> <li id="pt-login"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Scholarpedia%3AInstructions+for+authors" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li> </ul> </div>  <div id="left-navigation">  <div id="p-namespaces" class="vectorTabs"> <h5>Namespaces</h5> <ul> <li id="ca-nstab-help" class="selected"><span><a href="/article/Help:Authors" title="View the help page [c]" accesskey="c">Help page</a></span></li> <li id="ca-talk"><span><a href="/article/Help_talk:Authors" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Discussion</a></span></li> </ul> </div>   <div id="p-variants" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet"> <h4> </h4> <h5><span>Variants</span><a href="#"></a></h5> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div>  </div> <div id="right-navigation">  <div id="p-views" class="vectorTabs"> <h5>Views</h5> <ul> <li id="ca-view" class="selected"><span><a href="/article/Help:Authors" >Read</a></span></li> <li id="ca-viewsource"><span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Authors&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></span></li> <li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Authors&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></span></li> </ul> </div>   <div id="p-cactions" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet"> <h5><span>Actions</span><a href="#"></a></h5> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div>   <div id="p-search"> <h5><label for="searchInput">Search</label></h5> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input name="search" title="Search Scholarpedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" /> <button name="button" title="Search the pages for this text" id="searchButton"><img src="/w/skins/vector/images/search-ltr.png?303" alt="Search" /></button> <input type='hidden' name="title" value="Special:Search"/> </div> </form> </div>  </div> </div>   <div id="mw-panel" class="noprint">  <div id="p-logo"><a style="background-image: url(/w/skins/vector/images/splogo.png);" href="/article/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a></div>   <div class="portal" id='p-navigation'> <h5>Navigation</h5> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/article/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li> <li id="n-About"><a href="/article/Scholarpedia:About">About</a></li> <li id="n-Propose-a-new-article"><a href="/article/Special:ProposeArticle">Propose a new article</a></li> <li id="n-Instructions-for-Authors"><a href="/article/Scholarpedia:Instructions_for_Authors">Instructions for Authors</a></li> <li id="n-randompage"><a href="/article/Special:Random" title="Load a random page [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li> <li id="n-FAQs"><a href="/article/Help:Frequently_Asked_Questions">FAQs</a></li> <li id="n-Help"><a href="/article/Scholarpedia:Help">Help</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>   <div class="portal" id='p-Focal_areas'> <h5>Focal areas</h5> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-Astrophysics"><a href="/article/Encyclopedia:Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a></li> <li id="n-Celestial-mechanics"><a href="/article/Encyclopedia:Celestial_Mechanics">Celestial mechanics</a></li> <li id="n-Computational-neuroscience"><a href="/article/Encyclopedia:Computational_neuroscience">Computational neuroscience</a></li> <li id="n-Computational-intelligence"><a href="/article/Encyclopedia:Computational_intelligence">Computational intelligence</a></li> <li id="n-Dynamical-systems"><a href="/article/Encyclopedia:Dynamical_systems">Dynamical systems</a></li> <li id="n-Physics"><a href="/article/Encyclopedia:Physics">Physics</a></li> <li id="n-Touch"><a href="/article/Encyclopedia:Touch">Touch</a></li> <li id="n-More-topics"><a href="/article/Scholarpedia:Topics">More topics</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>   <div class="portal" id='p-Activity'> <h5>Activity</h5> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-Recently-published-articles"><a href="/article/Special:RecentlyPublished">Recently published articles</a></li> <li id="n-Recently-sponsored-articles"><a href="/article/Special:RecentlySponsored">Recently sponsored articles</a></li> <li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/article/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li> <li id="n-All-articles"><a href="/article/Special:AllPages">All articles</a></li> <li id="n-List-all-Curators"><a href="/article/Special:ListCurators">List all Curators</a></li> <li id="n-List-all-users"><a href="/article/Special:ListUsers">List all users</a></li> <li id="n-Journal"><a href="/article/Special:Journal">Scholarpedia Journal</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>     <div class="portal" id='p-tb'> <h5>Tools</h5> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/article/Special:WhatLinksHere/Help:Authors" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li> <li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/article/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Help:Authors" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li> <li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/article/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Authors&printable=yes" rel="alternate">Printable version</a></li> <li id="t-permalink"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:Authors&oldid=183047" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li> </ul> </div> </div>    </div>   <div id="footer"> <div id="footer-icons"> <ul class="social"> <li><a href="https://twitter.com/scholarpedia" target="_blank"><img src="/w/skins/vector/images/twitter.png?303" /></a></li> <li><a href="https://plus.google.com/112873162496270574424" target="_blank"><img src="https://ssl.gstatic.com/images/icons/gplus-16.png" /></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.facebook.com/Scholarpedia" target="_blank"><img src="/w/skins/vector/images/facebook.png?303" /></a></li> <li><a href="http://www.linkedin.com/groups/Scholarpedia-4647975/about" target="_blank"><img src="/w/skins/vector/images/linkedin.png?303" /></a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"> <a href="http://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="/w/skins/common/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" /></a> <a href="http://www.mathjax.org/"><img src="/w/skins/common/images/MathJaxBadge.gif" alt="Powered by MathJax" width="88" height="31" /></a> <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/deed.en_US"><img src="/skins/common/88x31.png" alt="Creative Commons License" width="88" height="31" /></a> </li> </ul> </div> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 23 May 2017, at 19:55.</li> <li id="footer-info-viewcount">This page has been accessed 221,751 times.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="/article/Scholarpedia:Privacy_policy" title="Scholarpedia:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/article/Scholarpedia:About" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholarpedia:About">About Scholarpedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/article/Scholarpedia:General_disclaimer" title="Scholarpedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> </ul> <div style="clear:both"></div> </div>  <script src="http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=skins.vector&only=scripts&skin=vector&*"></script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.load(["jquery.ui.dialog","curatorpedia.dashboard","curatorpedia.confirm","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.page.ready","ext.vector.collapsibleNav","ext.vector.collapsibleTabs","ext.vector.simpleSearch"], null, true); }</script> <script> var wgSitename = 'http://www.scholarpedia.org';</script> <script src="http://www.scholarpedia.org/w/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=scripts&skin=vector&*"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? "https://ssl." : "http://www."); document.write(unescape("%3Cscript src='" + gaJsHost + "google-analytics.com/ga.js' type='text/javascript'%3E%3C/script%3E")); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var pageTracker = _gat._getTracker("UA-22078568-1"); pageTracker._initData(); pageTracker._trackPageview(); </script> </body> </html>