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id="toc-Early_mountaineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_mountaineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early mountaineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_mountaineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Enlightenment_and_the_Golden_Age_of_Alpinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Enlightenment_and_the_Golden_Age_of_Alpinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Enlightenment and the Golden Age of Alpinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Enlightenment_and_the_Golden_Age_of_Alpinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_around_the_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_around_the_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Expansion around the world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_around_the_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_last_frontier:_The_Himalayas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_last_frontier:_The_Himalayas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The last frontier: The Himalayas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_last_frontier:_The_Himalayas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organisation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organisation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules_and_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_and_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rules and governance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules_and_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrain_and_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrain_and_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Terrain and techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Terrain_and_techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Terrain and techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terrain_and_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Walk-up_terrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Walk-up_terrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Walk-up terrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Walk-up_terrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Rock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snow_and_ice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snow_and_ice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Snow and ice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snow_and_ice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shelter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shelter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Shelter</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shelter-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shelter subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shelter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Camping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Camping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Camping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Camping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Snow_cave" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Snow_cave"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Snow cave</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Snow_cave-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_and_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_and_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Safety and hazards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety_and_hazards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety and hazards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety_and_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Altitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Altitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heat-related_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heat-related_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Heat-related conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heat-related_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold-related_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold-related_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cold-related conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold-related_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles_of_mountaineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles_of_mountaineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Styles of mountaineering</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Styles_of_mountaineering-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Styles of mountaineering subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Styles_of_mountaineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expedition_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expedition_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Expedition style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expedition_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alpine_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alpine_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Alpine style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alpine_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mountaineering</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergklim" title="Bergklim – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bergklim" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergsteigen" title="Bergsteigen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bergsteigen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="تسلق جبال – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تسلق جبال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinismo" title="Alpinismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alpinismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinismu" title="Alpinismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alpinismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinizm" title="Alpinizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alpinizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A3" title="পর্বতারোহণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পর্বতারোহণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peh-soa%E2%81%BF" title="Peh-soaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Peh-soaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Альпінізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Альпінізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Алпинизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алпинизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinizam" title="Alpinizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alpinizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Уулалга – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уулалга" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinisme" title="Alpinisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alpinisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinismus" title="Alpinismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alpinismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mynydda" title="Mynydda – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mynydda" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjergbestigning" title="Bjergbestigning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bjergbestigning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergsteigen" title="Bergsteigen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bergsteigen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinism" title="Alpinism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alpinism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ορειβασία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορειβασία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monta%C3%B1ismo" title="Montañismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Montañismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montogrimpado" title="Montogrimpado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Montogrimpado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendizaletasun" title="Mendizaletasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendizaletasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="کوهنوردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوهنوردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinisme" title="Alpinisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alpinisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berchbeklimmen" title="Berchbeklimmen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Berchbeklimmen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A9ibhteoireacht" title="Sléibhteoireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sléibhteoireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinismo" title="Alpinismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alpinismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%82%B0" title="등산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="등산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Լեռնագնացություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեռնագնացություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A3" title="पर्वतारोहण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पर्वतारोहण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinizam" title="Alpinizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alpinizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montoacensado" title="Montoacensado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Montoacensado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendakian_gunung" title="Pendakian gunung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendakian gunung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjallganga" title="Fjallganga – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjallganga" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinismo" title="Alpinismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alpinismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="טיפוס הרים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיפוס הרים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A3" title="ಪರ್ವತಾರೋಹಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪರ್ವತಾರೋಹಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ალპინიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალპინიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Альпинизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Альпинизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinis" title="Alpinis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alpinis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Альпинизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Альпинизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%AC_a_cr%C3%ABp" title="Jì a crëp – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Jì a crëp" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreobatia" title="Oreobatia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oreobatia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alp%C4%ABnisms" title="Alpīnisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alpīnisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinizmas" title="Alpinizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alpinizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegym%C3%A1sz%C3%A1s" title="Hegymászás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hegymászás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Планинарство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Планинарство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="പർവ്വതാരോഹണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പർവ്വതാരോഹണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95" title="गिर्यारोहक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गिर्यारोहक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ალპინიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალპინიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daki_gunung" title="Daki gunung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Daki gunung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjek_gunuang" title="Panjek gunuang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Panjek gunuang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="တောင်တက်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တောင်တက်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinisme" title="Alpinisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alpinisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A3" title="पर्वतारोहण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पर्वतारोहण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BB%E5%B1%B1" title="登山 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="登山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinklatring" title="Alpinklatring – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alpinklatring" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinisme" title="Alpinisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alpinisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinizm" title="Alpinizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alpinizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinizm" title="Alpinizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alpinizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinismo" title="Alpinismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alpinismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinizm" title="Alpinizm – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Alpinizm" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinism" title="Alpinism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alpinism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urqu_wichay" title="Urqu wichay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Urqu wichay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Алпинизм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алпинизм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Альпинизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альпинизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinizmi" title="Alpinizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alpinizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinismu" title="Alpinismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alpinismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mountaineering" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horolezectvo" title="Horolezectvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Horolezectvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinizem" title="Alpinizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alpinizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="چیاوانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چیاوانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Планинарење – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Планинарење" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinizam" title="Alpinizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alpinizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuorikiipeily" title="Vuorikiipeily – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vuorikiipeily" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpin_kl%C3%A4ttring" title="Alpin klättring – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alpin klättring" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamumundok" title="Pamumundok – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pamumundok" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மலையேற்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மலையேற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%A3" title="పర్వతారోహణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పర్వతారోహణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2" title="การปีนเขา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การปีนเขา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpinizm" title="Alpinizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alpinizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Type of sport</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mountaineer" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mountaineer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mountaineer (disambiguation)">Mountaineer (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M_Rainier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/M_Rainier.jpg/230px-M_Rainier.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/M_Rainier.jpg/345px-M_Rainier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/M_Rainier.jpg/460px-M_Rainier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Climbers ascending <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a> looking at <a href="/wiki/Little_Tahoma_Peak" title="Little Tahoma Peak">Little Tahoma Peak</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mountaineering</b>, <b>mountain climbing</b>, or <b>alpinism</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a set of <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_activities" class="mw-redirect" title="Outdoor activities">outdoor activities</a> that involves ascending <a href="/wiki/Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountains">mountains</a>. Mountaineering-related activities include traditional outdoor <a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">climbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>, and traversing <a href="/wiki/Via_ferrata" title="Via ferrata">via ferratas</a> that have become <a href="/wiki/Mountain_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain sports">sports</a> in their own right.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dx.doi.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dx.doi.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indoor_climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor climbing">Indoor climbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_climbing" title="Sport climbing">sport climbing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering">bouldering</a> are also considered variants of mountaineering by some,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tour_crit_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tour_crit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are part of a wide group of <a href="/wiki/Mountain_sport" title="Mountain sport">mountain sports</a>. </p><p>Unlike most sports, mountaineering lacks widely applied formal rules, regulations, and governance; mountaineers adhere to a large variety of techniques and philosophies (including <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)" title="Grade (climbing)">grading</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climbing_guidebook" title="Climbing guidebook">guidebooks</a>) when climbing mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-tour_crit_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tour_crit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kublak2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kublak2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous local <a href="/wiki/Alpine_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine club">alpine clubs</a> support mountaineers by hosting resources and social activities. A federation of alpine clubs, the <a href="/wiki/International_Climbing_and_Mountaineering_Federation" title="International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation">International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation</a> (UIAA), is the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>-recognized world organization for mountaineering and climbing.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The consequences of mountaineering on the natural environment can be seen in terms of individual components of the environment (land relief, soil, vegetation, fauna, and landscape) and the location/zone of mountaineering activity (hiking, trekking, or climbing zone).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mountaineering impacts communities on economic, political, social and cultural levels, often leading to changes in people's worldviews influenced by globalization, specifically foreign cultures and lifestyles.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_mountaineering">Early mountaineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early mountaineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Humans have been present in mountains since prehistory. The remains of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a>, who lived in the <a href="/wiki/4th_millennium_BC" title="4th millennium BC">4th millennium BC</a>, were found in a <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a> in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tztal_Alps" title="Ötztal Alps">Ötztal Alps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the highest mountains were rarely visited early on, and were often associated with <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> or religious concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-SeifertWolf2016_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeifertWolf2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, there are many documented examples of people climbing mountains prior to the formal development of the sport in the 19th century, although many of these stories are sometimes considered fictional or legendary.<sup id="cite_ref-tour_crit_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tour_crit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rare medieval example of mountaineering is the 1100 AD ascent of the <a href="/wiki/Untersberg" title="Untersberg">Untersberg</a>. </p><p>The famous poet <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> describes <a href="/wiki/Ascent_of_Mont_Ventoux" title="Ascent of Mont Ventoux">his 26 April 1336 ascent</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Ventoux" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Ventoux">Mount Ventoux</a> (1,912 m (6,273 ft)) in one of his <i><a href="/wiki/Epistolae_familiares" title="Epistolae familiares">epistolae familiares</a></i>, claiming to be inspired by <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V of Macedon</a>'s ascent of <a href="/wiki/Beklemeto_Pass" title="Beklemeto Pass">Mount Haemo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Internet_History_Sourcebooks_Project_1996_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Internet_History_Sourcebooks_Project_1996-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hansen2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For most of antiquity, climbing mountains was a practical or symbolic activity, usually undertaken for economic, political, or religious purposes. A commonly cited example is the 1492 ascent of <a href="/wiki/Mont_Aiguille" title="Mont Aiguille">Mont Aiguille</a> (2,085 m (6,841 ft)) by Antoine de Ville, a French military officer and lord of <a href="/wiki/Domjulien" title="Domjulien">Domjulien</a> and Beaupré.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen2013_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because ropes, ladders and iron hooks were used, and because it was the first climb of any technical difficulty to be officially verified, this ascent is widely recognized as being the birth of mountaineering.<sup id="cite_ref-Doran_2023_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran_2023-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Gessner" title="Conrad Gessner">Conrad Gessner</a>, A mid-16th Century physician, botanist and naturalist from Switzerland, is widely recognized as being the first person to hike and climb for sheer pleasure.<sup id="cite_ref-Doran_2023_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doran_2023-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, around the late 1400s and early 1500s many ascents were made of extremely high peaks by the <a href="/wiki/Incas" class="mw-redirect" title="Incas">Incas</a> and their subjects. The highest they are known for certain to have climbed is 6739 m at the summit of <a href="/wiki/Volcan_Llullaillaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcan Llullaillaco">Volcan Llullaillaco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Enlightenment_and_the_Golden_Age_of_Alpinism">The Enlightenment and the Golden Age of Alpinism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Enlightenment and the Golden Age of Alpinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Whymper_Calkin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Edward_Whymper_Calkin.jpg/170px-Edward_Whymper_Calkin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Edward_Whymper_Calkin.jpg/255px-Edward_Whymper_Calkin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Edward_Whymper_Calkin.jpg/340px-Edward_Whymper_Calkin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="1756" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_Whymper" title="Edward Whymper">Edward Whymper</a> (1840–1911), painting by <a href="/wiki/Lance_Calkin" title="Lance Calkin">Lance Calkin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic era</a> marked a change of attitudes towards high mountains. In 1757 Swiss scientist <a href="/wiki/Horace-B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict_de_Saussure" class="mw-redirect" title="Horace-Bénédict de Saussure">Horace-Bénédict de Saussure</a> made the first of several unsuccessful attempts on <a href="/wiki/Mont_Blanc" title="Mont Blanc">Mont Blanc</a> in France. He then offered a reward to anyone who could climb the mountain, which was claimed in 1786 by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Balmat" title="Jacques Balmat">Jacques Balmat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michel-Gabriel_Paccard" title="Michel-Gabriel Paccard">Michel-Gabriel Paccard</a>. The climb is usually considered an epochal event in the history of mountaineering, a symbolic mark of the birth of the sport.<sup id="cite_ref-SeifertWolf2016_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeifertWolf2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hansen2013_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 19th century, many of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">alpine peaks</a> were reached, including the <a href="/wiki/Grossglockner" title="Grossglockner">Grossglockner</a> in 1800, the <a href="/wiki/Ortler" title="Ortler">Ortler</a> in 1804, the <a href="/wiki/Jungfrau" title="Jungfrau">Jungfrau</a> in 1811, the <a href="/wiki/Finsteraarhorn" title="Finsteraarhorn">Finsteraarhorn</a> in 1812, and the <a href="/wiki/Breithorn" title="Breithorn">Breithorn</a> in 1813.<sup id="cite_ref-SeifertWolf2016_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeifertWolf2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1808, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Paradis" title="Marie Paradis">Marie Paradis</a> became the first woman to climb Mont Blanc, followed in 1838 by <a href="/wiki/Henriette_d%27Angeville" title="Henriette d'Angeville">Henriette d'Angeville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The beginning of mountaineering as a sport in the UK is generally dated to the ascent of the <a href="/wiki/Wetterhorn" title="Wetterhorn">Wetterhorn</a> in 1854 by English mountaineer Sir <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Wills" title="Alfred Wills">Alfred Wills</a>, who made mountaineering fashionable in Britain. This inaugurated what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Alpinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Alpinism">Golden Age of Alpinism</a>, with the first mountaineering club – the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Club_(UK)" title="Alpine Club (UK)">Alpine Club</a> – being founded in 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the most dramatic events was the spectacular <a href="/wiki/First_ascent_of_the_Matterhorn" title="First ascent of the Matterhorn">first ascent of the Matterhorn</a> in 1865 by a party led by English illustrator <a href="/wiki/Edward_Whymper" title="Edward Whymper">Edward Whymper</a>, in which four of the party members fell to their deaths. By this point the sport of mountaineering had largely reached its modern form, with a large body of professional guides, equipment, and methodologies.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen2013_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leontopodium_alpinum_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Leontopodium_alpinum_1.JPG/170px-Leontopodium_alpinum_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Leontopodium_alpinum_1.JPG/255px-Leontopodium_alpinum_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Leontopodium_alpinum_1.JPG/340px-Leontopodium_alpinum_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edelweiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Edelweiss">Edelweiss</a>, a plant associated with mountain sports</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early years of the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age">golden age</a>", scientific pursuits were intermixed with the sport, such as by the physicist <a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall" title="John Tyndall">John Tyndall</a>. In the later years, it shifted to a more competitive orientation as pure sportsmen came to dominate the London-based Alpine Club and alpine mountaineering overall.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first president of the Alpine Club, <a href="/wiki/John_Ball_(naturalist)" title="John Ball (naturalist)">John Ball</a>, is considered to be the discoverer of the <a href="/wiki/Dolomites" title="Dolomites">Dolomites</a>, which for decades were the focus of climbers like <a href="/wiki/Paul_Grohmann" title="Paul Grohmann">Paul Grohmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Dibona" title="Angelo Dibona">Angelo Dibona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time, the <a href="/wiki/Edelweiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Edelweiss">edelweiss</a> also established itself as a symbol of alpinists and mountaineers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_around_the_world">Expansion around the world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expansion around the world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamCecilSlingsby_Storen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WilliamCecilSlingsby_Storen.jpg/220px-WilliamCecilSlingsby_Storen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WilliamCecilSlingsby_Storen.jpg/330px-WilliamCecilSlingsby_Storen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/WilliamCecilSlingsby_Storen.jpg/440px-WilliamCecilSlingsby_Storen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>British mountaineer <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil_Slingsby" title="William Cecil Slingsby">William Cecil Slingsby</a> became known as the father of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> mountaineering and contributed greatly to its popularization with his classic book <i><a href="/wiki/Norway,_the_Northern_Playground" title="Norway, the Northern Playground">Norway, the Northern Playground</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, the focus of mountaineering turned towards mountains beyond the Alps. One of the earliest mountain areas to be explored beyond the Alps in the 19th century were the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>—particularly <a href="/wiki/Jotunheimen" title="Jotunheimen">Jotunheimen</a>—where British mountaineers such as <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil_Slingsby" title="William Cecil Slingsby">William Cecil Slingsby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Raeburn" title="Harold Raeburn">Harold Raeburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Priestman" title="Howard Priestman">Howard Priestman</a> were early pioneers. Slingsby's book <i><a href="/wiki/Norway,_the_Northern_Playground" title="Norway, the Northern Playground">Norway, the Northern Playground</a></i> contributed greatly to the popularization of mountaineering in Norway among the international mountaineering community.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the turn of the century, a young generation of Norwegian mountaineers such as <a href="/wiki/George_Wegner_Paus" title="George Wegner Paus">George Paus</a>, Eilert Sundt and <a href="/wiki/Kristian_Tandberg" title="Kristian Tandberg">Kristian Tandberg</a> appeared, and later founded <a href="/wiki/Norsk_Tindeklub" title="Norsk Tindeklub">Norsk Tindeklub</a>, the third oldest mountaineering association in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the turn of the 20th century, mountaineering had acquired a more international flavour.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1897 <a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Elias" title="Mount Saint Elias">Mount Saint Elias</a> (18,008 ft (5,489 m)) on the <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>-<a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> border was summitted by the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">Duke of the Abruzzi</a> and party.<sup id="cite_ref-aaj_1939_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaj_1939-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1879–1880 the exploration of the highest <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> in South America began when English mountaineer Edward Whymper climbed <a href="/wiki/Chimborazo" title="Chimborazo">Chimborazo</a> (20,549 ft (6,263 m)) and explored the mountains of Ecuador.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took until the late 19th century for European explorers to penetrate Africa. <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kilimanjaro" title="Mount Kilimanjaro">Mount Kilimanjaro</a> in Africa was climbed in 1889 by Austrian mountaineer <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Purtscheller" title="Ludwig Purtscheller">Ludwig Purtscheller</a> and German geologist <a href="/wiki/Hans_Meyer_(geologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Meyer (geologist)">Hans Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a> in 1899 by <a href="/wiki/Halford_Mackinder" title="Halford Mackinder">Halford Mackinder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mackinder_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mackinder-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Owen_Glynne_Jones_12_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Owen_Glynne_Jones_12_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Owen_Glynne_Jones_12_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Owen_Glynne_Jones_12_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Owen_Glynne_Jones_12_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Owen_Glynne_Jones_12_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Owen_Glynne_Jones_12_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption>Mountaineers, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_last_frontier:_The_Himalayas">The last frontier: The Himalayas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The last frontier: The Himalayas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The greatest mountain range to be conquered was the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> in South Asia. They had initially been surveyed by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> for military and strategic reasons. In 1892 Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Martin_Conway" class="mw-redirect" title="William Martin Conway">William Martin Conway</a> explored the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram" title="Karakoram">Karakoram</a> Himalayas, and climbed a peak of 23,000 ft (7,000 m). In 1895 <a href="/wiki/Albert_F._Mummery" title="Albert F. Mummery">Albert F. Mummery</a> died while attempting <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a>, while in 1899 <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Freshfield" title="Douglas Freshfield">Douglas Freshfield</a> took an expedition to the snowy regions of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IssermanWeaver2010_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IssermanWeaver2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1899, 1903, 1906, and 1908 American mountaineer <a href="/wiki/Fanny_Bullock_Workman" title="Fanny Bullock Workman">Fanny Bullock Workman</a> (one of the first professional female mountaineers) made ascents in the Himalayas, including one of the <a href="/wiki/Nun_Kun" title="Nun Kun">Nun Kun</a> peaks (23,300 ft (7,100 m)). A number of <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a> sepoys were trained as expert mountaineers by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Granville_Bruce" title="Charles Granville Bruce">Charles Granville Bruce</a>, and a good deal of exploration was accomplished by them.<sup id="cite_ref-IssermanWeaver2010_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IssermanWeaver2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1902 the Eckenstein–Crowley Expedition, led by English mountaineer <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Eckenstein" title="Oscar Eckenstein">Oscar Eckenstein</a> and English occultist <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a> was the first to attempt to scale <a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a>. They reached 22,000 feet (6,700 m) before turning back due to weather and other mishaps. Undaunted, in 1905 Crowley led the <a href="/wiki/1905_Kanchenjunga_expedition" title="1905 Kanchenjunga expedition">first expedition to Kangchenjunga</a>, the third highest mountain in the world, in an attempt which Isserman, Angas Weaver and Molenaar describe as "misguided" and "lamentable" due to Crowley's many failings as an expedition leader.<sup id="cite_ref-IssermanWeaver2010_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IssermanWeaver2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eckenstein was also a pioneer in developing new equipment and climbing methods. He started using shorter ice axes that could be used single-handedly, designed the modern <a href="/wiki/Crampons" title="Crampons">crampons</a>, and improved on the nail patterns used for the climbing boots.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Hillary_and_Tenzing_Norgay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of Hillary and Norgay after ascending Mt Everest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Edmund_Hillary_and_Tenzing_Norgay.jpg/260px-Edmund_Hillary_and_Tenzing_Norgay.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Edmund_Hillary_and_Tenzing_Norgay.jpg/390px-Edmund_Hillary_and_Tenzing_Norgay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Edmund_Hillary_and_Tenzing_Norgay.jpg/520px-Edmund_Hillary_and_Tenzing_Norgay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a> after successfully completing the first ascent of Mount Everest, 29 May 1953</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 1950s, all the <a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">eight-thousanders</a> but two had been climbed starting with <a href="/wiki/Annapurna" title="Annapurna">Annapurna</a> in 1950 by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Herzog" title="Maurice Herzog">Maurice Herzog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lachenal" title="Louis Lachenal">Louis Lachenal</a> on the <a href="/wiki/1950_French_Annapurna_expedition" title="1950 French Annapurna expedition">1950 French Annapurna expedition</a>. The highest of these peaks <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a> was climbed in 1953 after the British had made several attempts in the 1920s; the <a href="/wiki/1922_British_Mount_Everest_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="1922 British Mount Everest Expedition">1922 expedition</a> reached 8,320 metres (27,300 ft) before being aborted on the third summit attempt after an avalanche killed seven porters. The <a href="/wiki/1924_British_Mount_Everest_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="1924 British Mount Everest Expedition">1924 expedition</a> saw another height record achieved but still failed to reach the summit with confirmation when <a href="/wiki/George_Mallory" title="George Mallory">George Mallory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Irvine_(mountaineer)" title="Andrew Irvine (mountaineer)">Andrew Irvine</a> disappeared on the final attempt. The summit was finally reached on 29 May 1953 by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Sir Edmund Hillary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a> from the south side in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IssermanWeaver2010_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IssermanWeaver2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just a few months later, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Buhl" title="Hermann Buhl">Hermann Buhl</a> made the first ascent of <a href="/wiki/Nanga_Parbat" title="Nanga Parbat">Nanga Parbat</a> (8,125 m), on the <a href="/wiki/1953_German%E2%80%93Austrian_Nanga_Parbat_expedition" title="1953 German–Austrian Nanga Parbat expedition">1953 German–Austrian Nanga Parbat expedition</a>, completing the last 1,300 meters walking alone, self-medicating with <a href="/wiki/Pervitin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pervitin">pervitin</a> (based on the stimulant <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> used by soldiers during World War II), the <a href="/wiki/Vasodilator" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasodilator">vasodilator</a> <a href="/wiki/Padutin" class="mw-redirect" title="Padutin">padutin</a>, and a stimulant tea made from <a href="/wiki/Erythroxylum_coca" title="Erythroxylum coca">coca</a> leaves. <a href="/wiki/K2" title="K2">K2</a> (8,611m), the second-highest peak in the world, was <a href="/wiki/1954_Italian_Karakoram_expedition_to_K2" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 Italian Karakoram expedition to K2">first scaled in 1954</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lino_Lacedelli" title="Lino Lacedelli">Lino Lacedelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achille_Compagnoni" title="Achille Compagnoni">Achille Compagnoni</a>. In 1964, the final eight-thousander to be climbed was <a href="/wiki/Shishapangma" title="Shishapangma">Shishapangma</a> (8,013m), the lowest of all the 8,000-metre peaks.<sup id="cite_ref-IssermanWeaver2010_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IssermanWeaver2010-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Reinhold Messner</a> from the Dolomites mountain range (Italy) was then the first to climb all eight-thousanders up to 1986, in addition to being the first without supplemental oxygen. In 1978 he climbed Mount Everest with Peter Habeler without supplemental oxygen, the first men to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Today">Today</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Long the domain of the wealthy elite and their agents, the emergence of the middle-class in the 19th and 20th centuries resulted in mass interest in mountaineering. It became a popular pastime and hobby of many people.<sup id="cite_ref-SeifertWolf2016_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeifertWolf2016-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have come to criticize the sport as becoming too much of a <a href="/wiki/Tourist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourist">tourist</a> activity.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mountaineering" title="Special:EditPage/Mountaineering">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activities">Activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are different activities associated with the sport. </p> <ul><li>Traditional mountaineering involves identifying a specific mountain and route to climb, and executing the plan by whatever means appropriate. A mountain summit is almost always the goal. This activity is strongly associated with <a href="/wiki/Aid_climbing" title="Aid climbing">aid climbing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_climbing" title="Free climbing">free climbing</a>, as well as the use of <a href="/wiki/Ice_axe" title="Ice axe">ice axe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crampon" class="mw-redirect" title="Crampon">crampons</a> on glaciers and similar terrain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_mountaineering" title="Ski mountaineering">Ski mountaineering</a> involves skiing on mountainous terrain, usually in terrain much more rugged than typical <a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing" title="Cross-country skiing">cross-country skiing</a>. Unlike traditional mountaineering, routes are less well-defined and summiting may not be the main goal.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_bagging" title="Peak bagging">Peak bagging</a> is the general activity of ascending peaks that are on a list of notable mountains, such as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Alpine_four-thousanders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Alpine four-thousanders">4000m peaks of the Alps</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchainment" title="Enchainment">Enchainment</a> is climbing more than one significant summit in one outing, usually on the same day.</li> <li>Climbing <a href="/wiki/Via_ferrata" title="Via ferrata">via ferratas</a> involves traversing ladder-like paths on highly exposed terrain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Ice climbing</a> which involves proceeding on steep sections of blank ice with crampons and ice axes. This activity often requires progressing on steep and blank sections of ice. Most mountaineers have to rely on ice climbing skills to climb upon the higher peaks in the European Alps, Himalayas and Canadian ranges.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rules_and_governance">Rules and governance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rules and governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mountaineering lacks formal rules – though appropriately empowered bodies make many pertaining to specific use of mountains and practices on them. In theory, any person may climb a mountain and call themself a mountaineer. In practice, the sport is defined by the safe and necessary use of technical skills in mountainous terrain: in particular, roped climbing and snow travel abilities. A variety of techniques have been developed to help people climb mountains that are widely applied among practitioners of the sport.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its lack of defined rules and non-competitive nature, certain aspects of mountaineering have much of the trappings of an organized sport, with recognition of specific climbing activities – including <a href="/wiki/Climbing_wall" title="Climbing wall">climbing wall</a>-based competition – by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>; on a club level, the prominent international sport federation <a href="/wiki/International_Climbing_and_Mountaineering_Federation" title="International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation">the UIAA</a> counts numerous national <a href="/wiki/List_of_alpine_clubs" title="List of alpine clubs">alpine clubs</a> as its members, while others, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Mountaineers_(club)" title="The Mountaineers (club)">The Mountaineers</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Federation_of_Mountaineering_and_Climbing" title="French Federation of Mountaineering and Climbing">French Federation of Mountaineering and Climbing</a>, remain independent. </p><p>The premier award in mountaineering is the privately granted <a href="/wiki/Piolet_d%27Or" class="mw-redirect" title="Piolet d'Or">Piolet d'Or</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-RockIce2018_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RockIce2018-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has expanded from a single recognition to multiple. While there are many competitions, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Toprope" class="mw-redirect" title="Toprope">toproped</a> climbing wall disciplines, there are no "official" world championships or other similar competitions for mountaineering broadly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terrain_and_techniques">Terrain and techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Terrain and techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Climbing_tools_-_Mount_Shasta_Sisson_Museum_-_DSC02839.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Climbing_tools_-_Mount_Shasta_Sisson_Museum_-_DSC02839.JPG/220px-Climbing_tools_-_Mount_Shasta_Sisson_Museum_-_DSC02839.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Climbing_tools_-_Mount_Shasta_Sisson_Museum_-_DSC02839.JPG/330px-Climbing_tools_-_Mount_Shasta_Sisson_Museum_-_DSC02839.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Climbing_tools_-_Mount_Shasta_Sisson_Museum_-_DSC02839.JPG/440px-Climbing_tools_-_Mount_Shasta_Sisson_Museum_-_DSC02839.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3401" data-file-height="5010" /></a><figcaption>Antique climbing tools</figcaption></figure> <p>Mountaineering techniques vary greatly depending on location, season, terrain, and route. Both techniques and hazards vary by terrain, spanning trails, rock, snow, and ice. Mountaineers must possess adequate food, water, information, equipment, stamina, and skill to complete their tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)" title="Grade (climbing)">Grade (climbing)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Walk-up_terrain">Walk-up terrain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Walk-up terrain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "walk-up" or "trek" is used to describe terrain in which no technical equipment is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-AAC_Publications_1989_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAC_Publications_1989-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To traverse this terrain, mountaineers <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hike</a> long distances to a base camp or the beginning of rough terrain, either following trails or using navigation techniques to travel cross-country. Hiking may be a strenuous activity, and adequate <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical fitness</a> and familiarity with the wilderness is necessary to complete a hike; it is also a prerequisite of success in all aspects of mountaineering.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock">Rock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Rock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Alpine <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climbing</a> involves technical skills including the ability to place anchors into the rock to safely ascend a mountain. In some cases, climbers may have to climb multiple <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(ascent/descent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch (ascent/descent)">pitches</a> of rock to reach the top. Typically, for any one pitch, there is a <a href="/wiki/Belaying" title="Belaying">belayer</a> who is stationary and creates tension on the rope to catch a climber should he or she fall, and a climber who ascends the rock. The first climber, called the <i>leader</i>, will reach a point on the rock and then build an <a href="/wiki/Anchor_(climbing)" title="Anchor (climbing)">anchor</a>, which will secure subsequent climbers. Anchors could be created by using slings around a tree or boulder, or by using protection devices like <a href="/wiki/Spring-loaded_camming_device" title="Spring-loaded camming device">cams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nut_(climbing)" title="Nut (climbing)">nuts</a>. </p><p>Once anchored, the leader will then belay the climber coming up from below. Once the follower reaches the leader, the leader will often transfer all necessary protection devices (known as a rack) to the follower. The follower then becomes the leader and will ascend the next pitch. This process will continue until the climbers either reach the top, or run into different terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-Kublak2014_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kublak2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For extremely vertical rocks, or to overcome certain logistical challenges, climbers may use <a href="/wiki/Aid_climbing" title="Aid climbing">aid climbing</a> techniques. This involves the use of equipment, such as ladders, <a href="/wiki/Fixed_rope" title="Fixed rope">fixed lines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ascender_(climbing)" title="Ascender (climbing)">ascenders</a> to help the climber push themself up the rock.<sup id="cite_ref-Kublak2014_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kublak2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In alpine climbing, it is common for climbers to see routes of mixed terrain. This means climbers may need to move efficiently from climbing glacier, to rock, to ice, back and forth in a number of variations.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snow_and_ice">Snow and ice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Snow and ice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ortler_Ascent_-_South_Tyrol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ortler_Ascent_-_South_Tyrol.jpg/220px-Ortler_Ascent_-_South_Tyrol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ortler_Ascent_-_South_Tyrol.jpg/330px-Ortler_Ascent_-_South_Tyrol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ortler_Ascent_-_South_Tyrol.jpg/440px-Ortler_Ascent_-_South_Tyrol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1437" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Mountaineers proceed across snow fields on <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>; other climbers are visible further up the slopes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Compacted snow conditions allow mountaineers to progress on foot. Frequently <a href="/wiki/Crampons" title="Crampons">crampons</a> are required to travel efficiently and safely over snow and ice. Crampons attach to the bottom of a mountaineer's boots and provide additional traction on hard snow and ice. For loose snow, crampons are less suitable, and <a href="/wiki/Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">snowshoes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Skis" class="mw-redirect" title="Skis">skis</a> may be preferred. Using various techniques from alpine skiing to ascend/descend a mountain is a form of the sport by itself, called <a href="/wiki/Ski_mountaineering" title="Ski mountaineering">ski mountaineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ascending and descending a steep snow slope safely requires the use of an <a href="/wiki/Ice_axe" title="Ice axe">ice axe</a> and different footwork techniques that have been developed over the past century, such as the <i>French technique</i> and <i>German technique</i>. Teams of climbers may choose to attach everyone together with a rope, to form a rope team. The team may then secure themselves by attaching the rope to anchors. These anchors are sometimes unreliable and include snow stakes or pickets, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climbing_terms#D" title="Glossary of climbing terms">deadman</a> devices called <a href="/wiki/Snow_fluke" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow fluke">flukes</a>, or buried equipment or rocks. <a href="/wiki/Bollard" title="Bollard">Bollards</a>, which are simply carved out of consolidated snow or ice, also sometimes serve as anchors. Alternatively, a roped team may choose not to use anchors; instead, all members of the team will prepare to use their ice axes to self-arrest in the event should a team member fall.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not always wise for climbers to form a rope team, since one falling climber may pull the entire team off the mountain. However, the risks of individual, unprotected travel are often so great that groups have no choice but to form a rope team.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, when traveling over <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crevasse" title="Crevasse">crevasses</a> pose a grave danger to a climber who is not roped in. These giant cracks in the ice are not always visible as snow can be blown and freeze over the top to make a <a href="/wiki/Snowbridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowbridge">snowbridge</a>. At times snowbridges can be as thin as a few inches and may collapse from people walking over them. Should a climber fall, being protected by a rope greatly reduces the risk of injury or death. The other members of the rope team may proceed with a <a href="/wiki/Crevasse_rescue" title="Crevasse rescue">crevasse rescue</a> to pull the fallen climber from the crevasse.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For extremely slippery or steep snow, ice, and mixed rock and ice terrain climbers must use more advanced techniques, called <a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">ice climbing</a> or mixed climbing. Specialized tools such as <a href="/wiki/Ice_screw" title="Ice screw">ice screws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_pick" title="Ice pick">ice picks</a> help climbers build anchors and move up the ice, as well as traditional rock climbing equipment for anchoring in mixed terrain. Often, mountaineers climbing steep snow or mixed snowy rock terrain will not use a fixed belay. Instead, each climber on the team will climb at the same time while attached to anchors, in groups of two. This allows for safety should the entire team be taken off their feet which also allows for greater speed than the traditional technique of belaying one climber at a time. This technique is known as <i>simul-climbing</i> or a <i>running belay</i> and is sometimes also used on ice, however, the risk of dropping frequently displaced ice on the lower team member(s) limits its usefulness on ice. Traditional belays are also used; in this case, this is sometimes necessary due to ice fall hazard, steepness, or other factors.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shelter">Shelter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shelter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Basecamp" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Base_camp_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Base camp (disambiguation)">Base camp (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p>Climbers use a few different forms of shelter depending on the situation and conditions; alpine shelters or arctic shelters. Shelter is a very important aspect of safety for the climber as weather in the mountains may be very unpredictable. Tall mountains may require many days of camping.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Short trips lasting less than a day generally do not require shelter, although for safety, most mountaineers will carry an emergency shelter, such a light <a href="/wiki/Bivouac_shelter" title="Bivouac shelter">bivouac sack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Camping">Camping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Camping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:981123-Ararat-Camp1-IMG_0831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/981123-Ararat-Camp1-IMG_0831.jpg/220px-981123-Ararat-Camp1-IMG_0831.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/981123-Ararat-Camp1-IMG_0831.jpg/330px-981123-Ararat-Camp1-IMG_0831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/981123-Ararat-Camp1-IMG_0831.jpg/440px-981123-Ararat-Camp1-IMG_0831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Winter campers <a href="/wiki/Bivouac_shelter" title="Bivouac shelter">bivouaced</a> in the snow</figcaption></figure> <p>Typical shelters used for <a href="/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">camping</a> include <a href="/wiki/Tent" title="Tent">tents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bivouac_shelter" title="Bivouac shelter">bivouac sacks</a>. The ability of these shelters to provide protection from the elements is dependent on their design. Mountaineers who climb in areas with cold weather or snow and ice will use more heavy-duty shelters than those who climb in more forgiving environments.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In remote locations, mountaineers will set up a "base camp," which is an area used for staging attempts at nearby summits. Base camps are positioned to be relatively safe from harsh terrain and weather. Where the summit cannot be reached from base camp in a single day, a mountain will have additional camps above base camp. For popular mountains, base camps may be at a fixed location and become famous. The <a href="/wiki/Everest_base_camps" title="Everest base camps">Everest base camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camp_Muir" title="Camp Muir">Camp Muir</a> are among the most famous base camps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hut">Hut</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hut"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CabaneduTrient.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/CabaneduTrient.jpg/220px-CabaneduTrient.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/CabaneduTrient.jpg/330px-CabaneduTrient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/CabaneduTrient.jpg/440px-CabaneduTrient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cabane_du_Trient" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabane du Trient">Cabane du Trient</a>, a mountain hut in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alps" title="Swiss Alps">Swiss Alps</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Camping is not always an option, or may not be suitable if a mountain is close to civilization. Some regions may legally prohibit primitive camping due to concern for the environment, or due to issues with crowds. In lieu of camping, mountaineers may choose to stay in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_hut" title="Mountain hut">mountain huts</a>. </p><p>The European alpine regions, in particular, have a large network of huts. Such huts exist at many different heights, including in the high mountains themselves – in extremely remote areas, more rudimentary shelters may exist. The mountain huts are of varying size and quality, but each is typically centred on a communal dining room and have dormitories equipped with mattresses, blankets or duvets, and pillows; guests are expected to bring and use their own <a href="/wiki/Sleeping_bag_liner" title="Sleeping bag liner">sleeping bag liners</a>. The facilities are usually rudimentary, but, given their locations, huts offer vital shelter, make routes more widely accessible (by allowing journeys to be broken and reducing the weight of equipment needing to be carried), and offer good value. In Europe, all huts are staffed during the summer (mid-June to mid-September) and some are staffed in the spring (mid-March to mid-May). Elsewhere, huts may also be open in the fall. Huts also may have a part that is always open, but unstaffed, a so-called winter hut.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurdle1999_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurdle1999-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When open and staffed, the huts are generally run by full-time employees, but some are staffed on a voluntary basis by members of alpine clubs. The manager of the hut, termed a guardian or warden in Europe, will usually also sell refreshments and meals, both to those visiting only for the day and to those staying overnight. The offering is surprisingly wide, given that most supplies, often including fresh water, must be flown in by helicopter, and may include glucose-based snacks (such as candy bars) on which climbers and walkers wish to stock up, cakes and pastries made at the hut, a variety of hot and cold drinks (including beer and wine), and high carbohydrate dinners in the evenings. Not all huts offer a catered service, though, and visitors may need to provide for themselves. Some huts offer facilities for both, enabling visitors wishing to keep costs down to bring their own food and cooking equipment and to cater using the facilities provided. Booking for overnight stays at huts is deemed obligatory, and in many cases is essential as some popular huts, even with more than 100 bed spaces, may be full during good weather and at weekends. Once made, the cancellation of a reservation is advised as a matter of courtesy – and, indeed, potentially of safety, as many huts keep a record of where climbers and walkers state they plan to walk to next. Most huts may be contacted by telephone and most take credit cards as a means of payment.<sup id="cite_ref-Hurdle1999_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hurdle1999-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the UK the term "hut" is used for any cottage or cabin used as a base for walkers or climbers. These are mostly owned by mountaineering clubs for use by members or visiting clubs and generally do not have wardens or permanent staff, but have cooking and washing facilities and heating. In the Scottish Highlands small simple unstaffed shelters without cooking facilities known as <a href="/wiki/Bothy" title="Bothy">"bothies"</a> are maintained to break up cross country long routes and act as base camps to certain mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Snow_cave">Snow cave</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Snow cave"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Where conditions permit, <a href="/wiki/Snow_cave" title="Snow cave">snow caves</a> are another way to shelter high on the mountain. Some climbers do not use tents at high altitudes unless the snow conditions do not allow for snow caving, since snow caves are silent and much warmer than tents. They can be built relatively easily, given sufficient time, using a snow shovel. The temperature of a correctly made snow cave will hover around freezing, which relative to outside temperatures can be very warm. They can be dug anywhere where there is at least four feet of snow. The addition of a good quality bivouac bag and closed cell foam sleeping mat will also increase the warmth of the snow cave. Another shelter that works well is a <a href="/wiki/Quinzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinzee">quinzee</a>, which is excavated from a pile of snow that has been work hardened or sintered (typically by stomping). <a href="/wiki/Igloo" title="Igloo">Igloos</a> are used by some climbers, but are deceptively difficult to build and require specific snow conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_and_hazards">Safety and hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Safety and hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hazards_of_outdoor_recreation" title="Hazards of outdoor recreation">Hazards of outdoor recreation</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_on_eight-thousanders" title="List of deaths on eight-thousanders">List of deaths on eight-thousanders</a></div><p>Mountaineers face a variety of <a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">hazards</a>. When climbing mountains, there are two types of hazards, <i>objective</i> (mountain-based) and <i>subjective (human-based)</i>. Objective hazards relate to the environment, and may include inclement weather conditions, dangerous terrain, duration of <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure (climbing)">exposure</a>, and other environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-tour_crit_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tour_crit-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subjective hazards relate to a climber's poor judgement, poor planning, lack of skills, faulty analysis and conclusions, or inadequate conditioning.<sup id="cite_ref-Kublak2014_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kublak2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of objective hazards, the dangers mountaineers face include loose or falling rocks, falling ice, snow-<a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanches</a>, the climber falling, falls from ice slopes, falls down snow slopes, falls into crevasses, and the dangers from altitude and weather.<sup id="cite_ref-MedicalProblems_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedicalProblems-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1947 to 2018 in the United States "2,799 people were reported to be involved in mountaineering accidents and 43% of these accidents resulted in death."<sup id="cite_ref-14_June_2022_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14_June_2022-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climbers themselves are responsible for nearly all climbing accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When planning and preparing for a trip, safe climbers know what hazards to look for and how to recognize them. In situations where hazards are not able to be avoided, the climber must use their decision-making skills to <a href="/wiki/Mitigation" title="Mitigation">mitigate</a> those hazards. Climbers improve upon their ability to become a safe decision maker and recognize hazards by receiving proper education, training, practice, and experience as well as learning how to spot <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">personal bias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Altitude">Altitude</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Altitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Climber_Summit_Manaslu_8163m.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Climber_Summit_Manaslu_8163m.jpg/220px-Climber_Summit_Manaslu_8163m.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Climber_Summit_Manaslu_8163m.jpg/330px-Climber_Summit_Manaslu_8163m.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Climber_Summit_Manaslu_8163m.jpg/440px-Climber_Summit_Manaslu_8163m.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Climber approaching the summit of <a href="/wiki/Manaslu" title="Manaslu">Manaslu</a> at 8,163 metres</figcaption></figure> <p>Rapid ascent can lead to <a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">altitude sickness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MedicalProblems_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedicalProblems-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BordenHACE_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BordenHACE-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best treatment is to descend immediately. The climber's motto at high altitude is "climb high, sleep low", referring to the regimen of climbing higher to acclimatise but returning to lower elevation to sleep. In the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>, the chewing of <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a> leaves has been traditionally used to treat altitude sickness symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common symptoms of altitude sickness include severe headache, sleep problems, nausea, lack of appetite, lethargy and body ache. Mountain sickness may progress to HACE (<a href="/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema" title="High-altitude cerebral edema">high-altitude cerebral edema</a>) and HAPE (<a href="/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema" title="High-altitude pulmonary edema">high-altitude pulmonary edema</a>), both of which can be fatal within 24 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-MedicalProblems_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedicalProblems-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BordenHACE_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BordenHACE-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BordenHAPE_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BordenHAPE-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In high mountains, atmospheric pressure is lower and this means that less oxygen is available to breathe.<sup id="cite_ref-MedicalProblems_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedicalProblems-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the underlying cause of altitude sickness. Everyone needs to <a href="/wiki/Acclimatization" title="Acclimatization">acclimatise</a>, even exceptional mountaineers that have been to high altitude before.<sup id="cite_ref-Acclimatization_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Acclimatization-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally speaking, mountaineers start using <a href="/wiki/Bottled_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottled oxygen">bottled oxygen</a> when they climb above 7,000 m. Exceptional mountaineers have climbed <a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">8000-metre peaks</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Everest</a>) without oxygen, almost always with a carefully planned program of acclimatisation.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heat-related_conditions">Heat-related conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Heat-related conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exposure to hot environments or activities involving exertion cause heat to build up in the body. A <a href="/wiki/Heat-related_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat-related illness">heat-related illness</a> can occur when the body is unable to lose that heat through the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Problems that can arise from this type of exposure include <a href="/wiki/Heat_cramps" title="Heat cramps">heat cramps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat_exhaustion" title="Heat exhaustion">heat exhaustion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">heat stroke</a>. Common symptoms of heat exhaustion include headaches, cool and clammy skin, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, thirst, and rapid pulse. The best treatment is resting with feet elevated, replenishing fluids, and removing excess clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common symptoms of heat stroke can be an altered state of mind, rapid pulse and respiratory rate, headache, hot skin, loss of coordination, and possible seizures. This is a life-threatening illness that must be dealt with right away. While mountaineering, snow and ice can be used to cool the body and head.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold-related_conditions">Cold-related conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cold-related conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In certain environmental conditions body heat can be lost due to evaporation, radiation, convection, and conduction. A cold-related illness can occur when that body heat is lost.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Problems that can arise from the cold include <a href="/wiki/Wind_chill" title="Wind chill">wind chill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>, frost nip, <a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">frostbite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Immersion_foot_syndromes" title="Immersion foot syndromes">immersion foot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best treatment for hypothermia is to deal with it before it occurs, using preventative measures instead of waiting for symptoms to appear. Mountaineering requires a slower pace to avoid sweating and fatigue that could lead to these dangerous conditions. Other tips for preventing hypothermia include staying well fed and hydrated, putting on more clothes when feeling cold, and wearing adequate equipment to keep warm and dry.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles_of_mountaineering">Styles of mountaineering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Styles of mountaineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_Khumbu-Icefall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Inside_Khumbu-Icefall.jpg/220px-Inside_Khumbu-Icefall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Inside_Khumbu-Icefall.jpg/330px-Inside_Khumbu-Icefall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Inside_Khumbu-Icefall.jpg/440px-Inside_Khumbu-Icefall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Fixed lines and ladders are distinguishing characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Expedition_climbing" title="Expedition climbing">expedition style</a> mountaineering</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two main styles of mountaineering: <a href="/wiki/Expedition_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Expedition style">expedition style</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alpine_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine style">alpine style</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expedition_style">Expedition style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Expedition style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The alpine style contrasts with "expedition style". With this style, climbers will carry large amounts of equipment and provisions up and down the mountain, slowly making upward progress. Climbing in an expedition style is preferred if the summit is very high or distant from civilization. Mountaineers who use this style are usually, but not always, part of a large team of climbers and support staff (such as porters and guides). To cover large distances with their massive amounts of gear, sleds and pack animals are commonly used. Climbers will set up multiple camps along the mountain, and will haul their gear up the mountain multiple times, returning to a lower camp after each haul until all the gear is at a higher camp; and repeating this procedure until they reach the summit. This technique is also helpful for acclimatization.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is the original style in which high mountains were climbed, expedition style is rare these days as more mountains have become accessible to the general public with <a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">air travel</a> and the penetration of <a href="/wiki/Highways" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways">highways</a> into mountainous regions. It is still common in ranges such as the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Range" title="Alaska Range">Alaska Range</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. </p> <ul><li>Uses multiple trips between camps to carry supplies up to higher camps</li> <li>Group sizes are often larger than alpine-style climbs because more supplies are carried between camps.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_rope" title="Fixed rope">Fixed rope</a> lines are often used to minimize the danger involved in continually moving between camps.</li> <li>For the highest mountains, <a href="/wiki/Bottled_oxygen_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottled oxygen (climbing)">supplemental oxygen</a> is frequently used.</li> <li>There is a higher margin of safety in relation to equipment, food, time, and ability to wait out storms at high camps.</li> <li>Avoidance of being trapped in storms at high altitudes and being forced to descend in treacherous avalanche conditions</li> <li>Possible higher exposure to objective hazards such as avalanches or rockfall, due to slower travel times between camps</li> <li>Higher capital expenditures and a longer time scale</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alpine_style">Alpine style</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Alpine style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Alpine-style_climbing"></span> Alpine style, or informal variations of it, is the most common form of mountaineering today. It involves a single, straightforward climb of the mountain, with no backtracking. This style is most suited for medium-sized mountain areas close to civilization with elevations of 2,000–5,000 m (6,600–16,400 ft), such as the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. Alpine style ascents have been done throughout history on extreme altitude (above 5,000 m) peaks also, albeit in lower volume to expedition style ascents. Climbers generally carry their loads between camps without backtracking, in a single push for the summit. If the summit is reachable from the base camp or trailhead within one day, then alpine-style mountaineers will not change camps at all, and only carry the slightest of loads (necessary nourishment and equipment) up to the summit. "Light and fast" is the mantra of the alpine mountaineer.<sup id="cite_ref-freedom_37-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Climbers climb the route only once, bringing their own supplies; there is no camp-stocking.</li> <li>Fewer supplies are used on the climb, therefore fewer personnel are needed.</li> <li>Rapid Alpine-style ascents do not leave the climber exposed to hazards (such as accidents, deteriorating health at altitude, and avalanches of snow or rock) as long as an expedition-style climb; however, they also leave less time for acclimatization.</li> <li>For the highest mountains, <a href="/wiki/Bottled_oxygen_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottled oxygen (climbing)">supplemental oxygen</a> is rarely used, or used more sparingly.</li> <li>Danger of being trapped at high altitude due to storms, potentially being exposed to <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema" title="High-altitude pulmonary edema">HAPE</a> or <a href="/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema" title="High-altitude cerebral edema">HACE</a></li> <li>Lower capital expenditures and a shorter time scale</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mountaineering" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mountaineering">Mountaineering</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_High_Alps" title="Exploration of the High Alps">Exploration of the High Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climbing_terms" title="Glossary of climbing terms">Glossary of climbing terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Range#Hazards" title="Wind River Range">Hazards in the Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highest_unclimbed_mountain" title="Highest unclimbed mountain">Highest unclimbed mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_climbing_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of climbing topics">Index of climbing topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_climbing" title="Lead climbing">Lead climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbers_and_mountaineers" title="List of climbers and mountaineers">List of climbers and mountaineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_on_eight-thousanders" title="List of deaths on eight-thousanders">List of deaths on eight-thousanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ascents" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first ascents">List of first ascents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountaineering_equipment_brands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountaineering equipment brands">List of mountaineering equipment brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_rescue" title="Mountain rescue">Mountain rescue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering:_The_Freedom_of_the_Hills" title="Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills">Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_bagging" title="Peak bagging">Peak bagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_mountaineering" title="Ski mountaineering">Ski mountaineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_goggles" title="Snow goggles">Snow goggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piolet_d%27Or" class="mw-redirect" title="Piolet d'Or">Piolet d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_Leopard_award" title="Snow Leopard award">Snow Leopard award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_altitude_record_(mountaineering)" title="World altitude record (mountaineering)">World altitude record (mountaineering)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Outdoor_Leadership_School" title="National Outdoor Leadership School">National Outdoor Leadership School</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/alpinism?s=t">"Alpinism Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com"</a>.</cite><span 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The Benefits of Mountaineering and Mountaineering Related Activities: A Review of Literature. A Report to the Mountaineering Council of Scotland</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tour_crit-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tour_crit_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tour_crit_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tour_crit_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tour_crit_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApolloWengel2021" class="citation web cs1">Apollo, M.; Wengel, Y. (1 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Mountaineering-Tourism-A-Critical-Perspective/Apollo-Wengel/p/book/9780367558291">"Mountaineering Tourism: A Critical Perspective"</a>. <i>Routledge</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Routledge&rft.atitle=Mountaineering+Tourism%3A+A+Critical+Perspective&rft.date=2021-10-01&rft.aulast=Apollo&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Wengel%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FMountaineering-Tourism-A-Critical-Perspective%2FApollo-Wengel%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9780367558291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kublak2014-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kublak2014_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kublak2014_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kublak2014_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kublak2014_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Kublak2014" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Kublak (8 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2zCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>Mountaineering Methodology – Part 1 – The Basics</i></a>. Tomas Kublak – MMPublishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-87715-12-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-80-87715-12-3"><bdi>978-80-87715-12-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountaineering+Methodology+%E2%80%93+Part+1+%E2%80%93+The+Basics&rft.pub=Tomas+Kublak+%E2%80%93+MMPublishing&rft.date=2014-06-08&rft.isbn=978-80-87715-12-3&rft.au=Thomas+Kublak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ2zCAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511025957/http://theuiaa.org/activities.html">"UIAA Activities"</a>. UIAA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theuiaa.org/activities.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UIAA+Activities&rft.pub=UIAA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheuiaa.org%2Factivities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApollo2021" class="citation book cs1">Apollo, M. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-72667-6"><i>Environmental Impacts of Mountaineering</i></a>. SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-72667-6">10.1007/978-3-030-72667-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-72666-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-72666-9"><bdi>978-3-030-72666-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234774157">234774157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Environmental+Impacts+of+Mountaineering&rft.series=SpringerBriefs+in+Environmental+Science&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234774157%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-72667-6&rft.isbn=978-3-030-72666-9&rft.aulast=Apollo&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-72667-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApolloAndreychouk2022" class="citation book cs1">Apollo, M.; Andreychouk, V. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-elgar.com/shop/usd/mountaineering-adventure-tourism-and-local-communities-9781802209372.html"><i>Mountaineering Adventure Tourism and Local Communities: Social, Environmental and Economics Interactions</i></a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781802209372" title="Special:BookSources/9781802209372"><bdi>9781802209372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountaineering+Adventure+Tourism+and+Local+Communities%3A+Social%2C+Environmental+and+Economics+Interactions&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781802209372&rft.aulast=Apollo&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Andreychouk%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-elgar.com%2Fshop%2Fusd%2Fmountaineering-adventure-tourism-and-local-communities-9781802209372.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iceman.it/en/node/233">Description of the Discovery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213024011/http://www.iceman.it/en/node/233">Archived</a> 13 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of Ötzi at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology web site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeifertWolf2016-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SeifertWolf2016_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeifertWolf2016_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeifertWolf2016_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SeifertWolf2016_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudovic_SeifertPeter_WolfAndreas_Schweizer2016" class="citation book cs1">Ludovic Seifert; Peter Wolf; Andreas Schweizer (19 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-BRDQAAQBAJ"><i>The Science of Climbing and Mountaineering</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-40315-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-40315-9"><bdi>978-1-317-40315-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Climbing+and+Mountaineering&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-09-19&rft.isbn=978-1-317-40315-9&rft.au=Ludovic+Seifert&rft.au=Peter+Wolf&rft.au=Andreas+Schweizer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-BRDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Internet_History_Sourcebooks_Project_1996-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Internet_History_Sourcebooks_Project_1996_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/petrarch-ventoux.asp">"Medieval Sourcebook: Petrarch: The Ascent of Mount Ventoux"</a>. <i>Internet History Sourcebooks Project</i>. 26 January 1996<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+History+Sourcebooks+Project&rft.atitle=Medieval+Sourcebook%3A+Petrarch%3A+The+Ascent+of+Mount+Ventoux&rft.date=1996-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourcebooks.fordham.edu%2Fsource%2Fpetrarch-ventoux.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hansen2013-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen2013_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen2013_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen2013_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hansen2013_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_H._Hansen2013" class="citation book cs1">Peter H. Hansen (14 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mZU3CUZJN9sC&pg=PA26"><i>The Summits of Modern Man</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07452-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07452-1"><bdi>978-0-674-07452-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Summits+of+Modern+Man&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013-05-14&rft.isbn=978-0-674-07452-1&rft.au=Peter+H.+Hansen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmZU3CUZJN9sC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doran_2023-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doran_2023_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doran_2023_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran2023" class="citation book cs1">Doran, Jeffrey J. (2023). <i>Ramble On: How Hiking Became One of the Most Popular Outdoor Activities in the World</i>. Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8373963923" title="Special:BookSources/979-8373963923"><bdi>979-8373963923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ramble+On%3A+How+Hiking+Became+One+of+the+Most+Popular+Outdoor+Activities+in+the+World&rft.pub=Amazon+Digital+Services+LLC+-+Kdp&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=979-8373963923&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Ice Maiden</i>. National Geographic. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780792259121" title="Special:BookSources/9780792259121"><bdi>9780792259121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ice+Maiden&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780792259121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2002" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Rebecca A. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenonhighpione00brow"><i>Women on High: Pioneers of Mountaineering</i></a></span>. Appalachian Mountain Club Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-929173-13-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-929173-13-X"><bdi>1-929173-13-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+on+High%3A+Pioneers+of+Mountaineering&rft.pub=Appalachian+Mountain+Club+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-929173-13-X&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenonhighpione00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKara_Rogers2010" class="citation web cs1">Kara Rogers (14 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718173805/http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2010/7/the-matterhorn-edward-whymper-and-the-golden-age-of-mountaineering/">"The Matterhorn: Edward Whymper and the Golden Age of Mountaineering"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica BLOG</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/blogs/2010/7/the-matterhorn-edward-whymper-and-the-golden-age-of-mountaineering">the original</a> on 18 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+BLOG&rft.atitle=The+Matterhorn%3A+Edward+Whymper+and+the+Golden+Age+of+Mountaineering&rft.date=2010-07-14&rft.au=Kara+Rogers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fblogs%2F2010%2F7%2Fthe-matterhorn-edward-whymper-and-the-golden-age-of-mountaineering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.v-publishing.co.uk/books/climbing/1865-the-golden-age-of-mountaineering/">"1865: the Golden Age of Mountaineering"</a>. <i>Vertebrate Publishing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vertebrate+Publishing&rft.atitle=1865%3A+the+Golden+Age+of+Mountaineering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.v-publishing.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fclimbing%2F1865-the-golden-age-of-mountaineering%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claire Eliane Engel (1950), <i>A History of Mountaineering in the Alps</i>, chapter VII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dolomythos.com/de/lexikon/besteigung-berge.asp">Die Besteigung der Berge – Die Dolomitgipfel werden erobert (German: The ascent of the mountains – the dolomite peaks are conquered)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oegg.or.at/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/BLBL_JUNI-2016.pdf">Edelweiß, die Symbolpflanze der Alpen (German: Edelweiss, the symbolic plant of the Alps)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416041611/https://www.oegg.or.at/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/BLBL_JUNI-2016.pdf">Archived</a> 16 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hermann Hinterstoisser: Das Edelweiß – Alpenblume mit Symbolkraft. In: Truppendienst, 2012, Nr. 5/329. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesheer.at/truppendienst/ausgaben/artikel.php?id=1438">Das Edelweiß</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchage2008" class="citation book cs1">Schage, Pål V. (2008). <i>Norsk fjellsport gjennom 200 år</i>. Andresen & Butenschøn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-82-7981-052-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-82-7981-052-0"><bdi>978-82-7981-052-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norsk+fjellsport+gjennom+200+%C3%A5r&rft.pub=Andresen+%26+Butensch%C3%B8n&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-82-7981-052-0&rft.aulast=Schage&rft.aufirst=P%C3%A5l+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAasgaard2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aasgaard, Jan (2016). <i>Jotunheimen: gjennom historien</i> [<i>Jotunheimen: through history</i>] (in Norwegian). Dreyer. pp. 156–157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788282651417" title="Special:BookSources/9788282651417"><bdi>9788282651417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jotunheimen%3A+gjennom+historien&rft.pages=156-157&rft.pub=Dreyer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9788282651417&rft.aulast=Aasgaard&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/394976/mountaineering/5045/History">"Mountaineering"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 21 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mountaineering&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F394976%2Fmountaineering%2F5045%2FHistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaj_1939-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aaj_1939_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse,_William_P.1939" class="citation journal cs1">House, William P. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12193922900/K2-1938">"K2-1938"</a>. Feature Article. <i>American Alpine Journal</i>. American Alpine Club<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Alpine+Journal&rft.atitle=K2-1938&rft.date=1939&rft.au=House%2C+William+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.americanalpineclub.org%2Farticles%2F12193922900%2FK2-1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Ascent of Chimborazo". <i>The Cornishman</i>. No. 92. 15 April 1880. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cornishman&rft.atitle=Ascent+of+Chimborazo&rft.issue=92&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1880-04-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mackinder-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mackinder_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackinder1900" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Halford_John_Mackinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Halford John Mackinder">Mackinder, Halford John</a> (May 1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1449198">"A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa"</a>. <i>The Geographical Journal</i>. <b>15</b> (5): 453–476. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1900GeogJ..15..453M">1900GeogJ..15..453M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1774261">10.2307/1774261</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1774261">1774261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Journey+to+the+Summit+of+Mount+Kenya%2C+British+East+Africa&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=453-476&rft.date=1900-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1774261%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1774261&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1900GeogJ..15..453M&rft.aulast=Mackinder&rft.aufirst=Halford+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1449198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IssermanWeaver2010-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IssermanWeaver2010_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IssermanWeaver2010_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IssermanWeaver2010_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IssermanWeaver2010_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IssermanWeaver2010_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurice_IssermanStewart_Angas_WeaverDee_Molenaar2010" class="citation book cs1">Maurice Isserman; Stewart Angas Weaver; Dee Molenaar (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JgEKGGYEpZIC&pg=PA49"><i>Fallen Giants: A History of Himalayan Mountaineering from the Age of Empire to the Age of Extremes</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16420-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16420-6"><bdi>978-0-300-16420-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallen+Giants%3A+A+History+of+Himalayan+Mountaineering+from+the+Age+of+Empire+to+the+Age+of+Extremes&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16420-6&rft.au=Maurice+Isserman&rft.au=Stewart+Angas+Weaver&rft.au=Dee+Molenaar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJgEKGGYEpZIC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowell1977" class="citation book cs1">Rowell, Galen (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inthroneroomofmo0000rowe"><i>In The Throne Room of the Mountain Gods</i></a></span>. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inthroneroomofmo0000rowe/page/36">36–40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87156-184-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87156-184-8"><bdi>978-0-87156-184-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+The+Throne+Room+of+the+Mountain+Gods&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=36-40&rft.pub=Sierra+Club+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-87156-184-8&rft.aulast=Rowell&rft.aufirst=Galen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finthroneroomofmo0000rowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes2015" class="citation web cs1">Wilkes, Rob (5 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.we-heart.com/2015/08/05/messner-mountain-museum-corones-south-tyrol-italy/">"Reinhold Messner museum project ends on a high, with breathtaking Zaha Hadid venue..."</a> <i>We Heart</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=We+Heart&rft.atitle=Reinhold+Messner+museum+project+ends+on+a+high%2C+with+breathtaking+Zaha+Hadid+venue...&rft.date=2015-08-05&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.we-heart.com%2F2015%2F08%2F05%2Fmessner-mountain-museum-corones-south-tyrol-italy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Messner, Reinhold (2002). Überlebt – Alle 14 Achttausender mit Chronik (in German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/2019/05/31/how-mount-everest-became-tourist-destination/">"How Mount Everest became a tourist destination"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=How+Mount+Everest+became+a+tourist+destination&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsports%2F2019%2F05%2F31%2Fhow-mount-everest-became-tourist-destination%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_J._Kauffman1948" class="citation magazine cs1">Andrew J. Kauffman (30 June 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.patcms.org/upropes/1948/1948-13.pdf">"Some Tips for the Apprentice Mountaineer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Up Rope!</i>. Vol. 4, no. 19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200329084315/http://files.patcms.org/upropes/1948/1948-13.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Up+Rope%21&rft.atitle=Some+Tips+for+the+Apprentice+Mountaineer&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=19&rft.date=1948-06-30&rft.au=Andrew+J.+Kauffman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffiles.patcms.org%2Fupropes%2F1948%2F1948-13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freedom-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedom_37-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox,_Steven_M.Fulsaas,_Kris2009" class="citation book cs1">Cox, Steven M.; Fulsaas, Kris, eds. (2009) [2003]. <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering:_The_Freedom_of_the_Hills" title="Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills"><i>Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills</i></a> (7th ed.). Seattle: The Mountaineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-828-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-828-9"><bdi>978-0-89886-828-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountaineering%3A+The+Freedom+of+the+Hills&rft.place=Seattle&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=The+Mountaineers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-89886-828-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RockIce2018-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RockIce2018_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rockandice.com/climbing-news/recap-of-the-piolets-dor-2018-ceremony-in-ladek-zdroj-poland/">"Recap of the Piolets d'Or 2018 Ceremony in Ladek Zdroj, Poland"</a>. <i>Rock and Ice</i>. 5 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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DeLoughery; Thomas G. DeLoughery (14 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220711104944/https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/ham.2021.0085">"Review and Analysis of Mountaineering Accidents in the United States from 1947–2018"</a>. <i>High Altitude Medicine & Biology</i>. <b>23</b> (2): 114–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fham.2021.0085">10.1089/ham.2021.0085</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35263173">35263173</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247361980">247361980</a>. 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Of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report</i> (USARIEM–TN–04–05). Archived from the original on 23 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=US+Army+Research+Inst.+Of+Environmental+Medicine+Thermal+and+Mountain+Medicine+Division+Technical+Report&rft.atitle=Altitude+Acclimatization+Guide.&rft.issue=USARIEM%E2%80%93TN%E2%80%9304%E2%80%9305&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Muza%2C+SR&rft.au=Fulco%2C+CS&rft.au=Cymerman%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.rubicon-foundation.org%2F7616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzymczakMaroszGrzywaczSawicka2021" class="citation journal cs1">Szymczak, Robert K.; Marosz, Michał; Grzywacz, Tomasz; Sawicka, Magdalena; Naczyk, Marta (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8287323">"Death Zone Weather Extremes Mountaineers Have Experienced in Successful Ascents"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Physiology</i>. <b>12</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffphys.2021.696335">10.3389/fphys.2021.696335</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-042X">1664-042X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8287323">8287323</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34290622">34290622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Physiology&rft.atitle=Death+Zone+Weather+Extremes+Mountaineers+Have+Experienced+in+Successful+Ascents&rft.volume=12&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8287323%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-042X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34290622&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffphys.2021.696335&rft.aulast=Szymczak&rft.aufirst=Robert+K.&rft.au=Marosz%2C+Micha%C5%82&rft.au=Grzywacz%2C+Tomasz&rft.au=Sawicka%2C+Magdalena&rft.au=Naczyk%2C+Marta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8287323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD.2004" class="citation book cs1">D., Carline, Jan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1131535523"><i>Mountaineering first aid : a guide to accident response and first aid care</i></a>. Mountaineers Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89886-878-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89886-878-5"><bdi>0-89886-878-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1131535523">1131535523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mountaineering+first+aid+%3A+a+guide+to+accident+response+and+first+aid+care&rft.pub=Mountaineers+Books&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1131535523&rft.isbn=0-89886-878-5&rft.aulast=D.&rft.aufirst=Carline%2C+Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1131535523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.1986" class="citation book cs1">S., Wilkerson, James A., 1934- Bangs, Cameron, C. Hayward, John (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/13062884"><i>Hypothermia, Frostbite, and Other Cold Injuries : Prevention, Recognition, and Prehospital Treatment</i></a>. The Mountaineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89886-024-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-89886-024-5"><bdi>0-89886-024-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13062884">13062884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hypothermia%2C+Frostbite%2C+and+Other+Cold+Injuries+%3A+Prevention%2C+Recognition%2C+and+Prehospital+Treatment&rft.pub=The+Mountaineers&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F13062884&rft.isbn=0-89886-024-5&rft.aulast=S.&rft.aufirst=Wilkerson%2C+James+A.%2C+1934-+Bangs%2C+Cameron%2C+C.+Hayward%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F13062884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1278523-overview">"Cold Injuries: Practice Essentials, Overview, Systemic Hypothermia"</a>. <i>eMedicine</i>. 16 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eMedicine&rft.atitle=Cold+Injuries%3A+Practice+Essentials%2C+Overview%2C+Systemic+Hypothermia&rft.date=2021-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F1278523-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssermanWeaver2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Isserman" title="Maurice Isserman">Isserman, Maurice</a>; Weaver, Stewart (2008). <i>Fallen giants: a history of Himalayan mountaineering from the age of empire to the age of extremes</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16420-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16420-6"><bdi>978-0-300-16420-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181424034">181424034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallen+giants%3A+a+history+of+Himalayan+mountaineering+from+the+age+of+empire+to+the+age+of+extremes&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181424034&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16420-6&rft.aulast=Isserman&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Weaver%2C+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtner1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Ortner" title="Sherry Ortner">Ortner, Sherry B.</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifedeathonmteve00ortn"><i>Life and death on Mt. Everest : Sherpas and Himalayan mountaineering</i></a></span>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00689-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00689-5"><bdi>978-0-691-00689-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41326318">41326318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+death+on+Mt.+Everest+%3A+Sherpas+and+Himalayan+mountaineering&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41326318&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00689-5&rft.aulast=Ortner&rft.aufirst=Sherry+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifedeathonmteve00ortn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnsworth1994" class="citation book cs1">Unsworth, Walt (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holdheightsfound0000unsw"><i>Hold the heights: the foundations of mountaineering</i></a></span>. Seattle: The Mountaineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-379-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89886-379-6"><bdi>978-0-89886-379-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28547900">28547900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hold+the+heights%3A+the+foundations+of+mountaineering&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=The+Mountaineers&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28547900&rft.isbn=978-0-89886-379-6&rft.aulast=Unsworth&rft.aufirst=Walt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholdheightsfound0000unsw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.lib.washington.edu/mtnweb/index.html">"::: The Mountaineers Photograph Album Collection :::"</a>. <i>content.lib.washington.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=content.lib.washington.edu&rft.atitle=%3A%3A%3A+The+Mountaineers+Photograph+Album+Collection+%3A%3A%3A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.washington.edu%2Fmtnweb%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.lib.washington.edu/cmpweb/exhibits/mountaineers/index.html">"Olympic Peninsula Community Museum – Online Exhibits – The Mountaineers"</a>. <i>content.lib.washington.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=content.lib.washington.edu&rft.atitle=Olympic+Peninsula+Community+Museum+%E2%80%93+Online+Exhibits+%E2%80%93+The+Mountaineers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.lib.washington.edu%2Fcmpweb%2Fexhibits%2Fmountaineers%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMountaineering" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mountaineering&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Mountaineering</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering" class="extiw" title="c:Mountaineering">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Mountaineering" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Mountaineering">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Mountain_Climbing" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Mountain Climbing">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Mountaineering" class="extiw" title="voy:Mountaineering">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://climber.org/data/glossary.html">A Climber's Glossary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210926101551/https://irp.fas.org/doddir/army/fm3-97-61.pdf">Military Mountaineering, Army Field Manual FM 3–97.61 (Aug 2002) − Federation of American Scientists</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theuiaa.org">International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation (UIAA)</a> – official organisation of mountaineering and climbing recognised by <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103211411/http://www.museevirtuel-virtualmuseum.ca/sgc-cms/expositions-exhibitions/nuages-clouds/en/index.html/">Climbing the clouds</a> – virtual exhibit of British Columbia mountaineering</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Climbing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Climbing" title="Template:Climbing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Climbing" title="Template talk:Climbing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Climbing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Climbing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Climbing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Rock climbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing#Types_of_rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Disciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_climbing" title="Aid climbing">Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_wall_climbing" title="Big wall climbing">Big wall</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-pitch_climbing" title="Multi-pitch climbing">Multi-pitch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouldering" title="Bouldering">Bouldering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bouldering#Highball_bouldering" title="Bouldering">Highball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_climbing" title="Competition climbing">Competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_climbing" title="Speed climbing">Speed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_climbing" title="Free climbing">Free</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_climbing" title="Sport climbing">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_climbing" title="Solo climbing">Solo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">Free solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-water_soloing" title="Deep-water soloing">Deep-water solo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_solo_climbing" title="Rope solo climbing">Rope solo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_rope_climbing" title="Top rope climbing">Top roping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climbing_route#Types_of_routes" title="Climbing route">Route types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crack_climbing" title="Crack climbing">Crack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face_climbing" title="Face climbing">Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhang_(climbing)" title="Overhang (climbing)">Overhang / Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_climbing" title="Slab climbing">Slab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mountaineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_climbing" title="Alpine climbing">Alpine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Via_ferrata" title="Via ferrata">Via ferrata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-thousander" title="Eight-thousander">Himalayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine style">Alpine style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_climbing" title="Expedition climbing">Expedition style</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_climbing" title="Mixed climbing">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry-tooling" title="Dry-tooling">Dry-tooling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrambling" title="Scrambling">Scrambling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hillwalking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillwalking">Hillwalking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buildering" title="Buildering">Buildering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_climbing" title="Crane climbing">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_climbing" title="Grass climbing">Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope_access" title="Rope access">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">Parkour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pole_climbing" title="Pole climbing">Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropes_course" title="Ropes course">Ropes course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooftopping" title="Rooftopping">Rooftopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_and_tunnel_hacking" title="Roof and tunnel hacking">Roof and tunnel hacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slide_Climbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Slide Climbing">Slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_climbing" title="Tree climbing">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alpine_clubs" title="List of alpine clubs">Alpine clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbers_and_mountaineers" title="List of climbers and mountaineers">Climbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piolet_d%27Or" class="mw-redirect" title="Piolet d'Or">Piolet d'Or winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFSC_Climbing_World_Cup" title="IFSC Climbing World Cup">IFSC World Cup winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFSC_Climbing_World_Championships" title="IFSC Climbing World Championships">IFSC World Championships winners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranking_of_career_IFSC_victories_by_climber" title="Ranking of career IFSC victories by climber">IFSC victories</a></li></ul></li> <li>Deaths <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deaths_on_eight-thousanders" title="List of deaths on eight-thousanders">Eight-thousanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_died_climbing_Mount_Everest" title="List of people who died climbing Mount Everest">Everest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_equipment" title="Climbing equipment">Equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbing_and_mountaineering_equipment_brands" title="List of climbing and mountaineering equipment brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climbing_knots" title="List of climbing knots">Knots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rock_climbing" title="History of rock climbing">Historical events</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_grade_milestones_in_rock_climbing" title="List of grade milestones in rock climbing">Grade milestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ascents_of_mountain_summits" title="List of first ascents of mountain summits">First ascents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_technique" title="Climbing technique">Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climbing_terms" title="Glossary of climbing terms">Terminology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climbing_equipment" title="Climbing equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock-climbing_equipment" title="Rock-climbing equipment">Rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aider" class="mw-redirect" title="Aider">Aider</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_chain_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy chain (climbing)">Daisy chain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_(climbing)" title="Anchor (climbing)">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascender_(climbing)" title="Ascender (climbing)">Ascender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petzl_Croll" title="Petzl Croll">Croll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belay_device" title="Belay device">Belay device</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_belay" title="Auto belay">Auto belay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belay_glasses" title="Belay glasses">Glasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belay_gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Belay gloves">Gloves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(climbing)" title="Bolt (climbing)">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouldering_mat" title="Bouldering mat">Boulder mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carabiner" title="Carabiner">Carabiner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maillon" title="Maillon">Maillon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_rope" title="Climbing rope">Climbing rope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cord_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cord (climbing)">Cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_rope" title="Dynamic rope">Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_rope" title="Static rope">Static</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_chalk" title="Liquid chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descender_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Descender (climbing)">Descenders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Figure_8_(climbing)" title="Figure 8 (climbing)">Figure-8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_harness" title="Climbing harness">Harness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hook_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hook (climbing)">Hooks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fifi_hook" title="Fifi hook">Fifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyhook_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyhook (climbing)">Skyhook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing_hammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock climbing hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hex_(climbing)" title="Hex (climbing)">Hex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanyard_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanyard (climbing)">Lanyard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_anchor_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal anchor system">PAC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(climbing)" title="Nut (climbing)">Nut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(climbing)" title="Copperhead (climbing)">Copperhead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piton" title="Piton">Piton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portaledge" title="Portaledge">Portaledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickdraw" title="Quickdraw">Quickdraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-locking_device" title="Self-locking device">SLDs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grigri" title="Grigri">Grigri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revo_(climbing)" title="Revo (climbing)">Revo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sling_(climbing_equipment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sling (climbing equipment)">Sling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring-loaded_camming_device" title="Spring-loaded camming device">SLCDs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camalot" title="Camalot">Camalot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_shoe" title="Climbing shoe">Shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricam" title="Tricam">Tricam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing#Equipment" title="Ice climbing">Ice and snow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpenstock" title="Alpenstock">Alpenstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abalakov_thread" title="Abalakov thread">Abalakov thread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottled_oxygen_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottled oxygen (climbing)">Bottled oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crampons" title="Crampons">Crampons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_axe" title="Ice axe">Ice axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_tool" title="Ice tool">Ice tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_screw" title="Ice screw">Ice screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaineering_boot" title="Mountaineering boot">Mountaineering boot</a></li> <li>Rescue <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_cord" title="Avalanche cord">Avalanche cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RECCO" title="RECCO">RECCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalanche_transceiver" title="Avalanche transceiver">Transeiver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_anchor" title="Snow anchor">Snow anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">Snowshoe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abseiling" title="Abseiling">Abseiling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_rappel" title="Australian rappel">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BClfersitz" title="Dülfersitz">Dülfersitz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belaying" title="Belaying">Belaying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_pointing" title="Front pointing">Front pointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissade_(climbing)" title="Glissade (climbing)">Glissading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed_rope" title="Fixed rope">Jumaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_climbing" title="Lead climbing">Leading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flash_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash (climbing)">Flashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onsight" class="mw-redirect" title="Onsight">Onsighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redpoint_(climbing)" title="Redpoint (climbing)">Redpointing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_rescue" title="Mountain rescue">Rescue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crevasse_rescue" title="Crevasse rescue">Crevasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_rescue_(climbing)" title="Self rescue (climbing)">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-arrest" title="Self-arrest">Self-arrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simul-climbing" title="Simul-climbing">Simul-climbing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rope_team" title="Rope team">Rope team</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotting_(climbing)" title="Spotting (climbing)">Spotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traverse_(climbing)" title="Traverse (climbing)">Traversing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_traverse" title="Tyrolean traverse">Tyrolean</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ape_index" title="Ape index">Ape index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approach_shoe" title="Approach shoe">Approach shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_climbing" title="Clean climbing">Clean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_route" title="Climbing route">Climbing route</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_(climbing)" title="Beta (climbing)">Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_guidebook" title="Climbing guidebook">Guidebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climbing_wall" title="Climbing wall">Climbing wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipping_(climbing)" title="Chipping (climbing)">Chipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ascent" title="First ascent">First ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(climbing)" title="Pitch (climbing)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topo_(climbing)" title="Topo (climbing)">Topo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_(heights)" title="Exposure (heights)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_factor" title="Fall factor">Fall factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grade_(climbing)" title="Grade (climbing)">Grades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_guide" title="Mountain guide">Guides</a></li> <li>Training <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachar_ladder" title="Bachar ladder">Bachar ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_board" title="Campus board">Campus board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangboard">Hangboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonBoard" class="mw-redirect" title="MoonBoard">MoonBoard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines and journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Journal" title="Alpine Journal">Alpine Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alpinist_(magazine)" title="Alpinist (magazine)">Alpinist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Alpine_Journal" title="American Alpine Journal">American Alpine Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Alpine_Journal" title="Canadian Alpine Journal">Canadian Alpine Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Climbing_(magazine)" title="Climbing (magazine)">Climbing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desnivel" title="Desnivel">Desnivel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Journal" title="Himalayan Journal">Himalayan Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planinski_Vestnik" title="Planinski Vestnik">Planinski Vestnik</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rock_%26_Ice" title="Rock & Ice">Rock & Ice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summit_(magazine)" title="Summit (magazine)">Summit</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alpinist" title="The Alpinist">The Alpinist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Capitan_(film)" title="El Capitan (film)">El Capitan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dawn_Wall" title="The Dawn Wall">The Dawn Wall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Solo" title="Free Solo">Free Solo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hard_Grit" title="Hard Grit">Hard Grit</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Diamond_Equipment" title="Black Diamond Equipment">Black Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMP_(company)" title="CAMP (company)">CAMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_Designs" title="Cascade Designs">Cascade Designs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuter_Sport" title="Deuter Sport">Deuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Winters" title="Early Winters">Early Winters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mountain_Sports" title="Eastern Mountain Sports">Eastern Mountain Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ten_Footwear" title="Five Ten Footwear">Five Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostline_Kits" title="Frostline Kits">Frostline Kits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_(company)" title="Gerry (company)">GERRY Mountain Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grivel_(company)" title="Grivel (company)">Grivel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holubar_Mountaineering" title="Holubar Mountaineering">Holubar Mountaineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JanSport" title="JanSport">JanSport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kellwood_Company" title="Kellwood Company">Sierra Designs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelty_(company)" title="Kelty (company)">Kelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Sportiva" title="La Sportiva">La Sportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowe_Alpine" title="Lowe Alpine">Lowe Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammut_Sports_Group" title="Mammut Sports Group">Mammut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmot_(company)" title="Marmot (company)">Marmot Mountain Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet_(manufacturer)" title="Millet (manufacturer)">Millet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Equipment_Co-op" title="Mountain Equipment Co-op">Mountain Equipment Co-op</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Safety_Research" title="Mountain Safety Research">Mountain Safety Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Research" title="Outdoor Research">Outdoor Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia,_Inc." title="Patagonia, Inc.">Patagonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petzl" title="Petzl">Petzl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_(company)" title="Rab (company)">Rab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_Equipment,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational Equipment, Inc.">REI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_North_Face" title="The North Face">The North Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therm-a-Rest" title="Therm-a-Rest">Therm-a-Rest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Country_(company)" title="Wild Country (company)">Wild Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climbing_clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Climbing clubs">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Access_Fund" title="The Access Fund">Access Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Club_(UK)" title="Alpine Club (UK)">Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Club_of_Canada" title="Alpine Club of Canada">Alpine Club of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Alpine_Club" title="American Alpine Club">American Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountain_Club" title="Appalachian Mountain Club">Appalachian Mountain Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Alpine_Club" title="Austrian Alpine Club">Austrian Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Mountaineering_Council" title="British Mountaineering Council">British Mountaineering Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Alpin_Fran%C3%A7ais" class="mw-redirect" title="Club Alpin Français">Club Alpin Français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Alpino_Italiano" title="Club Alpino Italiano">Club Alpino Italiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_Deportes_de_Monta%C3%B1a_y_Escalada" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada">Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_fran%C3%A7aise_de_la_montagne_et_de_l%27escalade" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade">Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Alpine_Club" title="German Alpine Club">German Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Climbing_Federation" title="South African National Climbing Federation">South African Climbing Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol_Alpine_Club" title="South Tyrol Alpine Club">South Tyrol Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Alpine_Club" title="Swiss Alpine Club">Swiss Alpine Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_Climbing" title="USA Climbing">USA Climbing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Sport_Climbing" title="International Federation of Sport Climbing">International Federation of Sport Climbing</a> (IFSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Climbing_and_Mountaineering_Federation" title="International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation">International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation</a> (UIAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UIAGM" class="mw-redirect" title="UIAGM">Union Internationale des Associations de Guides de Montagnes</a> (UIAGM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_International_Mountain_Leader_Associations" title="Union of International Mountain Leader Associations">Union of International Mountain Leader Associations</a> (UIMLA)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Climbing" title="Category:Climbing">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Climbing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Climbing">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Climbing" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Climbing">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extreme_and_adventure_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Extreme_sports" title="Template:Extreme sports"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Extreme_sports" title="Template talk:Extreme sports"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme_sports" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Extreme sports"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extreme_and_adventure_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Extreme_sport" title="Extreme sport">Extreme and adventure sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boardsport" title="Boardsport">Boardsports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellyboarding" title="Bellyboarding">Bellyboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodyboarding" title="Bodyboarding">Bodyboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirtsurfing" title="Dirtsurfing">Dirtsurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_landboarding" title="Kite landboarding">Kite landboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiteboarding" title="Kiteboarding">Kiteboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longboarding" title="Longboarding">Longboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainboarding" title="Mountainboarding">Mountainboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverboarding" title="Riverboarding">Riverboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandboarding" title="Sandboarding">Sandboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">Skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skimboarding" title="Skimboarding">Skimboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skysurfing" title="Skysurfing">Skysurfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">Snowboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowskate" title="Snowskate">Snowskating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">Street luging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">Surfing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/River_surfing" title="River surfing">River surfing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakeboarding" title="Wakeboarding">Wakeboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsurfing" title="Windsurfing">Windsurfing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motorsports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drifting_(motorsport)" title="Drifting (motorsport)">Drifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motocross" title="Motocross">Motocross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallycross" title="Rallycross">Rallycross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rallying" title="Rallying">Rallying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_raid" title="Rally raid">Rally raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snocross" title="Snocross">Snocross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_water_sports" title="List of water sports">Water sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coasteering" title="Coasteering">Coasteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freediving" title="Freediving">Freediving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_diving" title="High diving">High diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_watercraft" title="Personal watercraft">Jet Skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_diving" title="Cave diving">Cave diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_diving" title="Technical diving">Technical diving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snorkeling" title="Snorkeling">Snorkeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_skiing" title="Water skiing">Water skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_canoeing" title="Whitewater canoeing">Whitewater canoeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_kayaking" title="Whitewater kayaking">Whitewater kayaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Whitewater rafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyoning" title="Canyoning">Canyoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_climbing" title="Crane climbing">Crane climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Ice climbing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_climbing" title="Mixed climbing">Mixed climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mountaineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_climbing" title="Alpine climbing">Alpine climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Rock climbing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_wall_climbing" title="Big wall climbing">Big wall climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_solo_climbing" title="Free solo climbing">Free solo climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_climbing" title="Traditional climbing">Traditional climbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrunning" title="Skyrunning">Skyrunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Falling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BASE_jumping" title="BASE jumping">BASE jumping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FreeBASE_(climbing)" class="mw-redirect" title="FreeBASE (climbing)">Free BASE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski-BASE_jumping" title="Ski-BASE jumping">Ski-BASE jumping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungee_jumping" title="Bungee jumping">Bungee jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_diving#Cliff_diving" title="High diving">Cliff-diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_jumping" title="Cliff jumping">Cliff jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombstoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Tombstoning">Tombstoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachuting" title="Parachuting">Parachuting/Skydiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flying</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobatics" title="Aerobatics">Aerobatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_racing" title="Air racing">Air racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliding" title="Gliding">Gliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding">Hang gliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">Paragliding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powered_paragliding" title="Powered paragliding">Powered paragliding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasailing" title="Parasailing">Parasailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_flying" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed flying">Speed flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingsuit_flying" title="Wingsuit flying">Wingsuit flying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cycling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX" title="BMX">BMX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_BMX" title="Freestyle BMX">Freestyle BMX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">Mountain biking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downhill_mountain_biking" title="Downhill mountain biking">Downhill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rolling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_scootering" title="Freestyle scootering">Freestyle scootering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inline_skating" title="Inline skating">Inline skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_inline_skating" title="Aggressive inline skating">Aggressive inline skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vert_skating" title="Vert skating">Vert skating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">Roller skating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skiing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_skiing" title="Extreme skiing">Extreme skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeriding_(winter_sport)" title="Freeriding (winter sport)">Freeriding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skiing" title="Freestyle skiing">Freestyle skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_skiing" title="Speed skiing">Speed skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_mountaineering" title="Ski mountaineering">Ski mountaineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">Sledding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh">Bobsleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_sledding" title="Extreme sledding">Extreme sledding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luge" title="Luge">Luge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(sport)" title="Skeleton (sport)">Skeleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_racing" title="Adventure racing">Adventure racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving" title="Caving">Caving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_Hill_Cheese-Rolling_and_Wake" title="Cooper's Hill Cheese-Rolling and Wake">Cheese rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_ironing" title="Extreme ironing">Extreme ironing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Pogo" title="Extreme Pogo">Extreme Pogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fell_running" title="Fell running">Fell running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstacle_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstacle racing">Obstacle racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumping_stilts" title="Jumping stilts">Powerbocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slacklining" title="Slacklining">Slacklining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramarathon" title="Ultramarathon">Ultramarathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_line" title="Zip line">Zip-lining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adventure_travel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adventure_travel" title="Template:Adventure travel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adventure_travel" title="Template talk:Adventure travel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adventure_travel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adventure travel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adventure_travel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adventure_travel" title="Adventure travel">Adventure travel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_tourism" title="Accessible tourism">Accessible tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adjectival_tourisms" title="List of adjectival tourisms">Adjectival tourisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_recreation" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventure recreation">Adventure recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agritourism" title="Agritourism">Agritourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(travel)" title="Backpacking (travel)">Backpacking (travel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpacking_(hiking)" title="Backpacking (hiking)">Backpacking (hiking)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_touring" title="Bicycle touring">Bicycle touring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camping" title="Camping">Camping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Ecotourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_tourism" title="Extreme tourism">Extreme tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freighthopping" title="Freighthopping">Freighthopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamping" title="Glamping">Glamping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">Hiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiking" title="Hitchhiking">Hitchhiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_tourism" title="Jungle tourism">Jungle tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kloofing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kloofing">Kloofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overlanding" title="Overlanding">Overlanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picnic" title="Picnic">Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogaining" title="Rogaining">Rogaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slum_tourism" title="Slum tourism">Slum tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramping_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramping in New Zealand">Tramping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel" title="Travel">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultralight_backpacking" title="Ultralight backpacking">Ultralight backpacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_exploration" title="Urban exploration">Urban exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_travel" class="mw-redirect" title="Volunteer travel">Volunteer travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_tourism" title="Wildlife tourism">Wildlife tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">Climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geocaching" title="Geocaching">Geocaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geohashing" title="Geohashing">Geohashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_gliding" title="Hang gliding">Hang gliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_biking" title="Mountain biking">Mountain biking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mountaineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism" title="Naturism">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_recreation" title="Nude recreation">Nude recreation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">Paragliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafting" title="Rafting">Rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_trekking" title="River trekking">River trekking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zip_line" title="Zip line">Zip-lining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pictograms-nps-land-technical_rock_climbing.svg/19px-Pictograms-nps-land-technical_rock_climbing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pictograms-nps-land-technical_rock_climbing.svg/29px-Pictograms-nps-land-technical_rock_climbing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Pictograms-nps-land-technical_rock_climbing.svg/38px-Pictograms-nps-land-technical_rock_climbing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="124" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Climbing" title="Portal:Climbing">Climbing</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/19px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/29px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/38px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="994" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mountains" title="Portal:Mountains">Mountains</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36908#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36908#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36908#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1028334/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4005694-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85087816">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13340853q">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13340853q">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573462">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="alpinismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph168214&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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