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id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Discovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Structure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Structure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_belt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_belt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Classical belt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_belt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resonances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resonances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Resonances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resonances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuiper_cliff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuiper_cliff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Kuiper cliff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuiper_cliff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_and_size_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_and_size_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Mass and size distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_and_size_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scattered_objects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scattered_objects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Scattered objects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scattered_objects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Scattered objects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Scattered_objects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Triton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Triton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_KBOs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_KBOs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Largest KBOs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Largest_KBOs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Largest KBOs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Largest_KBOs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pluto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pluto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Pluto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pluto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Satellites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Exploration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Exploration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Design_studies_and_concept_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_studies_and_concept_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Design studies and concept missions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_studies_and_concept_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extrasolar_Kuiper_belts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extrasolar_Kuiper_belts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Extrasolar Kuiper belts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extrasolar_Kuiper_belts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kuiper belt</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 108 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-108" aria-hidden="true" > 108 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuipergordel" title="Kuipergordel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kuipergordel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperes_gyrtel" title="Kuiperes gyrtel – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Kuiperes gyrtel" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="حزام كايبر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزام كايبر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinto_de_Kuiper" title="Cinto de Kuiper – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cinto de Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintur%C3%B3n_de_Kuiper" title="Cinturón de Kuiper – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cinturón de Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_Ku%27as%C3%A3" title="Kuiper Ku'asã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuiper Ku'asã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyper_qur%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Koyper qurşağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Koyper qurşağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="কাইপার বেষ্টনী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাইপার বেষ্টনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pend%C3%A9ng_Kuiper" title="Pendéng Kuiper – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pendéng Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper-to%C3%A0" title="Kuiper-toà – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kuiper-toà" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabuk_Kuiper" title="Sabuk Kuiper – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Sabuk Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Койпер билбауы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Койпер билбауы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пояс Койпера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пояс Койпера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пояс Койпэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пояс Койпэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пояс на Кайпер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пояс на Кайпер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuipergiatl" title="Kuipergiatl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kuipergiatl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperov_pojas" title="Kuiperov pojas – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kuiperov pojas" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gourizad_Kuiper" title="Gourizad Kuiper – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gourizad Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintur%C3%B3_de_Kuiper" title="Cinturó de Kuiper – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cinturó de Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper%C5%AFv_p%C3%A1s" title="Kuiperův pás – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kuiperův pás" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwregys_Kuiper" title="Gwregys Kuiper – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwregys Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperb%C3%A6ltet" title="Kuiperbæltet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kuiperbæltet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AF_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="حزام د كايپر – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="حزام د كايپر" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperg%C3%BCrtel" title="Kuipergürtel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kuipergürtel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperi_v%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="Kuiperi vöö – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuiperi vöö" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Ζώνη του Κάιπερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζώνη του Κάιπερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasa_%27d_Kuiper" title="Fasa 'd Kuiper – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Fasa 'd Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintur%C3%B3n_de_Kuiper" title="Cinturón de Kuiper – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cinturón de Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zono_de_Kuiper" title="Zono de Kuiper – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Zono de Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_gerrikoa" title="Kuiper gerrikoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kuiper gerrikoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="کمربند کویپر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمربند کویپر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceinture_de_Kuiper" title="Ceinture de Kuiper – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ceinture de Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crios_Kuiper" title="Crios Kuiper – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crios Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryss_Kuiper" title="Cryss Kuiper – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Cryss Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinto_de_Kuiper" title="Cinto de Kuiper – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cinto de Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EC%9D%B4%ED%8D%BC%EB%8C%80" title="카이퍼대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카이퍼대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%AB" title="Կոյպերի գոտի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոյպերի գոտի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="काइपर घेरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काइपर घेरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperov_pojas" title="Kuiperov pojas – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kuiperov pojas" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabuk_Kuiper" title="Sabuk Kuiper – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sabuk Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperbelti" title="Kuiperbelti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kuiperbelti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascia_di_Kuiper" title="Fascia di Kuiper – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fascia di Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="חגורת קויפר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חגורת קויפר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabuk_Kuiper" title="Sabuk Kuiper – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sabuk Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕೈಪರ್ ಪಟ್ಟಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೈಪರ್ ಪಟ್ಟಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Койперни бели – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Койперни бели" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="კოიპერის სარტყელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოიპერის სარტყელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96" title="Койпер белдеуі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Койпер белдеуі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukanda_wa_Kuiper" title="Ukanda wa Kuiper – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukanda wa Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zona_Kuiperi" title="Zona Kuiperi – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Zona Kuiperi" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koipera_josla" title="Koipera josla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Koipera josla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperceinture" title="Kuiperceinture – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kuiperceinture" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koiperio_juosta" title="Koiperio juosta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Koiperio juosta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperreem" title="Kuiperreem – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kuiperreem" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasa_de_Kuiper" title="Fasa de Kuiper – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fasa de Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper-%C3%B6v" title="Kuiper-öv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kuiper-öv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Кајперов Појас – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кајперов Појас" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="കൈപ്പർ വലയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൈപ്പർ വലയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faxxa_ta%27_Kuiper" title="Faxxa ta' Kuiper – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Faxxa ta' Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="कायपरचा पट्टा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कायपरचा पट्टा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3" title="კოიპერიშ ორტყაფუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კოიპერიშ ორტყაფუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="حزام كايپر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حزام كايپر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkaran_Kuiper" title="Lingkaran Kuiper – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lingkaran Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%BB%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Күйпер бүслүүр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Күйпер бүслүүр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%81%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="ကျူးပါး ခါးပတ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျူးပါး ခါးပတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuipergordel" title="Kuipergordel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kuipergordel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%83%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="エッジワース・カイパーベルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エッジワース・カイパーベルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperbeltet" title="Kuiperbeltet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kuiperbeltet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperbeltet" title="Kuiperbeltet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kuiperbeltet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cencha_de_Kuiper" title="Cencha de Kuiper – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cencha de Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyper_belbog%CA%BBi" title="Koyper belbogʻi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koyper belbogʻi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="کائپر پٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کائپر پٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF" title="د کویپر کمربند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د کویپر کمربند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fassa_%C3%ABd_Kuiper" title="Fassa ëd Kuiper – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fassa ëd Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperg%C3%B6rdel" title="Kuipergördel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kuipergördel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas_Kuipera" title="Pas Kuipera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pas Kuipera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintur%C3%A3o_de_Kuiper" title="Cinturão de Kuiper – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cinturão de Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperj%C3%B6%C3%B6del" title="Kuiperjöödel – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Kuiperjöödel" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centura_Kuiper" title="Centura Kuiper – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Centura Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пояс Койпера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пояс Койпера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kuiper belt" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rripi_i_Kuiperit" title="Rripi i Kuiperit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rripi i Kuiperit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cintura_di_Kuiper" title="Cintura di Kuiper – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cintura di Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="කුයිපර් පටිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කුයිපර් පටිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt" title="Kuiper belt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kuiper belt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperov_p%C3%A1s" title="Kuiperov pás – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kuiperov pás" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperjev_pas" title="Kuiperjev pas – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kuiperjev pas" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="پشتوێنی کویپێر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پشتوێنی کویپێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Којперов појас – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Којперов појас" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperov_pojas" title="Kuiperov pojas – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kuiperov pojas" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beubeur_Kuiper" title="Beubeur Kuiper – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Beubeur Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperin_vy%C3%B6hyke" title="Kuiperin vyöhyke – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kuiperin vyöhyke" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiperb%C3%A4ltet" title="Kuiperbältet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kuiperbältet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinturon_ng_Kuiper" title="Sinturon ng Kuiper – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sinturon ng Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88" title="கைப்பர் பட்டை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கைப்பர் பட்டை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaggus_n_Kuiper" title="Abaggus n Kuiper – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Abaggus n Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Койпер билбавы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Койпер билбавы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="కైపర్ బెల్ట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కైపర్ బెల్ట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="แถบไคเปอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แถบไคเปอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_Ku%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kuiper Kuşağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuiper Kuşağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%8F%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Пояс Койпера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пояс Койпера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A0nh_%C4%91ai_Kuiper" title="Vành đai Kuiper – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vành đai Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E4%BC%8A%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%B6" title="柯伊伯帶 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="柯伊伯帶" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paha_Kuiper" title="Paha Kuiper – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Paha Kuiper" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E4%BC%8A%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%A6" title="柯伊伯带 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="柯伊伯带" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E4%BC%8A%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%B6" title="柯伊伯帶 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="柯伊伯帶" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E4%BC%8A%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%A6" title="柯伊伯带 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="柯伊伯带" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingkeran_K%C3%A8per" title="Lingkeran Kèper – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Lingkeran Kèper" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area of the Solar System beyond the planets, comprising small bodies</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"KBOs" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/KBOS_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="KBOS (disambiguation)">KBOS (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuiper_belt_plot_objects_of_outer_solar_system.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kuiper_belt_plot_objects_of_outer_solar_system.png/290px-Kuiper_belt_plot_objects_of_outer_solar_system.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kuiper_belt_plot_objects_of_outer_solar_system.png/435px-Kuiper_belt_plot_objects_of_outer_solar_system.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kuiper_belt_plot_objects_of_outer_solar_system.png/580px-Kuiper_belt_plot_objects_of_outer_solar_system.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Known objects in the Kuiper belt beyond the orbit of Neptune. (Scale in <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">AU</a>; <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">epoch</a> as of January 2015.) <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter trojans</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giant planets</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">J</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">S</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">U</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">N</a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a> </td> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Resonant Kuiper belt <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  Classical Kuiper belt <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  <a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="font-size: 0.9em; margin-top: 4px; line-height: 1.2em;">Distances but not sizes are to scale. The yellow disk is about the size of Mars' orbit. Source: <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfeps.net/">www.cfeps.net</a> and others</div> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: auto;"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title">Types of <a href="/wiki/Distant_minor_planet" title="Distant minor planet">distant minor planets</a></caption><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (minor planet)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> (TNOs) <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuiper belt objects</a> (KBOs) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Classical KBOs</a> (cubewanos)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonant_trans-Neptunian_object" title="Resonant trans-Neptunian object">Resonant KBOs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a> (2:3 resonance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonant_trans-Neptunian_object#1:2_resonance_("twotinos",_period_~330_years)" title="Resonant trans-Neptunian object">Twotinos</a> (1:2 resonance)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc objects</a> (SDOs) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resonant_trans-Neptunian_object" title="Resonant trans-Neptunian object">Resonant SDOs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_trans-Neptunian_object" title="Extreme trans-Neptunian object">Extreme trans-Neptunian object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud objects</a> (ICO/OCOs)</li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Distant_minor_planets_sidebar" title="Template:Distant minor planets sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Distant_minor_planets_sidebar" title="Template talk:Distant minor planets sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Distant_minor_planets_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Distant minor planets sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Kuiper belt (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkaɪpər/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/14\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Kuiper_belt.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Kuiper_belt.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Kuiper belt.wav"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/14/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Kuiper_belt.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Kuiper_belt.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Kuiper_belt.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Kuiper belt.wav">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KY-pər</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">circumstellar disc</a> in the outer <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>, extending from the <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> at 30 <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_unit" title="Astronomical unit">astronomical units</a> (AU) to approximately 50 AU from the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> It is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>, but is far larger—20 times as wide and 20–200 times as massive.<a href="#cite_note-beyond-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Like the asteroid belt, it consists mainly of <a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">small bodies</a> or remnants from when the <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Solar System formed</a>. While many <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> are composed primarily of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a>, most Kuiper belt objects are composed largely of frozen <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a> (termed "ices"), such as <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>. The Kuiper belt is home to most of the objects that astronomers generally accept as <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planets</a>: <a href="/wiki/90482_Orcus" class="mw-redirect" title="90482 Orcus">Orcus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pluto_dwarf-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dwarf_5-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">Quaoar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dwarf_4-7">[7]</a> Some of the Solar System's <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moons</a>, such as Neptune's <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a>, may have originated in the region.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The Kuiper belt is named in honor of the Dutch astronomer <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Kuiper" title="Gerard Kuiper">Gerard Kuiper</a>, who conjectured the existence of the belt in 1951.<a href="#cite_note-Kuiper-10">[10]</a> There were researchers before and after him who also speculated on its existence, such as <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Edgeworth" title="Kenneth Edgeworth">Kenneth Edgeworth</a> in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The astronomer <a href="/wiki/Julio_%C3%81ngel_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Julio Ángel Fernández">Julio Angel Fernandez</a> published a paper in 1980 suggesting the existence of a comet belt beyond Neptune<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> which could serve as a source for short-period comets.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In 1992, <a href="/wiki/15760_Albion" title="15760 Albion">minor planet (15760) Albion</a> was discovered, the first Kuiper belt object (KBO) since Pluto (in 1930) and <a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a> (in 1978).<a href="#cite_note-qbee-16">[16]</a> Since its discovery, the number of known KBOs has increased to thousands, and more than 100,000 KBOs over 100 km (62 mi) in diameter are thought to exist.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The Kuiper belt was initially thought to be the main repository for <a href="/wiki/Periodic_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic comet">periodic comets</a>, those with orbits lasting less than 200 years. Studies since the mid-1990s have shown that the belt is dynamically stable and that comets' true place of origin is the <a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">scattered disc</a>, a dynamically active zone created by the outward motion of Neptune 4.5 billion years ago;<a href="#cite_note-book-18">[18]</a> scattered disc objects such as <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> have extremely <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentric</a> orbits that take them as far as 100 AU from the Sun.<a href="#cite_note-PlutoSize-21">[a]</a> The Kuiper belt is distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">hypothesized</a> <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a>, which is believed to be a thousand times more distant and mostly spherical. The objects within the Kuiper belt, together with the members of the scattered disc and any potential <a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a> or Oort cloud objects, are collectively referred to as <a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">trans-Neptunian objects</a> (TNOs).<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Pluto is the largest and most massive member of the Kuiper belt and the largest and the second-most-massive known TNO, surpassed only by Eris in the scattered disc.<a href="#cite_note-PlutoSize-21">[a]</a> Originally considered a planet, Pluto's status as part of the Kuiper belt caused it to be reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006. It is compositionally similar to many other objects of the Kuiper belt, and its orbital period is characteristic of a class of KBOs, known as "<a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">plutinos</a>," that share the same 2:3 <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">resonance</a> with Neptune. The Kuiper belt and Neptune may be treated as a marker of the extent of the Solar System, alternatives being the <a href="/wiki/Heliopause_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliopause (astronomy)">heliopause</a> and the distance at which the Sun's gravitational influence is matched by that of other stars (estimated to be between 50000 AU and 125000 AU).<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pluto-Charon-v2-10-1-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pluto-Charon-v2-10-1-15.jpg/220px-Pluto-Charon-v2-10-1-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pluto-Charon-v2-10-1-15.jpg/330px-Pluto-Charon-v2-10-1-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Pluto-Charon-v2-10-1-15.jpg/440px-Pluto-Charon-v2-10-1-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Pluto and Charon</figcaption></figure> After the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> in 1930, many speculated that it might not be alone. The region now called the Kuiper belt was hypothesized in various forms for decades. It was only in 1992 that the first direct evidence for its existence was found. The number and variety of prior speculations on the nature of the Kuiper belt have led to continued uncertainty as to who deserves credit for first proposing it.<a href="#cite_note-Randall_2015-24">[23]</a>: 106  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hypotheses">Hypotheses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hypotheses">edit</a>]</div> The first <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> to suggest the existence of a trans-Neptunian population was <a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Leonard" title="Frederick C. Leonard">Frederick C. Leonard</a>. Soon after Pluto's discovery by <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Tombaugh" title="Clyde Tombaugh">Clyde Tombaugh</a> in 1930, Leonard pondered whether it was "likely that in Pluto there has come to light the first of a series of ultra-Neptunian bodies, the remaining members of which still await discovery but which are destined eventually to be detected".<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> That same year, astronomer <a href="/wiki/Armin_Otto_Leuschner" title="Armin Otto Leuschner">Armin O. Leuschner</a> suggested that Pluto "may be one of many long-period planetary objects yet to be discovered."<a href="#cite_note-lauch-26">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerard_Kuiper_1964b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gerard_Kuiper_1964b.jpg/170px-Gerard_Kuiper_1964b.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gerard_Kuiper_1964b.jpg/255px-Gerard_Kuiper_1964b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Gerard_Kuiper_1964b.jpg/340px-Gerard_Kuiper_1964b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="2833" /></a><figcaption>Astronomer <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Kuiper" title="Gerard Kuiper">Gerard Kuiper</a>, after whom the Kuiper belt is named</figcaption></figure> In 1943, in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_British_Astronomical_Association" title="Journal of the British Astronomical Association">Journal of the British Astronomical Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Edgeworth" title="Kenneth Edgeworth">Kenneth Edgeworth</a> hypothesized that, in the region beyond <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, the material within the <a href="/wiki/Primordial_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial element">primordial</a> <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">solar nebula</a> was too widely spaced to condense into planets, and so rather condensed into a myriad smaller bodies. From this he concluded that "the outer region of the solar system, beyond the orbits of the planets, is occupied by a very large number of comparatively small bodies"<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: xii  and that, from time to time, one of their number "wanders from its own sphere and appears as an occasional visitor to the inner solar system",<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: 2  becoming a <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a>. In 1951, in a paper in Astrophysics: A Topical Symposium, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Kuiper" title="Gerard Kuiper">Gerard Kuiper</a> speculated on a similar disc having formed early in the Solar System's evolution and concluded that the disc consisted of "remnants of original clusterings which have lost many members that became stray asteroids, much as has occurred with open galactic clusters dissolving into stars."<a href="#cite_note-Kuiper-10">[10]</a> In another paper, based upon a lecture Kuiper gave in 1950, also called On the Origin of the Solar System, Kuiper wrote about the "outermost region of the solar nebula, from 38 to 50 astr. units (i.e., just outside proto-Neptune)" where "condensation products (ices of H20, NH3, CH4, etc.) must have formed, and the flakes must have slowly collected and formed larger aggregates, estimated to range up to 1 km. or more in size." He continued to write that "these condensations appear to account for the comets, in size, number and composition." According to Kuiper "the planet Pluto, which sweeps through the whole zone from 30 to 50 astr. units, is held responsible for having started the scattering of the comets throughout the solar system."<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> It is said that Kuiper was operating on the assumption, common in his time, that <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> was the size of Earth and had therefore scattered these bodies out toward the <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a> or out of the Solar System; there would not be a Kuiper belt today if this were correct.<a href="#cite_note-Jewitt-29">[28]</a> The hypothesis took many other forms in the following decades. In 1962, physicist <a href="/wiki/Alastair_GW_Cameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Alastair GW Cameron">Al G.W. Cameron</a> postulated the existence of "a tremendous mass of small material on the outskirts of the solar system".<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: 14  In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Whipple" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Whipple">Fred Whipple</a>, who popularised the famous "<a href="/wiki/Dirty_snowball" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirty snowball">dirty snowball</a>" hypothesis for cometary structure, thought that a "comet belt" might be massive enough to cause the purported discrepancies in the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> that had sparked the search for <a href="/wiki/Planet_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Planet X">Planet X</a>, or, at the very least, massive enough to affect the orbits of known comets.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Observation ruled out this hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: 14  In 1977, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kowal" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Kowal">Charles Kowal</a> discovered <a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron" title="2060 Chiron">2060 Chiron</a>, an icy planetoid with an orbit between Saturn and Uranus. He used a <a href="/wiki/Blink_comparator" title="Blink comparator">blink comparator</a>, the same device that had allowed Clyde Tombaugh to discover Pluto nearly 50 years before.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> In 1992, another object, <a href="/wiki/5145_Pholus" title="5145 Pholus">5145 Pholus</a>, was discovered in a similar orbit.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Today, an entire population of comet-like bodies, called the <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(planetoid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (planetoid)">centaurs</a>, is known to exist in the region between Jupiter and Neptune. The centaurs' orbits are unstable and have dynamical lifetimes of a few million years.<a href="#cite_note-Horner2004a-33">[32]</a> From the time of Chiron's discovery in 1977, astronomers have speculated that the centaurs therefore must be frequently replenished by some outer reservoir.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: 38  Further evidence for the existence of the Kuiper belt later emerged from the study of comets. That comets have finite lifespans has been known for some time. As they approach the Sun, its heat causes their <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatility (physics)">volatile</a> surfaces to sublimate into space, gradually dispersing them. In order for comets to continue to be visible over the age of the Solar System, they must be replenished frequently.<a href="#cite_note-matter-34">[33]</a> A proposal for such an area of replenishment is the <a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a>, possibly a spherical swarm of comets extending beyond 50,000 AU from the Sun first hypothesised by Dutch astronomer <a href="/wiki/Jan_Oort" title="Jan Oort">Jan Oort</a> in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The Oort cloud is thought to be the point of origin of <a href="/wiki/Long-period_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-period comet">long-period comets</a>, which are those, like <a href="/wiki/Comet_Hale%E2%80%93Bopp" title="Comet Hale–Bopp">Hale–Bopp</a>, with orbits lasting thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-Randall_2015-24">[23]</a>: 105 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julio_A._Fernandez_(recortado).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Julio_A._Fernandez_%28recortado%29.jpg/220px-Julio_A._Fernandez_%28recortado%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Julio_A._Fernandez_%28recortado%29.jpg/330px-Julio_A._Fernandez_%28recortado%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Julio_A._Fernandez_%28recortado%29.jpg/440px-Julio_A._Fernandez_%28recortado%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>In 1980, astronomer <a href="/wiki/Julio_%C3%81ngel_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Julio Ángel Fernández">Julio Fernandez</a> predicted the existence of a belt. It has been said that because the words "Kuiper" and "comet belt" appeared in the opening sentence of Fernandez's paper, this hypothetical region was referred to as the "Kuiper belt".<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></figcaption></figure>There is another comet population, known as <a href="/wiki/Short-period_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Short-period comet">short-period</a> or <a href="/wiki/Periodic_comet" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic comet">periodic comets</a>, consisting of those comets that, like <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a>, have <a href="/wiki/Orbital_period" title="Orbital period">orbital periods</a> of less than 200 years. By the 1970s, the rate at which short-period comets were being discovered was becoming increasingly inconsistent with their having emerged solely from the Oort cloud.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: 39  For an Oort cloud object to become a short-period comet, it would first have to be <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_capture" title="Asteroid capture">captured</a> by the giant planets. In a paper published in <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> in 1980, Uruguayan astronomer <a href="/wiki/Julio_%C3%81ngel_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Julio Ángel Fernández">Julio Fernández</a> stated that for every short-period comet to be sent into the inner Solar System from the Oort cloud, 600 would have to be ejected into <a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">interstellar space</a>. He speculated that a comet belt from between 35 and 50 AU would be required to account for the observed number of comets.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> Following up on Fernández's work, in 1988 the Canadian team of Martin Duncan, Tom Quinn and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Tremaine" title="Scott Tremaine">Scott Tremaine</a> ran a number of computer simulations to determine if all observed comets could have arrived from the Oort cloud. They found that the Oort cloud could not account for all short-period comets, particularly as short-period comets are clustered near the plane of the Solar System, whereas Oort-cloud comets tend to arrive from any point in the sky. With a "belt", as Fernández described it, added to the formulations, the simulations matched observations.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Reportedly because the words "Kuiper" and "comet belt" appeared in the opening sentence of Fernández's paper, Tremaine named this hypothetical region the "Kuiper belt".<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: 191  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Discovery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauna_Kea_Summit_2021-06-16_33_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mauna_Kea_Summit_2021-06-16_33_%28cropped%29.jpg/280px-Mauna_Kea_Summit_2021-06-16_33_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mauna_Kea_Summit_2021-06-16_33_%28cropped%29.jpg/420px-Mauna_Kea_Summit_2021-06-16_33_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mauna_Kea_Summit_2021-06-16_33_%28cropped%29.jpg/560px-Mauna_Kea_Summit_2021-06-16_33_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3942" data-file-height="2012" /></a><figcaption>Telescopes atop <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea_Observatories" title="Mauna Kea Observatories">Mauna Kea</a>. The Kuiper belt was discovered with <a href="/wiki/UH88" title="UH88">UH88</a>, which is the fourth from the left.</figcaption></figure> In 1987, astronomer <a href="/wiki/David_Jewitt" class="mw-redirect" title="David Jewitt">David Jewitt</a>, then at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>, became increasingly puzzled by "the apparent emptiness of the outer Solar System".<a href="#cite_note-qbee-16">[16]</a> He encouraged then-graduate student <a href="/wiki/Jane_Luu" title="Jane Luu">Jane Luu</a> to aid him in his endeavour to locate another object beyond <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>'s orbit, because, as he told her, "If we don't, nobody will."<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: 50  Using telescopes at the <a href="/wiki/Kitt_Peak_National_Observatory" title="Kitt Peak National Observatory">Kitt Peak National Observatory</a> in Arizona and the <a href="/wiki/Cerro_Tololo_Inter-American_Observatory" title="Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory">Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory</a> in Chile, Jewitt and Luu conducted their search in much the same way as Clyde Tombaugh and Charles Kowal had, with a <a href="/wiki/Blink_comparator" title="Blink comparator">blink comparator</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: 50  Initially, examination of each pair of plates took about eight hours,<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: 51  but the process was sped up with the arrival of electronic <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">charge-coupled devices</a> or CCDs, which, though their field of view was narrower, were not only more efficient at collecting light (they retained 90% of the light that hit them, rather than the 10% achieved by photographs) but allowed the blinking process to be done virtually, on a computer screen. Today, CCDs form the basis for most astronomical detectors.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: 52, 54, 56  In 1988, Jewitt moved to the Institute of Astronomy at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii">University of Hawaii</a>. Luu later joined him to work at the University of Hawaii's 2.24 m telescope at <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: 57, 62  Eventually, the field of view for CCDs had increased to 1024 by 1024 pixels, which allowed searches to be conducted far more rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: 65  Finally, after five years of searching, Jewitt and Luu announced on 30 August 1992 the "Discovery of the candidate Kuiper belt object <a href="/wiki/15760_Albion" title="15760 Albion">1992 QB1</a>".<a href="#cite_note-qbee-16">[16]</a> This object would later be named 15760 Albion. Six months later, they discovered a second object in the region, <a href="/wiki/(181708)_1993_FW" title="(181708) 1993 FW">(181708) 1993 FW</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> By 2018, over 2000 Kuiper belts objects had been discovered.<a href="#cite_note-Dyches-40">[39]</a> Over one thousand bodies were found in a belt in the twenty years (1992–2012), after finding 1992 QB1 (named in 2018, 15760 Albion), showing a vast belt of bodies in addition to Pluto and Albion.<a href="#cite_note-:2-41">[40]</a> Even in the 2010s the full extent and nature of Kuiper belt bodies was largely unknown.<a href="#cite_note-:2-41">[40]</a> Finally, the unmanned spacecraft <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> conducted the first KBO flybys, providing much closer observations of the Plutonian system (2015) and then <a href="/wiki/Arrokoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrokoth">Arrokoth</a> (2019).<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Studies conducted since the trans-Neptunian region was first charted have shown that the region now called the Kuiper belt is not the point of origin of short-period comets, but that they instead derive from a linked population called the <a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">scattered disc</a>. The scattered disc was created when Neptune <a href="/wiki/Nice_model" title="Nice model">migrated outward</a> into the proto-Kuiper belt, which at the time was much closer to the Sun, and left in its wake a population of dynamically stable objects that could never be affected by its orbit (the Kuiper belt proper), and a population whose <a href="/wiki/Apsis" title="Apsis">perihelia</a> are close enough that Neptune can still disturb them as it travels around the Sun (the scattered disc). Because the scattered disc is dynamically active and the Kuiper belt relatively dynamically stable, the scattered disc is now seen as the most likely point of origin for periodic comets.<a href="#cite_note-book-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> Astronomers sometimes use the alternative name Edgeworth–Kuiper belt to credit Edgeworth, and KBOs are occasionally referred to as EKOs. <a href="/wiki/Brian_G._Marsden" title="Brian G. Marsden">Brian G. Marsden</a> claims that neither deserves true credit: "Neither Edgeworth nor Kuiper wrote about anything remotely like what we are now seeing, but <a href="/wiki/Fred_Whipple" class="mw-redirect" title="Fred Whipple">Fred Whipple</a> did".<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: 199  David Jewitt comments: "If anything ... <a href="/wiki/Julio_%C3%81ngel_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Julio Ángel Fernández">Fernández</a> most nearly deserves the credit for predicting the Kuiper Belt."<a href="#cite_note-Jewitt-29">[28]</a> KBOs are sometimes called "kuiperoids", a name suggested by <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Tombaugh" title="Clyde Tombaugh">Clyde Tombaugh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">trans-Neptunian object</a>" (TNO) is recommended for objects in the belt by several scientific groups because the term is less controversial than all others—it is not an exact <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">synonym</a> though, as TNOs include all objects orbiting the Sun past the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, not just those in the Kuiper belt.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> At its fullest extent (but excluding the scattered disc), including its outlying regions, the Kuiper belt stretches from roughly 30–55 AU. The main body of the belt is generally accepted to extend from the 2:3 mean-motion resonance (<a href="#Resonances">see below</a>) at 39.5 AU to the 1:2 resonance at roughly 48 AU.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The Kuiper belt is quite thick, with the main concentration extending as much as ten degrees outside the <a href="/wiki/Plane_of_the_ecliptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane of the ecliptic">ecliptic plane</a> and a more diffuse distribution of objects extending several times farther. Overall it more resembles a <a href="/wiki/Torus" title="Torus">torus</a> or doughnut than a belt.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Its mean position is inclined to the ecliptic by 1.86 degrees.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> has a profound effect on the Kuiper belt's structure due to <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">orbital resonances</a>. Over a timescale comparable to the age of the Solar System, Neptune's gravity destabilises the orbits of any objects that happen to lie in certain regions, and either sends them into the inner Solar System or out into the <a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">scattered disc</a> or interstellar space. This causes the Kuiper belt to have pronounced gaps in its current layout, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gaps</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">asteroid belt</a>. In the region between 40 and 42 AU, for instance, no objects can retain a stable orbit over such times, and any observed in that region must have migrated there relatively recently.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KBO_diagram_eccentricity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/KBO_diagram_eccentricity.png/660px-KBO_diagram_eccentricity.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="413" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/KBO_diagram_eccentricity.png/990px-KBO_diagram_eccentricity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/KBO_diagram_eccentricity.png/1320px-KBO_diagram_eccentricity.png 2x" data-file-width="12000" data-file-height="7500" /></a><figcaption>The various dynamical classes of trans-Neptunian objects.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_belt">Classical belt</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classical belt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Classical Kuiper belt object</a></div> Between the 2:3 and 1:2 resonances with Neptune, at approximately 42–48 AU, the gravitational interactions with Neptune occur over an extended timescale, and objects can exist with their orbits essentially unaltered. This region is known as the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">classical Kuiper belt</a>, and its members comprise roughly two thirds of KBOs observed to date.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> Because the first modern KBO discovered (<a href="/wiki/15760_Albion" title="15760 Albion">Albion</a>, but long called (15760) 1992 QB1), is considered the prototype of this group, classical KBOs are often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Cubewanos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubewanos">cubewanos</a> ("Q-B-1-os").<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Small_Body_Nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee on Small Body Nomenclature">guidelines</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/IAU" class="mw-redirect" title="IAU">IAU</a> demand that classical KBOs be given names of mythological beings associated with creation.<a href="#cite_note-clas-53">[52]</a> The classical Kuiper belt appears to be a composite of two separate populations. The first, known as the "dynamically cold" population, has orbits much like the planets; nearly circular, with an <a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">orbital eccentricity</a> of less than 0.1, and with relatively low inclinations up to about 10° (they lie close to the plane of the Solar System rather than at an angle). The cold population also contains a concentration of objects, referred to as the kernel, with semi-major axes at 44–44.5 AU.<a href="#cite_note-Petit_2011-54">[53]</a> The second, the "dynamically hot" population, has orbits much more inclined to the ecliptic, by up to 30°. The two populations have been named this way not because of any major difference in temperature, but from analogy to particles in a gas, which increase their relative velocity as they become heated up.<a href="#cite_note-Levison2003-55">[54]</a> Not only are the two populations in different orbits, the cold population also differs in color and <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>, being redder and brighter, has a larger fraction of binary objects,<a href="#cite_note-Stephen_Noll_2006-56">[55]</a> has a different size distribution,<a href="#cite_note-Fraser_etal_2014-57">[56]</a> and lacks very large objects.<a href="#cite_note-Levison_Stern_2001-58">[57]</a> The mass of the dynamically cold population is roughly 30 times less than the mass of the hot.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser_etal_2014-57">[56]</a> The difference in colors may be a reflection of different compositions, which suggests they formed in different regions. The hot population is proposed to have formed near Neptune's original orbit and to have been scattered out during the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">migration</a> of the giant planets.<a href="#cite_note-beyond-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morbidelli2005-59">[58]</a> The cold population, on the other hand, has been proposed to have formed more or less in its current position because the loose binaries would be unlikely to survive encounters with Neptune.<a href="#cite_note-Parker_etal_2011a-60">[59]</a> Although the Nice model appears to be able to at least partially explain a compositional difference, it has also been suggested the color difference may reflect differences in surface evolution.<a href="#cite_note-Levison2008-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resonances">Resonances</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Resonances">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Resonant_trans-Neptunian_object" title="Resonant trans-Neptunian object">Resonant trans-Neptunian object</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KBOs_and_resonances.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/KBOs_and_resonances.png/390px-KBOs_and_resonances.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/KBOs_and_resonances.png/585px-KBOs_and_resonances.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/KBOs_and_resonances.png/780px-KBOs_and_resonances.png 2x" data-file-width="13860" data-file-height="6044" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Cubewano" class="mw-redirect" title="Cubewano">cubewanos</a> (blue), <a href="/wiki/Resonant_trans-Neptunian_object" title="Resonant trans-Neptunian object">Resonant trans-Neptunian objects</a> (red), <a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a> (yellow) and <a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">scattered objects</a> (grey)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg/220px-TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg/330px-TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg/440px-TheKuiperBelt_classes-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Orbit classification (schematic of <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">semi-major axes</a>)</figcaption></figure> When an object's orbital period is an exact ratio of Neptune's (a situation called a <a href="/wiki/Orbital_resonance" title="Orbital resonance">mean-motion resonance</a>), then it can become locked in a synchronised motion with Neptune and avoid being perturbed away if their relative alignments are appropriate. If, for instance, an object orbits the Sun twice for every three Neptune orbits, and if it reaches perihelion with Neptune a quarter of an orbit away from it, then whenever it returns to perihelion, Neptune will always be in about the same relative position as it began, because it will have completed <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1+1⁄2 orbits in the same time. This is known as the 2:3 (or 3:2) resonance, and it corresponds to a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Semi-major_axis" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-major axis">semi-major axis</a> of about 39.4 AU. This 2:3 resonance is populated by about 200 known objects,<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">its moons</a>. In recognition of this, the members of this family are known as <a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">plutinos</a>. Many plutinos, including Pluto, have orbits that cross that of Neptune, although their resonance means they can never collide. Plutinos have high orbital eccentricities, suggesting that they are not native to their current positions but were instead thrown haphazardly into their orbits by the migrating Neptune.<a href="#cite_note-trojan-63">[62]</a> IAU guidelines dictate that all plutinos must, like Pluto, be named for underworld deities.<a href="#cite_note-clas-53">[52]</a> The 1:2 resonance (whose objects complete half an orbit for each of Neptune's) corresponds to semi-major axes of ~47.7 AU, and is sparsely populated.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Its residents are sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Twotino" class="mw-redirect" title="Twotino">twotinos</a>. Other resonances also exist at 3:4, 3:5, 4:7, and 2:5.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: 104  Neptune has a number of <a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">trojan objects</a>, which occupy its <a href="/wiki/Lagrangian_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagrangian point">Lagrangian points</a>, gravitationally stable regions leading and trailing it in its orbit. Neptune trojans are in a 1:1 mean-motion resonance with Neptune and often have very stable orbits. Additionally, there is a relative absence of objects with semi-major axes below 39 AU that cannot apparently be explained by the present resonances. The currently accepted hypothesis for the cause of this is that as Neptune migrated outward, unstable orbital resonances moved gradually through this region, and thus any objects within it were swept up, or gravitationally ejected from it.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: 107  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuiper_cliff">Kuiper cliff</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kuiper cliff">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hot_and_cold_KBO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hot_and_cold_KBO.svg/330px-Hot_and_cold_KBO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hot_and_cold_KBO.svg/495px-Hot_and_cold_KBO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hot_and_cold_KBO.svg/660px-Hot_and_cold_KBO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Histogram of the semi-major axes of Kuiper belt objects with inclinations above and below 5 degrees. Spikes from the plutinos and the 'kernel' are visible at 39–40 AU and 44 AU.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Twotino" class="mw-redirect" title="Twotino">1:2 resonance</a> at 47.8 AU appears to be an edge beyond which few objects are known. It is not clear whether it is actually the outer edge of the classical belt or just the beginning of a broad gap. Objects have been detected at the 2:5 resonance at roughly 55 AU, well outside the classical belt; predictions of a large number of bodies in classical orbits between these resonances have not been verified through observation.<a href="#cite_note-trojan-63">[62]</a> Based on estimations of the primordial mass required to form <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and Neptune, as well as bodies as large as Pluto (see <a href="#Mass_and_size_distribution">§ Mass and size distribution</a>), earlier models of the Kuiper belt had suggested that the number of large objects would increase by a factor of two beyond 50 AU,<a href="#cite_note-Brown_1999-65">[64]</a> so this sudden drastic falloff, known as the Kuiper cliff, was unexpected, and to date its cause is unknown. Bernstein, Trilling, et al. (2003) found evidence that the rapid decline in objects of 100 km or more in radius beyond 50 AU is real, and not due to <a href="/wiki/Observational_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Observational bias">observational bias</a>. Possible explanations include that material at that distance was too scarce or too scattered to accrete into large objects, or that subsequent processes removed or destroyed those that did.<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein_et_al._2004-66">[65]</a> Patryk Lykawka of <a href="/wiki/Kobe_University" title="Kobe University">Kobe University</a> claimed that the gravitational attraction of an <a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune" title="Planets beyond Neptune">unseen large planetary object</a>, perhaps the size of Earth or <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, might be responsible.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> An analysis of the TNO data available prior to September 2023 shows that the distribution of objects at the outer rim of the classical Kuiper belt resembles that of the outer main asteroid belt with a gap at about 72 AU, far from any mean-motion resonances with Neptune; the outer main asteroid belt exhibits a gap induced by the 5:6 mean-motion resonance with Jupiter at 5.875 AU.<a href="#cite_note-KuiperGap-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Origin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lhborbits.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lhborbits.png/400px-Lhborbits.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lhborbits.png/600px-Lhborbits.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lhborbits.png/800px-Lhborbits.png 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Simulation showing outer planets and Kuiper belt: (a) before Jupiter/Saturn 1:2 resonance, (b) scattering of Kuiper belt objects into the Solar System after the orbital shift of Neptune, (c) after ejection of Kuiper belt bodies by Jupiter</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Outersolarsystem_objectpositions_labels_comp.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Outersolarsystem_objectpositions_labels_comp.png/220px-Outersolarsystem_objectpositions_labels_comp.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Outersolarsystem_objectpositions_labels_comp.png/330px-Outersolarsystem_objectpositions_labels_comp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Outersolarsystem_objectpositions_labels_comp.png/440px-Outersolarsystem_objectpositions_labels_comp.png 2x" data-file-width="2708" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption>The Kuiper belt (green), in the Solar System's outskirts</figcaption></figure> The precise origins of the Kuiper belt and its complex structure are still unclear, and astronomers are awaiting the completion of several wide-field survey telescopes such as <a href="/wiki/Pan-STARRS" title="Pan-STARRS">Pan-STARRS</a> and the future <a href="/wiki/Large_Synoptic_Survey_Telescope" class="mw-redirect" title="Large Synoptic Survey Telescope">LSST</a>, which should reveal many currently unknown KBOs.<a href="#cite_note-beyond-3">[3]</a> These surveys will provide data that will help determine answers to these questions. Pan-STARRS 1 finished its primary science mission in 2014, and the full data from the Pan-STARRS 1 surveys were published in 2019, helping reveal many more KBOs.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The Kuiper belt is thought to consist of <a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">planetesimals</a>, fragments from the original <a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Protoplanetary disc">protoplanetary disc</a> around the Sun that failed to fully coalesce into planets and instead formed into smaller bodies, the largest less than 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) in diameter. Studies of the crater counts on Pluto and <a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a> revealed a scarcity of small craters suggesting that such objects formed directly as sizeable objects in the range of tens of kilometers in diameter rather than being accreted from much smaller, roughly kilometer scale bodies.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Hypothetical mechanisms for the formation of these larger bodies include the gravitational collapse of clouds of pebbles concentrated between eddies in a turbulent protoplanetary disk<a href="#cite_note-Parker_etal_2011a-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cuzzi_etal_2010-74">[73]</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Streaming_instability" title="Streaming instability">streaming instabilities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Johansen_Jacquet_2015-75">[74]</a> These collapsing clouds may fragment, forming binaries.<a href="#cite_note-Nesvorny_etal_2010a-76">[75]</a> Modern <a href="/wiki/Nice_model" title="Nice model">computer simulations</a> show the Kuiper belt to have been strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, and also suggest that neither <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> nor Neptune could have formed in their present positions, because too little primordial matter existed at that range to produce objects of such high mass. Instead, these planets are estimated to have formed closer to Jupiter. Scattering of planetesimals early in the Solar System's history would have led to <a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">migration</a> of the orbits of the giant planets: <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, Uranus, and Neptune drifted outwards, whereas Jupiter drifted inwards. Eventually, the orbits shifted to the point where Jupiter and Saturn reached an exact 1:2 resonance; Jupiter orbited the Sun twice for every one Saturn orbit. The gravitational repercussions of such a resonance ultimately destabilized the orbits of Uranus and Neptune, causing them to be scattered outward onto high-eccentricity orbits that crossed the primordial planetesimal disc.<a href="#cite_note-Levison2008-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tsiganis05-78">[77]</a> While Neptune's orbit was highly eccentric, its mean-motion resonances overlapped and the orbits of the planetesimals evolved chaotically, allowing planetesimals to wander outward as far as Neptune's 1:2 resonance to form a dynamically cold belt of low-inclination objects. Later, after its eccentricity decreased, Neptune's orbit expanded outward toward its current position. Many planetesimals were captured into and remain in resonances during this migration, others evolved onto higher-inclination and lower-eccentricity orbits and escaped from the resonances onto stable orbits.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Many more planetesimals were scattered inward, with small fractions being captured as Jupiter trojans, as irregular satellites orbiting the giant planets, and as outer belt asteroids. The remainder were scattered outward again by Jupiter and in most cases ejected from the Solar System reducing the primordial Kuiper belt population by 99% or more.<a href="#cite_note-Levison2008-61">[60]</a> The original version of the currently most popular model, the "<a href="/wiki/Nice_model#Formation_of_the_Kuiper_belt" title="Nice model">Nice model</a>", reproduces many characteristics of the Kuiper belt such as the "cold" and "hot" populations, resonant objects, and a scattered disc, but it still fails to account for some of the characteristics of their distributions. The model predicts a higher average eccentricity in classical KBO orbits than is observed (0.10–0.13 versus 0.07) and its predicted inclination distribution contains too few high inclination objects.<a href="#cite_note-Levison2008-61">[60]</a> In addition, the frequency of binary objects in the cold belt, many of which are far apart and loosely bound, also poses a problem for the model. These are predicted to have been separated during encounters with Neptune,<a href="#cite_note-Parker_Kavelaars_2010-80">[79]</a> leading some to propose that the cold disc formed at its current location, representing the only truly local population of small bodies in the solar system.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">recent modification</a> of the Nice model has the Solar System begin with five giant planets, including an additional <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giant</a>, in a chain of mean-motion resonances. About 400 million years after the formation of the Solar System the resonance chain is broken. Instead of being scattered into the disc, the ice giants first migrate outward several AU.<a href="#cite_note-Nesvorny_Morbidelli_2012-82">[81]</a> This divergent migration eventually leads to a resonance crossing, destabilizing the orbits of the planets. The extra ice giant encounters Saturn and is scattered inward onto a Jupiter-crossing orbit and after a series of encounters is ejected from the Solar System. The remaining planets then continue their migration until the planetesimal disc is nearly depleted with small fractions remaining in various locations.<a href="#cite_note-Nesvorny_Morbidelli_2012-82">[81]</a> As in the original Nice model, objects are captured into resonances with Neptune during its outward migration. Some remain in the resonances, others evolve onto higher-inclination, lower-eccentricity orbits, and are released onto stable orbits forming the dynamically hot classical belt. The hot belt's inclination distribution can be reproduced if Neptune migrated from 24 AU to 30 AU on a 30 Myr timescale.<a href="#cite_note-Nesvorny_2015a-83">[82]</a> When Neptune migrates to 28 AU, it has a gravitational encounter with the extra ice giant. Objects captured from the cold belt into the 1:2 mean-motion resonance with Neptune are left behind as a local concentration at 44 AU when this encounter causes Neptune's semi-major axis to jump outward.<a href="#cite_note-Nesvorny_2015b-84">[83]</a> The objects deposited in the cold belt include some loosely bound 'blue' binaries originating from closer than the cold belt's current location.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser_etal_2017-85">[84]</a> If Neptune's eccentricity remains small during this encounter, the chaotic evolution of orbits of the original Nice model is avoided and a primordial cold belt is preserved.<a href="#cite_note-Wolff_etal_2012-86">[85]</a> In the later phases of Neptune's migration, a slow sweeping of mean-motion resonances removes the higher-eccentricity objects from the cold belt, truncating its eccentricity distribution.<a href="#cite_note-Morbidelli_etal_2014-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2003_UB313_near-infrared_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2003_UB313_near-infrared_spectrum.png/300px-2003_UB313_near-infrared_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/2003_UB313_near-infrared_spectrum.png/450px-2003_UB313_near-infrared_spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/2003_UB313_near-infrared_spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>The infrared spectra of both Eris and Pluto, highlighting their common methane absorption lines</figcaption></figure> Being distant from the Sun and major planets, Kuiper belt objects are thought to be relatively unaffected by the processes that have shaped and altered other Solar System objects; thus, determining their composition would provide substantial information on the makeup of the earliest Solar System.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2012a-88">[87]</a> Due to their small size and extreme distance from Earth, the chemical makeup of KBOs is very difficult to determine. The principal method by which astronomers determine the composition of a celestial object is <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a>. When an object's light is broken into its component colors, an image akin to a rainbow is formed. This image is called a <a href="/wiki/Spectrum" title="Spectrum">spectrum</a>. Different substances absorb light at different wavelengths, and when the spectrum for a specific object is unravelled, dark lines (called <a href="/wiki/Absorption_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption line">absorption lines</a>) appear where the substances within it have absorbed that particular wavelength of light. Every <a href="/wiki/Element_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Element (chemistry)">element</a> or <a href="/wiki/Compound_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound (chemistry)">compound</a> has its own unique spectroscopic signature, and by reading an object's full spectral "fingerprint", astronomers can determine its composition. Analysis indicates that Kuiper belt objects are composed of a mixture of rock and a variety of ices such as water, <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. The temperature of the belt is only about 50 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Quaoar-89">[88]</a> so many compounds that would be gaseous closer to the Sun remain solid. The densities and rock–ice fractions are known for only a small number of objects for which the diameters and the masses have been determined. The diameter can be determined by imaging with a high-resolution telescope such as the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>, by the timing of an <a href="/wiki/Occultation" title="Occultation">occultation</a> when an object passes in front of a star or, most commonly, by using the <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> of an object calculated from its infrared emissions. The masses are determined using the semi-major axes and periods of satellites, which are therefore known only for a few binary objects. The densities range from less than 0.4 to 2.6 g/cm3. The least dense objects are thought to be largely composed of ice and have significant porosity. The densest objects are likely composed of rock with a thin crust of ice. There is a trend of low densities for small objects and high densities for the largest objects. One possible explanation for this trend is that ice was lost from the surface layers when differentiated objects collided to form the largest objects.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2012a-88">[87]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_exiled_asteroid_2004_EW95.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_exiled_asteroid_2004_EW95.jpg/220px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_exiled_asteroid_2004_EW95.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_exiled_asteroid_2004_EW95.jpg/330px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_exiled_asteroid_2004_EW95.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_exiled_asteroid_2004_EW95.jpg/440px-Artist%E2%80%99s_impression_of_exiled_asteroid_2004_EW95.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5981" data-file-height="3971" /></a><figcaption>Artist's impression of plutino and possible former <a href="/wiki/C-type_asteroid" title="C-type asteroid">C-type asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/(120216)_2004_EW95" title="(120216) 2004 EW95">(120216) 2004 EW95</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a></figcaption></figure> Initially, detailed analysis of KBOs was impossible, and so astronomers were only able to determine the most basic facts about their makeup, primarily their color.<a href="#cite_note-KBOKBO-91">[90]</a> These first data showed a broad range of colors among KBOs, ranging from neutral grey to deep red.<a href="#cite_note-color-92">[91]</a> This suggested that their surfaces were composed of a wide range of compounds, from dirty ices to <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-color-92">[91]</a> This diversity was startling, as astronomers had expected KBOs to be uniformly dark, having lost most of the volatile ices from their surfaces to the effects of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davies_2001-27">[26]</a>: 118  Various solutions were suggested for this discrepancy, including resurfacing by impacts or <a href="/wiki/Outgassing" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KBOKBO-91">[90]</a> Jewitt and Luu's spectral analysis of the known Kuiper belt objects in 2001 found that the variation in color was too extreme to be easily explained by random impacts.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> The radiation from the Sun is thought to have chemically altered methane on the surface of KBOs, producing products such as <a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">tholins</a>. <a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> has been shown to possess a number of hydrocarbons derived from the radiation-processing of methane, including <a href="/wiki/Ethane" title="Ethane">ethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2012a-88">[87]</a> Although to date most KBOs still appear spectrally featureless due to their faintness, there have been a number of successes in determining their composition.<a href="#cite_note-Quaoar-89">[88]</a> In 1996, Robert H. Brown et al. acquired spectroscopic data on the KBO 1993 SC, which revealed that its surface composition is markedly similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, as well as Neptune's moon <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>, with large amounts of methane ice.<a href="#cite_note-rbrown-94">[93]</a> For the smaller objects, only colors and in some cases the albedos have been determined. These objects largely fall into two classes: gray with low albedos, or very red with higher albedos. The difference in colors and albedos is hypothesized to be due to the retention or the loss of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> (H2S) on the surface of these objects, with the surfaces of those that formed far enough from the Sun to retain H2S being reddened due to irradiation.<a href="#cite_note-Wong_Brown_2016-95">[94]</a> The largest KBOs, such as Pluto and <a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a>, have surfaces rich in volatile compounds such as methane, <a href="/wiki/Solid_nitrogen" title="Solid nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>; the presence of these molecules is likely due to their moderate vapor pressure in the 30–50 K temperature range of the Kuiper belt. This allows them to occasionally boil off their surfaces and then fall again as snow, whereas compounds with higher boiling points would remain solid. The relative abundances of these three compounds in the largest KBOs is directly related to their <a href="/wiki/Surface_gravity" title="Surface gravity">surface gravity</a> and ambient temperature, which determines which they can retain.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2012a-88">[87]</a> Water ice has been detected in several KBOs, including members of the Haumea family such as <a href="/wiki/(19308)_1996_TO66" title="(19308) 1996 TO66">1996 TO66</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> mid-sized objects such as <a href="/wiki/38628_Huya" title="38628 Huya">38628 Huya</a> and <a href="/wiki/20000_Varuna" title="20000 Varuna">20000 Varuna</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> and also on some small objects.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2012a-88">[87]</a> The presence of crystalline ice on large and mid-sized objects, including <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">50000 Quaoar</a> where <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrate</a> has also been detected,<a href="#cite_note-Quaoar-89">[88]</a> may indicate past tectonic activity aided by melting point lowering due to the presence of ammonia.<a href="#cite_note-Brown_2012a-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mass_and_size_distribution">Mass and size distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mass and size distribution">edit</a>]</div> Despite its vast extent, the collective <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> of the Kuiper belt is relatively low. The total mass of the dynamically hot population is estimated to be 1% the <a href="/wiki/Earth_mass" title="Earth mass">mass of the Earth</a>. The dynamically cold population is estimated to be much smaller with only 0.03% the mass of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser_etal_2014-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-g01-98">[97]</a> While the dynamically hot population is thought to be the remnant of a much larger population that formed closer to the Sun and was scattered outward during the migration of the giant planets, in contrast, the dynamically cold population is thought to have formed at its current location. The most recent estimate (2018) puts the total mass of the Kuiper belt at (1.97±0.30)×10−2 Earth masses based on the influence that it exerts on the motion of planets.<a href="#cite_note-Pitjeva2018-99">[98]</a> The small total mass of the dynamically cold population presents some problems for models of the <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Solar System's formation</a> because a sizable mass is required for accretion of KBOs larger than 100 km (62 mi) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-beyond-3">[3]</a> If the cold classical Kuiper belt had always had its current low density, these large objects simply could not have formed by the collision and mergers of smaller planetesimals.<a href="#cite_note-beyond-3">[3]</a> Moreover, the eccentricity and inclination of current orbits make the encounters quite "violent" resulting in destruction rather than accretion. The removal of a large fraction of the mass of the dynamically cold population is thought to be unlikely. Neptune's current influence is too weak to explain such a massive "vacuuming", and the extent of mass loss by collisional grinding is limited by the presence of loosely bound binaries in the cold disk, which are likely to be disrupted in collisions.<a href="#cite_note-Nesvorny_etal_2011a-100">[99]</a> Instead of forming from the collisions of smaller planetesimals, the larger object may have formed directly from the collapse of clouds of pebbles.<a href="#cite_note-Morbidelli_Nesvorny_2019-101">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheKuiperBelt_PowerLaw2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TheKuiperBelt_PowerLaw2.svg/280px-TheKuiperBelt_PowerLaw2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TheKuiperBelt_PowerLaw2.svg/420px-TheKuiperBelt_PowerLaw2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TheKuiperBelt_PowerLaw2.svg/560px-TheKuiperBelt_PowerLaw2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the power law</figcaption></figure> The size distributions of the Kuiper belt objects follow a number of <a href="/wiki/Power_law" title="Power law">power laws</a>. A power law describes the relationship between N(D) (the number of objects of diameter greater than D) and D, and is referred to as brightness slope. The number of objects is inversely proportional to some power of the diameter D: <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {dN}{dD}}\propto D^{-q},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>D</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>∝</mo> <msup> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {dN}{dD}}\propto D^{-q},}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/684792e6c44b6cf6852c1fe53f7e845dcac1e0fc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:12.052ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {dN}{dD}}\propto D^{-q},}"> which yields (assuming q is not 1):<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N\propto D^{1-q}+{\text{a constant}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> <mo>∝</mo> <msup> <mi>D</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>−</mo> <mi>q</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>a constant</mtext> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N\propto D^{1-q}+{\text{a constant}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/45c297ac9ed0fea2b5b68117c6fcfa12bb3778d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:24.074ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N\propto D^{1-q}+{\text{a constant}}.}"></dd></dl> (The constant may be non-zero only if the power law doesn't apply at high values of D.) Early estimates that were based on measurements of the apparent magnitude distribution found a value of q = 4 ± 0.5,<a href="#cite_note-Bernstein_et_al._2004-66">[65]</a> which implied that there are 8 (=23) times more objects in the 100–200 km range than in the 200–400 km range. Recent research has revealed that the size distributions of the hot classical and cold classical objects have differing slopes. The slope for the hot objects is q = 5.3 at large diameters and q = 2.0 at small diameters with the change in slope at 110 km. The slope for the cold objects is q = 8.2 at large diameters and q = 2.9 at small diameters with a change in slope at 140 km.<a href="#cite_note-Fraser_etal_2014-57">[56]</a> The size distributions of the <a href="/wiki/Scattering_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Scattering object">scattering objects</a>, the plutinos, and the Neptune trojans have slopes similar to the other dynamically hot populations, but may instead have a divot, a sharp decrease in the number of objects below a specific size. This divot is hypothesized to be due to either the collisional evolution of the population, or to be due to the population having formed with no objects below this size, with the smaller objects being fragments of the original objects.<a href="#cite_note-Shankman_etal_2016a-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alexandersen_etal_2014a-103">[102]</a> The smallest known Kuiper belt objects with radii below 1 km have only been detected by <a href="/wiki/Stellar_occultation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar occultation">stellar occultations</a>, as they are far too dim (<a href="/wiki/Apparent_magnitude" title="Apparent magnitude">magnitude</a> 35) to be seen directly by telescopes such as the <a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> The first reports of these occultations were from Schlichting et al. in December 2009, who announced the discovery of a small, sub-kilometre-radius Kuiper belt object in archival Hubble <a href="/wiki/Photometry_(astronomy)" title="Photometry (astronomy)">photometry</a> from March 2007. With an estimated radius of 520±60 m or a diameter of 1040±120 m, the object was detected by Hubble's star tracking system when it briefly occulted a star for 0.3 seconds.<a href="#cite_note-Schlichting2009-105">[104]</a> In a subsequent study published in December 2012, Schlichting et al. performed a more thorough analysis of archival Hubble photometry and reported another occultation event by a sub-kilometre-sized Kuiper belt object, estimated to be 530±70 m in radius or 1060±140 m in diameter. From the occultation events detected in 2009 and 2012, Schlichting et al. determined the Kuiper belt object size distribution slope to be q = 3.6 ± 0.2 or q = 3.8 ± 0.2, with the assumptions of a single power law and a uniform <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_latitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecliptic latitude">ecliptic latitude</a> distribution. Their result implies a strong deficit of sub-kilometer-sized Kuiper belt objects compared to extrapolations from the population of larger Kuiper belt objects with diameters above 90 km.<a href="#cite_note-Schlichting2012-106">[105]</a> Observations made by NASA's <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter showed "higher than model-predicted dust fluxes" as far as 55 au, not explained by any existing model.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scattered_objects">Scattered objects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scattered objects">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheKuiperBelt_Projections_100AU_Classical_SDO.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TheKuiperBelt_Projections_100AU_Classical_SDO.svg/280px-TheKuiperBelt_Projections_100AU_Classical_SDO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TheKuiperBelt_Projections_100AU_Classical_SDO.svg/420px-TheKuiperBelt_Projections_100AU_Classical_SDO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/TheKuiperBelt_Projections_100AU_Classical_SDO.svg/560px-TheKuiperBelt_Projections_100AU_Classical_SDO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of the orbits of scattered disc objects (black), classical KBOs (blue), and 2:5 resonant objects (green). Orbits of other KBOs are gray. (Orbital axes have been aligned for comparison.)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (minor planet)">Centaur (minor planet)</a></div> The scattered disc is a sparsely populated region, overlapping with the Kuiper belt but extending to beyond 100 AU. Scattered disc objects (SDOs) have very elliptical orbits, often also very inclined to the ecliptic. Most models of Solar System formation show both KBOs and SDOs first forming in a primordial belt, with later gravitational interactions, particularly with Neptune, sending the objects outward, some into stable orbits (the KBOs) and some into unstable orbits, the scattered disc.<a href="#cite_note-book-18">[18]</a> Due to its unstable nature, the scattered disc is suspected to be the point of origin of many of the Solar System's short-period comets. Their dynamic orbits occasionally force them into the inner Solar System, first becoming <a href="/wiki/Centaur_(minor_planet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centaur (minor planet)">centaurs</a>, and then short-period comets.<a href="#cite_note-book-18">[18]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a>, which officially catalogues all trans-Neptunian objects, a KBO is any object that orbits exclusively within the defined Kuiper belt region regardless of origin or composition. Objects found outside the belt are classed as scattered objects.<a href="#cite_note-cen_sdo-108">[107]</a> In some scientific circles the term "Kuiper belt object" has become synonymous with any icy minor planet native to the outer Solar System assumed to have been part of that initial class, even if its orbit during the bulk of Solar System history has been beyond the Kuiper belt (e.g. in the scattered-disc region). They often describe scattered disc objects as "scattered Kuiper belt objects".<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a>, which is known to be more massive than Pluto, is often referred to as a KBO, but is technically an SDO.<a href="#cite_note-cen_sdo-108">[107]</a> A consensus among astronomers as to the precise definition of the Kuiper belt has yet to be reached, and this issue remains unresolved. The centaurs, which are not normally considered part of the Kuiper belt, are also thought to be scattered objects, the only difference being that they were scattered inward, rather than outward. The Minor Planet Center groups the centaurs and the SDOs together as scattered objects.<a href="#cite_note-cen_sdo-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triton">Triton</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Triton">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton (moon)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_(large).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg/170px-Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg/255px-Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg/340px-Triton_moon_mosaic_Voyager_2_%28large%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4700" data-file-height="4700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>'s moon <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></figcaption></figure> During its period of migration, Neptune is thought to have captured a large KBO, <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>, which is the only large moon in the Solar System with a <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_orbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde orbit">retrograde orbit</a> (that is, it orbits opposite to Neptune's rotation). This suggests that, unlike the large <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">moons of Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a>, which are thought to have coalesced from rotating discs of material around their young parent planets, Triton was a fully formed body that was captured from surrounding space. Gravitational capture of an object is not easy: it requires some mechanism to slow down the object enough to be caught by the larger object's gravity. A possible explanation is that Triton was part of a binary when it encountered Neptune. (Many KBOs are members of binaries. See <a href="#Satellites">below</a>.) Ejection of the other member of the binary by Neptune could then explain Triton's capture.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Triton is only 14% larger than Pluto, and spectral analysis of both worlds shows that their surfaces are largely composed of similar materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>. All this points to the conclusion that Triton was once a KBO that was captured by Neptune during its <a href="/wiki/Nice_model" title="Nice model">outward migration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Largest_KBOs">Largest KBOs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Largest KBOs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_brightest_Kuiper_belt_objects" title="List of the brightest Kuiper belt objects">List of the brightest Kuiper belt objects</a></div> Since 2000, a number of KBOs with diameters of between 500 and 1,500 km (932 mi), more than half that of Pluto (diameter 2370 km), have been discovered. <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">Quaoar</a>, a classical KBO discovered in 2002, is over 1,200 km across. <a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a>, both announced on 29 July 2005, are larger still. Other objects, such as <a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">28978 Ixion</a> (discovered in 2001) and <a href="/wiki/20000_Varuna" title="20000 Varuna">20000 Varuna</a> (discovered in 2000), measure roughly 600–700 km (373–435 mi) across.<a href="#cite_note-beyond-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pluto">Pluto</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pluto">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></div> The discovery of these large KBOs in orbits similar to Pluto's led many to conclude that, aside from its relative size, <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> was not particularly different from other members of the Kuiper belt. Not only are these objects similar to Pluto in size, but many also have <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural satellites">natural satellites</a>, and are of similar composition (methane and carbon monoxide have been found both on Pluto and on the largest KBOs).<a href="#cite_note-beyond-3">[3]</a> Thus, just as <a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> was considered a planet before the discovery of its fellow <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a>, some began to suggest that Pluto might also be reclassified. The issue was brought to a head by the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a>, an object in the <a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">scattered disc</a> far beyond the Kuiper belt, that is now known to be 27% more massive than Pluto.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> (Eris was originally thought to be larger than Pluto by volume, but the <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a> mission found this not to be the case.) In response, the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU) was forced to <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_planet" title="Definition of planet">define what a planet is</a> for the first time, and in so doing included in their definition that a planet must have "<a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Clearing the neighborhood">cleared the neighbourhood</a> around its orbit".<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> As Pluto shares its orbit with many other sizable objects, it was deemed not to have cleared its orbit and was thus reclassified from a planet to a <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarf planet</a>, making it a member of the Kuiper belt. It is not clear how many KBOs are large enough to be dwarf planets. Consideration of the surprisingly low densities of many dwarf-planet candidates suggests that not many are.<a href="#cite_note-Grundy2019-114">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a>, Pluto, <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> are accepted by most astronomers; some have proposed other bodies, such as <a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/2002_MS4" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 MS4">2002 MS4</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BrownList-115">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/2002_AW197" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 AW197">2002 AW197</a>, and <a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">Ixion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tancredi2008-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellites">Satellites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Satellites">edit</a>]</div> The six largest TNOs (<a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, <a href="/wiki/225088_Gonggong" class="mw-redirect" title="225088 Gonggong">Gonggong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a> and <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">Quaoar</a>) are all known to have satellites, and two of them have more than one. A higher percentage of the larger KBOs have satellites than the smaller objects in the Kuiper belt, suggesting that a different formation mechanism was responsible.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> There are also a high number of binaries (two objects close enough in mass to be orbiting "each other") in the Kuiper belt. The most notable example is the Pluto–Charon binary, but it is estimated that around 11% of KBOs exist in binaries.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration">Exploration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Exploration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KBO_2014_MU69_HST.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/KBO_2014_MU69_HST.jpg/170px-KBO_2014_MU69_HST.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/KBO_2014_MU69_HST.jpg/255px-KBO_2014_MU69_HST.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/KBO_2014_MU69_HST.jpg/340px-KBO_2014_MU69_HST.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1118" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>The KBO <a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">486958 Arrokoth</a> (green circles), the selected target for the New Horizons Kuiper belt object mission</figcaption></figure> On 19 January 2006, the first spacecraft to explore the Kuiper belt, <a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a>, was launched, which flew by <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> on 14 July 2015. Beyond the Pluto flyby, the mission's goal was to locate and investigate other, farther objects in the Kuiper belt.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2014_MU69_orbit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/2014_MU69_orbit.jpg/220px-2014_MU69_orbit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/2014_MU69_orbit.jpg/330px-2014_MU69_orbit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/2014_MU69_orbit.jpg/440px-2014_MU69_orbit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing the location of 486958 Arrokoth and trajectory for rendezvous</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ultima_Thule_New_Horizons_CA06_vertical.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ultima_Thule_New_Horizons_CA06_vertical.png/170px-Ultima_Thule_New_Horizons_CA06_vertical.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ultima_Thule_New_Horizons_CA06_vertical.png/255px-Ultima_Thule_New_Horizons_CA06_vertical.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Ultima_Thule_New_Horizons_CA06_vertical.png/340px-Ultima_Thule_New_Horizons_CA06_vertical.png 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>New Horizons grayscale image of Arrokoth, its surface likely covered in organic compounds.<a href="#cite_note-NASA-20190516-120">[119]</a> So far, it is the only KBO besides Pluto and its satellites to be visited by a spacecraft.</figcaption></figure> On 15 October 2014, it was revealed that Hubble had uncovered three potential targets, provisionally designated PT1 ("potential target 1"), PT2 and PT3 by the New Horizons team.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> The objects' diameters were estimated to be in the 30–55 km range; too small to be seen by ground telescopes, at distances from the Sun of 43–44 AU, which would put the encounters in the 2018–2019 period.<a href="#cite_note-Lakdawalla2014-123">[122]</a> The initial estimated probabilities that these objects were reachable within New Horizons' fuel budget were 100%, 7%, and 97%, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Lakdawalla2014-123">[122]</a> All were members of the "cold" (low-<a href="/wiki/Orbital_inclination" title="Orbital inclination">inclination</a>, low-<a href="/wiki/Orbital_eccentricity" title="Orbital eccentricity">eccentricity</a>) <a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Kuiper belt">classical Kuiper belt</a>, and thus very different from Pluto. <a href="/wiki/2014_MU69" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 MU69">PT1</a> (given the temporary designation "1110113Y" on the HST web site<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a>), the most favorably situated object, was magnitude 26.8, 30–45 km in diameter, and was encountered in January 2019.<a href="#cite_note-VOX-20150414-125">[124]</a> Once sufficient orbital information was provided, the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> gave official designations to the three target KBOs: <a href="/wiki/2014_MU69" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 MU69">2014 MU69</a> (PT1), <a href="/wiki/2014_OS393" title="2014 OS393">2014 OS393</a> (PT2), and <a href="/wiki/2014_PN70" title="2014 PN70">2014 PN70</a> (PT3). By the fall of 2014, a possible fourth target, <a href="/wiki/2014_MT69" title="2014 MT69">2014 MT69</a>, had been eliminated by follow-up observations. PT2 was out of the running before the Pluto flyby.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> On 26 August 2015, the first target, 2014 MU69 (nicknamed "Ultima Thule" and later named <a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">486958 Arrokoth</a>), was chosen. Course adjustment took place in late October and early November 2015, leading to a flyby in January 2019.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> On 1 July 2016, NASA approved additional funding for New Horizons to visit the object.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> On 2 December 2015, New Horizons detected what was then called <a href="/wiki/1994_JR1" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 JR1">1994 JR1</a> (later named 15810 Arawn) from 270 million kilometres (170×10<s style="display:none">^</s>6 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> On 1 January 2019, New Horizons successfully flew by Arrokoth, returning data showing Arrokoth to be a <a href="/wiki/Contact_binary_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Contact binary (small Solar System body)">contact binary</a> 32 km long by 16 km wide.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20190210-131">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ralph_(New_Horizons)" title="Ralph (New Horizons)">Ralph</a> instrument aboard New Horizons confirmed Arrokoth's red color. Data from the fly-by will continue to be downloaded over the next 20 months. No follow-up missions for New Horizons are planned, though at least two concepts for missions that would return to orbit or land on Pluto have been studied.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Beyond Pluto, there exist many large KBOs that cannot be visited with New Horizons, such as the dwarf planets <a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a>. New missions would be tasked to explore and study these objects in detail. <a href="/wiki/Thales_Alenia_Space" title="Thales Alenia Space">Thales Alenia Space</a> has studied the logistics of an orbiter mission to Haumea,<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> a high priority scientific target due to its status as the parent body of a collisional family that includes several other TNOs, as well as Haumea's ring and two moons. The lead author, Joel Poncy, has advocated for new technology that would allow spacecraft to reach and orbit KBOs in 10–20 years or less.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> New Horizons Principal Investigator Alan Stern has informally suggested missions that would flyby the planets Uranus or Neptune before visiting new KBO targets,<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> thus furthering the exploration of the Kuiper belt while also visiting these <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ice giant</a> planets for the first time since the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> flybys in the 1980s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_studies_and_concept_missions">Design studies and concept missions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Design studies and concept missions">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/50000_Quaoar" class="mw-redirect" title="50000 Quaoar">Quaoar</a> has been considered as a flyby target for a probe tasked with exploring the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a>, as it currently lies near the <a href="/wiki/Heliosphere" title="Heliosphere">heliospheric</a> nose; Pontus Brandt at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins</a> <a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a> and his colleagues have studied a probe that would flyby Quaoar in the 2030s before continuing to the interstellar medium through the heliospheric nose.<a href="#cite_note-exploration-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Among their interests in Quaoar include its likely disappearing methane atmosphere and <a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">cryovolcanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-exploration-137">[136]</a> The mission studied by Brandt and his colleagues would launch using <a href="/wiki/Space_Launch_System" title="Space Launch System">SLS</a> and achieve 30 km/s using a Jupiter flyby. Alternatively, for an orbiter mission, a study published in 2012 concluded that <a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">Ixion</a> and <a href="/wiki/38628_Huya" title="38628 Huya">Huya</a> are among the most feasible targets.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> For instance, the authors calculated that an orbiter mission could reach Ixion after 17 years cruise time if launched in 2039. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extrasolar_Kuiper_belts">Extrasolar Kuiper belts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Extrasolar Kuiper belts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Debris_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Debris disc">Debris disc</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuiper_belt_remote.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kuiper_belt_remote.jpg/280px-Kuiper_belt_remote.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kuiper_belt_remote.jpg/420px-Kuiper_belt_remote.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Kuiper_belt_remote.jpg/560px-Kuiper_belt_remote.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2908" data-file-height="1524" /></a><figcaption>Debris discs around the stars <a href="/wiki/HD_139664" title="HD 139664">HD 139664</a> and <a href="/wiki/HD_53143" title="HD 53143">HD 53143</a> – black circle from <a href="/wiki/Coronograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronograph">camera</a> hiding stars to display discs.</figcaption></figure> By 2006, astronomers had resolved dust discs thought to be Kuiper belt-like structures around nine stars other than the Sun. They appear to fall into two categories: wide belts, with radii of over 50 AU, and narrow belts (tentatively like that of the Solar System) with radii of between 20 and 30 AU and relatively sharp boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-Kalas_et_al._2006-140">[139]</a> Beyond this, 15–20% of solar-type stars have an observed <a href="/wiki/Infrared_excess" title="Infrared excess">infrared excess</a> that is suggestive of massive Kuiper-belt-like structures.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Most known <a href="/wiki/Debris_disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Debris disc">debris discs</a> around other stars are fairly young, but the two images on the right, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in January 2006, are old enough (roughly 300 million years) to have settled into stable configurations. The left image is a "top view" of a wide belt, and the right image is an "edge view" of a narrow belt.<a href="#cite_note-Kalas_et_al._2006-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Computer simulations of dust in the Kuiper belt suggest that when it was younger, it may have resembled the narrow rings seen around younger stars.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">List of possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trans-Neptunian_objects" title="List of trans-Neptunian objects">List of trans-Neptunian objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PlutoSize-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PlutoSize_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlutoSize_21-1">b</a> The literature is inconsistent in the usage of the terms scattered disc and Kuiper belt. For some, they are distinct populations; for others, the scattered disc is part of the Kuiper belt. Authors may even switch between these two uses in one publication.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Because the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a>, the body responsible for cataloguing <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planets</a> in the Solar System, makes the distinction,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> the editorial choice for Wikipedia articles on the trans-Neptunian region is to make this distinction as well. On Wikipedia, Eris, the most massive known trans-Neptunian object, is not part of the Kuiper belt and this makes Pluto the most massive Kuiper belt object. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuiper_belt&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126211845/https://www.lexico.com/definition/kuiper_belt?s=t">"Kuiper belt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 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The Astrophysical Journal. 674 (2): 1086–1105. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0710.5498">0710.5498</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ApJ...674.1086T">2008ApJ...674.1086T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F525514">10.1086/525514</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54940779">54940779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Debris+Disks+around+Sun-like+Stars&rft.volume=674&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1086-%3C%2Fspan%3E1105&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0710.5498&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54940779%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F525514&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008ApJ...674.1086T&rft.au=Trilling%2C+D.+E.&rft.au=Bryden%2C+G.&rft.au=Beichman%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Rieke%2C+G.+H.&rft.au=Su%2C+K.+Y.+L.&rft.au=Stansberry%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Blaylock%2C+M.&rft.au=Stapelfeldt%2C+K.+R.&rft.au=Beeman%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Haller%2C+E.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKuiper+belt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/05/image/a">"Dusty Planetary Disks Around Two Nearby Stars Resemble Our Kuiper Belt"</a>. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160709094354/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2006/05/image/a/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2016. 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The Astronomical Journal. 140 (4): 1007–1019. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1008.0904">1008.0904</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010AJ....140.1007K">2010AJ....140.1007K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F140%2F4%2F1007">10.1088/0004-6256/140/4/1007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119208483">119208483</a>.</cite><span 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kuiper_belt_objects" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kuiper belt objects">Kuiper belt objects</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/kb.html">Dave Jewitt's page @ UCLA</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~jewitt/kb/gerard.html">The belt's name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.ucf.edu/~yfernandez/cometlist.html">List of short period comets by family</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021119032639/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=KBOs">Kuiper Belt Profile</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov">NASA's Solar System Exploration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boulder.swri.edu/ekonews/">The Kuiper Belt Electronic Newsletter</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/tnos.html">Wm. Robert Johnston's TNO page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorplanetcenter.org/iau/lists/OuterPlot.html">Minor Planet Center: Plot of the Outer Solar System</a>, illustrating Kuiper gap</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/TNOs.html">List of TNOS</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_designation" title="Minor-planet designation">Designation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor-planet_groups" title="List of minor-planet groups">Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">Meanings of names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" 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Solar System body)">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune trojan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian object</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_comet" title="Extinct comet">Extinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_comet" title="Great comet">Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Halley-type_comets" title="List of Halley-type comets">Halley-type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hyperbolic_comets" title="List of hyperbolic comets">Hyperbolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_long-period_comets" title="List of long-period comets">Long-period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_comet" title="Lost comet">Lost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_near-parabolic_comets" title="List of near-parabolic comets">Near-parabolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_periodic_comets" title="List of periodic comets">Periodic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungrazing_comet" title="Sungrazing comet">Sungrazing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">Space debris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dwarf_planets380" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dwarf_planets" title="Template:Dwarf planets"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dwarf_planets" title="Template talk:Dwarf planets"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dwarf_planets" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dwarf planets"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dwarf_planets380" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarf planets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">List of possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li>Former dwarf planets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoplanet" title="Mesoplanet">Mesoplanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planemo" class="mw-redirect" title="Planemo">Planemo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Consensus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Ceres" title="Geology of Ceres">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Atmosphere" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Atmosphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Pluto" title="Geology of Pluto">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Pluto" title="Atmosphere of Pluto">Atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Moons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Ring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Rings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left: 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_(22381131691)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/110px-Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/165px-Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ceres_-_RC3_-_Haulani_Crater_%2822381131691%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="836" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/110px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/165px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg/220px-Pluto_in_True_Color_-_High-Res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="8000" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Candidate (D+1σ ≥ 700 km or H ≤ 4.2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/704_Interamnia" title="704 Interamnia">Interamnia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">Ixion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/174567_Varda" title="174567 Varda">Varda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(55565)_2002_AW197" title="(55565) 2002 AW197">2002 AW197</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(307261)_2002_MS4" title="(307261) 2002 MS4">2002 MS4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(90568)_2004_GV9" title="(90568) 2004 GV9">2004 GV9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(145452)_2005_RN43" title="(145452) 2005 RN43">2005 RN43</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other KBOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(523671)_2013_FZ27" title="(523671) 2013 FZ27">2013 FZ27</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_KZ39" title="2010 KZ39">2010 KZ39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(523639)_2010_RE64" title="(523639) 2010 RE64">2010 RE64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(589683)_2010_RF43" title="(589683) 2010 RF43">2010 RF43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(574372)_2010_JO179" title="(574372) 2010 JO179">2010 JO179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(532037)_2013_FY27" title="(532037) 2013 FY27">2013 FY27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(523692)_2014_EZ51" title="(523692) 2014 EZ51">2014 EZ51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_UZ224" title="2014 UZ224">2014 UZ224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(674118)_2015_KH162" title="(674118) 2015 KH162">2015 KH162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(523794)_2015_RR245" title="(523794) 2015 RR245">2015 RR245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_AG37" title="2018 AG37">2018 AG37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_VG18" title="2018 VG18">2018 VG18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_DR15" title="2021 DR15">2021 DR15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_LL37" title="2021 LL37">2021 LL37</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/(278361)_2007_JJ43" title="(278361) 2007 JJ43">2007 JJ43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(528381)_2008_ST291" title="(528381) 2008 ST291">2008 ST291</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_VP113" title="2012 VP113">2012 VP113</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dwarf_planets" title="Category:Dwarf planets">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1265750715">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}.mw-parser-output :not(.mw-parser-output):not(.documentation)>.tfd-dedup~.tfd-dedup,.mw-parser-output :not(.mw-parser-output):not(.documentation)>.tfd-dedup~* .tfd-dedup{display:none}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solar_System2452" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solar_System" title="Template:Solar System"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solar_System" title="Template talk:Solar System"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solar_System" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solar System"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solar_System2452" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="The Sun, the planets, their moons, and several trans-Neptunian objects" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Solar_System_Template_2.png" decoding="async" width="666" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="36" usemap="#ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136" /><map name="ImageMap_95c11910eb0c3136"><area href="/wiki/Sun" shape="rect" coords="0,0,90,35" alt="The Sun" title="The Sun" /><area href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" shape="circle" coords="112,18,6" alt="Mercury" title="Mercury" /><area href="/wiki/Venus" shape="circle" coords="153,18,8" alt="Venus" title="Venus" /><area href="/wiki/Moon" shape="circle" coords="204,10,4" alt="The Moon" title="The Moon" /><area href="/wiki/Earth" shape="circle" coords="195,18,8" alt="Earth" title="Earth" /><area href="/wiki/Mars" shape="circle" coords="233,18,8" alt="Mars" title="Mars" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" shape="circle" coords="241,13,3" alt="Phobos and Deimos" title="Phobos and Deimos" /><area href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="271,18,5" alt="Ceres" title="Ceres" /><area href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" shape="rect" coords="256,0,288,35" alt="The main asteroid belt" title="The main asteroid belt" /><area href="/wiki/Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="316,19,15" alt="Jupiter" title="Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" shape="circle" coords="329,6,6" alt="Moons of Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" shape="rect" coords="298,18,335,20" alt="Rings of Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter" /><area href="/wiki/Saturn" shape="circle" coords="372,18,12" alt="Saturn" title="Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" shape="circle" coords="381,7,6" alt="Moons of Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" shape="rect" coords="353,5,389,31" alt="Rings of Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn" /><area href="/wiki/Uranus" shape="circle" coords="418,18,12" alt="Uranus" title="Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" shape="circle" coords="427,10,6" alt="Moons of Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" shape="rect" coords="408,4,429,34" alt="Rings of Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus" /><area href="/wiki/Neptune" shape="circle" coords="462,18,12" alt="Neptune" title="Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" shape="circle" coords="471,10,5" alt="Moons of Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" shape="rect" coords="441,9,485,28" alt="Rings of Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune" /><area href="/wiki/Pluto" shape="circle" coords="504,18,12" alt="Pluto" title="Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" shape="circle" coords="510,13,8" alt="Moons of Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto" /><area href="/wiki/Haumea" shape="circle" coords="534,18,12" alt="Haumea" title="Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" shape="circle" coords="540,13,8" alt="Moons of Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea" /><area href="/wiki/Makemake" shape="circle" coords="567,18,12" alt="Makemake" title="Makemake" /><area href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" shape="circle" coords="571,13,8" alt="S/2015 (136472) 1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1" /><area href="/wiki/Kuiper_belt" shape="rect" coords="490,0,580,35" alt="The Kuiper Belt" title="The Kuiper Belt" /><area href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" shape="circle" coords="596,18,12" alt="Eris" title="Eris" /><area href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" shape="circle" coords="602,13,8" alt="Dysnomia" title="Dysnomia" /><area href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" shape="rect" coords="581,0,610,35" alt="The Scattered Disc" title="The Scattered Disc" /><area href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" shape="rect" coords="623,0,640,35" alt="The Hills Cloud" title="The Hills Cloud" /><area href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" shape="rect" coords="641,0,666,35" alt="The Oort Cloud" title="The Oort Cloud" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Planets,_dwarfs,_minors275" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_planet" title="Terrestrial planet">Terrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">Giants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_giant" title="Gas giant">Gas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_planet" title="Dwarf planet">Dwarfs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedna_(dwarf_planet)" title="Sedna (dwarf planet)">Sedna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Large Minor Planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/120347_Salacia" title="120347 Salacia">Salacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20000_Varuna" title="20000 Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">Ixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">Moons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Earth <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Claimed</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter" title="Moons of Jupiter">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)" title="Ganymede (moon)">Ganymede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callisto_(moon)" title="Callisto (moon)">Callisto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Jupiter#List" title="Moons of Jupiter">all 95</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn" title="Moons of Saturn">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(moon)" title="Rhea (moon)">Rhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapetus_(moon)" title="Iapetus (moon)">Iapetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dione_(moon)" title="Dione (moon)">Dione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethys_(moon)" title="Tethys (moon)">Tethys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enceladus" title="Enceladus">Enceladus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimas" title="Mimas">Mimas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(moon)" title="Hyperion (moon)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(moon)" title="Phoebe (moon)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn#List" title="Moons of Saturn">all 146</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus" title="Moons of Uranus">Uranus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Titania_(moon)" title="Titania (moon)">Titania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon_(moon)" title="Oberon (moon)">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbriel" title="Umbriel">Umbriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(moon)" title="Ariel (moon)">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miranda_(moon)" title="Miranda (moon)">Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Uranus#List" title="Moons of Uranus">all 28</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune" title="Moons of Neptune">Neptune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_(moon)" title="Proteus (moon)">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereid_(moon)" title="Nereid (moon)">Nereid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Neptune#List" title="Moons of Neptune">all 16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Pluto" title="Moons of Pluto">Pluto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charon_(moon)" title="Charon (moon)">Charon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nix_(moon)" title="Nix (moon)">Nix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(moon)" title="Hydra (moon)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(moon)" title="Kerberos (moon)">Kerberos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styx_(moon)" title="Styx (moon)">Styx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_(dwarf_planet)" title="Orcus (dwarf planet)">Orcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vanth_(moon)" title="Vanth (moon)">Vanth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Haumea" title="Moons of Haumea">Haumea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka_(moon)" title="Hiʻiaka (moon)">Hiʻiaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaka_(moon)" title="Namaka (moon)">Namaka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weywot" title="Weywot">Weywot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S/2015_(136472)_1" title="S/2015 (136472) 1">S/2015 (136472) 1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonggong_(dwarf_planet)" title="Gonggong (dwarf planet)">Gonggong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiangliu_(moon)" title="Xiangliu (moon)">Xiangliu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysnomia_(moon)" title="Dysnomia (moon)">Dysnomia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation, evolution</a>, contents, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Solar_System_formation_and_evolution_hypotheses" title="History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_formation" title="Star formation">Star formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(astrophysics)" title="Accretion (astrophysics)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Accretion disk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_disk#Excretion_disk" title="Accretion disk">Excretion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Solar_System_formation_and_evolution_hypotheses#Capture_hypothesis" title="History of Solar System formation and evolution hypotheses">Capture theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Triton" title="Capture of Triton">Capture of Triton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumplanetary_disk" title="Circumplanetary disk">Circumplanetary disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_disc" title="Circumstellar disc">Circumstellar disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_disk" title="Debris disk">Debris disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_giant#Disk_instability" title="Ice giant">Disk instability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exoplanetary_Circumstellar_Environments_and_Disk_Explorer" title="Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer">EXCEDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exozodiacal_dust" title="Exozodiacal dust">Exozodiacal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials" title="Extraterrestrial materials">Extraterrestrial materials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_sample_curation" title="Extraterrestrial sample curation">Curation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample-return mission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_line_(astrophysics)" title="Frost line (astrophysics)">Frost/Ice/Snow line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Giant-impact hypothesis">Giant-impact hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_tack_hypothesis" title="Grand tack hypothesis">Grand tack hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_collapse" title="Gravitational collapse">Gravitational collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_sphere" title="Hill sphere">Hill sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_dust_cloud" title="Interplanetary dust cloud">Interplanetary dust cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium/space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_cloud" title="Interstellar cloud">Interstellar cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space#Interstellar_space" title="Outer space">Interstellar space</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper cliff">Kuiper cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">Late Heavy Bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis" title="Nebular hypothesis">Nebular hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_model" title="Nice model">Nice model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nice_2_model" title="Nice 2 model">Nice 2 model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-planet_Nice_model" title="Five-planet Nice model">Five-planet Nice model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">Planet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disrupted_planet" title="Disrupted planet">Disrupted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_migration" title="Planetary migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_system" title="Planetary system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebular_hypothesis#Formation_of_planets" title="Nebular hypothesis">Formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_collision#Formation_of_planets" title="Stellar collision">Merging stars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoplanetary_disk" title="Protoplanetary disk">Protoplanetary disk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Ring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit" title="Roche limit">Roche limit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roche_limit#Roche_limit,_Hill_sphere_and_radius_of_the_planet" title="Roche limit">vs. Hill sphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubble_pile" title="Rubble pile">Rubble pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration" title="Co-orbital configuration">Co-orbital configuration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-orbital_configuration#Trojan_moons" title="Co-orbital configuration">Saturn Moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordylewski_cloud" title="Kordylewski cloud">Kordylewski cloud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:50%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ring_system" title="Ring system">Rings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Earth" title="Rings of Earth">Earth</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter" title="Rings of Jupiter">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn" title="Rings of Saturn">Saturnian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Rhea" title="Rings of Rhea">Rhean</a>?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Chariklo" title="Rings of Chariklo">Charikloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2060_Chiron#Rings" title="2060 Chiron">Chironean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus" title="Rings of Uranus">Uranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune" title="Rings of Neptune">Neptunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea#Ring" title="Haumea">Haumean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar#Rings" title="Quaoar">Quaoarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_Solar_System_objects" title="List of hypothetical Solar System objects">Hypothetical objects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Other_claims" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Bagby's moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiron_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chiron (hypothetical moon)">Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coatlicue_(star)" title="Coatlicue (star)">Coatlicue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Earth" title="Counter-Earth">Counter-Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysalis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Chrysalis (hypothetical moon)">Chrysalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Giant" title="Fifth Giant">Fifth Giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Hyperion (hypothetical planet)">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Lilith" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Lilith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothetical_moon_of_Mercury" title="Hypothetical moon of Mercury">Mercury's moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neith_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Neith (hypothetical moon)">Neith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesis_(hypothetical_star)" title="Nemesis (hypothetical star)">Nemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Petit's_moon" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Petit's moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeton_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Phaeton (hypothetical planet)">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Nine" title="Planet Nine">Planet Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Kuiper_cliff_and_"Planet_Ten"" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet Ten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_V" title="Planet V">Planet V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune#Planet_X" title="Planets beyond Neptune">Planet X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsatellite" title="Subsatellite">Subsatellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synestia#Giant-impact_hypothesis" title="Synestia">Synestia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theia_(planet)" title="Theia (planet)">Theia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Themis_(hypothetical_moon)" title="Themis (hypothetical moon)">Themis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyche_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Tyche (hypothetical planet)">Tyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(hypothetical_planet)" title="Vulcan (hypothetical planet)">Vulcan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanoid" title="Vulcanoid">Vulcanoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claimed_moons_of_Earth#Waltemath's_moons" title="Claimed moons of Earth">Waltemath's moons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">Exploration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_space_exploration" title="Outline of space exploration">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" title="Discovery and exploration of the Solar System">Discovery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_models_of_the_Solar_System" title="Historical models of the Solar System">historical models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Space probe">Space probes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Solar_System_exploration" title="Timeline of Solar System exploration">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_probes" title="List of Solar System probes">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight_programs" title="Human spaceflight programs">programs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mercury" title="Exploration of Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_and_explorations_of_Venus" title="Observations and explorations of Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Moon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Mars" title="Exploration of Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Exploration" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid#Exploration" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_mining" title="Asteroid mining">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_comets" title="List of missions to comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Jupiter" title="Exploration of Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Saturn" title="Exploration of Saturn">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Uranus" title="Exploration of Uranus">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Neptune" title="Exploration of Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_space_exploration" title="Deep space exploration">Deep space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Small_Solar_System_body" title="Small Solar System body">Small Solar System bodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damocloid" title="Damocloid">Damocloids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteoroid" title="Meteoroid">Meteoroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">Minor planets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meanings_of_minor-planet_names" title="Meanings of minor-planet names">names and meanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor-planet_moon" title="Minor-planet moon">moons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetesimal" title="Planetesimal">Planetesimal</a></li> <li>Planetary orbit-crossers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mercury-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mercury-crossing minor planets">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Venus-crossing minor planets">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Earth-crossing_asteroids" title="List of Earth-crossing asteroids">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mars-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Mars-crossing minor planets">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Jupiter-crossing minor planets">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saturn-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Saturn-crossing minor planets">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Uranus-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Uranus-crossing minor planets">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neptune-crossing_minor_planets" title="List of Neptune-crossing minor planets">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_(celestial_body)" title="Trojan (celestial body)">Trojans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_ND15" title="2013 ND15">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_trojan" title="Earth trojan">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trojan" title="Mars trojan">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter_trojan" title="Jupiter trojan">Jupiter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Trojan_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Trojan camp)">Trojan camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jupiter_trojans_(Greek_camp)" title="List of Jupiter trojans (Greek camp)">Greek camp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_UO14" title="2019 UO14">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranus_trojans" title="Uranus trojans">Uranus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune_trojan" title="Neptune trojan">Neptune</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object" title="Near-Earth object">Near-Earth objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_object#Near-Earth_asteroids" title="Near-Earth object">NEAs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Asteroid belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)" title="Ceres (dwarf planet)">Ceres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4_Vesta" title="4 Vesta">Vesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Pallas" title="2 Pallas">Pallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_Hygiea" title="10 Hygiea">Hygiea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_asteroid" title="Active asteroid">active</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid_family" title="Asteroid family">families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_hazardous_object" title="Potentially hazardous object">PHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exceptional_asteroids" title="List of exceptional asteroids">exceptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkwood_gap" title="Kirkwood gap">Kirkwood gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(small_Solar_System_body)" title="Centaur (small Solar System body)">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Neptunian_object" title="Trans-Neptunian object">Trans-Neptunian objects</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuiper belt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Kuiper_belt_object" title="Classical Kuiper belt object">Cubewanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutino" title="Plutino">Plutinos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detached_object" title="Detached object">Detached objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sednoid" title="Sednoid">Sednoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_disc" title="Scattered disc">Scattered disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hills_cloud" title="Hills cloud">Hills cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oort_cloud" title="Oort cloud">Oort cloud</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comets" title="Lists of comets">Comets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_possible_dwarf_planets" title="List of possible dwarf planets">Possible dwarf planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gravitationally_rounded_objects_of_the_Solar_System" title="List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System">Gravitationally rounded objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minor_planets" title="List of minor planets">Minor planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_satellites" title="List of natural satellites">Natural satellites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_System_model" title="Solar System model">Solar System models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects" title="List of Solar System objects">Solar System objects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size" title="List of Solar System objects by size">by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_discovery_of_Solar_System_planets_and_their_moons" title="Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons">by discovery date</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Interstellar and circumstellar molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_planet" title="Double planet">Double planet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point" title="Lagrange point">Lagrange point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlet" title="Moonlet">Moonlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syzygy_(astronomy)" title="Syzygy (astronomy)">Syzygy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_locking" title="Tidal locking">Tidal locking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;padding:0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Solar_System" title="Outline of the Solar System">Outline of the Solar System</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/28px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17_with_transparent_background.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="2776" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Earth_sciences" title="Portal:Earth sciences">Earth sciences portal</a></li></ul> <div class="boilerplate metadata plainlinks tfd tfd-dated tfd-default tfd-dedup">‹ The <a href="/wiki/Help:Template" title="Help:Template">template</a> below (<a href="/wiki/Template:Earth%27s_location_in_the_Universe" title="Template:Earth's location in the Universe">Earth's location in the Universe</a>) is being considered for merging with LocationOfEarth-ImageMap. See <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2025_February_12#Template:Earth's_location_in_the_Universe" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2025 February 12">templates for discussion</a> to help reach a consensus. ›</div> <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Interstellar_Cloud" title="Local Interstellar Cloud">Local Interstellar Cloud</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Bubble" title="Local Bubble">Local Bubble</a> → <a href="/wiki/Gould_Belt" title="Gould Belt">Gould Belt</a> → <a href="/wiki/Orion_Arm" title="Orion Arm">Orion Arm</a> → <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> → <a href="/wiki/Satellite_galaxies_of_the_Milky_Way" title="Satellite galaxies of the Milky Way">Milky Way subgroup</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Group" title="Local Group">Local Group</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Sheet" title="Local Sheet">Local Sheet</a> → <a href="/wiki/Virgo_Supercluster" title="Virgo Supercluster">Virgo Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Laniakea_Supercluster" title="Laniakea Supercluster">Laniakea Supercluster</a> → <a href="/wiki/Local_Hole" title="Local Hole">Local Hole</a> → <a href="/wiki/Observable_universe" title="Observable universe">Observable universe</a> → <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a> Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of". </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Horizons335" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Horizons" title="Template:New Horizons"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Horizons" title="Template talk:New Horizons"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Horizons" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Horizons"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Horizons335" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_New_Horizons" title="Timeline of New Horizons">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Pluto" title="Exploration of Pluto">Exploration of Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_Horizons_topics" title="List of New Horizons topics">List of New Horizons topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Targets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/132524_APL" title="132524 APL">132524 APL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/486958_Arrokoth" title="486958 Arrokoth">486958 Arrokoth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Observations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_JY31" title="2011 JY31">2011 JY31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_KW48" title="2011 KW48">2011 KW48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15810_Arawn" title="15810 Arawn">15810 Arawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28978_Ixion" title="28978 Ixion">28978 Ixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haumea" title="Haumea">Haumea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" title="Eris (dwarf planet)">Eris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makemake" title="Makemake">Makemake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(307261)_2002_MS4" title="(307261) 2002 MS4">(307261) 2002 MS4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(516977)_2012_HZ84" title="(516977) 2012 HZ84">(516977) 2012 HZ84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/(556416)_2014_OE394" title="(556416) 2014 OE394">(556416) 2014 OE394</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_HE85" title="2012 HE85">2012 HE85</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Rejected</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_HM102" title="2011 HM102">2011 HM102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_MT69" title="2014 MT69">2014 MT69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_OS393" title="2014 OS393">2014 OS393</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_PN70" title="2014 PN70">2014 PN70</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/100px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/150px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png/200px-New_Horizons_spacecraft_model_1.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="746" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Spacecraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons#Science_payload" title="New Horizons">Instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_(spacecraft_instrument)" title="Alice (spacecraft instrument)">Alice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Range_Reconnaissance_Imager" title="Long Range Reconnaissance Imager">Long Range Reconnaissance Imager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_Energetic_Particle_Spectrometer_Science_Investigation" title="Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation">PEPSSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_(New_Horizons)" title="Ralph (New Horizons)">Ralph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REX_(New_Horizons)" title="REX (New Horizons)">REX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_Burney_Student_Dust_Counter" title="Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter">Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWAP_(New_Horizons)" title="SWAP (New Horizons)">SWAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Subsystems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPHS-RTG" title="GPHS-RTG">GPHS-RTG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Physics_Laboratory" title="Applied Physics Laboratory">Applied Physics Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_Aerospace" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball Aerospace">Ball Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" title="Goddard Space Flight Center">Goddard Space Flight Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KinetX" title="KinetX">KinetX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Research_Institute" title="Southwest Research Institute">Southwest Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado" title="University of Colorado">University of Colorado</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Bagenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Bagenal">Frances Bagenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_P._Binzel" title="Richard P. Binzel">Richard Binzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bowman" title="Alice Bowman">Alice Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_William_Buie" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc William Buie">Marc Buie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Hardaway" title="Lisa Hardaway">Lisa Hardaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_May" title="Brian May">Brian May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Olkin" title="Cathy Olkin">Cathy Olkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sarokon" title="Daniel Sarokon">Daniel Sarokon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_R._Showalter" title="Mark R. Showalter">Mark Showalter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Stern" title="Alan Stern">Alan Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_A._Weaver" title="Hal A. Weaver">Hal Weaver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Logistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_V" title="Atlas V">Atlas V</a> (launch vehicle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur_(rocket_stage)" title="Centaur (rocket stage)">Centaur</a> (upper stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_48" title="Star 48">Star 48B</a> (3rd stage)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_41" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41">Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41</a> (launch site)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kuiper belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons_2" title="New Horizons 2">New Horizons 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluto_Kuiper_Express" title="Pluto Kuiper Express">Pluto Kuiper Express</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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