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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Network interface controller</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9" title="بطاقة الشبكة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بطاقة الشبكة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мрежова карта – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мрежова карта" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mre%C5%BEna_kartica" title="Mrežna kartica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mrežna kartica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartenn_rouedad" title="Kartenn rouedad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kartenn rouedad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeta_de_xarxa" title="Targeta de xarxa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Targeta de xarxa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AD%C5%A5ov%C3%A1_karta" title="Síťová karta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Síťová karta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netkort" title="Netkort – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Netkort" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netzwerkkarte" title="Netzwerkkarte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Netzwerkkarte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5rguadapter" title="Võrguadapter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Võrguadapter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B1_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8D%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Κάρτα δικτύου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρτα δικτύου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarjeta_de_red" title="Tarjeta de red – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tarjeta de red" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retkarto" title="Retkarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Retkarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare-txartel" title="Sare-txartel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sare-txartel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87" title="کارت شبکه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارت شبکه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_r%C3%A9seau" title="Carte réseau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carte réseau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1rta_l%C3%ADonra" title="Cárta líonra – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cárta líonra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarxeta_de_rede" title="Tarxeta de rede – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tarxeta de rede" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC_%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BB%A8%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%A4%EB%9F%AC" title="네트워크 인터페이스 컨트롤러 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네트워크 인터페이스 컨트롤러" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mre%C5%BEna_kartica" title="Mrežna kartica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mrežna kartica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartu_jaringan" title="Kartu jaringan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kartu jaringan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheda_di_rete" title="Scheda di rete – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Scheda di rete" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA" title="כרטיס רשת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרטיס רשת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartu_jaringan" title="Kartu jaringan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kartu jaringan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%96%D1%88" title="Желілік бейімдеуіш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Желілік бейімдеуіш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadi_ya_mtandao" title="Kadi ya mtandao – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kadi ya mtandao" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B9%D3%A7_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D3%A7%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Везйӧ ладмӧдысь – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Везйӧ ладмӧдысь" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%ABkla_karte" title="Tīkla karte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tīkla karte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netzwierkkaart" title="Netzwierkkaart – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Netzwierkkaart" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinklo_plok%C5%A1t%C4%97" title="Tinklo plokštė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tinklo plokštė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1l%C3%B3zati_k%C3%A1rtya" title="Hálózati kártya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hálózati kártya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Мрежна картичка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мрежна картичка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad_antara_muka_rangkaian" title="Kad antara muka rangkaian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kad antara muka rangkaian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netwerkkaart" title="Netwerkkaart – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Netwerkkaart" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ネットワークカード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネットワークカード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettverkskort" title="Nettverkskort – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nettverkskort" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Вотадаптер – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вотадаптер" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%87%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0" title="ਨੈੱਟਵਰਕ ਇੰਟਰਫੇਸ ਕੰਟਰੋਲਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੈੱਟਵਰਕ ਇੰਟਰਫੇਸ ਕੰਟਰੋਲਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%DB%90_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%89" title="د شبکې کارډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د شبکې کارډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karta_sieciowa" title="Karta sieciowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karta sieciowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Placa_de_rede" title="Placa de rede – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Placa de rede" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plac%C4%83_de_re%C8%9Bea" title="Placă de rețea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Placă de rețea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Сетевая плата – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сетевая плата" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_card" title="Network card – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Network card" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sie%C5%A5ov%C3%A1_karta" title="Sieťová karta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sieťová karta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Мрежни адаптер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мрежни адаптер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mre%C5%BEna_kartica" title="Mrežna kartica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mrežna kartica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkkosovitin" title="Verkkosovitin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Verkkosovitin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4tverkskort" title="Nätverkskort – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nätverkskort" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hardware component that connects a computer to a network</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Network card" redirects here. For the British Rail discount card, see <a href="/wiki/Network_Railcard" title="Network Railcard">Network Railcard</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Network interface controller</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Network_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Network_card.jpg/220px-Network_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Network_card.jpg/330px-Network_card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Network_card.jpg/440px-Network_card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="1071" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A 1990s <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> network interface card that connects to the motherboard via the now-obsolete <a href="/wiki/ISA_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="ISA bus">ISA bus</a>. This combination card features both a <a href="/wiki/BNC_connector" title="BNC connector">BNC connector</a> (left) for use in (now obsolete) <a href="/wiki/10BASE2" title="10BASE2">10BASE2</a> networks and an <a href="/wiki/8P8C" class="mw-redirect" title="8P8C">8P8C</a> connector (right) for use in <a href="/wiki/10BASE-T" class="mw-redirect" title="10BASE-T">10BASE-T</a> networks.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Connects to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a> via one of: <ul><li>integrated in <a href="/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipset</a> or <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard#Integrated_peripherals" title="Motherboard">discrete onboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a> Connector</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a> Connector</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCIe" class="mw-redirect" title="PCIe">PCIe</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Mini_PCIe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini PCIe">Mini PCIe</a> and <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li></ul> <p>Network via one of: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDDI" class="mw-redirect" title="FDDI">FDDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_Ring" title="Token Ring">Token Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARCNET" title="ARCNET">ARCNET</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Speeds</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Full-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-duplex">Full-duplex</a> or <a href="/wiki/Half-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-duplex">half-duplex</a>:<br /><div><ul><li>10 Mbit/s</li><li>100 Mbit/s</li><li>1 Gbit/s</li></ul></div><br /><a href="/wiki/Full-duplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-duplex">Full-duplex</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div><ul><li>2.5 Gbit/s</li><li>5 Gbit/s</li><li>10 Gbit/s</li><li>up to 160 Gbit/s</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common manufacturers</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Realtek" title="Realtek">Realtek</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Broadcom" title="Broadcom">Broadcom</a> (includes former <a href="/wiki/Avago" class="mw-redirect" title="Avago">Avago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emulex" title="Emulex">Emulex</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Marvell_Technology_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvell Technology Group">Marvell Technology Group</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cavium" title="Cavium">Cavium</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/QLogic" title="QLogic">QLogic</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Mellanox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mellanox">Mellanox</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chelsio" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelsio">Chelsio</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>network interface controller</b> (<b>NIC</b>, also known as a <b>network interface card</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>network adapter</b>, <b>LAN adapter</b> and <b>physical network interface</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a> component that connects a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-networking_01_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-networking_01-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early network interface controllers were commonly implemented on <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion cards</a> that plugged into a <a href="/wiki/Computer_bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer bus">computer bus</a>. The low cost and ubiquity of the <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> standard means that most newer computers have a network interface built into the <a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">motherboard</a>, or is contained into a <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>-connected <a href="/wiki/Dongle" title="Dongle">dongle</a>. </p><p>Modern network interface controllers offer advanced features such as <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a> interfaces to the host processors, support for multiple receive and transmit queues, partitioning into multiple logical interfaces, and on-controller network traffic processing such as the <a href="/wiki/TCP_offload_engine" title="TCP offload engine">TCP offload engine</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_interface_controller&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The network controller implements the electronic circuitry required to communicate using a specific <a href="/wiki/Physical_layer" title="Physical layer">physical layer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_link_layer" title="Data link layer">data link layer</a> standard such as <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provides a base for a full network <a href="/wiki/Protocol_stack" title="Protocol stack">protocol stack</a>, allowing communication among computers on the same <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area network</a> (LAN) and large-scale network communications through routable protocols, such as <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP). </p><p>The NIC allows computers to communicate over a computer network, either by using cables or wirelessly. The NIC is both a physical layer and data link layer device, as it provides physical access to a networking medium and, for <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802" title="IEEE 802">IEEE 802</a> and similar networks, provides a low-level addressing system through the use of <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC addresses</a> that are uniquely assigned to network interfaces. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_interface_controller&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:12_early_PC_network_cards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/12_early_PC_network_cards.jpg/220px-12_early_PC_network_cards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/12_early_PC_network_cards.jpg/330px-12_early_PC_network_cards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/12_early_PC_network_cards.jpg/440px-12_early_PC_network_cards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7625" data-file-height="5765" /></a><figcaption>12 early ISA 8 bit and 16 bit PC network cards. The lower right-most card is an early wireless network card, and the central card with partial beige plastic cover is a PSTN <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_Ophir_82571_Dual_Port_Gigabit_Ethernet_Controller_Die_Shot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Intel_Ophir_82571_Dual_Port_Gigabit_Ethernet_Controller_Die_Shot.png/220px-Intel_Ophir_82571_Dual_Port_Gigabit_Ethernet_Controller_Die_Shot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Intel_Ophir_82571_Dual_Port_Gigabit_Ethernet_Controller_Die_Shot.png/330px-Intel_Ophir_82571_Dual_Port_Gigabit_Ethernet_Controller_Die_Shot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Intel_Ophir_82571_Dual_Port_Gigabit_Ethernet_Controller_Die_Shot.png/440px-Intel_Ophir_82571_Dual_Port_Gigabit_Ethernet_Controller_Die_Shot.png 2x" data-file-width="12052" data-file-height="8930" /></a><figcaption>Intel Ophir 82571 dual-port Gigabit Ethernet controller <a href="/wiki/Die_(integrated_circuit)" title="Die (integrated circuit)">die</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Network controllers were originally implemented as expansion cards that plugged into a computer bus. The low cost and ubiquity of the Ethernet standard means that most new computers have a network interface controller built into the motherboard. Newer <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> motherboards may have multiple network interfaces built-in. The Ethernet capabilities are either <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated</a> into the motherboard <a href="/wiki/Chipset" title="Chipset">chipset</a> or implemented via a low-cost dedicated Ethernet chip. A separate network card is typically no longer required unless additional independent network connections are needed or some non-Ethernet type of network is used. A general trend in computer hardware is towards <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">integrating the various components of systems on a chip</a>, and this is also applied to network interface cards. </p><p>An Ethernet network controller typically has an <a href="/wiki/8P8C" class="mw-redirect" title="8P8C">8P8C</a> socket where the network cable is connected. Older NICs also supplied <a href="/wiki/BNC_connector" title="BNC connector">BNC</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Attachment_Unit_Interface" title="Attachment Unit Interface">AUI</a> connections. Ethernet network controllers typically support 10 <a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a> Ethernet, <a href="/wiki/Fast_Ethernet" title="Fast Ethernet">100 Mbit/s Ethernet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">1000 Mbit/s Ethernet</a> varieties. Such controllers are designated as <i><a href="/wiki/10/100/1000" class="mw-redirect" title="10/100/1000">10/100/1000</a></i>, meaning that they can support data rates of 10, 100 or 1000 Mbit/s. <a href="/wiki/10_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="10 Gigabit Ethernet">10 Gigabit Ethernet</a> NICs are also available, and, as of November 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_interface_controller&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, are beginning to be available on <a href="/wiki/Computer_motherboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer motherboard">computer motherboards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qle3442-cu_10gbe_nic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Qle3442-cu_10gbe_nic.jpg/220px-Qle3442-cu_10gbe_nic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Qle3442-cu_10gbe_nic.jpg/330px-Qle3442-cu_10gbe_nic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Qle3442-cu_10gbe_nic.jpg/440px-Qle3442-cu_10gbe_nic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1790" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Qlogic" class="mw-redirect" title="Qlogic">Qlogic</a> QLE3442-CU SFP+ dual-port NIC</figcaption></figure> <p>Modular designs like <a href="/wiki/Small_form-factor_pluggable_transceiver" class="mw-redirect" title="Small form-factor pluggable transceiver">SFP and SFP+</a> are highly popular, especially for <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fiber-optic communication</a>. These define a standard receptacle for media-dependent transceivers, so users can easily adapt the network interface to their needs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/LED" class="mw-redirect" title="LED">LEDs</a> adjacent to or integrated into the network connector inform the user of whether the network is connected, and when data activity occurs. </p><p>The NIC may include <a href="/wiki/ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="ROM">ROM</a> to store its factory-assigned <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">MAC address</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NIC may use one or more of the following techniques to indicate the availability of packets to transfer: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polling_(computer_science)" title="Polling (computer science)">Polling</a> is where the <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> examines the status of the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral</a> under program control.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrupt_request" title="Interrupt request">Interrupt</a>-driven I/O is where the peripheral alerts the CPU that it is ready to transfer data.</li></ul> <p>NICs may use one or more of the following techniques to transfer packet data: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_input/output" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmed input/output">Programmed input/output</a>, where the CPU moves the data to or from the NIC to memory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">Direct memory access</a> (DMA), where a device other than the CPU assumes control of the <a href="/wiki/System_bus" title="System bus">system bus</a> to move data to or from the NIC to memory. This removes load from the CPU but requires more logic on the card. In addition, a packet buffer on the NIC may not be required and <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a> can be reduced.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_and_advanced_functionality"><span class="anchor" id="RSS"></span><span class="anchor" id="XPS"></span><span class="anchor" id="MULTIQUEUE"></span><span class="anchor" id="NPAR"></span><span class="anchor" id="FLOW-DIRECTOR"></span>Performance and advanced functionality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_interface_controller&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Performance and advanced functionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ForeRunnerLE_25_ATM_Network_Interface_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ForeRunnerLE_25_ATM_Network_Interface_%281%29.jpg/220px-ForeRunnerLE_25_ATM_Network_Interface_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ForeRunnerLE_25_ATM_Network_Interface_%281%29.jpg/330px-ForeRunnerLE_25_ATM_Network_Interface_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ForeRunnerLE_25_ATM_Network_Interface_%281%29.jpg/440px-ForeRunnerLE_25_ATM_Network_Interface_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4587" data-file-height="3058" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">Asynchronous Transfer Mode</a> (ATM) network interface</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:An_Intel_82574L_Gigabit_Ethernet_NIC,_PCI_Express_x1_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/An_Intel_82574L_Gigabit_Ethernet_NIC%2C_PCI_Express_x1_card.jpg/220px-An_Intel_82574L_Gigabit_Ethernet_NIC%2C_PCI_Express_x1_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/An_Intel_82574L_Gigabit_Ethernet_NIC%2C_PCI_Express_x1_card.jpg/330px-An_Intel_82574L_Gigabit_Ethernet_NIC%2C_PCI_Express_x1_card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/An_Intel_82574L_Gigabit_Ethernet_NIC%2C_PCI_Express_x1_card.jpg/440px-An_Intel_82574L_Gigabit_Ethernet_NIC%2C_PCI_Express_x1_card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> 82574L <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">Gigabit Ethernet</a> NIC, a PCI Express ×1 card, which provides two hardware receive queues<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Multiqueue NICs</b> provide multiple transmit and receive <a href="/wiki/Queue_(abstract_data_type)" title="Queue (abstract data type)">queues</a>, allowing packets received by the NIC to be assigned to one of its receive queues. The NIC may distribute incoming traffic between the receive queues using a <a href="/wiki/Hash_function" title="Hash function">hash function</a>. Each receive queue is assigned to a separate <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupt</a>; by routing each of those interrupts to different <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPUs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">CPU cores</a>, processing of the interrupt requests triggered by the network traffic received by a single NIC can be distributed improving performance.<sup id="cite_ref-linux-net-scaling_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linux-net-scaling-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hardware-based distribution of the interrupts, described above, is referred to as <b>receive-side scaling</b> (RSS).<sup id="cite_ref-intel-grantley_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intel-grantley-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> Purely software implementations also exist, such as the <a href="/wiki/Receive_packet_steering" class="mw-redirect" title="Receive packet steering">receive packet steering</a> (RPS), <a href="/wiki/Receive_flow_steering" class="mw-redirect" title="Receive flow steering">receive flow steering</a> (RFS),<sup id="cite_ref-linux-net-scaling_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linux-net-scaling-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> <i>Flow Director</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-intel-grantley_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intel-grantley-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98, 99">: 98, 99 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further performance improvements can be achieved by routing the interrupt requests to the CPUs or cores executing the applications that are the ultimate destinations for <a href="/wiki/Network_packet" title="Network packet">network packets</a> that generated the interrupts. This technique improves <a href="/wiki/Locality_of_reference" title="Locality of reference">locality of reference</a> and results in higher overall performance, reduced latency and better hardware utilization because of the higher utilization of <a href="/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU caches</a> and fewer required <a href="/wiki/Context_switch" title="Context switch">context switches</a>. </p><p>With multi-queue NICs, additional performance improvements can be achieved by distributing outgoing traffic among different transmit queues. By assigning different transmit queues to different CPUs or CPU cores, internal operating system contentions can be avoided. This approach is usually referred to as <b>transmit packet steering</b> (XPS).<sup id="cite_ref-linux-net-scaling_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linux-net-scaling-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some products feature <b>NIC partitioning</b> (<b>NPAR</b>, also known as <b>port partitioning</b>) that uses <a href="/wiki/SR-IOV" class="mw-redirect" title="SR-IOV">SR-IOV</a> virtualization to divide a single 10 Gigabit Ethernet NIC into multiple discrete virtual NICs with dedicated bandwidth, which are presented to the firmware and operating system as separate <a href="/wiki/PCI_device_function" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI device function">PCI device functions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dell_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some NICs provide a <a href="/wiki/TCP_offload_engine" title="TCP offload engine">TCP offload engine</a> to offload processing of the entire <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> stack to the network controller. It is primarily used with high-speed network interfaces, such as Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet, for which the processing overhead of the network stack becomes significant.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="SOLARFLARE"></span><span class="anchor" id="OPENONLOAD"></span><span class="anchor" id="USER-LEVEL-NETWORKING"></span> Some NICs offer integrated <a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">field-programmable gate arrays</a> (FPGAs) for user-programmable processing of network traffic before it reaches the host computer, allowing for significantly reduced <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latencies</a> in time-sensitive workloads.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, some NICs offer complete low-latency <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP_stack" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP stack">TCP/IP stacks</a> running on integrated FPGAs in combination with <a href="/wiki/Userspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Userspace">userspace</a> libraries that intercept networking operations usually performed by the <a href="/wiki/Operating_system_kernel" class="mw-redirect" title="Operating system kernel">operating system kernel</a>; Solarflare's open-source <b>OpenOnload</b> network stack that runs on <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> is an example. This kind of functionality is usually referred to as <b>user-level networking</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_interface_controller&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Converged_network_adapter" title="Converged network adapter">Converged network adapter</a> (CNA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_adapter" title="Host adapter">Host adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Data_Direct_I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel Data Direct I/O">Intel Data Direct I/O</a> (DDIO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loopback_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Loopback interface">Loopback interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_monitoring_interface_card" title="Network monitoring interface card">Network monitoring interface card</a> (NMIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_network_interface" title="Virtual network interface">Virtual network interface</a> (VIF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network_interface_controller" title="Wireless network interface controller">Wireless network interface controller</a> (WNIC)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_interface_controller&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although other network technologies exist, Ethernet (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3" title="IEEE 802.3">IEEE 802.3</a>) and Wi-Fi (<a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a>) have achieved near-ubiquity as LAN technologies since the mid-1990s.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Network_interface_controller&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_computer_components" title="Template talk:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_computer_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Printer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable <br /> data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">Disk pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory" title="Nonvolatile BIOS memory">BIOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> / <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">SSHD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply" title="Switched-mode power supply">SMPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator_module" title="Voltage regulator module">VRM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Network interface controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Analog audio jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">Game port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA#eSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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