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pressure gradient</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: threshold pressure gradient"> <meta name="keywords" content="threshold pressure gradient"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="threshold pressure gradient"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 5404</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: threshold pressure gradient</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5344</span> A Simple Heat and Mass Transfer Model for Salt Gradient Solar Ponds</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Safwan%20Kanan">Safwan Kanan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonathan%20Dewsbury"> Jonathan Dewsbury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gregory%20Lane-Serff"> Gregory Lane-Serff</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A salinity gradient solar pond is a free energy source system for collecting, converting and storing solar energy as heat. In this paper, the principles of solar pond are explained. A mathematical model is developed to describe and simulate heat and mass transfer behavior of salinity gradient solar pond. Matlab codes are programmed to solve the one dimensional finite difference method for heat and mass transfer equations. Temperature profiles and concentration distributions are calculated. The numerical results are validated with experimental data and the results are found to be in good agreement. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20difference%20method" title="finite difference method">finite difference method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salt-gradient%20solar-pond" title=" salt-gradient solar-pond"> salt-gradient solar-pond</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20energy" title=" solar energy"> solar energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transient%20heat%20and%20mass%20transfer" title=" transient heat and mass transfer"> transient heat and mass transfer</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2480/a-simple-heat-and-mass-transfer-model-for-salt-gradient-solar-ponds" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2480.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">371</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5343</span> A Cellular Automaton Model Examining the Effects of Oxygen, Hydrogen Ions, and Lactate on Early Tumour Growth</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maymona%20Al-Husari">Maymona Al-Husari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Craig%20Murdoch"> Craig Murdoch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Steven%20Webb"> Steven Webb </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Some tumors are known to exhibit an extracellular pH that is more acidic than the intracellular, creating a 'reversed pH gradient' across the cell membrane and this has been shown to affect their invasive and metastatic potential. Tumour hypoxia also plays an important role in tumour development and has been directly linked to both tumour morphology and aggressiveness. In this paper, we present a hybrid mathematical model of intracellular pH regulation that examines the effect of oxygen and pH on tumour growth and morphology. In particular, we investigate the impact of pH regulatory mechanisms on the cellular pH gradient and tumour morphology. Analysis of the model shows that: low activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger or a high rate of anaerobic glycolysis can give rise to a 'fingering' tumour morphology; and a high activity of the lactate/H+ symporter can result in a reversed transmembrane pH gradient across a large portion of the tumour mass. Also, the reversed pH gradient is spatially heterogenous within the tumour, with a normal pH gradient observed within an intermediate growth layer, that is the layer between the proliferative inner and outermost layer of the tumour. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=acidic%20pH" title="acidic pH">acidic pH</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellular%20automaton" title=" cellular automaton"> cellular automaton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ebola" title=" ebola"> ebola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tumour%20growth" title=" tumour growth"> tumour growth</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41359/a-cellular-automaton-model-examining-the-effects-of-oxygen-hydrogen-ions-and-lactate-on-early-tumour-growth" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41359.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">331</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5342</span> Investigation of Threshold Voltage Shift in Gamma Irradiated N-Channel and P-Channel MOS Transistors of CD4007</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Boorboor">S. Boorboor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20A.%20H.%20Feghhi"> S. A. H. Feghhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Jafari"> H. Jafari</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ionizing radiations cause different kinds of damages in electronic components. MOSFETs, most common transistors in today’s digital and analog circuits, are severely sensitive to TID damage. In this work, the threshold voltage shift of CD4007 device, which is an integrated circuit including P-channel and N-channel MOS transistors, was investigated for low dose gamma irradiation under different gate bias voltages. We used linear extrapolation method to extract threshold voltage from I<sub>D</sub>-V<sub>G</sub> characteristic curve. The results showed that the threshold voltage shift was approximately 27.5 mV/Gy for N-channel and 3.5 mV/Gy for P-channel transistors at the gate bias of |9 V| after irradiation by Co-60 gamma ray source. Although the sensitivity of the devices under test were strongly dependent to biasing condition and transistor type, the threshold voltage shifted linearly versus accumulated dose in all cases. The overall results show that the application of CD4007 as an electronic buffer in a radiation therapy system is limited by TID damage. However, this integrated circuit can be used as a cheap and sensitive radiation dosimeter for accumulated dose measurement in radiation therapy systems. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threshold%20voltage%20shift" title="threshold voltage shift">threshold voltage shift</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MOS%20transistor" title=" MOS transistor"> MOS transistor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20extrapolation" title=" linear extrapolation"> linear extrapolation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gamma%20irradiation" title=" gamma irradiation"> gamma irradiation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55355/investigation-of-threshold-voltage-shift-in-gamma-irradiated-n-channel-and-p-channel-mos-transistors-of-cd4007" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55355.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">283</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5341</span> Threshold Competency of Students in Graduate School</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Terada%20Pinyo">Terada Pinyo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study is the survey research, designed to find out the threshold competency of graduate students in terms of knowledge excellency and professional skills proficiency based on Thai Qualifications Framework for Higher Education (TQF). The sample group consisted of 240 students. The results were collected by stratified sampling, using study programs for each stage. The results were analysed and calculated by computer program. Statistics used during analysing were percentage, mean, and standard deviation. From the study, the threshold competency of graduate students were in very high score range in both overall and specific category. The top category which received the most score was interpersonal skills and responsibility, following by ethics and morality, knowledge and skills, and numerical communication and information technology. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threshold%20competency" title="threshold competency">threshold competency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thai%20qualifications%20framework%20for%20higher%20education" title=" Thai qualifications framework for higher education"> Thai qualifications framework for higher education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=graduate%20school" title=" graduate school"> graduate school</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5476/threshold-competency-of-students-in-graduate-school" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5476.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5340</span> Comparison between XGBoost, LightGBM and CatBoost Using a Home Credit Dataset</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Essam%20Al%20Daoud">Essam Al Daoud</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gradient boosting methods have been proven to be a very important strategy. Many successful machine learning solutions were developed using the XGBoost and its derivatives. The aim of this study is to investigate and compare the efficiency of three gradient methods. Home credit dataset is used in this work which contains 219 features and 356251 records. However, new features are generated and several techniques are used to rank and select the best features. The implementation indicates that the LightGBM is faster and more accurate than CatBoost and XGBoost using variant number of features and records. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gradient%20boosting" title="gradient boosting">gradient boosting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XGBoost" title=" XGBoost"> XGBoost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LightGBM" title=" LightGBM"> LightGBM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CatBoost" title=" CatBoost"> CatBoost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=home%20credit" title=" home credit"> home credit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104573/comparison-between-xgboost-lightgbm-and-catboost-using-a-home-credit-dataset" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">171</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5339</span> Dominant Correlation Effects in Atomic Spectra</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hubert%20Klar">Hubert Klar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> High double excitation of two-electron atoms has been investigated using hyperpherical coordinates within a modified adiabatic expansion technique. This modification creates a novel fictitious force leading to a spontaneous exchange symmetry breaking at high double excitation. The Pauli principle must therefore be regarded as approximation valid only at low excitation energy. Threshold electron scattering from high Rydberg states shows an unexpected time reversal symmetry breaking. At threshold for double escape we discover a broad (few eV) Cooper pair. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=correlation" title="correlation">correlation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resonances" title=" resonances"> resonances</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threshold%20ionization" title=" threshold ionization"> threshold ionization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Cooper%20pair" title=" Cooper pair"> Cooper pair</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42435/dominant-correlation-effects-in-atomic-spectra" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42435.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5338</span> Solar Pond: Some Issues in Their Management and Mathematical Description</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20A.%20Abdullah">A. A. Abdullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20A.%20Lindsay"> K. A. Lindsay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The management of a salt-gradient is investigated with respect to the interaction between the solar pond and its associated evaporation pond. Issues considered are the impact of precipitation and the operation of the flushing system with particular reference to the case in which the flushing fluid is pure water. Results suggest that a management strategy based on a flushing system that simply replaces evaporation losses of water from the solar pond and evaporation pond will be optimally efficient. Such a management strategy will maintain the operational viability of a salt-gradient solar pond as a reservoir of cheap heat while simultaneously ensuring that the associated evaporation pond can feed the storage zone of the solar pond with sufficient saturated brine to balance the effect of salt diffusion. Other findings are, first, that once near saturation is achieved in the evaporation pond, the efficacy of the proposed management strategy is relatively insensitive to both the size of the evaporation pond or its depth, and second, small changes in the extraction of heat from the storage zone of a salt-gradient solar pond have an amplified effect on the temperature of that zone. The possibility of boiling of the storage zone cannot be ignored in a well-configured salt-gradient solar pond. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aqueous%20sodium%20chloride" title="aqueous sodium chloride">aqueous sodium chloride</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=constitutive%20expression" title=" constitutive expression"> constitutive expression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20pond" title=" solar pond"> solar pond</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=salt-gradient" title=" salt-gradient"> salt-gradient</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42081/solar-pond-some-issues-in-their-management-and-mathematical-description" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/42081.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5337</span> An Image Segmentation Algorithm for Gradient Target Based on Mean-Shift and Dictionary Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yanwen%20Li">Yanwen Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shuguo%20Xie"> Shuguo Xie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In electromagnetic imaging, because of the diffraction limited system, the pixel values could change slowly near the edge of the image targets and they also change with the location in the same target. Using traditional digital image segmentation methods to segment electromagnetic gradient images could result in lots of errors because of this change in pixel values. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel image segmentation and extraction algorithm based on Mean-Shift and dictionary learning. Firstly, the preliminary segmentation results from adaptive bandwidth Mean-Shift algorithm are expanded, merged and extracted. Then the overlap rate of the extracted image block is detected before determining a segmentation region with a single complete target. Last, the gradient edge of the extracted targets is recovered and reconstructed by using a dictionary-learning algorithm, while the final segmentation results are obtained which are very close to the gradient target in the original image. Both the experimental results and the simulated results show that the segmentation results are very accurate. The Dice coefficients are improved by 70% to 80% compared with the Mean-Shift only method. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gradient%20image" title="gradient image">gradient image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=segmentation%20and%20extract" title=" segmentation and extract"> segmentation and extract</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mean-shift%20algorithm" title=" mean-shift algorithm"> mean-shift algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dictionary%20iearning" title=" dictionary iearning"> dictionary iearning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74979/an-image-segmentation-algorithm-for-gradient-target-based-on-mean-shift-and-dictionary-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/74979.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">266</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5336</span> Automatic Adjustment of Thresholds via Closed-Loop Feedback Mechanism for Solder Paste Inspection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Chen%20Wei">Chia-Chen Wei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pack%20Hsieh"> Pack Hsieh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jeffrey%20Chen"> Jeffrey Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Surface Mount Technology (SMT) is widely used in the area of the electronic assembly in which the electronic components are mounted to the surface of the printed circuit board (PCB). Most of the defects in the SMT process are mainly related to the quality of solder paste printing. These defects lead to considerable manufacturing costs in the electronics assembly industry. Therefore, the solder paste inspection (SPI) machine for controlling and monitoring the amount of solder paste printing has become an important part of the production process. So far, the setting of the SPI threshold is based on statistical analysis and experts’ experiences to determine the appropriate threshold settings. Because the production data are not normal distribution and there are various variations in the production processes, defects related to solder paste printing still occur. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes an online machine learning algorithm, called the automatic threshold adjustment (ATA) algorithm, and closed-loop architecture in the SMT process to determine the best threshold settings. Simulation experiments prove that our proposed threshold settings improve the accuracy from 99.85% to 100%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=big%20data%20analytics" title="big data analytics">big data analytics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Industry%204.0" title=" Industry 4.0"> Industry 4.0</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SPI%20threshold%20setting" title=" SPI threshold setting"> SPI threshold setting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20mount%20technology" title=" surface mount technology"> surface mount technology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114158/automatic-adjustment-of-thresholds-via-closed-loop-feedback-mechanism-for-solder-paste-inspection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114158.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">116</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5335</span> On the Algorithmic Iterative Solutions of Conjugate Gradient, Gauss-Seidel and Jacobi Methods for Solving Systems of Linear Equations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hussaini%20Doko%20Ibrahim">Hussaini Doko Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamilton%20Cyprian%20Chinwenyi"> Hamilton Cyprian Chinwenyi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henrietta%20Nkem%20Ude"> Henrietta Nkem Ude</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, efforts were made to examine and compare the algorithmic iterative solutions of the conjugate gradient method as against other methods such as Gauss-Seidel and Jacobi approaches for solving systems of linear equations of the form Ax=b, where A is a real n×n symmetric and positive definite matrix. We performed algorithmic iterative steps and obtained analytical solutions of a typical 3×3 symmetric and positive definite matrix using the three methods described in this paper (Gauss-Seidel, Jacobi, and conjugate gradient methods), respectively. From the results obtained, we discovered that the conjugate gradient method converges faster to exact solutions in fewer iterative steps than the two other methods, which took many iterations, much time, and kept tending to the exact solutions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conjugate%20gradient" title="conjugate gradient">conjugate gradient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20equations" title=" linear equations"> linear equations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=symmetric%20and%20positive%20definite%20matrix" title=" symmetric and positive definite matrix"> symmetric and positive definite matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gauss-seidel" title=" gauss-seidel"> gauss-seidel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jacobi" title=" Jacobi"> Jacobi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=algorithm" title=" algorithm"> algorithm</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138341/on-the-algorithmic-iterative-solutions-of-conjugate-gradient-gauss-seidel-and-jacobi-methods-for-solving-systems-of-linear-equations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138341.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5334</span> Variable-Fidelity Surrogate Modelling with Kriging</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Selvakumar%20Ulaganathan">Selvakumar Ulaganathan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ivo%20Couckuyt"> Ivo Couckuyt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Francesco%20Ferranti"> Francesco Ferranti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tom%20Dhaene"> Tom Dhaene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eric%20Laermans"> Eric Laermans</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Variable-fidelity surrogate modelling offers an efficient way to approximate function data available in multiple degrees of accuracy each with varying computational cost. In this paper, a Kriging-based variable-fidelity surrogate modelling approach is introduced to approximate such deterministic data. Initially, individual Kriging surrogate models, which are enhanced with gradient data of different degrees of accuracy, are constructed. Then these Gradient enhanced Kriging surrogate models are strategically coupled using a recursive CoKriging formulation to provide an accurate surrogate model for the highest fidelity data. While, intuitively, gradient data is useful to enhance the accuracy of surrogate models, the primary motivation behind this work is to investigate if it is also worthwhile incorporating gradient data of varying degrees of accuracy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kriging" title="Kriging">Kriging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CoKriging" title=" CoKriging"> CoKriging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surrogate%20modelling" title=" Surrogate modelling"> Surrogate modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Variable-%20fidelity%20modelling" title=" Variable- fidelity modelling"> Variable- fidelity modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gradients" title=" Gradients"> Gradients</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19031/variable-fidelity-surrogate-modelling-with-kriging" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19031.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">558</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5333</span> Effect of Manual Progressive Ischemic Pressure versus Post Isometric Facilitation in the Treatment of Latent Myofascial Trigger Points in Mechanical Neck Pain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20M.%20Diab">Mohamed M. Diab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fahmy%20E.%20Mohamed"> Fahmy E. Mohamed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alaa%20Balbaa"> Alaa Balbaa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: Myofascial pain syndrome a common type of non-articular musculoskeletal pain, is a condition associated with regional pain and muscle tenderness characterized by the presence of hypersensitive nodules. Objectives: the purpose of this study is to compare between the effects of manual progressive ischemic pressure versus the effect of post isometric facilitation in the treatment of Rhomboid latent myofascial trigger points. Methods: six patients had participated in this study. Patients divided into two groups. Group A treated by manual progressive ischemic pressure and traditional physical therapy program. Group B treated by post isometric facilitation and traditional physical therapy program. Treatment program was for 6 sessions over two week’s period. Result: Statistical analysis revealed that there is no significant difference in post treatment from pretreatment in pain severity (VAS) in myofascial trigger points with Rhomboid muscles) and Pain pressure threshold (PPT) for tenderness at both groups (A,B). Conclusion: ischemic pressure technique appear to be no more effective than post isometric facilitation in treatment of rhomboids latent myofacial trigger point. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rhmoiboid%20trigger%20point" title="Rhmoiboid trigger point">Rhmoiboid trigger point</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=myofacila%20trigger%20point" title=" myofacila trigger point"> myofacila trigger point</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ischemic%20pressure" title=" ischemic pressure"> ischemic pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=post%20isometric%20facilitation" title=" post isometric facilitation"> post isometric facilitation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45700/effect-of-manual-progressive-ischemic-pressure-versus-post-isometric-facilitation-in-the-treatment-of-latent-myofascial-trigger-points-in-mechanical-neck-pain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/45700.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">312</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5332</span> Effect of Gaseous Imperfections on the Supersonic Flow Parameters for Air in Nozzles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Merouane%20Salhi">Merouane Salhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toufik%20Zebbiche"> Toufik Zebbiche</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> When the stagnation pressure of perfect gas increases, the specific heat and their ratio do not remain constant anymore and start to vary with this pressure. The gas doesn’t remain perfect. Its state equation change and it becomes for a real gas. In this case, the effects of molecular size and intermolecular attraction forces intervene to correct the state equation. The aim of this work is to show and discuss the effect of stagnation pressure on supersonic thermodynamical, physical and geometrical flow parameters, to find a general case for real gas. With the assumptions that Berthelot’s state equation accounts for the molecular size and intermolecular force effects, expressions are developed for analyzing supersonic flow for thermally and calorically imperfect gas lower than the dissociation molecules threshold. The designs parameters for supersonic nozzle like thrust coefficient depend directly on stagnation parameters of the combustion chamber. The application is for air. A computation of error is made in this case to give a limit of perfect gas model compared to real gas model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supersonic%20flow" title="supersonic flow">supersonic flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real%20gas%20model" title=" real gas model"> real gas model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Berthelot%E2%80%99s%20state%20equation" title=" Berthelot’s state equation"> Berthelot’s state equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simpson%E2%80%99s%20method" title=" Simpson’s method"> Simpson’s method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=condensation%20function" title=" condensation function"> condensation function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stagnation%20pressure" title=" stagnation pressure"> stagnation pressure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19069/effect-of-gaseous-imperfections-on-the-supersonic-flow-parameters-for-air-in-nozzles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19069.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">447</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5331</span> Some Fundamental Physical Properties of BiGaO₃ Cubic Perovskite</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Gueridi">B. Gueridi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Chihi"> T. Chihi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Fatmi"> M. Fatmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Faci"> A. Faci</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Some fundamental physical properties of BiGaO₃ were investigated under pressure and temperature effect using generalized gradient approximation and local density approximation approaches. The effect of orientation on Debye temperature and sound waves velocities were estimated from elastic constants. The value of the bulk modulus of BiGaO₃ is a sign of its high hardness because it is linked to an isotropic deformation. BiGaO₃ is a semiconductor and ductile material with covalent bonding (Ga–O), and the Bi-O bonding is ionic. The optical transitions were observed when electrons pass from the top of the valence band (O-2p) to the bottom of the conduction band (Ga-4p or Bi-6p). The thermodynamic parameters are determined in temperature and pressure ranging from 0 to 1800 K and 0 to 50 GPa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BiGaO%E2%82%83%20perovskite" title="BiGaO₃ perovskite">BiGaO₃ perovskite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optical%20absorption" title=" optical absorption"> optical absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=first%20principle" title=" first principle"> first principle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=band%20structure" title=" band structure"> band structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157896/some-fundamental-physical-properties-of-bigao3-cubic-perovskite" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157896.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">127</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5330</span> Particle Gradient Generation in a Microchannel Using a Single IDT</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Florian%20Kiebert">Florian Kiebert</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hagen%20Schmidt"> Hagen Schmidt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Standing surface acoustic waves (sSAWs) have already been used to manipulate particles in a microfluidic channel made of polydimethylsiloxan (PDMS). Usually two identical facing interdigital transducers (IDTs) are exploited to form an sSAW. Further, it has been reported that an sSAW can be generated by a single IDT using a superstrate resonating cavity or a PDMS post. Nevertheless, both setups utilising a traveling surface acoustic wave (tSAW) to create an sSAW for particle manipulation are costly. We present a simplified setup with a tSAW and a PDMS channel to form an sSAW. The incident tSAW is reflected at the rear PDMS channel wall and superimposed with the reflected tSAW. This superpositioned waves generates an sSAW but only at regions where the distance to the rear channel wall is smaller as the attenuation length of the tSAW minus the channel width. Therefore in a channel of 500µm width a tSAW with a wavelength λ = 120 µm causes a sSAW over the whole channel, whereas a tSAW with λ = 60 µm only forms an sSAW next to the rear wall of the channel, taken into account the attenuation length of a tSAW in water. Hence, it is possible to concentrate and trap particles in a defined region of the channel by adjusting the relation between the channel width and tSAW wavelength. Moreover, it is possible to generate a particle gradient over the channel width by picking the right ratio between channel wall and wavelength. The particles are moved towards the rear wall by the acoustic streaming force (ASF) and the acoustic radiation force (ARF) caused by the tSAW generated bulk acoustic wave (BAW). At regions in the channel were the sSAW is dominating the ARF focuses the particles in the pressure nodes formed by the sSAW caused BAW. On the one side the ARF generated by the sSAW traps the particle at the center of the tSAW beam, i. e. of the IDT aperture. On the other side, the ASF leads to two vortices, one on the left and on the right side of the focus region, deflecting the particles out of it. Through variation of the applied power it is possible to vary the number of particles trapped in the focus points, because near to the rear wall the amplitude of the reflected tSAW is higher and, therefore, the ARF of the sSAW is stronger. So in the vicinity of the rear wall the concentration of particles is higher but decreases with increasing distance to the wall, forming a gradient of particles. The particle gradient depends on the applied power as well as on the flow rate. Thus by variation of these two parameters it is possible to change the particle gradient. Furthermore, we show that the particle gradient can be modified by changing the relation between the channel width and tSAW wavelength. Concluding a single IDT generates an sSAW in a PDMS microchannel enables particle gradient generation in a well-defined microfluidic flow system utilising the ARF and ASF of a tSAW and an sSAW. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ARF" title="ARF">ARF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ASF" title=" ASF"> ASF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20manipulation" title=" particle manipulation"> particle manipulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sSAW" title=" sSAW"> sSAW</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tSAW" title=" tSAW "> tSAW </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37810/particle-gradient-generation-in-a-microchannel-using-a-single-idt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37810.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5329</span> High-Pressure Calculations of the Elastic Properties of ZnSx Se 1−x Alloy in the Virtual-Crystal Approximation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Lebga">N. Lebga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kh.%20Bouamama"> Kh. Bouamama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Kassali"> K. Kassali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We report first-principles calculation results on the structural and elastic properties of ZnS x Se1−x alloy for which we employed the virtual crystal approximation provided with the ABINIT program. The calculations done using density functional theory within the local density approximation and employing the virtual-crystal approximation, we made a comparative study between the numerical results obtained from ab-initio calculation using ABINIT or Wien2k within the Density Functional Theory framework with either Local Density Approximation or Generalized Gradient approximation and the pseudo-potential plane-wave method with the Hartwigzen Goedecker Hutter scheme potentials. It is found that the lattice parameter, the phase transition pressure, and the elastic constants (and their derivative with respect to the pressure) follow a quadratic law in x. The variation of the elastic constants is also numerically studied and the phase transformations are discussed in relation to the mechanical stability criteria. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=density%20functional%20theory" title="density functional theory">density functional theory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elastic%20properties" title=" elastic properties"> elastic properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZnS" title=" ZnS"> ZnS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ZnSe" title=" ZnSe"> ZnSe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=" title=" "> </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33371/high-pressure-calculations-of-the-elastic-properties-of-znsx-se-1x-alloy-in-the-virtual-crystal-approximation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33371.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">574</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5328</span> Data-Driven Analysis of Velocity Gradient Dynamics Using Neural Network</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nishant%20Parashar">Nishant Parashar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sawan%20S.%20Sinha"> Sawan S. Sinha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Balaji%20Srinivasan"> Balaji Srinivasan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We perform an investigation of the unclosed terms in the evolution equation of the velocity gradient tensor (VGT) in compressible decaying turbulent flow. Velocity gradients in a compressible turbulent flow field influence several important nonlinear turbulent processes like cascading and intermittency. In an attempt to understand the dynamics of the velocity gradients various researchers have tried to model the unclosed terms in the evolution equation of the VGT. The existing models proposed for these unclosed terms have limited applicability. This is mainly attributable to the complex structure of the higher order gradient terms appearing in the evolution equation of VGT. We investigate these higher order gradients using the data from direct numerical simulation (DNS) of compressible decaying isotropic turbulent flow. The gas kinetic method aided with weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme (WENO) based flow- reconstruction is employed to generate DNS data. By applying neural-network to the DNS data, we map the structure of the unclosed higher order gradient terms in the evolution of the equation of the VGT with VGT itself. We validate our findings by performing alignment based study of the unclosed higher order gradient terms obtained using the neural network with the strain rate eigenvectors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compressible%20turbulence" title="compressible turbulence">compressible turbulence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neural%20network" title=" neural network"> neural network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=velocity%20gradient%20tensor" title=" velocity gradient tensor"> velocity gradient tensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=direct%20numerical%20simulation" title=" direct numerical simulation"> direct numerical simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101552/data-driven-analysis-of-velocity-gradient-dynamics-using-neural-network" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/101552.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">168</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5327</span> Transport of Analytes under Mixed Electroosmotic and Pressure Driven Flow of Power Law Fluid</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naren%20Bag">Naren Bag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Bhattacharyya"> S. Bhattacharyya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Partha%20P.%20Gopmandal"> Partha P. Gopmandal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, we have analyzed the transport of analytes under a two dimensional steady incompressible flow of power-law fluids through rectangular nanochannel. A mathematical model based on the Cauchy momentum-Nernst-Planck-Poisson equations is considered to study the combined effect of mixed electroosmotic (EO) and pressure driven (PD) flow. The coupled governing equations are solved numerically by finite volume method. We have studied extensively the effect of key parameters, e.g., flow behavior index, concentration of the electrolyte, surface potential, imposed pressure gradient and imposed electric field strength on the net average flow across the channel. In addition to study the effect of mixed EOF and PD on the analyte distribution across the channel, we consider a nonlinear model based on general convective-diffusion-electromigration equation. We have also presented the retention factor for various values of electrolyte concentration and flow behavior index. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20double%20layer" title="electric double layer">electric double layer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20volume%20method" title=" finite volume method"> finite volume method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20behavior%20index" title=" flow behavior index"> flow behavior index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20electroosmotic%2Fpressure%20driven%20flow" title=" mixed electroosmotic/pressure driven flow"> mixed electroosmotic/pressure driven flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-Newtonian%20power-law%20fluids" title=" non-Newtonian power-law fluids"> non-Newtonian power-law fluids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20simulation" title=" numerical simulation"> numerical simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65760/transport-of-analytes-under-mixed-electroosmotic-and-pressure-driven-flow-of-power-law-fluid" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65760.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">311</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5326</span> Numerical Study on the Cavity-Induced Piping Failure of Embankment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20J.%20Kim">H. J. Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20C.%20Park"> G. C. Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20C.%20Kim"> K. C. Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20H.%20Shin"> J. H. Shin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cavities are frequently found beneath conduits on pile foundations in old embankments. Cavity reduces seepage length significantly and consequently causes piping failure of embankments. Case studies of embankment failures indicate that the relative settlement between ground and pile supported-concrete conduit was the main reason of the cavity. In this paper, an attempt to simulate the cavity-induced piping failure mechanism was made using finite element numerical method. Piping potential is examined by carrying out parametric study for influencing factors such as cavity length, water level, and flow conditions. The concentration of hydraulic gradient adjacent to cavity was found. It is found that the hydraulic gradient close to the cavity exceeds considerably the critical hydraulic gradient causing piping. Piping failure potential due to the existence of cavity is evaluated and contour map for the potential risk of an embankment for piping failure is proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cavity" title="cavity">cavity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydraulic%20gradient" title=" hydraulic gradient"> hydraulic gradient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=levee" title=" levee"> levee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=piping" title=" piping"> piping</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33770/numerical-study-on-the-cavity-induced-piping-failure-of-embankment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33770.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">520</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5325</span> Robot Movement Using the Trust Region Policy Optimization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Romisaa%20Ali">Romisaa Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Policy Gradient approach is one of the deep reinforcement learning families that combines deep neural networks (DNN) with reinforcement learning RL to discover the optimum of the control problem through experience gained from the interaction between the robot and its surroundings. In contrast to earlier policy gradient algorithms, which were unable to handle these two types of error because of over-or under-estimation introduced by the deep neural network model, this article will discuss the state-of-the-art SOTA policy gradient technique, trust region policy optimization (TRPO), by applying this method in various environments compared to another policy gradient method, the Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), to explain their robust optimization, using this SOTA to gather experience data during various training phases after observing the impact of hyper-parameters on neural network performance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20neural%20networks" title="deep neural networks">deep neural networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20reinforcement%20learning" title=" deep reinforcement learning"> deep reinforcement learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=proximal%20policy%20optimization" title=" proximal policy optimization"> proximal policy optimization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=state-of-the-art" title=" state-of-the-art"> state-of-the-art</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trust%20region%20policy%20optimization" title=" trust region policy optimization"> trust region policy optimization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158075/robot-movement-using-the-trust-region-policy-optimization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158075.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">169</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5324</span> An Accelerated Stochastic Gradient Method with Momentum</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Liang%20Liu">Liang Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaopeng%20Luo"> Xiaopeng Luo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, we propose an accelerated stochastic gradient method with momentum. The momentum term is the weighted average of generated gradients, and the weights decay inverse proportionally with the iteration times. Stochastic gradient descent with momentum (SGDM) uses weights that decay exponentially with the iteration times to generate the momentum term. Using exponential decay weights, variants of SGDM with inexplicable and complicated formats have been proposed to achieve better performance. However, the momentum update rules of our method are as simple as that of SGDM. We provide theoretical convergence analyses, which show both the exponential decay weights and our inverse proportional decay weights can limit the variance of the parameter moving directly to a region. Experimental results show that our method works well with many practical problems and outperforms SGDM. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exponential%20decay%20rate%20weight" title="exponential decay rate weight">exponential decay rate weight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gradient%20descent" title=" gradient descent"> gradient descent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inverse%20proportional%20decay%20rate%20weight" title=" inverse proportional decay rate weight"> inverse proportional decay rate weight</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=momentum" title=" momentum"> momentum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133507/an-accelerated-stochastic-gradient-method-with-momentum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/133507.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5323</span> Electrokinetic Transport of Power Law Fluid through Hydrophobic Micro-Slits</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ainul%20Haque">Ainul Haque</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ameeye%20Kumar%20Nayak"> Ameeye Kumar Nayak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Flow enhancement and species transport in a slit hydrophobic microchannel is studied for non-Newtonian fluids with the externally imposed electric field and pressure gradient. The incompressible Poisson-Nernst-Plank equations and the Navier-Stokes equations are approximated by lubrication theory to quantify the flow structure due to hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. The analytical quantification of velocity and pressure of electroosmotic flow (EOF) is made with the numerical results due to the staggered grid based finite volume method for flow governing equations. The resistance force due to fluid friction and shear force along the surface are decreased by the hydrophobicity, enables the faster movement of fluid particles. The resulting flow enhancement factor Ef is increased with the low viscous fluid and provides maximum species transport. Also, the analytical comparison of EOF with pressure driven EOF justifies the flow enhancement due to hydrophobicity and shear impact on flow variation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electroosmotic%20flow" title="electroosmotic flow">electroosmotic flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrophobic%20surface" title=" hydrophobic surface"> hydrophobic surface</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=power-law%20fluid" title=" power-law fluid"> power-law fluid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20effect" title=" shear effect"> shear effect</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81689/electrokinetic-transport-of-power-law-fluid-through-hydrophobic-micro-slits" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81689.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">377</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5322</span> Moving Object Detection Using Histogram of Uniformly Oriented Gradient</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wei-Jong%20Yang">Wei-Jong Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Siang%20Su"> Yu-Siang Su</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pau-Choo%20Chung"> Pau-Choo Chung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jar-Ferr%20Yang"> Jar-Ferr Yang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Moving object detection (MOD) is an important issue in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). There are two important moving objects, pedestrians and scooters in ADAS. In real-world systems, there exist two important challenges for MOD, including the computational complexity and the detection accuracy. The histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) features can easily detect the edge of object without invariance to changes in illumination and shadowing. However, to reduce the execution time for real-time systems, the image size should be down sampled which would lead the outlier influence to increase. For this reason, we propose the histogram of uniformly-oriented gradient (HUG) features to get better accurate description of the contour of human body. In the testing phase, the support vector machine (SVM) with linear kernel function is involved. Experimental results show the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed method. With SVM classifiers, the real testing results show the proposed HUG features achieve better than classification performance than the HOG ones. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=moving%20object%20detection" title="moving object detection">moving object detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histogram%20of%20oriented%20gradient" title=" histogram of oriented gradient"> histogram of oriented gradient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histogram%20of%20uniformly-oriented%20gradient" title=" histogram of uniformly-oriented gradient"> histogram of uniformly-oriented gradient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=linear%20support%20vector%20machine" title=" linear support vector machine"> linear support vector machine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62854/moving-object-detection-using-histogram-of-uniformly-oriented-gradient" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62854.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">594</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5321</span> Design and Synthesis of Gradient Nanocomposite Materials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pu%20Ying-Chih">Pu Ying-Chih</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yang%20Yin-Ju"> Yang Yin-Ju</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hang%20Jian-Yi"> Hang Jian-Yi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jang%20Guang-Way"> Jang Guang-Way </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Organic-Inorganic hybrid materials consisting of graded distributions of inorganic nano particles in organic polymer matrices were successfully prepared by the sol-gel process. Optical and surface properties of the resulting nano composites can be manipulated by changing their compositions and nano particle distribution gradients. Applications of gradient nano composite materials include sealants for LED packaging and screen lenses for smartphones. Optical transparency, prism coupler, TEM, SEM, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDX), Izod impact strength, conductivity, pencil hardness, and thermogravimetric characterizations of the nano composites were performed and the results will be presented. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gradient" title="Gradient">Gradient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hybrid" title=" Hybrid"> Hybrid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nanocomposite" title=" Nanocomposite"> Nanocomposite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Organic-Inorganic" title=" Organic-Inorganic"> Organic-Inorganic</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25011/design-and-synthesis-of-gradient-nanocomposite-materials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25011.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">506</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5320</span> Thermal and Caloric Imperfections Effect on the Supersonic Flow Parameters with Application for Air in Nozzles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Merouane%20Salhi">Merouane Salhi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toufik%20Zebbiche"> Toufik Zebbiche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Abada"> Omar Abada</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> When the stagnation pressure of perfect gas increases, the specific heat and their ratio do not remain constant anymore and start to vary with this pressure. The gas does not remain perfect. Its state equation change and it becomes a real gas. In this case, the effects of molecular size and inter molecular attraction forces intervene to correct the state equation. The aim of this work is to show and discuss the effect of stagnation pressure on supersonic thermo dynamical, physical and geometrical flow parameters, to find a general case for real gas. With the assumptions that Berthelot’s state equation accounts for molecular size and inter molecular force effects, expressions are developed for analyzing supersonic flow for thermally and calorically imperfect gas lower than the dissociation molecules threshold. The designs parameters for supersonic nozzle like thrust coefficient depend directly on stagnation parameters of the combustion chamber. The application is for air. A computation of error is made in this case to give a limit of perfect gas model compared to real gas model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supersonic%20flow" title="supersonic flow">supersonic flow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real%20gas%20model" title=" real gas model"> real gas model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Berthelot%E2%80%99s%20state%20equation" title=" Berthelot’s state equation"> Berthelot’s state equation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simpson%E2%80%99s%20method" title=" Simpson’s method"> Simpson’s method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=condensation%20function" title=" condensation function"> condensation function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stagnation%20pressure" title=" stagnation pressure"> stagnation pressure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18030/thermal-and-caloric-imperfections-effect-on-the-supersonic-flow-parameters-with-application-for-air-in-nozzles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/18030.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">525</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5319</span> Improving the Design of Blood Pressure and Blood Saturation Monitors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Parisi">L. Parisi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A blood pressure monitor or sphygmomanometer can be either manual or automatic, employing respectively either the auscultatory method or the oscillometric method. The manual version of the sphygmomanometer involves an inflatable cuff with a stethoscope adopted to detect the sounds generated by the arterial walls to measure blood pressure in an artery. An automatic sphygmomanometer can be effectively used to monitor blood pressure through a pressure sensor, which detects vibrations provoked by oscillations of the arterial walls. The pressure sensor implemented in this device improves the accuracy of the measurements taken. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blood%20pressure" title="blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blood%20saturation" title=" blood saturation"> blood saturation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensors" title=" sensors"> sensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=actuators" title=" actuators"> actuators</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20improvement" title=" design improvement"> design improvement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14649/improving-the-design-of-blood-pressure-and-blood-saturation-monitors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14649.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">455</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5318</span> Application of Simulated Annealing to Threshold Optimization in Distributed OS-CFAR System </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=L.%20Abdou">L. Abdou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Taibaoui"> O. Taibaoui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Moumen"> A. Moumen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Talib%20Ahmed">A. Talib Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper proposes an application of the simulated annealing to optimize the detection threshold in an ordered statistics constant false alarm rate (OS-CFAR) system. Using conventional optimization methods, such as the conjugate gradient, can lead to a local optimum and lose the global optimum. Also for a system with a number of sensors that is greater than or equal to three, it is difficult or impossible to find this optimum; Hence, the need to use other methods, such as meta-heuristics. From a variety of meta-heuristic techniques, we can find the simulated annealing (SA) method, inspired from a process used in metallurgy. This technique is based on the selection of an initial solution and the generation of a near solution randomly, in order to improve the criterion to optimize. In this work, two parameters will be subject to such optimisation and which are the statistical order (k) and the scaling factor (T). Two fusion rules; “AND” and “OR” were considered in the case where the signals are independent from sensor to sensor. The results showed that the application of the proposed method to the problem of optimisation in a distributed system is efficiency to resolve such problems. The advantage of this method is that it allows to browse the entire solutions space and to avoid theoretically the stagnation of the optimization process in an area of local minimum. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distributed%20system" title="distributed system">distributed system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=OS-CFAR%20system" title=" OS-CFAR system"> OS-CFAR system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=independent%20sensors" title=" independent sensors"> independent sensors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=simulating%20annealing" title=" simulating annealing"> simulating annealing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22281/application-of-simulated-annealing-to-threshold-optimization-in-distributed-os-cfar-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/22281.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">497</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5317</span> Elastic and Thermal Behaviour of LaX (X= Cd, Hg) Intermetallics: A DFT Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gitanjali%20Pagare">Gitanjali Pagare</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hansa%20Devi"> Hansa Devi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20P.%20Sanyal"> S. P. Sanyal </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Full-potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method has been employed within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and local spin density approximation (LSDA) as the exchange correlation potential to investigate elastic properties of LaX (X = Cd and Hg) in their B2-type (CsCl) crystal structure. The calculated ground state properties such as lattice constant (a0), bulk modulus (B) and pressure derivative of bulk modulus (B') agree well with the available experimental results. The second order elastic constants (C11, C12 and C44) have been calculated. The ductility or brittleness of these intermetallic compounds is predicted by using Pugh’s rule B/GH and Cauchy’s pressure (C12-C44). The calculated results indicate that LaHg is the ductile whereas LaCd is brittle in nature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ductility%2Fbrittleness" title="ductility/brittleness">ductility/brittleness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elastic%20constants" title=" elastic constants"> elastic constants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equation%20of%20states" title=" equation of states"> equation of states</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FP-LAPW%20method" title=" FP-LAPW method"> FP-LAPW method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intermetallics" title=" intermetallics "> intermetallics </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6401/elastic-and-thermal-behaviour-of-lax-x-cd-hg-intermetallics-a-dft-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6401.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">446</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5316</span> Proposals of Exposure Limits for Infrasound From Wind Turbines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Pawlaczyk-%C5%81uszczy%C5%84ska">M. Pawlaczyk-Łuszczyńska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Wszo%C5%82ek"> T. Wszołek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Dudarewicz"> A. Dudarewicz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Ma%C5%82ecki"> P. Małecki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20K%C5%82aczy%C5%84ski"> M. Kłaczyński</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Bortkiewicz"> A. Bortkiewicz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Human tolerance to infrasound is defined by the hearing threshold. Infrasound that cannot be heard (or felt) is not annoying and is not thought to have any other adverse or health effects. Recent research has largely confirmed earlier findings. ISO 7196:1995 recommends the use of G-weighted characteristics for the assessment of infrasound. There is a strong correlation between G-weighted SPL and annoyance perception. The aim of this study was to propose exposure limits for infrasound from wind turbines. However, only a few countries have set limits for infrasound. These limits are usually no higher than 85-92 dBG, and none of them are specific to wind turbines. Over the years, a number of studies have been carried out to determine hearing thresholds below 20 Hz. It has been recognized that 10% of young people would be able to perceive 10 Hz at around 90 dB, and it has also been found that the difference in median hearing thresholds between young adults aged around 20 years and older adults aged over 60 years is around 10 dB, irrespective of frequency. This shows that older people (up to about 60 years of age) retain good hearing in the low frequency range, while their sensitivity to higher frequencies is often significantly reduced. In terms of exposure limits for infrasound, the average hearing threshold corresponds to a tone with a G-weighted SPL of about 96 dBG. In contrast, infrasound at Lp,G levels below 85-90 dBG is usually inaudible. The individual hearing threshold can, therefore be 10-15 dB lower than the average threshold, so the recommended limits for environmental infrasound could be 75 dBG or 80 dBG. It is worth noting that the G86 curve has been taken as the threshold of auditory perception of infrasound reached by 90-95% of the population, so the G75 and G80 curves can be taken as the criterion curve for wind turbine infrasound. Finally, two assessment methods and corresponding exposure limit values have been proposed for wind turbine infrasound, i.e. method I - based on G-weighted sound pressure level measurements and method II - based on frequency analysis in 1/3-octave bands in the frequency range 4-20 Hz. Separate limit values have been set for outdoor living areas in the open countryside (Area A) and for noise sensitive areas (Area B). In the case of Method I, infrasound limit values of 80 dBG (for areas A) and 75 dBG (for areas B) have been proposed, while in the case of Method II - criterion curves G80 and G75 have been chosen (for areas A and B, respectively). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrasound" title="infrasound">infrasound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exposure%20limit" title=" exposure limit"> exposure limit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hearing%20thresholds" title=" hearing thresholds"> hearing thresholds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wind%20turbines" title=" wind turbines"> wind turbines</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174872/proposals-of-exposure-limits-for-infrasound-from-wind-turbines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/174872.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5315</span> Iris Recognition Based on the Low Order Norms of Gradient Components</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iman%20A.%20Saad">Iman A. Saad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Loay%20E.%20George"> Loay E. George</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Iris pattern is an important biological feature of human body; it becomes very hot topic in both research and practical applications. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed for iris recognition and a simple, efficient and fast method is introduced to extract a set of discriminatory features using first order gradient operator applied on grayscale images. The gradient based features are robust, up to certain extents, against the variations may occur in contrast or brightness of iris image samples; the variations are mostly occur due lightening differences and camera changes. At first, the iris region is located, after that it is remapped to a rectangular area of size 360x60 pixels. Also, a new method is proposed for detecting eyelash and eyelid points; it depends on making image statistical analysis, to mark the eyelash and eyelid as a noise points. In order to cover the features localization (variation), the rectangular iris image is partitioned into N overlapped sub-images (blocks); then from each block a set of different average directional gradient densities values is calculated to be used as texture features vector. The applied gradient operators are taken along the horizontal, vertical and diagonal directions. The low order norms of gradient components were used to establish the feature vector. Euclidean distance based classifier was used as a matching metric for determining the degree of similarity between the features vector extracted from the tested iris image and template features vectors stored in the database. Experimental tests were performed using 2639 iris images from CASIA V4-Interival database, the attained recognition accuracy has reached up to 99.92%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iris%20recognition" title="iris recognition">iris recognition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contrast%20stretching" title=" contrast stretching"> contrast stretching</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gradient%20features" title=" gradient features"> gradient features</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=texture%20features" title=" texture features"> texture features</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Euclidean%20metric" title=" Euclidean metric"> Euclidean metric</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13277/iris-recognition-based-on-the-low-order-norms-of-gradient-components" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13277.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">335</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threshold%20pressure%20gradient&page=2" rel="prev">&lsaquo;</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threshold%20pressure%20gradient&page=1">1</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threshold%20pressure%20gradient&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">3</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=threshold%20pressure%20gradient&page=4">4</a></li> <li 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