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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Japanese_air_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Japanese air attack</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Japanese_air_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>After the action</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_the_sinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_the_sinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effects of the sinking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_the_sinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_ships_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_ships_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The ships today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_ships_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Memorial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Куантанска битка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Куантанска битка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zni%C4%8Den%C3%AD_Svazu_Z" title="Zničení Svazu Z – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zničení Svazu Z" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_Z" title="Force Z – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Force Z" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versenkung_der_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_und_HMS_Repulse" title="Versenkung der HMS Prince of Wales und HMS Repulse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Versenkung der HMS Prince of Wales und HMS Repulse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_del_golfo_Malayo" title="Batalla del golfo Malayo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla del golfo Malayo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkigo_de_la_%C5%9Dipoj_Prince_of_Wales_kaj_Repulse" title="Sinkigo de la ŝipoj Prince of Wales kaj Repulse – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sinkigo de la ŝipoj Prince of Wales kaj Repulse" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2_%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3" title="غرق رزم‌ناوهای پرنس ولز و رپولس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غرق رزم‌ناوهای پرنس ولز و رپولس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attaque_du_Prince_of_Wales_et_du_Repulse" title="Attaque du Prince of Wales et du Repulse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Attaque du Prince of Wales et du Repulse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4_%ED%95%B4%EC%A0%84" title="말레이 해전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="말레이 해전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penenggelaman_Prince_of_Wales_dan_Repulse" title="Penenggelaman Prince of Wales dan Repulse – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penenggelaman Prince of Wales dan Repulse" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affondamento_della_Prince_of_Wales_e_della_Repulse" title="Affondamento della Prince of Wales e della Repulse – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Affondamento della Prince of Wales e della Repulse" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Prince_of_Wales_%C3%A9s_a_Repulse_els%C3%BCllyeszt%C3%A9se" title="A Prince of Wales és a Repulse elsüllyesztése – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A Prince of Wales és a Repulse elsüllyesztése" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenggelamnya_Prince_of_Wales_dan_Repulse" title="Tenggelamnya Prince of Wales dan Repulse – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tenggelamnya Prince of Wales dan Repulse" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E6%B2%96%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%A6" title="マレー沖海戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マレー沖海戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Kuantanem" title="Bitwa pod Kuantanem – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Kuantanem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atacul_asupra_navelor_Prince_of_Wales_%C8%99i_Repulse" title="Atacul asupra navelor Prince of Wales și Repulse – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Atacul asupra navelor Prince of Wales și Repulse" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бой у Куантана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бой у Куантана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Битка код Куантана – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Куантана" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="การจมของเรือหลวงปรินส์ออฟเวลส์และรีพัลส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การจมของเรือหลวงปรินส์ออฟเวลส์และรีพัลส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Бій біля Куантана – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бій біля Куантана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1nh_ch%C3%ACm_Prince_of_Wales_v%C3%A0_Repulse" title="Đánh chìm Prince of Wales và Repulse – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đánh chìm Prince of Wales và Repulse" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E4%BA%9E%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="馬來亞海戰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬來亞海戰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&params=03_33_36_N_104_28_42_E_scale:3000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">03°33′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">104°28′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">3.56000°N 104.47833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">3.56000; 104.47833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">December 1941 naval engagement in the Pacific Theater of WW2</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Sinking of <i>Prince of Wales</i> and <i>Repulse</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Prince_of_Wales_and_HMS_Repulse_underway_with_a_destroyer_on_10_December_1941_(HU_2762).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_and_HMS_Repulse_underway_with_a_destroyer_on_10_December_1941_%28HU_2762%29.jpg/300px-HMS_Prince_of_Wales_and_HMS_Repulse_underway_with_a_destroyer_on_10_December_1941_%28HU_2762%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_and_HMS_Repulse_underway_with_a_destroyer_on_10_December_1941_%28HU_2762%29.jpg/450px-HMS_Prince_of_Wales_and_HMS_Repulse_underway_with_a_destroyer_on_10_December_1941_%28HU_2762%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_and_HMS_Repulse_underway_with_a_destroyer_on_10_December_1941_%28HU_2762%29.jpg/600px-HMS_Prince_of_Wales_and_HMS_Repulse_underway_with_a_destroyer_on_10_December_1941_%28HU_2762%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="514" /></a></span><br /><i>Prince of Wales</i> (left, front) and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)" title="HMS Repulse (1916)"><i>Repulse</i></a> (left, behind) after being hit by torpedoes on 10 December 1941. A destroyer, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Express_(H61)" title="HMS Express (H61)">HMS <i>Express</i></a>, is manoeuvring in the foreground.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>10 December 1941</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&params=03_33_36_N_104_28_42_E_scale:3000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">03°33′36″N</span> <span class="longitude">104°28′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">3.56000°N 104.47833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">3.56000; 104.47833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Japanese victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span data-sort-value="Japan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 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Service</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Phillips_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Tom Phillips (Royal Navy officer)">Tom Phillips</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Leach_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Leach (Royal Navy officer)">John Leach</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Tennant_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="William Tennant (Royal Navy officer)">William Tennant</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niichi_Nakanishi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niichi Nakanishi (page does not exist)">Niichi Nakanishi</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shichizo_Miyauchi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shichizo Miyauchi (page does not exist)">Shichizo Miyauchi</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan"><img alt="Empire of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/23px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/35px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg/45px-Naval_ensign_of_the_Empire_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hachiro_Shoji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hachiro Shoji (page does not exist)">Hachiro Shoji</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Force_Z" title="Force Z">Force Z</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Genzan_Air_Group" title="Genzan Air Group">Genzan Air Group</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kanoya_Air_Group" title="Kanoya Air Group">Kanoya Air Group</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mihoro_Air_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mihoro Air Group (page does not exist)">Mihoro Air Group</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1 battleship<br />1 battlecruiser<br />4 destroyers</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 88 aircraft<br /><small>(34 torpedo aircraft,<br />51 level bombers,<br />3 scouting aircraft)</small></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1 battleship sunk<br />1 battlecruiser sunk<br />840 killed</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 4 aircraft destroyed<br />28 damaged<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_S._Dull,_2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_S._Dull,_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2 seaplanes missing<br />18 killed<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_South_China_Sea.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse is located in South China Sea"><img alt="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse is located in South China Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Relief_Map_of_South_China_Sea.png/220px-Relief_Map_of_South_China_Sea.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Relief_Map_of_South_China_Sea.png/330px-Relief_Map_of_South_China_Sea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Relief_Map_of_South_China_Sea.png/440px-Relief_Map_of_South_China_Sea.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1229" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:86.039%;left:24.91%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse"><img alt="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_South_China_Sea.png" title="File:Relief Map of South China Sea.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location within South China Sea</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Japanese_offensives,_1940–19425255" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_1940%E2%80%931942" title="Template:Campaignbox Pacific 1940–1942"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Pacific_1940%E2%80%931942" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Pacific 1940–1942"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Pacific_1940%E2%80%931942" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Pacific 1940–1942"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Japanese_offensives,_1940–19425255" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War#Japanese_offensives,_1941–1942" title="Pacific War">Japanese offensives, <br />1940–1942</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1940</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Suiyuan" title="Battle of West Suiyuan">West Suiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuyuan" title="Battle of Wuyuan">Wuyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimingjie_germ_weapon_attack" title="Kaimingjie germ weapon attack">Kaimingjie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Hubei_Operation" title="Central Hubei Operation">Central Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Alls_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Alls Policy">North China</a></li></ul> <p><b>1941</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panjiayu_Massacre" title="Panjiayu Massacre">Panjiayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hubei_Operation" title="Western Hubei Operation">Western Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">2nd Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Wake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bombardment_of_Midway" title="First Bombardment of Midway">Sand Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niihau_incident" title="Niihau incident">Niihau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">3rd Changsha</a></li></ul> <p><b>1942</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Qantas_Short_Empire_shootdown" title="1942 Qantas Short Empire shootdown">Qantas Short Empire shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Darwin" title="Bombing of Darwin">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Ellwood" title="Bombardment of Ellwood">Ellwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Broome" title="Attack on Broome">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_KNILM_Douglas_DC-3_shootdown" title="1942 KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown">KNILM Douglas DC-3 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_K" title="Operation K">Operation K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Tulagi_(May_1942)" title="Invasion of Tulagi (May 1942)">Tulagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_RY" title="Operation RY">Nauru and Ocean Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Sydney_Harbour" title="Attack on Sydney Harbour">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelling_of_Newcastle" title="Shelling of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Fort_Stevens" title="Bombardment of Fort Stevens">Fort Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Dureenbee" title="Attack on the Dureenbee">Dureenbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookout_Air_Raids" title="Lookout Air Raids">Mount Emily</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="South-East_Asian_Theater8384" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_South-East_Asian_Theatre" title="Template:Campaignbox South-East Asian Theatre"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_South-East_Asian_Theatre" title="Template talk:Campaignbox South-East Asian Theatre"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_South-East_Asian_Theatre" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox South-East Asian Theatre"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="South-East_Asian_Theater8384" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II"><span class="wrap">South-East Asian Theater</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Thai_War" title="Franco-Thai War">Franco-Thai War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ko_Chang" title="Battle of Ko Chang">Ko Chang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Coup de main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Revolution" title="August Revolution">August Revolution</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Bangkok_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Bangkok in World War II">Air raids</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya and Singapore</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">1st Singapore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jitra" title="Battle of Jitra">Jitra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Krohcol" title="Operation Krohcol"><i>Krohcol</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurun" title="Battle of Gurun">Gurun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kampar" title="Battle of Kampar">Kampar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slim_River" title="Battle of Slim River">Slim River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gemas" title="Battle of Gemas">Gemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Muar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parit_Sulong_Massacre" title="Parit Sulong Massacre">Parit Sulong Massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Endau" title="Battle off Endau">Endau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">2nd Singapore</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">1st Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manado" title="Battle of Manado">Manado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1942)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1942)">Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1942)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1942)">Balikpapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambon" title="Battle of Ambon">Ambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makassar_Strait" title="Battle of Makassar Strait">Makassar Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Sumatra" title="Invasion of Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Palembang" title="Battle of Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badung_Strait" title="Battle of Badung Strait">Badung Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Langley_(CV-1)#Seaplane_tender" title="USS Langley (CV-1)">USS <i>Langley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">1st Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sunda_Strait" title="Battle of Sunda Strait">Sunda Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Java_(1942)" title="Battle of Java (1942)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Second Battle of the Java Sea">2nd Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_June_1945" title="Action of 8 June 1945">8 June 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">2nd Borneo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1945)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1945)">Tarakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1945)">Balikpapan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_27_February_1941" title="Action of 27 February 1941">27 February 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_May_1941" title="Action of 8 May 1941">8 May 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMAS_Sydney" title="Sinking of HMAS Sydney"><i>Sydney</i> vs <i>Kormoran</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_raiders_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Japanese raiders in the Indian Ocean">Japanese raiders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Andaman and Nicobar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homfreyganj_massacre" title="Homfreyganj massacre">Homfreyganj massacre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">1st Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Easter Sunday Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Islands mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_November_1943" title="Action of 13 November 1943">13 November 1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_11_January_1944" title="Action of 11 January 1944">11 January 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_14_February_1944" title="Action of 14 February 1944">14 February 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">2nd Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_17_July_1944" title="Action of 17 July 1944">17 July 1944</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma, India and China</a></dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bilin_River" title="Battle of Bilin River">Bilin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sittang_Bridge" title="Battle of Sittang Bridge">Sittang Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pegu" title="Battle of Pegu">Pegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taukkyan_Roadblock" title="Taukkyan Roadblock">Taukkyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yunnan%E2%80%93Burma_Road" title="Battle of the Yunnan–Burma Road">Yunnan-Burma Road</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tachiao" title="Battle of Tachiao">Tachiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oktwin" title="Battle of Oktwin">Oktwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toungoo" title="Battle of Toungoo">Toungoo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Army#Battle_of_Shwedaung" title="Burma Independence Army">Shwedaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prome_(1942)" title="Battle of Prome (1942)">Prome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenangyaung" title="Battle of Yenangyaung">Yenangyaung</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1942%E2%80%931943)" title="Burma campaign (1942–1943)">Burma campaign (1942–1943)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan_Campaign_1942%E2%80%9343" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakan Campaign 1942–43">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hump" title="The Hump">The Hump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindits" title="Chindits">Chindits</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944)" title="Burma campaign (1944)">Burma campaign (1944)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindits#Interlude" title="Chindits">Chindits (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Admin_Box" title="Battle of the Admin Box">Admin Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U Go</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sangshak" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sangshak">Sangshak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tennis_Court" title="Battle of the Tennis Court">Tennis Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Myitkyina" title="Siege of Myitkyina">Myitkyina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mogaung" title="Battle of Mogaung">Mogaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Song" title="Battle of Mount Song">Mount Song</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma campaign (1944–1945)</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Meiktila_and_Mandalay" title="Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay">Meiktila & Mandalay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pokoku_and_Irrawaddy_River_operations" title="Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations">Pakokku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_170" title="Battle of Hill 170">Hill 170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramree_Island" title="Battle of Ramree Island">Ramree Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tanlwe_Chaung" title="Battle of Tanlwe Chaung">Tanlwe Chaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dracula" title="Operation Dracula"><i>Dracula</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elephant_Point" title="Battle of Elephant Point">Elephant Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sittang_Bend" title="Battle of the Sittang Bend">Sittang Bend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Malayan_campaign1640" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_Malaya" title="Template:Campaignbox Battle of Malaya"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Battle_of_Malaya" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Battle of Malaya"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Battle_of_Malaya" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Battle of Malaya"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Malayan_campaign1640" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign"><span class="wrap">Malayan campaign</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kota_Bharu" title="Battle of Kota Bharu">Japanese invasion/Kota Bharu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">Singapore bombing</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prince of Wales & Repulse</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jitra" title="Battle of Jitra">Jitra</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Krohcol" title="Operation Krohcol">Krohcol</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurun" title="Battle of Gurun">Gurun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kampar" title="Battle of Kampar">Kampar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Slim_River" title="Battle of Slim River">Slim River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gemas" title="Battle of Gemas">Gemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Muar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Endau" title="Battle off Endau">Endau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarimbun_Beach" title="Battle of Sarimbun Beach">Sarimbun Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kranji" title="Battle of Kranji">Kranji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bukit_Timah" title="Battle of Bukit Timah">Bukit Timah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pasir_Panjang" title="Battle of Pasir Panjang">Pasir Panjang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>sinking of <i>Prince of Wales</i> and <i>Repulse</i></b> was a <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare" title="Naval warfare">naval engagement</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">war in the Pacific</a>, that took place on 10 December 1941 in the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> off the east coast of the British colonies of <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and its coastal towns), 70 miles (61 nautical miles; 110 kilometres) east of <a href="/wiki/Kuantan" title="Kuantan">Kuantan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)">HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)" title="HMS Repulse (1916)">HMS <i>Repulse</i></a> were sunk by land-based <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_bomber" title="Torpedo bomber">torpedo bombers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>. In Japan, the engagement was referred to as the <b>Naval Battle of Malaya</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">マレー沖海戦</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Marē-oki kaisen</i></span>)</span>. </p><p>The objective of <a href="/wiki/Force_Z" title="Force Z">Force Z</a>, which consisted of one battleship, one battlecruiser and four <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>, was to intercept the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Japanese invasion fleet</a> in the South China Sea north of Malaya. The task force sailed without air support. Although the British had a close encounter with Japanese heavy surface units, the force failed to find and destroy the main convoy. On their return to Singapore they were attacked in open waters and sunk by long-range torpedo bombers. The commander of Force Z, <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(Royal_Navy)" title="Admiral (Royal Navy)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom_Phillips_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Tom Phillips (Royal Navy officer)">Sir Tom Phillips</a>, elected to maintain radio silence and an alert was not sent (by the <i>Repulse</i>) until one hour after the first Japanese attack. </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> only two days earlier, on the other side of the International Date Line, the Malayan engagement illustrated the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare" title="Aerial warfare">aerial attacks</a> against even the heaviest of <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">naval</a> assets if they were without air cover. This added to the importance for the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> of the three <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carriers</a> in the Pacific: <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">USS <i>Enterprise</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)" title="USS Lexington (CV-2)"><i>Lexington</i></a>, and <a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-3)" title="USS Saratoga (CV-3)"><i>Saratoga</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MoS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MoS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>N 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sinking of the two ships severely weakened the British <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Fleet">Eastern Fleet</a> in Singapore, and the Japanese fleet was engaged only by <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Endau" title="Battle off Endau">Battle off Endau</a> on 27 January 1942. Singapore itself <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">fell to the Japanese</a> on 15 February, leading to the largest surrender in British history. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Singapore" title="Category:History of Singapore">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">History of <span class="fn org label">Singapore</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg/150px-Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg/225px-Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg/300px-Plan_of_the_British_settlement_of_Singapore_published_1828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1566" data-file-height="2035" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Singapore" title="Early history of Singapore">Early history</a> (pre-1819)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 650–1377</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Temasek" title="Temasek">Temasek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Ya_Men" title="Long Ya Men">Long Ya Men</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Ban_Zu" title="Ban Zu">Ban Zu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> c.14th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Singapura" title="Kingdom of Singapura">Kingdom of Singapura</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1299–1398</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1400–1511</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Johor_Sultanate" title="Johor Sultanate">Johor Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1528–1819</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">British colonial era (1819–1942)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Founding_years_of_modern_Singapore" title="Founding years of modern Singapore">Founding</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1819–1826</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1826–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements#Crown_colony_(1867–1942)" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Crown colony</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1867–1942</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Japanese Occupation</a> (1942–1945)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1942</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Double_Tenth_incident" title="Double Tenth incident">Double Tenth incident</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1943</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Post-war period</a> (1945–1962)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore#First_Legislative_Council_(1948–1951)" title="History of Singapore">First Legislative Council</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1948–1951</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Hertogh_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Hertogh riots">Maria Hertogh riots</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1950</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore#Second_Legislative_Council_(1951–1955)" title="History of Singapore">Second Legislative Council</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1951–1955</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/1954_National_Service_riots" title="1954 National Service riots">Anti-National Service Riots</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1954</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Self-governance_of_Singapore" title="Self-governance of Singapore">Internal self-government</a> (1955–1963)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hock_Lee_bus_riots" title="Hock Lee bus riots">Hock Lee bus riots</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1955</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Glass_Factory_strikes" title="Singapore Glass Factory strikes">Singapore Glass Factory strikes</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1960</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Senang_prison_riots" title="Pulau Senang prison riots">Pulau Senang prison riots</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_Malaysia" title="Singapore in Malaysia">Merger with Malaysia</a> (1963–1965)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1962_Singaporean_integration_referendum" title="1962 Singaporean integration referendum">Singaporean referendum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1962</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Coldstore" title="Operation Coldstore">Operation Coldstore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1963</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/1964_race_riots_in_Singapore" title="1964 race riots in Singapore">Race riots in Singapore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1964</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/MacDonald_House_bombing" title="MacDonald House bombing">MacDonald House bombing</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1965</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Singapore" title="History of the Republic of Singapore">Republic of Singapore</a> (1965–present)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">ASEAN Declaration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1967</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/1969_race_riots_of_Singapore" title="1969 race riots of Singapore">1969 race riots of Singapore</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1969</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Laju_incident" title="Laju incident">Laju incident</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1974</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spectrum" title="Operation Spectrum">Operation Spectrum</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis#Singapore" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1997</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Singapore_embassies_attack_plot" title="Singapore embassies attack plot">Embassies attack plot</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2001</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2009_swine_flu_pandemic_in_Asia#Singapore" title="2009 swine flu pandemic in Asia">H1N1 pandemic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2009–2010</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2012_Singapore_bus_drivers%27_strike" title="2012 Singapore bus drivers' strike">Bus drivers' strike</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2013_Little_India_riot" title="2013 Little India riot">Little India riot</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2013</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/2018_North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_Singapore_Summit" title="2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit">2018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2018</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Singapore" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Singapore">COVID-19 pandemic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 2020–2022</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:none;background:gainsboro;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Singaporean_history" title="Timeline of Singaporean history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_riots_in_Singapore" title="List of riots in Singapore">Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Singapore" title="Military history of Singapore">Military</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/16px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/24px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/32px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Singapore" title="Portal:Singapore">Singapore portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Singapore" title="Template:History of Singapore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Singapore" title="Template talk:History of Singapore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Singapore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Singapore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Singapore_strategy" title="Singapore strategy">Singapore strategy</a></div> <p>In meetings on 17 and 20 October, the British Defence Committee formally discussed Far East naval reinforcement in response to the fall of the moderate <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Konoe</a> government on 16 October. In agreement with August–September assessment of Japanese intentions, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> and his cabinet favoured the deployment of a modern battleship for deterrent effect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd2017294–295_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd2017294–295-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, as part of its offensive strategy, planned to send the <a href="/wiki/Nelson-class_battleship" title="Nelson-class battleship"><i>Nelson</i>-class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revenge-class_battleship" title="Revenge-class battleship"><i>Revenge</i>-class battleships</a> to Singapore, but the <i>Nelson</i>s could not deploy. <a href="/wiki/HMS_Nelson_(28)" title="HMS Nelson (28)">HMS <i>Nelson</i></a> was damaged in the Mediterranean Sea in late-September.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_281_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd_281-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crew <a href="/wiki/Leave_(military)" title="Leave (military)">leave</a> prevented <a href="/wiki/HMS_Rodney_(29)" title="HMS Rodney (29)">HMS <i>Rodney</i></a> from deploying until mid-December, and a gun refit scheduled from February to May 1942 was required before she could conduct further operations. With working up, the earliest either could reach the Far East was August 1942. The <a href="/wiki/King_George_V-class_battleship_(1939)" title="King George V-class battleship (1939)"><i>King George V</i>-class battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)">HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i></a> was, aside from the <i>Revenge</i>s, the only worked-up battleship that could sail east before Spring 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_295_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd_295-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 October, the Committee decided to send <i>Prince of Wales</i> to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_297_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd_297-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once at Cape Town, a review would decide whether to send the ship onward to Singapore;<sup id="cite_ref-Mahoney_Middlebrook_ch3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahoney_Middlebrook_ch3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this would keep <i>Prince of Wales</i> available to respond to an emergency in home waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_311_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd_311-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1941, as a deterrent to Japanese territorial expansion which was recently demonstrated by the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_French_Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of French Indochina">invasion of French Indochina</a>, it was proposed that a force of Royal Navy warships be dispatched to the Far East with a view to providing reinforcement for Britain's possessions there, most notably Singapore. First Sea Lord Sir <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Pound" title="Dudley Pound">Dudley Pound</a> represented that Singapore could be adequately defended only if the Royal Navy sent the majority of its <a href="/wiki/Capital_ship" title="Capital ship">capital ships</a> there, to achieve parity with an estimated force of nine Japanese battleships. However, dispatching such a large British force was impractical as the British were at war with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Fascist Italy</a> much closer to home. Nevertheless, Churchill appeared optimistic about the improving situation in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean; he advocated sending two capital ships along with an aircraft carrier to defend Malaya, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>. </p><p>Churchill has been criticised for showing "considerable ignorance" and holding an "exaggerated belief in the power of the battleship," along with "a tendency to interfere in naval matters."<sup id="cite_ref-stephen102_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen102-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have led him to propose a squadron of three modern ships: one battleship, one battlecruiser, and one carrier.<sup id="cite_ref-stephen104_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen104-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His view was that using the <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> decrypts that would give Japanese ship locations to the British, they could then use their own ships to form a "<a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">fleet in being</a>" to deter Japanese action, as the German battleship <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Tirpitz" title="German battleship Tirpitz"><i>Tirpitz</i></a>, sister to the lost <a href="/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck"><i>Bismarck</i></a>, was in the North Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-stephen104_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen104-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there was no firm plan for such a task.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revised British proposal allocated the <i>Prince of Wales</i>, the veteran <a href="/wiki/Renown-class_battlecruiser" title="Renown-class battlecruiser"><i>Renown</i>-class battlecruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)" title="HMS Repulse (1916)">HMS <i>Repulse</i></a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Illustrious-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Illustrious-class aircraft carrier"><i>Illustrious</i>-class aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Indomitable_(92)" title="HMS Indomitable (92)">HMS <i>Indomitable</i></a> for air cover, though the plan had to be revised when <i>Indomitable</i> ran aground in the Caribbean Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-stephen107_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen107-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dispatch of capital ships to Singapore had been part of the Admiralty's <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Strategy" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore Strategy">strategic planning</a> since the naval base had been expanded and fortified beginning in the early 1920s. The scale of this planned deployment had been reduced during the 1930s, since Germany and Italy presented new threats to British interests in the Atlantic and Mediterranean. Nevertheless, it was still assumed that a significant force of capital ships would deter Japanese expansion. Churchill's plan presumed<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott,_H._P._1983_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott,_H._P._1983-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the United States would agree to send its <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">Pacific Fleet</a>, including eight battleships, to Singapore in the event of hostilities with Japan, or that the British force would add to the deterrent value of the US fleet, should it stay at <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-forcez-survivors.org.uk_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forcez-survivors.org.uk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admiral of the Home Fleet <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Tovey" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Tovey">Sir John Tovey</a> was opposed to sending any of the new <i>King George V</i> battleships as he believed that they were not suited to operating in tropical waters. Indeed the humid climate of Malaya would negatively affect the capabilities of the <i>Prince of Wales</i>, such as the breakdown of her <a href="/wiki/Surface_search_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface search radar">surface search radars</a>, deterioration of her <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft</a> ammunition, and increased crew fatigue due to the lack of <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PacificWrecks_Prince_of_Wales_2012_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PacificWrecks_Prince_of_Wales_2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deployment">Deployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IWM_FE_487_Admirals_Phillips_and_Palliser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/IWM_FE_487_Admirals_Phillips_and_Palliser.jpg/220px-IWM_FE_487_Admirals_Phillips_and_Palliser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/IWM_FE_487_Admirals_Phillips_and_Palliser.jpg/330px-IWM_FE_487_Admirals_Phillips_and_Palliser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/IWM_FE_487_Admirals_Phillips_and_Palliser.jpg/440px-IWM_FE_487_Admirals_Phillips_and_Palliser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Admiral <a href="/wiki/Tom_Phillips_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Tom Phillips (Royal Navy officer)">Sir Tom Phillips</a> (right), commander of Force Z, and his deputy, Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Palliser" title="Arthur Palliser">Arthur Palliser</a>, on the quayside at Singapore naval base, 2 December 1941.</figcaption></figure> <p>Force G, consisting of the modern battleship <i>Prince of Wales</i>, the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> era battlecruiser <i>Repulse</i>, and the four destroyers HMS <a href="/wiki/HMS_Electra_(H27)" title="HMS Electra (H27)"><i>Electra</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Express_(H61)" title="HMS Express (H61)"><i>Express</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Encounter_(H10)" title="HMS Encounter (H10)"><i>Encounter</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Jupiter_(F85)" title="HMS Jupiter (F85)"><i>Jupiter</i></a>, arrived at Singapore on 2 December 1941. They were then re-designated Force Z. </p><p>The new aircraft carrier HMS <i>Indomitable</i> was allocated to Force G, but whilst working up off Jamaica, she had run aground in the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston harbour</a> on 3 November 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-battleship_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-battleship-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Indomitable</i> required 12 days of <a href="/wiki/Dry_dock" title="Dry dock">dry dock</a> repairs in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, and was not able to take part in the action. <i>Indomitable</i> carried one squadron each of <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Fulmar" title="Fairey Fulmar">Fairey Fulmars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Sea Hurricanes</a>. Another aircraft carrier, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hermes_(95)" title="HMS Hermes (95)">HMS <i>Hermes</i></a> (which was with <i>Prince of Wales</i> at Cape Town), was on passage to Singapore to join Force Z, but was not deployed due to lack of speed.<sup id="cite_ref-HMS_Hermes,_British_aircraft_carrier,_WW2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMS_Hermes,_British_aircraft_carrier,_WW2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 December, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Phillips_(Royal_Navy_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Phillips (Royal Navy officer)">Sir Tom Phillips</a> had been promoted to full admiral and appointed Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Fleet">Eastern Fleet</a>. A few days later, <i>Repulse</i> left for Australia with <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Vampire_(D68)" title="HMAS Vampire (D68)">HMAS <i>Vampire</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Tenedos_(H04)" title="HMS Tenedos (H04)">HMS <i>Tenedos</i></a>, but the force was recalled to Singapore to assemble for possible operations against the Japanese. </p><p>Also at Singapore were the <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a> HMS <a href="/wiki/HMS_Durban" title="HMS Durban"><i>Durban</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Danae_(D44)" title="HMS Danae (D44)"><i>Danae</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dragon_(D46)" title="HMS Dragon (D46)"><i>Dragon</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Mauritius_(80)" title="HMS Mauritius (80)"><i>Mauritius</i></a>, and the destroyers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Stronghold" title="HMS Stronghold">HMS <i>Stronghold</i></a>, <i>Encounter</i> and <i>Jupiter</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Exeter_(68)" title="HMS Exeter (68)">HMS <i>Exeter</i></a>, Dutch light cruiser <a href="/wiki/HNLMS_Java_(1921)" title="HNLMS Java (1921)">HNLMS <i>Java</i></a>, two more British destroyers (<a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Scout_(H51)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Scout (H51) (page does not exist)"><i>Scout</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Thanet_(H29)" title="HMS Thanet (H29)"><i>Thanet</i></a>), and four <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> destroyers (<a href="/wiki/USS_Whipple_(DD-217)" title="USS Whipple (DD-217)"><i>Whipple</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_John_D._Edwards" title="USS John D. Edwards"><i>John D. Edwards</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Edsall_(DD-219)" title="USS Edsall (DD-219)"><i>Edsall</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Alden" title="USS Alden"><i>Alden</i></a>) would be there within three days.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWomack201589_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWomack201589-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <i>Durban</i> and <i>Stronghold</i> were available, Admiral Phillips decided to leave them at Singapore because they were not as fast as the other units. Additionally, <i>Danae</i>, <i>Dragon</i>, <i>Mauritius</i>, <i>Encounter</i> and <i>Jupiter</i> were also at Singapore, but were under repair and not ready to sail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_preparations">Japanese preparations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Japanese preparations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Churchill publicly announced <i>Prince of Wales</i> and <i>Repulse</i> were being sent to Singapore to deter the Japanese. In response, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Isoroku_Yamamoto" title="Isoroku Yamamoto">Isoroku Yamamoto</a> sent 36 <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M" title="Mitsubishi G4M">Mitsubishi G4M</a> bombers to reinforce the existing <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G3M" title="Mitsubishi G3M">Mitsubishi G3M</a>-equipped <a href="/wiki/Kanoya_Air_Group" title="Kanoya Air Group">Kanoya Air Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genzan_Air_Group" title="Genzan Air Group">Genzan Air Group</a>, whose pilots began training for an attack on the two capital ships. The bomber crews, of the Kanoya Air Group of Kanoya Kōkūtai (751 Ku), Genzan Air Group of Genzan Kōkūtai (753 Ku), and the Mihoro Air Group of Mihoro Kōkūtai (701 Ku), trained in torpedo attacks at an altitude of less than 10 metres (30 ft), and in long-range over-ocean navigation, so they could attack naval targets moving quickly at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genzan Air Group was commanded by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Commander">Lt Cdr</a> Niichi Nakanishi, Kanoya Air Group by Lt Cdr Shichizo Miyauchi and Mihoro Air Group by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Lt</a> Hachiro Shoji.<sup id="cite_ref-ZERO!_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZERO!-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first time in the war that a force of bombers was especially trained and equipped for “ship killing”, an unprecedented capacity, as around that time ordinary land-based bombers (particularly the Mediterranean theatre) had attacked ships at sea with limited success.<sup id="cite_ref-PacificWrecks_Prince_of_Wales_2012_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PacificWrecks_Prince_of_Wales_2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hostilities_commence">Hostilities commence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hostilities commence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G4M-50s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/G4M-50s.jpg/200px-G4M-50s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/G4M-50s.jpg/300px-G4M-50s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/G4M-50s.jpg/400px-G4M-50s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="597" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G4M" title="Mitsubishi G4M">Mitsubishi G4M</a> <i>Betty</i>/"葉巻" Hamaki (Cigar) bombers of <a href="/wiki/Kanoya_Air_Group" title="Kanoya Air Group">Kanoya Air Group</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:G3M_Type_96_Attack_Bomber_Nell_G3M-8s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/G3M_Type_96_Attack_Bomber_Nell_G3M-8s.jpg/200px-G3M_Type_96_Attack_Bomber_Nell_G3M-8s.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/G3M_Type_96_Attack_Bomber_Nell_G3M-8s.jpg/300px-G3M_Type_96_Attack_Bomber_Nell_G3M-8s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/G3M_Type_96_Attack_Bomber_Nell_G3M-8s.jpg/400px-G3M_Type_96_Attack_Bomber_Nell_G3M-8s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1005" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_G3M" title="Mitsubishi G3M">Mitsubishi G3M</a> <i>Nell</i> of <a href="/wiki/Genzan_Air_Group" title="Genzan Air Group">Genzan Air Group</a>. The type was also operated by Mihoro Air Group</div></div></div></div></div> <p>On 8 December 1941,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> early in the morning, bombers of Mihoro Air Group <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">attacked Singapore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ZERO!_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZERO!-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Prince of Wales</i> and <i>Repulse</i> responded with <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-aircraft">anti-aircraft</a> fire; no planes were shot down, and the ships sustained no damage. The Japanese made landings on <a href="/wiki/Kota_Bharu" title="Kota Bharu">Kota Bharu</a>, Malaya, on 8 December (local time), commencing the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Japanese invasion of Malaya</a>. </p><p>News arrived that <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor had been attacked</a> and eight US battleships had been sunk or disabled. <a href="/wiki/Singapore_strategy#Second_World_War" title="Singapore strategy">Pre-war planning</a> had explored the possibility of the United States Pacific Fleet sending major units to Singapore to reinforce the British when war broke out. That was now impossible. Phillips had concluded in an earlier discussion with US General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> and Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Hart" title="Thomas C. Hart">Thomas C. Hart</a> that his two capital ships were insufficient to confront the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-forcez-survivors.org.uk_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forcez-survivors.org.uk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with the Japanese threatening to overrun Malaya, Phillips was pressed to use his ships in an offensive role; he assembled his flotilla to try to intercept and destroy Japanese invasion convoys in the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>. </p><p>Phillips did not believe that the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">RAF</a> and other Allied air forces could guarantee <a href="/wiki/Air_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Air cover">air cover</a> for his ships, as they had only limited numbers of <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighters</a>. Phillips had requested fighter protection before he left and was told it was not possible. However the reply to his request did not make it clear that the reply only applied to the morning of the 10th off Sigora, and he may have had the mistaken impression that fighter protection would not be available generally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShoresCull1992109–,_110_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoresCull1992109–,_110-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And two proposals to provide daylight fighter cover had previously been turned down by Phillips and his staff. See <a href="/wiki/Force_Z#Air_Cover" title="Force Z">Force Z#Air Cover</a>. </p><p>One squadron, <a href="/wiki/No._453_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 453 Squadron RAAF">No. 453 Squadron RAAF</a> with 10 <a href="/wiki/Brewster_F2A_Buffalo" title="Brewster F2A Buffalo">Brewster F2A Buffalos</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Sembawang" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Sembawang">RAF Sembawang</a>, had been designated "Fleet Defence Squadron", to provide close cover for Force Z.<sup id="cite_ref-stephen108_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen108-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The squadron's acting CO, Flight Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Tim_Vigors" title="Tim Vigors">Tim Vigors</a>, had been advised of the radio procedures that would be used by Force Z.<sup id="cite_ref-Tim_Vigors_-_Telegraph_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tim_Vigors_-_Telegraph-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite his misgivings about the air cover available, Phillips elected to proceed. It is believed that four factors entered into his decision: he thought that Japanese planes could not operate so far from land, he believed that his ships were relatively immune from fatal damage via air attack, he was unaware of the quality of Japanese aircraft and <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-stephen108_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen108-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and like many Royal Navy officers, Phillips underestimated the fighting abilities of the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-stephen102_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen102-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up to that point, no capital ship at sea had been sunk by air attack. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Pola" title="Italian cruiser Pola">Italian heavy cruiser <i>Pola</i></a> had been disabled by a torpedo from a Fleet Air Arm <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Swordfish" title="Fairey Swordfish">Fairey Swordfish</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan">Battle of Cape Matapan</a> on 29 March 1941, and was later sunk by a torpedo from the destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Jervis" title="HMS Jervis">HMS <i>Jervis</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These and other Royal Navy operations in the Mediterranean theater (September 1939 – December 1941) showed that it was risky but possible to operate in waters covered by enemy land-based air, as German and Italian aircraft damaged but could not stop <a href="/wiki/Malta_convoys" title="Malta convoys">Malta convoys</a>, while no British battleships had been lost. Phillips grossly underestimated the scale of attack, and believed that the majority of enemy attack aircraft would be level bombers rather than land-based naval torpedo bombers.<sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_320-323_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd_320-323-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the Japanese bombers that were slated to attack his ships were specially trained and equipped for "ship killing", which the British did not realize due to intelligence failures.<sup id="cite_ref-PacificWrecks_Prince_of_Wales_2012_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PacificWrecks_Prince_of_Wales_2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His flagship, <i>Prince of Wales</i>, had one of the most advanced naval anti-aircraft systems of the time, the <a href="/wiki/HACS" title="HACS">High Angle Control System</a> (HACS), which demonstrated accurate long-range radar-directed anti-aircraft fire during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Halberd" title="Operation Halberd">Operation Halberd</a> in August and September 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Mediterranean_Convoys_p26_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mediterranean_Convoys_p26-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the extreme heat and humidity in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malayan</a> waters rendered her anti-aircraft fire control radars unserviceable and her <a href="/wiki/QF_2-pounder_naval_gun" title="QF 2-pounder naval gun">2 pounder</a> ammunition had deteriorated as well.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Royal Air Force technicians were called in to examine the <i>Prince</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s radars but needed a week to effect repairs, and Force Z would be underway in a few days.<sup id="cite_ref-forcez-survivors.org.uk_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forcez-survivors.org.uk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No. 453 Squadron RAAF, which was to provide air cover for Force Z, was not kept informed of the ships' position. No radio request for air cover was sent until one was sent by the commander of <i>Repulse</i> an hour after the Japanese attack began. Flight Lieutenant Vigors proposed a plan to keep six aircraft over Force Z during daylight, but this was declined by Phillips. After the war, Vigors remained bitter towards Phillips for his failure to call for air support on time.<sup id="cite_ref-Tim_Vigors_-_Telegraph_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tim_Vigors_-_Telegraph-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later commented, "I reckon this must have been the last battle in which the Navy reckoned they could get along without the RAF. A pretty damned costly way of learning. Phillips had known that he was being shadowed the night before, and also at dawn that day. He did not call for air support. He was attacked and still did not call for help."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daytime air cover off the coast was also offered by Wing Commander <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Clouston" title="Wilfred Clouston">Wilfred Clouston</a> of <a href="/wiki/No._488_Squadron_RNZAF" title="No. 488 Squadron RNZAF">No. 488 Squadron RNZAF</a>, but his plan, "Get Mobile", was also rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClayton200883_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClayton200883-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding Phillips' decision to proceed without air cover, naval historian <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>Those who make the decisions in war are constantly weighing certain risks against possible gains. At the outset of hostilities [US] Admiral Hart thought of sending his small striking force north of Luzon to challenge Japanese communications, but decided that the risk to his ships outweighed the possible gain because the enemy had won control of the air. Admiral Phillips had precisely the same problem in Malaya. Should he steam into the Gulf of Siam and expose his ships to air attack from Indochina in the hope of breaking enemy communications with their landing force? He decided to take the chance. With the Royal Air Force and the British Army fighting for their lives, the Royal Navy could not be true to its tradition by remaining idly at anchor.<sup id="cite_ref-Morison_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morison-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Departure">Departure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Departure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:149px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Prince_of_Wales_Singapore_(041562).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prince of Wales departing Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_Singapore_%28041562%29.jpg/228px-HMS_Prince_of_Wales_Singapore_%28041562%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_Singapore_%28041562%29.jpg/342px-HMS_Prince_of_Wales_Singapore_%28041562%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_Singapore_%28041562%29.jpg/456px-HMS_Prince_of_Wales_Singapore_%28041562%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="527" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:149px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Repulse_leaving_Singapore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Repulse departing Singapore" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/HMS_Repulse_leaving_Singapore.jpg/206px-HMS_Repulse_leaving_Singapore.jpg" decoding="async" width="206" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/HMS_Repulse_leaving_Singapore.jpg/309px-HMS_Repulse_leaving_Singapore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/HMS_Repulse_leaving_Singapore.jpg/412px-HMS_Repulse_leaving_Singapore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1802" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)"><i>Prince of Wales</i></a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)" title="HMS Repulse (1916)"><i>Repulse</i></a> (right) departing Singapore on 8 December 1941</div></div></div></div> <p>After receiving word of a Japanese convoy bound for Malaya, Force Z, consisting of <i>Prince of Wales</i>, <i>Repulse</i>, <i>Electra</i>, <i>Express</i>, <i>Vampire</i> and <i>Tenedos</i>, sailed from Singapore at 17:10 on 8 December. Phillips hoped to attack off <a href="/wiki/Singora" class="mw-redirect" title="Singora">Singora</a> on 10 December; had he departed one day sooner, he might have achieved his objective without coming under air attack at all, for the Japanese squadrons had not yet arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-Willmott,_H._P._1983_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willmott,_H._P._1983-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 07:13 on 9 December, Force Z passed the <a href="/wiki/Anambas_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Anambas Islands">Anambas Islands</a> to the east, and turned to a new course of 330 degrees, later changing to 345 degrees. Force Z was overflown by two Japanese reconnaissance aircraft, but not reported,<sup id="cite_ref-stephen102_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen102-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before being spotted by Japanese submarine <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-165" title="Japanese submarine I-165"><i>I-65</i></a> at 14:00 on 9 December, which shadowed the British ships for five hours, radioing their positions. Phillips was unaware he was being tracked. After this contact report, Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Jisabur%C5%8D_Ozawa" title="Jisaburō Ozawa">Jisaburō Ozawa</a>, in command of the invasion force, ordered most of his warships to escort the empty transports back to <a href="/wiki/Cam_Ranh_Bay" title="Cam Ranh Bay">Cam Ranh Bay</a> in southern Vietnam. </p><p><i>I-65</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s amplifying report, confirming the presence of British battleships, reached 22nd Air Flotilla headquarters two hours later. At that time, their aircraft were in the process of loading bombs for an attack on Singapore Harbour, but they immediately switched to torpedoes. The bombers were not ready until 18:00.<sup id="cite_ref-Pilots_eye_view_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pilots_eye_view-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report also prompted the Japanese <a href="/wiki/2nd_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" title="2nd Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">2nd Fleet</a>, Southern (Malay) Force's Main Body, to sortie south from Indochina to intercept Force Z. The fleet consisted of the battleships <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Kong%C5%8D" title="Japanese battleship Kongō"><i>Kongō</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_battleship_Haruna" title="Japanese battleship Haruna"><i>Haruna</i></a>, three <a href="/wiki/Takao-class_cruiser" title="Takao-class cruiser"><i>Takao</i>-class cruisers</a> and eight destroyers.<sup id="cite_ref-IJN_KONGO:_Tabular_Record_of_Movement_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJN_KONGO:_Tabular_Record_of_Movement-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were joined by four <a href="/wiki/Mogami-class_cruiser" title="Mogami-class cruiser"><i>Mogami</i>-class cruisers</a> of Cruiser Division 7 and one <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Sendai" title="Japanese cruiser Sendai">light cruiser</a>, four destroyers of Destroyer Squadron 3.<sup id="cite_ref-IJN_ATAGO:_Tabular_Record_of_Movement_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJN_ATAGO:_Tabular_Record_of_Movement-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cruiser <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Ch%C5%8Dkai" title="Japanese cruiser Chōkai"><i>Chōkai</i></a>, flagship of Vice Admiral Ozawa, was also ordered south to find Force Z.<sup id="cite_ref-IJN_CHOKAI:_Tabular_Record_of_Movement_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IJN_CHOKAI:_Tabular_Record_of_Movement-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 17:30, just a half-hour before sunset, Force Z was spotted by three <a href="/wiki/Aichi_E13A" title="Aichi E13A">Aichi E13A</a> seaplanes, which had been catapulted off the Japanese cruisers <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Yura" title="Japanese cruiser Yura"><i>Yura</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Kinu" title="Japanese cruiser Kinu"><i>Kinu</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Kumano" title="Japanese cruiser Kumano"><i>Kumano</i></a>, which were escorting the transports.<sup id="cite_ref-Battle_of_Malaya_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battle_of_Malaya-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These aircraft continued shadowing. At about 18:30, <i>Tenedos</i> was detached to return to Singapore, because she was running low on fuel, with instructions to contact Rear Admiral <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Palliser" title="Arthur Palliser">Arthur Palliser</a>, detailed to act as liaison to RAF in Malaya,<sup id="cite_ref-stephen106_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen106-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phillips' intention was no longer to attack Singora, although Phillips changed course at 19:00 toward Singora, to deceive the shadowing aircraft, then south toward Singapore at 20:15, when darkness covered him.<sup id="cite_ref-stephen106_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen106-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tenedos</i> dutifully reported at 20:00, thereby preserving the secrecy of Phillips' position. </p><p>A night air attack was attempted by the Japanese because they feared that the British would find the convoy,<sup id="cite_ref-Pilots_eye_view_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pilots_eye_view-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but bad weather prevented them from finding the ships and they returned to their airfields at <a href="/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7_D%E1%BA%A7u_M%E1%BB%99t" title="Thủ Dầu Một">Thủ Dầu Một</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base" title="Tan Son Nhut Air Base">Saigon</a> about midnight.<sup id="cite_ref-Planned_course_of_British_fleet_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Planned_course_of_British_fleet-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Singapore">Return to Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Return to Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>That night, one of the Japanese seaplanes dropped a flare over the Japanese heavy cruiser <i>Chōkai</i>, having mistaken her for <i>Prince of Wales</i>. After this, the Japanese force of six cruisers and several destroyers turned away to the northeast. The flare was also seen by the British force, which feared they had been identified and then turned away to the southeast. At this point, the forces were approximately 5 miles (9 km) apart but did not sight each other, and the Japanese force was not picked up on the radar of the <i>Prince of Wales</i>. At 20:55, Phillips cancelled the operation, saying that they had lost the element of surprise, and ordered the force to return to Singapore. </p><p>On the way back, they were spotted and reported by the Japanese submarine <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-158" title="Japanese submarine I-158"><i>I-58</i></a> at 03:40.<sup id="cite_ref-Battle_of_Malaya_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battle_of_Malaya-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>I-58</i> reported that she had fired five torpedoes and missed, and then lost sight of the force three hours later. The British force did not see the torpedoes, and never knew they had been attacked. The report from <i>I-58</i> reached 22nd Air Flotilla Headquarters at 03:15, and ten bombers of the Genzan Air Group were dispatched at 06:00 to conduct a sector search for the ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Pilots_eye_view_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pilots_eye_view-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many more planes, some armed with bombs and some with torpedoes, soon followed. The Genzan Air Group took off at 07:55, the Kanoya Air Group at 08:14, and the Mihoro Air Group at 08:20.<sup id="cite_ref-Battle_of_Malaya_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Battle_of_Malaya-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were ordered to proceed to the best-estimated position of the ships.<sup id="cite_ref-Pilots_eye_view_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pilots_eye_view-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Japanese_air_attack">The Japanese air attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Japanese air attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_high-level_bombing_attack_on_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_and_HMS_Repulse_on_10_December_1941_(NH_60566).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Japanese_high-level_bombing_attack_on_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_and_HMS_Repulse_on_10_December_1941_%28NH_60566%29.jpg/220px-Japanese_high-level_bombing_attack_on_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_and_HMS_Repulse_on_10_December_1941_%28NH_60566%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Japanese_high-level_bombing_attack_on_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_and_HMS_Repulse_on_10_December_1941_%28NH_60566%29.jpg/330px-Japanese_high-level_bombing_attack_on_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_and_HMS_Repulse_on_10_December_1941_%28NH_60566%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Japanese_high-level_bombing_attack_on_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_and_HMS_Repulse_on_10_December_1941_%28NH_60566%29.jpg/440px-Japanese_high-level_bombing_attack_on_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_and_HMS_Repulse_on_10_December_1941_%28NH_60566%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3625" data-file-height="5050" /></a><figcaption>Japanese aerial photo of the initial attack on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)"><i>Prince of Wales</i></a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)" title="HMS Repulse (1916)"><i>Repulse</i></a>. A short, thick plume of black smoke can be seen emanating from <i>Repulse</i>, which has just been hit by a bomb and surrounded by at least six near misses. <i>Prince of Wales</i> can be seen to be manoeuvring. The white smoke is from the funnels as the ships attempt to increase speed.</figcaption></figure> <p>At 00:50 that same morning, 10 December, Phillips had received a report from Palliser of Japanese landings at <a href="/wiki/Kuantan" title="Kuantan">Kuantan</a>, on the east coast of Malaya, halfway between Singapore and Kota Bharu; Phillips headed in that general direction, without however signalling Palliser his intentions (which would have revealed his position).<sup id="cite_ref-stephen108_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen108-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palliser failed to anticipate this and request air cover over Kuantan from Sembawang's Buffalo fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-stephen108_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen108-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it turned out, not until a radio message was sent by <i>Repulse</i> an hour after the first Japanese attack were RAF aircraft dispatched. At 05:15, objects were spotted on the horizon; thinking they were the invasion force, Force Z turned towards them. It turned out to be a trawler towing barges. At 06:30, <i>Repulse</i> reported seeing an aircraft shadowing the ships. At 07:18, <i>Prince of Wales</i> catapulted off a <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Walrus" title="Supermarine Walrus">Supermarine Walrus</a> reconnaissance aircraft; it flew to Kuantan, saw nothing, reported back to <i>Prince of Wales</i>, and flew to Singapore. </p><p><i>Express</i> was sent to investigate the area, but found nothing. Phillips was unaware that a large force of Japanese land-based bombers were looking for his ships, but, not having anticipated his detour to Kuantan, were searching much farther south. At around 10:00 <i>Tenedos</i>, having been detached from the main force the previous day and now about 140 miles (230 km) southeast of Force Z, began signalling she was being attacked by Japanese aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attack was carried out by nine Mitsubishi G3M 'Nell' twin-engine medium bombers from the Genzan Air Corps, 22nd Air Flotilla, based at Saigon, each armed with one 500 kg (1,100 lb) armour-piercing bomb. They mistook the destroyer for a battleship and wasted their ordnance without scoring a hit. At 10:15, a scout plane to the north of most of the Japanese aircraft piloted by Ensign Masato Hoashi spotted Force Z and sent out a message detailing their exact position.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remaining Japanese planes converged upon the retreating British task force. The planes had spread out to search for the British warships, so they arrived over the target in small groups. With fuel running short, the Japanese attacked as they arrived rather than forming into a large force for a co-ordinated strike. The first wave of Japanese planes, comprising eight Nell bombers from the Mihoro Air Corps, attacked at 11:13, concentrating solely on <i>Repulse</i>. Besides seven near misses by 250 kg (550 lb) bombs,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they scored just one hit, which penetrated the hangar and the upper deck and exploded in the marine mess area.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bomb caused no serious damage and relatively few casualties, and <i>Repulse</i> continued on at 25 kts (46 km/h, 29 mph), still in fighting trim.<sup id="cite_ref-stephen109_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen109-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five of the eight bombers were damaged by anti-aircraft fire, and two were forced to return to base. </p><p>At around 11:40, 17 Nell torpedo bombers (two squadrons from the <a href="/wiki/Genzan_Air_Group" title="Genzan Air Group">Genzan Air Group</a>) approached the two capital ships. Eight concentrated on <i>Repulse</i>, while nine attacked <i>Prince of Wales</i>, sending eight torpedoes speeding towards the flagship (one plane aborted its run on <i>Prince of Wales</i> and peeled off and attacked <i>Repulse</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One Nell was shot down and three more were damaged by the <i>Prince of Wales</i> anti-aircraft fire during this attack. This first wave of torpedo attackers made no hits on <i>Repulse</i> but managed one ultimately fatal hit on <i>Prince of Wales</i>, right where her outer <a href="/wiki/Port_and_starboard" title="Port and starboard">port</a> <a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">propeller shaft</a> exited the hull (some historical accounts<sup id="cite_ref-Garzke_p._196_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garzke_p._196-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> state there were two hits in this attack, but an extensive 2007 survey of the hull of the wreck by divers proved there was only one).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turning at maximum revolutions, the shaft twisted and ruptured the <a href="/wiki/Stuffing_box" title="Stuffing box">glands</a> that prevented sea water entering the ship via the broad shaft tunnel's interior bulkheads. The flagship promptly took in 2,400 tons of water and her speed dropped to 16 kts (30 km/h, 18 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-stephen109_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen109-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lt Takai of the 2nd Chutai which attacked the Repulse (with G3Ms) said that <i>All crew members searched the sky vigilantly for the enemy fighters which we expected would be diving in to attack us at any moment. Much to our surprise, not a single enemy plane was in sight. This was all the more amazing since the scene of battle was well; within the fighting range of the British fighters.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShoresCull1992119_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoresCull1992119-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Testimony from Lt Wildish, in command of 'B' Engine Room, indicated the shaft was stopped but upon restarting the shaft, water rushed in through the damaged shaft passage, flooding B Engine Room and forcing its evacuation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also flooded from this hit were the long shaft passage itself, 'Y' Action Machinery Room, the port Diesel Dynamo Room, 'Y' Boiler Room, the Central Auxiliary Machinery Room, and a number of other compartments aft.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sinking_of_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_by_Japanese_Aircraft_Off_Malaya,_December_1941_HU2675.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Sinking_of_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_by_Japanese_Aircraft_Off_Malaya%2C_December_1941_HU2675.jpg/220px-The_Sinking_of_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_by_Japanese_Aircraft_Off_Malaya%2C_December_1941_HU2675.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Sinking_of_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_by_Japanese_Aircraft_Off_Malaya%2C_December_1941_HU2675.jpg/330px-The_Sinking_of_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_by_Japanese_Aircraft_Off_Malaya%2C_December_1941_HU2675.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/The_Sinking_of_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_by_Japanese_Aircraft_Off_Malaya%2C_December_1941_HU2675.jpg/440px-The_Sinking_of_HMS_Prince_of_Wales_by_Japanese_Aircraft_Off_Malaya%2C_December_1941_HU2675.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2396" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>The crew of the sinking <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)"><i>Prince of Wales</i></a> abandoning ship to the destroyer <a href="/wiki/HMS_Express_(H61)" title="HMS Express (H61)"><i>Express</i></a>. Moments later, the list on <i>Prince of Wales</i> suddenly increased and <i>Express</i> had to withdraw. The barrels of the 5.25 in guns were unable to depress far enough to engage attackers due to the list.</figcaption></figure> <p>The torpedo hit had devastating further effects. First, it caused an 11.5-degree list to port,<sup id="cite_ref-stephen109_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen109-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Port_and_starboard" title="Port and starboard">starboard</a> <a href="/wiki/QF_5.25-inch_naval_gun" title="QF 5.25-inch naval gun">5.25-inch anti-aircraft turrets</a> being unable to depress far enough to engage low-level attackers. Furthermore, power to <i>Prince of Wales</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> aft<sup id="cite_ref-stephen109_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen109-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5.25 inch dual-purpose turrets was cut, leaving her unable to effectively counter further attacks. Power loss to her pumps meant an inability to pump out the in-rushing flood water faster than it was entering the breached hull. The torpedo damage also denied her much of her auxiliary electrical power, vital for internal communications, ventilation, steering gear, and pumps, and for training and elevation of the 5.25-inch and 2-pounder gun mounts. All but S1 and S2 5.25 inch turrets were almost unmanageable, a factor compounded by the list, rendering their crews unable even to drag them around manually using chains. The crews also had difficulty bringing the heavy 2-pounder mountings into manual operation. The extensive internal flooding and shaft damage caused the shutting down of the inboard port propeller shaft, leaving the ship under the power of only the starboard engines and able to make just 15 knots at best. With her electric steering unresponsive, the ship was virtually unmanageable. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PoW_stern_upright_by_K_Denlay_COPYRIGHT_Expedition_Job_74.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PoW_stern_upright_by_K_Denlay_COPYRIGHT_Expedition_Job_74.jpg/220px-PoW_stern_upright_by_K_Denlay_COPYRIGHT_Expedition_Job_74.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PoW_stern_upright_by_K_Denlay_COPYRIGHT_Expedition_Job_74.jpg/330px-PoW_stern_upright_by_K_Denlay_COPYRIGHT_Expedition_Job_74.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/PoW_stern_upright_by_K_Denlay_COPYRIGHT_Expedition_Job_74.jpg/440px-PoW_stern_upright_by_K_Denlay_COPYRIGHT_Expedition_Job_74.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>A schematic of the torpedo damage to the stern of HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i>, 10 December 1941 is shown as if the ship was upright (that is, the wreck is upside down and this image is sometimes seen 'reversed').</figcaption></figure> <p>Another torpedo attack was carried out by 26 Betty bombers of the Kanoya Air Group at approximately 12:20,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Prince of Wales</i> was hit by another three torpedoes on her starboard side (some historical accounts<sup id="cite_ref-Garzke_p._196_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garzke_p._196-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> state four hits, but the 2007 survey of the hull showed there had been only three); one at the very bow, one opposite B main gun turret, and one abaft Y turret which not only punctured the hull but bent the outer starboard propeller shaft inboard and over the inner shaft, stopping it instantly.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time as this last torpedo attack commenced against <i>Prince of Wales</i>, planes from the Kanoya Air Group also attacked <i>Repulse</i> from both starboard and port. <i>Repulse</i>, which had dodged 19 torpedoes so far, was caught in a 'hammer and anvil' attack (or pincer attack) and was hit on the port side by one torpedo. Within minutes, further attacks resulted in at least three more torpedoes striking <i>Repulse</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had been hit seriously and Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Tennant_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="William Tennant (Royal Navy officer)">William Tennant</a> soon ordered the crew overboard; <i>Repulse</i> listed heavily to port over a period of about six minutes<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally rolled over and sank stern first at 12:33 with heavy casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Prince of Wales</i> was now under power by only one propeller shaft, but was still able to fire at a high-level bombing attack which commenced at 12:41, although only with S1 and S2 5.25 inch turrets. Although most of the bombs straddled her, one bomb penetrated her deck amidships. This bomb penetrated the upper deck and exploded amongst the wounded gathered in the Cinema Flat beneath, causing extensive casualties. Soon <i>Prince of Wales</i> started to capsize to port (even though she had taken more torpedo hits to starboard) and HMS <i>Express</i> came alongside to take off the wounded and non-fighting crew. The order to abandon ship was then given and soon after <i>Prince of Wales</i> rolled over to port, floated for a brief moment upside down, and then sank stern first at 13:18.<sup id="cite_ref-PacificWrecks_Prince_of_Wales_2012_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PacificWrecks_Prince_of_Wales_2012-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As she rolled over, she scraped <i>Express</i>, lying close alongside taking off survivors, with her <a href="/wiki/Bilge_keel" title="Bilge keel">bilge keel</a>, and very nearly took the destroyer down with her.<sup id="cite_ref-stephen114_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen114-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rumbling sound of the attacks was heard in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Survivors_in_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Survivors_in_water.jpg/220px-Survivors_in_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Survivors_in_water.jpg/330px-Survivors_in_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Survivors_in_water.jpg/440px-Survivors_in_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Survivors from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)"><i>Prince of Wales</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)" title="HMS Repulse (1916)"><i>Repulse</i></a> in the water as a destroyer moves in for the rescue.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Japanese had achieved eight torpedo hits, four each on <i>Prince of Wales</i><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Repulse</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-explorers.org_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explorers.org-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> out of 49 torpedoes, while losing only three aircraft during the attack itself (one Nell torpedo bomber from the Genzan Air Group and two Betty torpedo bombers from the Kanoya Air Group) and a fourth plane was so badly damaged that it crashed on landing. The 2007 survey of the two wrecks confirmed that there were four torpedo hits on <i>Prince of Wales</i>; and could confirm only two hits on <i>Repulse</i>, as the amidships area where the other two hits were reported was buried beneath the seabed.<sup id="cite_ref-explorers.org_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explorers.org-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The air cover assigned to Force Z, ten Buffalo fighters of <a href="/wiki/No._453_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 453 Squadron RAAF">No. 453 Squadron RAAF</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pilots_eye_view_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pilots_eye_view-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrived over the battle area at 13:18,<sup id="cite_ref-stephen114_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stephen114-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> just as <i>Prince of Wales</i> sank. They encountered a scouting aircraft piloted by Ensign Masato Hoashi, who had discovered Force Z earlier,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it managed to escape the Buffalos and returned to confirm the sinkings.<sup id="cite_ref-Pilots_eye_view_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pilots_eye_view-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Had it been shot down, the Japanese might have assumed that the two ships had survived the attack, and struck again.<sup id="cite_ref-ZERO!_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZERO!-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_action">After the action</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After the action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The destroyers <i>Electra</i> and <i>Vampire</i> moved in to rescue survivors of <i>Repulse</i>, while <i>Express</i> rescued those from the <i>Prince of Wales</i>. 840 sailors were lost: 513 in <i>Repulse</i> and 327 in <i>Prince Of Wales</i>. After they were rescued, some survivors of the <i>Repulse</i> manned <a href="/wiki/Action_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Action stations">action stations</a> to free <i>Electra</i> sailors to rescue more survivors. In particular, <i>Repulse</i> gunners manned 'X' and 'Y' 4.7-inch (120 mm) mounts, and <i>Repulse</i>'s dentist assisted <i>Electra</i>'s medical teams with the wounded. In total nearly 1,000 survivors of <i>Repulse</i> were rescued, 571 by <i>Electra</i>. <i>Vampire</i> picked up nine officers, 213 ratings, and one civilian war correspondent from <i>Repulse</i>, and two sailors from <i>Prince of Wales</i>. </p><p>Of the high-ranking officers on <i>Prince of Wales</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Phillips_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="Tom Phillips (Royal Navy officer)">Admiral Phillips</a> and Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Leach_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Leach (Royal Navy officer)">John Leach</a> chose to <a href="/wiki/The_captain_goes_down_with_the_ship" title="The captain goes down with the ship">go down with their ship</a>, and the senior survivors were Lt Cdr A. G. Skipwith, the ship's <a href="/wiki/First_Lieutenant#Royal_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="First Lieutenant">First Lieutenant</a>, and Cdr. (E) L. J Goudy, the chief engineer, who were rescued by <i>Express</i>. Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Tennant_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="William Tennant (Royal Navy officer)">Tennant</a> of <i>Repulse</i> was rescued by <i>Vampire</i>. On returning to Singapore the rescued Captain Tennant was greeted by an equally-distressed Air Vice-Marshal <a href="/wiki/Conway_Pulford" title="Conway Pulford">Pulford</a>, who exclaimed <i>My God, I hope you don’t blame me for this. I had no idea where you were</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShoresCull1992125_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoresCull1992125-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/London_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="London Gazette">London Gazette</a></i> report by Vigors: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was obvious that the three destroyers were going to take hours to pick up those hundreds of men clinging to bits of wreckage and swimming around in the filthy, oily water. Above all this, the threat of another bombing and machine-gun attack was imminent. Every one of those men must have realised that. Yet as I flew around, every man waved and put up his thumb as I flew over him. After an hour, lack of petrol forced me to leave, but during that hour I had seen many men in dire danger waving, cheering and joking, as if they were holiday-makers at <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a> waving at a low-flying aircraft. It shook me, for here was something above human nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_Owen_1_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank_Owen_1-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On the way back to Singapore with the survivors, <i>Express</i> passed <i>Stronghold</i> and the four American destroyers heading north. <i>Express</i> signalled the action was over, but the ships proceeded to search the area for more survivors. None were found. While returning to Singapore from this search, <i>Edsall</i> boarded the fishing trawler sighted by Force Z that morning. The trawler was identified as the Japanese vessel <a href="/wiki/MV_Krait" title="MV Krait"><i>Kofuku Maru</i></a>, and was taken to Singapore, where the Japanese crew was interned. </p><p>While the Japanese bombers were returning to their airfields in French Indochina, a second wave was being prepared for another attack on Force Z. They had not been given accurate information on the progress of the battle. The attack was called off as soon as they received confirmed reports of the sinkings from Ensign Hoashi.<sup id="cite_ref-ZERO!_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZERO!-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, Lt Haruki Iki flew to the site of the battle, dropping two wreaths of flowers into the sea to honour combatants from both sides who had died in the battle. One was for the fellow members of his Kanoya Air Group, while the other was for the British sailors whose display of bravery in defence of the ships had gained them the utmost admiration from all pilots in his squadron.<sup id="cite_ref-forcez-survivors.org.uk_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forcez-survivors.org.uk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_the_sinking">Effects of the sinking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Effects of the sinking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_POW_Bell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/HMS_POW_Bell.jpg/220px-HMS_POW_Bell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/HMS_POW_Bell.jpg/330px-HMS_POW_Bell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/HMS_POW_Bell.jpg/440px-HMS_POW_Bell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The bell raised from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)"><i>Prince of Wales</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>The morning after the battle, Churchill received a phone call at his bedside from Sir Dudley Pound, the First Sea Lord. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Pound: Prime Minister, I have to report to you that the <i>Prince of Wales</i> and the <i>Repulse</i> have both been sunk by the Japanese – we think by aircraft. Tom Phillips is drowned.<br />Churchill: Are you sure it's true?<br />Pound: There is no doubt at all.<br /><i>Churchill hangs up</i> In all the war, I never received a more direct shock... As I turned over and twisted in bed the full horror of the news sank in upon me. There were no British or American ships in the Indian Ocean or the Pacific except the American survivors of Pearl Harbor, who were hastening back to California. Across this vast expanse of waters, Japan was supreme, and we everywhere were weak and naked.<i><sup id="cite_ref-Frank_Owen_2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank_Owen_2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></p></blockquote> <p>Churchill delivered news of the sinking to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> before noon on 11 December, which was followed by a full review of the situation in Malaya the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-Frank_Owen_2_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frank_Owen_2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore had essentially been reduced to a land base after both capital ships were lost, being turned into a land fortress, something it was never intended to be, rather than a base from which to project naval power. The Eastern Fleet spent the remainder of the invasion withdrawing their vessels to <a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_S._Dull,_2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_S._Dull,_2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were not reinforced by battleships until March 1942, with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Warspite_(03)" title="HMS Warspite (03)">HMS <i>Warspite</i></a> and four <i>Revenge</i> class battleships.<sup id="cite_ref-HMS_Revenge,_British_battleship,_WW2_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMS_Revenge,_British_battleship,_WW2-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although all five battleships survived the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Indian Ocean raid</a>, their service in the Pacific was uneventful and they were later withdrawn to East Africa and the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-HMS_Warspite,_British_battleship,_WW2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMS_Warspite,_British_battleship,_WW2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Prince of Wales</i> and <i>Repulse</i> were the first capital ships actively defending themselves to be sunk solely by air power while steaming in the open sea. Both of them were relatively fast ships compared to the slower <a href="/wiki/Standard_type_battleship" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard type battleship">US battleships</a> that were caught at anchor at Pearl Harbor. Furthermore, <i>Prince of Wales</i> was a new battleship with passive and active anti-aircraft defences against contemporary aircraft, being equipped with the advanced HACS, although it was largely inoperable during the battle.<sup id="cite_ref-forcez-survivors.org.uk_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forcez-survivors.org.uk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mediterranean_Convoys_p26_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mediterranean_Convoys_p26-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Combined with the earlier raid on Pearl Harbor, this left the Allies with only three operational capital ships in the Pacific Theatre: the three aircraft carriers <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CV-6)" title="USS Enterprise (CV-6)">USS <i>Enterprise</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)" title="USS Lexington (CV-2)">USS <i>Lexington</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-3)" title="USS Saratoga (CV-3)">USS <i>Saratoga</i></a>. However, these events did prompt the Allies and the US Navy in particular to realise the potency of aircraft, and their carriers were instrumental in the counterattack. </p><p>The sinking of the <i>Prince Wales</i> and <i>Repulse</i> caused a massive loss of morale that would end up causing unrest in the British colonies in Asia, resulting in mutinies such as the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Island mutiny</a>, which was done by the local Sri Lankan garrison of the island, but it was ultimately stopped and its leaders were executed for mutiny, making them the only Commonwealth soldiers to be executed for mutiny during the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_ships_today">The ships today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The ships today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Japanese considered salvaging the ships or at least their radar equipment. In the first week of March 1942, a salvage team located the <i>Repulse</i> with little difficulty. Some AA guns and shells were brought up, but the team was called away on more urgent business before any attempt could be made to lift her.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShoresCull1992127_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoresCull1992127-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wrecks of the two ships were found after the war, <i>Repulse</i> in 183 feet (56 m) of water, and <i>Prince of Wales</i> in 223 feet (68 m). Both are in a nearly upside-down position. Buoys were attached to the propeller shafts, and flags of the Royal Navy are attached to the lines and are regularly changed by divers. These Royal Navy wrecks are Crown property. <i>Prince of Wales</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> bell was removed from the wreck in 2002 by an authorised team of Royal Navy and British civilian divers in response to fears it would be stolen by unauthorised divers. The bell is now on display at the <a href="/wiki/Merseyside_Maritime_Museum" title="Merseyside Maritime Museum">Merseyside Maritime Museum</a> in Liverpool. It is a tradition for every passing Royal Navy ship to perform a remembrance service over the site of the wrecks.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasor1998_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasor1998-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2007, a survey of the exterior hull of <i>Prince of Wales</i> and <i>Repulse</i> was conducted.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition's findings sparked considerable interest among naval architects and marine engineers around the world, because they detailed the nature of the damage to <i>Prince of Wales</i> and the location and number of torpedo hits for the first time. The findings contained in the initial expedition report<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later supplementary reports<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were analysed by the SNAME (Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers) Marine Forensics Committee and a resultant paper was drawn up entitled "Death of a Battleship: A Reanalysis of the Tragic Loss of HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This paper was subsequently presented at a meeting of RINA (Royal Institution of Naval Architects) and IMarEST (Institute of Marine Engineering, Science & Technology) members in London by William Garzke. </p><p>In October 2014, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> reported that <i>Prince of Wales</i> and <i>Repulse</i> were being "extensively damaged" with explosives by scrap-metal dealers.<sup id="cite_ref-Ryall2014_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ryall2014-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorial">Memorial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Memorial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Memorial_to_the_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/National_Memorial_to_the_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse.jpg/250px-National_Memorial_to_the_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/National_Memorial_to_the_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse.jpg/375px-National_Memorial_to_the_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/National_Memorial_to_the_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse.jpg/500px-National_Memorial_to_the_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1501" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The ships memorial at Alrewas</figcaption></figure> <p>A memorial was dedicated on 10 December 2011 at The <a href="/wiki/National_Memorial_Arboretum" title="National Memorial Arboretum">National Memorial Arboretum</a>, the UK's national site of remembrance at <a href="/wiki/Alrewas" title="Alrewas">Alrewas</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>. The memorial was dedicated in the presence of the few surviving former crew members of the ships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MoS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MoS_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The USN's remaining four carriers, the <a href="/wiki/USS_Hornet_(CV-8)" title="USS Hornet (CV-8)">USS <i>Hornet</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Ranger_(CV-4)" title="USS Ranger (CV-4)"><i>Ranger</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/USS_Wasp_(CV-7)" title="USS Wasp (CV-7)"><i>Wasp</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)" title="USS Yorktown (CV-5)"><i>Yorktown</i></a>, were still in the Atlantic, while the Royal Navy did not have any carriers attached to its <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Fleet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Far East Fleet (United Kingdom)">Eastern Fleet</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_2">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Paul_S._Dull,_2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_S._Dull,_2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paul_S._Dull,_2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul S. Dull (2007), page 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">3 aircraft were shot down in the attack, 1 crash-landed later, and 2 scout aircraft failed to return from their missions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd2017294–295-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd2017294–295_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd2017">Boyd 2017</a>, pp. 294–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyd_281-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_281_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyd: page 281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyd_295-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_295_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyd: page 295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyd_297-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_297_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyd: page 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahoney_Middlebrook_ch3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mahoney_Middlebrook_ch3_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mahoney and Middlebrook: chapter 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyd_311-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_311_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyd: page 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stephen102-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stephen102_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephen102_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephen102_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stephen104-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stephen104_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephen104_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forcez-survivors.org.uk/sinking2.html">"Alan Matthews, "The Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse", Force 'Z' Survivors Website"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201084146/http://www.forcez-survivors.org.uk/sinking2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alan+Matthews%2C+%22The+Sinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse%22%2C+Force+%27Z%27+Survivors+Website.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forcez-survivors.org.uk%2Fsinking2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stephen107-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stephen107_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Willmott,_H._P._1983-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Willmott,_H._P._1983_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Willmott,_H._P._1983_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Willmott, H. P. <i>Barrier and the Javelin</i> (Annapolis: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1983).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forcez-survivors.org.uk-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forcez-survivors.org.uk_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forcez-survivors.org.uk_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forcez-survivors.org.uk_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forcez-survivors.org.uk_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forcez-survivors.org.uk_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forcez-survivors.org.uk/sinking1.html">Alan Matthews, 2006, "The sinking of HMS Prince of Wales and HMS Repulse" (Force Z Survivors Association)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207042346/http://www.forcez-survivors.org.uk/sinking1.html">Archived</a> 7 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Access date: 13 October 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PacificWrecks_Prince_of_Wales_2012-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PacificWrecks_Prince_of_Wales_2012_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PacificWrecks_Prince_of_Wales_2012_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PacificWrecks_Prince_of_Wales_2012_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PacificWrecks_Prince_of_Wales_2012_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarzkeDulinDenlay" class="citation web cs1">Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O.; Denlay, Kevin V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pacificwrecks.com/ship/hms/prince-of-wales/death-of-a-battleship-2012-update.pdf">"Death of a Battleship: Loss of HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+sinking+of+HMS+Prince+of+Wales+and+HMS+Repulse+%E2%80%93+page+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forcez-survivors.org.uk%2Fsinking1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZERO!-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZERO!_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZERO!_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZERO!_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZERO!_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/zero001449mbp/zero001449mbp_djvu.txt"><i>Full text of "ZERO!"</i></a>, E. 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href="#cite_ref-Pilots_eye_view_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129161014/http://www.forcez-survivors.org.uk/pilot.html"><i>Pilots eye view</i></a>, forcez-survivors.org.uk, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forcez-survivors.org.uk/pilot.html">the original</a> on 29 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilots+eye+view&rft.pub=forcez-survivors.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forcez-survivors.org.uk%2Fpilot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IJN_KONGO:_Tabular_Record_of_Movement-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IJN_KONGO:_Tabular_Record_of_Movement_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.combinedfleet.com/kongo.htm"><i>IJN KONGO: Tabular Record of Movement</i></a>, Nihon Kaigun<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IJN+KONGO%3A+Tabular+Record+of+Movement&rft.pub=Nihon+Kaigun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.combinedfleet.com%2Fkongo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IJN_ATAGO:_Tabular_Record_of_Movement-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IJN_ATAGO:_Tabular_Record_of_Movement_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.combinedfleet.com/atago_t.htm"><i>IJN ATAGO: Tabular Record of Movement</i></a>, Nihon Kaigun<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IJN+ATAGO%3A+Tabular+Record+of+Movement&rft.pub=Nihon+Kaigun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.combinedfleet.com%2Fatago_t.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IJN_CHOKAI:_Tabular_Record_of_Movement-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IJN_CHOKAI:_Tabular_Record_of_Movement_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span 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<span class="reference-text">Stephen, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Planned_course_of_British_fleet-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Planned_course_of_British_fleet_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tamiya.com/english/products/31615prince/05.gif"><i>Planned course of British fleet</i></a>, Tamiya<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planned+course+of+British+fleet&rft.pub=Tamiya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tamiya.com%2Fenglish%2Fproducts%2F31615prince%2F05.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholson. <i>Hostage to Fortune</i>, p. 219, and Tarrant, <i>King George V Class Battleships</i>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlebrook and Mahoney, <i>Battleship</i>, p. 165–170, and Marder, <i>Old Friends, New Enemies</i>, pp. 462–464.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlebrook and Mahoney, <i>Battleship</i>, p. 172, and Tarrant, <i>King George V Class Battleships</i>, p. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marder, <i>Old Friends, New Enemies</i>, p. 467, and Middlebrook and Mahoney, <i>Battleship</i>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stephen109-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stephen109_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephen109_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephen109_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephen109_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarrant, <i>King George V Class Battleships</i>, p. 117–118, and Marder, <i>Old Friends, New Enemies</i>. p. 468.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garzke_p._196-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garzke_p._196_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garzke_p._196_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Garzke & Dulin, <i>Allied Battleships</i>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explorers.org/flag_reports/Flag_118_-_Kevin_Denlay_-_Update.pdf">The Explorers Club Expedition ‘Job 74’ survey report 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015203117/https://explorers.org/flag_reports/Flag_118_-_Kevin_Denlay_-_Update.pdf">Archived</a> 15 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 9–10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoresCull1992119-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShoresCull1992119_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShoresCull1992">Shores & Cull 1992</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlebrook and Mahoney, <i>Battleship</i>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarzkeDulinDenlayand_members_of_the_Society_of_Naval_Architects_and_Marine_Engineers_Marine_Forensic_Committee" class="citation web cs1">Garzke, William; Dulin, Robert; Denlay, Kevin; and members of the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers Marine Forensic Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacificwrecks.com/ship/hms/prince-of-wales/death-of-a-battleship-2012-update.pdf">"Death of a Battleship: A Re-Analysis of the Tragic Loss of HMS Prince of Wales. A 2012 marine forensics analysis of the loss of HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i> taking all of the most recent information into account"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PacificWrecks.com</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404175007/https://www.pacificwrecks.com/ships/hms/prince_of_wales/death-of-a-battleship-2012-update.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PacificWrecks.com&rft.atitle=Death+of+a+Battleship%3A+A+Re-Analysis+of+the+Tragic+Loss+of+HMS+Prince+of+Wales.+A+2012+marine+forensics+analysis+of+the+loss+of+HMS+Prince+of+Wales+taking+all+of+the+most+recent+information+into+account&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.aulast=Garzke&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Dulin%2C+Robert&rft.au=Denlay%2C+Kevin&rft.au=and+members+of+the+Society+of+Naval+Architects+and+Marine+Engineers+Marine+Forensic+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificwrecks.com%2Fship%2Fhms%2Fprince-of-wales%2Fdeath-of-a-battleship-2012-update.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlebrook and Mahoney, <i>Battleship</i>, p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explorers.org/flag_reports/Flag_118_-_Kevin_Denlay_-_Update.pdf">The Explorers Club Expedition ‘Job 74’ survey report 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015203117/https://explorers.org/flag_reports/Flag_118_-_Kevin_Denlay_-_Update.pdf">Archived</a> 15 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 9–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explorers.org/flag_reports/Flag_118_-_Kevin_Denlay_-_Update.pdf">The Explorers Club Expedition ‘Job 74’ survey report 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015203117/https://explorers.org/flag_reports/Flag_118_-_Kevin_Denlay_-_Update.pdf">Archived</a> 15 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 6–7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlebrook and Mahoney, <i>Battleship</i>, p. 234–243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlebrook and Mahoney, <i>Battleship</i>, p. 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stephen114-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stephen114_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stephen114_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/military-obituaries/army-obituaries/9596599/Eric-Lomax.html">"Obituary: Eric Lomax"</a>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. 9 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Eric+Lomax&rft.date=2012-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Fmilitary-obituaries%2Farmy-obituaries%2F9596599%2FEric-Lomax.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explorers.org/flag_reports/Flag_118_-_Kevin_Denlay_-_Update.pdf">The Explorers Club Expedition ‘Job 74’ survey report 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015203117/https://explorers.org/flag_reports/Flag_118_-_Kevin_Denlay_-_Update.pdf">Archived</a> 15 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 9–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bloody Shambles</i> Volume One, by Christopher Shores, Brian Cull and Yasuho Izawa; direct quote from Flt Lt Plenty on page 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-explorers.org-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-explorers.org_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-explorers.org_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explorers.org/flag_reports/Flag_118_-_Kevin_Denlay_-_Update.pdf">The Explorers Club Expedition ‘Job 74’ survey report 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015203117/https://explorers.org/flag_reports/Flag_118_-_Kevin_Denlay_-_Update.pdf">Archived</a> 15 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 6–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middlebrook and Mahoney, <i>Battleship</i>, p. 257, and Marder, <i>Old Friends, New Enemies</i>, p. 479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoresCull1992125-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShoresCull1992125_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShoresCull1992">Shores & Cull 1992</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank_Owen_1-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frank_Owen_1_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Owen (2001), page 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank_Owen_2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_Owen_2_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frank_Owen_2_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Owen (2001), page 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMS_Revenge,_British_battleship,_WW2-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HMS_Revenge,_British_battleship,_WW2_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-01BB-Revenge.htm"><i>HMS Revenge, British battleship, WW2</i></a>, Naval-History.Net<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HMS+Revenge%2C+British+battleship%2C+WW2&rft.pub=Naval-History.Net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naval-history.net%2FxGM-Chrono-01BB-Revenge.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMS_Warspite,_British_battleship,_WW2-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HMS_Warspite,_British_battleship,_WW2_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-01BB-Warspite.htm"><i>HMS Warspite, British battleship, WW2</i></a>, Naval-History.Net<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HMS+Warspite%2C+British+battleship%2C+WW2&rft.pub=Naval-History.Net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naval-history.net%2FxGM-Chrono-01BB-Warspite.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShoresCull1992127-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShoresCull1992127_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShoresCull1992">Shores & Cull 1992</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rasor1998-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rasor1998_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRasor1998" class="citation book cs1">Rasor, Eugene L. (1998). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinaburmaindiac00raso"><i>The China-Burma-India campaign, 1931–1945: Historiography and Annotated Bliography</i></a></span>. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinaburmaindiac00raso/page/n118">98</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-28872-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-28872-0"><bdi>0-313-28872-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+China-Burma-India+campaign%2C+1931%E2%80%931945%3A+Historiography+and+Annotated+Bliography&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-313-28872-0&rft.aulast=Rasor&rft.aufirst=Eugene+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinaburmaindiac00raso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015203117/https://explorers.org/flag_reports/Flag_118_-_Kevin_Denlay_-_Update.pdf">"EXPEDITION 'JOB 74'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorers.org/flag_reports/Flag_118_-_Kevin_Denlay_-_Update.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EXPEDITION+%E2%80%98JOB+74%E2%80%99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplorers.org%2Fflag_reports%2FFlag_118_-_Kevin_Denlay_-_Update.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDenlay,_Kevin" class="citation web cs1">Denlay, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacificwrecks.com/ship/hms/prince-of-wales/pow-stern-damage.pdf">"HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i> – Stern Damage Survey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PacificWrecks.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PacificWrecks.com&rft.atitle=HMS+Prince+of+Wales+%E2%80%93+Stern+Damage+Survey&rft.au=Denlay%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificwrecks.com%2Fship%2Fhms%2Fprince-of-wales%2Fpow-stern-damage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDenlay,_Kevin" class="citation web cs1">Denlay, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacificwrecks.com/ship/hms/prince-of-wales/pow-hull-damage.pdf">"Description of the Lower Hull Indentation Damage on the <i>Prince of Wales</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PacificWrecks.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PacificWrecks.com&rft.atitle=Description+of+the+Lower+Hull+Indentation+Damage+on+the+Prince+of+Wales&rft.au=Denlay%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificwrecks.com%2Fship%2Fhms%2Fprince-of-wales%2Fpow-hull-damage.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the latest version see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarzkeDulinDenlay" class="citation web cs1">Garzke, William H.; Dulin, Robert O.; Denlay, Kevin V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacificwrecks.com/ship/hms/prince-of-wales/death-of-a-battleship-2012-update.pdf">"Death of a Battleship: Loss of HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i>. A Marine Forensics Analysis of the Sinking"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PacificWrecks.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404175007/https://www.pacificwrecks.com/ships/hms/prince_of_wales/death-of-a-battleship-2012-update.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PacificWrecks.com&rft.atitle=Death+of+a+Battleship%3A+Loss+of+HMS+Prince+of+Wales.+A+Marine+Forensics+Analysis+of+the+Sinking&rft.aulast=Garzke&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Dulin%2C+Robert+O.&rft.au=Denlay%2C+Kevin+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificwrecks.com%2Fship%2Fhms%2Fprince-of-wales%2Fdeath-of-a-battleship-2012-update.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ryall2014-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ryall2014_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyallGunterGunter2014" class="citation news cs1">Ryall, Julian; Gunter, Tokyo; Gunter, Joel (25 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/malaysia/11187603/Celebrated-British-warships-being-stripped-bare-for-scrap-metal.html">"Celebrated British warships being stripped bare for scrap metal"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. WebCite®. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025171230/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/malaysia/11187603/Celebrated-British-warships-being-stripped-bare-for-scrap-metal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Celebrated+British+warships+being+stripped+bare+for+scrap+metal&rft.date=2014-10-25&rft.aulast=Ryall&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=Gunter%2C+Tokyo&rft.au=Gunter%2C+Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fmalaysia%2F11187603%2FCelebrated-British-warships-being-stripped-bare-for-scrap-metal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoyd2017" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, Andrew (2017). <i>The Royal Navy in Eastern Waters</i>. Barnsley: Seaforth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-9248-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-9248-4"><bdi>978-1-4738-9248-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy+in+Eastern+Waters&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pub=Seaforth+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-9248-4&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClayton2008" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Graham (2008). <i>Last Stand in Singapore: The Story of 488 Squadron RNZAF</i>. Auckland, New Zealand: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86979-033-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86979-033-2"><bdi>978-1-86979-033-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Last+Stand+in+Singapore%3A+The+Story+of+488+Squadron+RNZAF&rft.place=Auckland%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-86979-033-2&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Paul S. Dull, <i>A battle history of the Imperial Japanese Navy, 1941–1945</i>, Naval Institute Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-219-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-219-5">978-1-59114-219-5</a>.</li> <li>William Garzke and Robert Dulin, <i>Battleships. Allied Battleships in World War II</i>. United States Naval Institute. 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-100-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-100-5">0-87021-100-5</a>. Detailed analysis of the sinking using the data available at the time.</li> <li>Greene, Jack, <i>War at Sea, Pearl Harbor to Midway</i>, 1988. (The Malayan Campaign). Combined Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-1257-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8317-1257-0">0-8317-1257-0</a>.</li> <li>Horodyski, Joseph M. "British Gamble in Asian Waters." <u><a href="/wiki/Military_Heritage" title="Military Heritage">Military Heritage</a></u>. December 2001. Volume 3, No. 3: 68–77 (sinking of the British battleship <i>Prince of Wales</i> and battlecruiser <i>Repulse</i> by Japanese on 10 December 1941 upon US entry into World War II).</li> <li>Richard Hough, <i>The Hunting of Force Z: the brief, controversial life of the modern battleship and its tragic close with the destruction of the "Prince of Wales" and "Repulse"</i>.</li> <li>Stephen, Martin, <i>Sea Battles in Close-up</i>, p. 99–114. Shepperton, Surrey: Ian Allan, 1988.</li> <li>Alan Matthews, <i>Sailors' Tales: Life Onboard HMS Repulse During World War Two</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9531217-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9531217-0-4">0-9531217-0-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Middlebrook" title="Martin Middlebrook">Martin Middlebrook</a> and Patrick Mahoney, <i>Battleship: The Sinking of the Prince of Wales and the Repulse</i>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1979. Contains details of the attack and damage sustained, and tables of survivors and losses.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_United_States_Naval_Operations_in_World_War_II" title="History of United States Naval Operations in World War II">History of United States Naval Operations in World War II</a></i>, Volume III, "The Rising Sun in the Pacific".</li> <li>Arthur Nicholson, <i>Hostages to Fortune: Winston Churchill and the Loss of the "Prince of Wales" and "Repulse"</i>. Sutton Publishing. 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3948-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-3948-6">0-7509-3948-6</a>.</li> <li>Frank Owen, <i>The Fall of Singapore</i>, Penguin Books, 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-139133-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-139133-2">0-14-139133-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShoresCull1992" class="citation book cs1">Shores, Christopher; Cull, Brian (1992). <i>Bloody Shambles Volume One: The Drift to War to the Fall of Singapore</i>. London: Grub Street. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948817-50-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-948817-50-X"><bdi>0-948817-50-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloody+Shambles+Volume+One%3A+The+Drift+to+War+to+the+Fall+of+Singapore&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Grub+Street&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-948817-50-X&rft.aulast=Shores&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Cull%2C+Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>V. E. Tarrant, <i>King George V class Battleships</i>, Arms and Armour Press, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-524-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85409-524-2">1-85409-524-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pacificwrecks.com/ship/hms/prince-of-wales/expedition-job74.pdf">"Expedition 'Job 74'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PacificWrecks.com</i>. May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PacificWrecks.com&rft.atitle=Expedition+%27Job+74%27&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpacificwrecks.com%2Fship%2Fhms%2Fprince-of-wales%2Fexpedition-job74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWomack2015" class="citation book cs1">Womack, Tom (2015). <i>The Allied Defense of the Malay Barrier, 1941–1942</i>. Jefferson NC: McFarland & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-47666-293-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-47666-293-0"><bdi>978-1-47666-293-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Allied+Defense+of+the+Malay+Barrier%2C+1941%E2%80%931942&rft.place=Jefferson+NC&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-47666-293-0&rft.aulast=Womack&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurton2006" class="citation book cs1">Burton, John (2006). <i>Fortnight of Infamy: The Collapse of Allied Airpower West of Pearl Harbor</i>. US Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-096-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-096-X"><bdi>1-59114-096-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortnight+of+Infamy%3A+The+Collapse+of+Allied+Airpower+West+of+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=US+Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-59114-096-X&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHein2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hein, David (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh-hq.org/jmh/jmhvols/773.html">"Vulnerable: HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i> in 1941"</a>. <i>Journal of Military History</i>. <b>77</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">955–</span>989. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0899-3718">0899-3718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Military+History&rft.atitle=Vulnerable%3A+HMS+Prince+of+Wales+in+1941&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E955-%3C%2Fspan%3E989&rft.date=2013-07&rft.issn=0899-3718&rft.aulast=Hein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh-hq.org%2Fjmh%2Fjmhvols%2F773.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung1998" class="citation book cs1">Young, Donald J. (1998). <i>First 24 Hours of the War in the Pacific</i>. Burd Street Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57249-079-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57249-079-9"><bdi>1-57249-079-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+24+Hours+of+the+War+in+the+Pacific&rft.pub=Burd+Street+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-57249-079-9&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASinking+of+Prince+of+Wales+and+Repulse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWII_Pacific/OOB_WWII_Force-Z.htm">Order of battle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forcez-survivors.org.uk/">Force Z Survivors Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010175752/http://www.forcez-survivors.org.uk/">Archived</a> 10 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microworks.net/pacific/personal/pow_repulse.htm">Personal Reports by Crew</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fepow-community.org.uk/Research/London_Gazette_1948/Force_Z/">London Gazette Officers reports</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060105022237/http://www.fepow-community.org.uk/Research/London_Gazette_1948/Force_Z/">Archived</a> 5 January 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explorers.org/flag_reports/Flag_118_-_Kevin_Denlay_-_Update.pdf">Link to a survey report compiled after Expedition 'Job 74', May 2007 </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171015203117/https://explorers.org/flag_reports/Flag_118_-_Kevin_Denlay_-_Update.pdf">Archived</a> 15 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacificwrecks.com/ship/hms/prince-of-wales/pow-hull-damage.pdf">Description of lower hull indentation damage on wreck of HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacificwrecks.com/ship/hms/prince-of-wales/pow-stern-damage.pdf">Description of lower stern indentation damage on wreck of HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pacificwrecks.com/ship/hms/prince-of-wales/death-of-a-battleship-2012-update.pdf">2012 Updated analysis of the loss of HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i></a>, by Garzke, Dulin and Denlay</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Imperial_Japanese_surprise_attacks_and_battles_of_December_1941153" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dec41attacks" title="Template:Dec41attacks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dec41attacks" title="Template talk:Dec41attacks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dec41attacks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dec41attacks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Imperial_Japanese_surprise_attacks_and_battles_of_December_1941153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Imperial Japanese surprise attacks and battles of December 1941</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bombardment_of_Midway" title="First Bombardment of Midway">First Bombardment of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelling_of_Johnston_and_Palmyra" title="Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra">Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Invasion of Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Rangoon_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Rangoon in World War II">Bombing of Rangoon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Burma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prachuap_Khiri_Khan" title="Battle of Prachuap Khiri Khan">Battle of Prachuap Khiri Khan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Invasion of Borneo</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearl_Harbor_Attack,_7_December_1941_(24374354935).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg/100px-Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg/150px-Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg/200px-Pearl_Harbor_Attack%2C_7_December_1941_%2824374354935%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5767" data-file-height="4527" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg/100px-Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg/150px-Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg/200px-Map_of_Pearl_Harbor_attack_force.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="526" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Clark_Field" title="Attack on Clark Field">Attack on Clark and Iba Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Aparri" title="Japanese invasion of Aparri">Japanese invasion of Aparri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Batan_Island" title="Japanese invasion of Batan Island">Japanese invasion of Batan Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Davao" title="Japanese invasion of Davao">Japanese invasion of Davao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lamon_Bay" title="Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay">Japanese invasion of Lamon Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Legazpi" title="Japanese invasion of Legazpi">Japanese invasion of Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf">Japanese invasion of Lingayen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Vigan" title="Japanese invasion of Vigan">Japanese invasion of Vigan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malaya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurun" title="Battle of Gurun">Battle of Gurun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jitra" title="Battle of Jitra">Battle of Jitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kampar" title="Battle of Kampar">Battle of Kampar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kota_Bharu" title="Battle of Kota Bharu">Battle of Kota Bharu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuala_Lumpur" title="Battle of Kuala Lumpur">Battle of Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Singapore_(1941)" title="Bombing of Singapore (1941)">Bombing of Singapore (1941)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_declaration_of_war_on_the_United_States_and_the_British_Empire" title="Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire">Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Philippines campaign (1941–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies_campaign" title="Dutch East Indies campaign">Dutch East Indies campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_December_1941" title="List of shipwrecks in December 1941">List of shipwrecks in December 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Wake#Service_history" title="USS Wake">USS Wake capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Peterel_(1927)" title="HMS Peterel (1927)">HMS Peterel sunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement#Japanese_occupy_the_International_Settlement_(1941)" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Invasion of Shanghai International Settlement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 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