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href="https://www.twitter.com/AmericanElement"><span class="sr-only">Twitter</span></a> <a class="ming-link social facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/AmericanElement"><span class="sr-only">Facebook</span></a> <a class="ming-link social linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-elements"><span class="sr-only">LinkedIn</span></a> <a class="ming-link social instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/americanelements/"><span class="sr-only">Instagram</span></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="container-fluid" id="main-content"> <div id="page-content">   <div class="banner"> <h1 class="medium">Alloy & Alloy Forms</h1> </div>  <div id="element-tabs"> <ul class="nav nav-pills nav-justified" role="tablist"> <li><a href="#about" aria-controls="about" id="tab1" role="tab" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">About</a></li> <li><a href="#types" aria-controls="types" id="tab2" role="tab" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Types of Alloys</a></li> <li class="active"><a href="#products" aria-controls="products" id="tab3" role="tab" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Products</a></li> <li><a href="#application" aria-controls="application" id="tab4" role="tab" data-toggle="pill" class="InfoTab" tabindex="0">Applications</a></li> </ul> </div>  <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane" id="about" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab1"> <h2>About Alloys</h2> <p>Alloys are technically solid solutions consisting of a <a href="metals.html">metal</a> and at least one other element. In the microstructure of an alloy, the component elements may or may not be homogenously distributed, and the crystal structure may vary throughout the material, or may be consistent, depending on the thermal history of the material. In contrast, in intermetallic compounds, the different elements have designated spots within the microstructure of the material, and the material exhibits a well-defined stoichiometry. Intermetallic compounds are frequently grouped with and referred to as alloys. Both alloys and intermetallics can exhibit a wide range of properties depending on material composition and processing. </p> <div class="case-study-link-box"> <div class="case-study-link-header">INNOVATION CASE STUDIES</div> <h3 class="case-study-link-title">#6: American Elements Supplies Scandium/Aluminum Alloy to Sports Equipment Manufacturers</h3> <a class="link-button" href="sports-equipment.html"><span class="button-text">SEE STUDY</span><span class="button-go">></span></a> </div> <h3>Methods of Alloy Production </h3> <h4>Cold Working</h4> <p> <img src="images_graphics/content/steel-sheet-rolls.jpg" alt="Sheet rolls of steel" width="225" height="150" class="image-left"> Cold working processes are used to alter the shape or size of a material by plastic deformation. Methods applying a cold working process include rolling, drawing, pressing, spinning, extruding and heading. Rolling is a metal forming process involving passing metal through rolls to reduce the metal thickness or make the metal surface and structure more uniform. </p> <div class="clearfix"></div> <h4>Heat Treatment: Annealing, Tempering, & Quenching</h4> <p><img src="images_graphics/content/metallurgy.jpg" class="image-right" height="175" width="175" alt="molten metal" />A number of heat treatment methods are used to modify metal alloys depending on the specific base metal and application. Common methods include annealing, tempering and quenching. Annealing involves heating metal alloys above the critical temperature followed by slow controlled cooling. Annealing is commonly applied to ferrous alloys in order to produce a uniform material microstructure. Tempering is frequently applied to steel and involves heating the steel below the alloy鈥檚 critical temperature in order to enhance strength. Quenching cools the metal alloy at a rapid rate producing a harder metal in ferrous alloys and a softer metal in non-ferrous alloys. </p> <p>Heat treatment processes are also used to increase strength and hardness of heat treatable alloys. The heat treatment of <a href="al.html">aluminum alloys</a> involves three steps: (1) solution heat treatment resulting in dissolution of soluble phases, (2) quenching to the point of super-saturation, and (3) age hardening to precipitate solute atoms at ambient or other temperatures. </p> <h4>Electroplating</h4> <p>Electroplating or electro-deposition is the process of applying a thin layer or plate of metal onto an electrically conductive surface. Electroplating is often a finishing process for a given product. For example, depositing a corrosion resistant metal alloy, such as <a href="zn.html">zinc-based alloys</a>, onto a metallic surface can give the finished product corrosion resistance properties.</p> <h4>Thermal Spraying</h4> <p>Thermal spraying is a process used to deposit metallic or non-metallic materials as liquid droplets or molten solid particles onto a surface to create a coating. Thermal spraying is used to protect materials from wear, friction, and corrosion as well as to enhance a variety of material properties such as strength, hardness, heat resistance, and oxidation. </p> </div> <div class="tab-pane" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab2" id="types" > <h2>Types of Alloys</h2> <section> <h3>Alloys by Composition</h3> <h4>Ferrous</h4> <h5>Steels</h5> <p>Steel is composed of <a href="fe.html">iron</a> alloyed to carbon with the addition of other elements that provide a variety of properties to the finished product. The carbon content of a given steel must be more than 0.002% but less than 2.1% by weight. Pure iron without the addition of carbon is too soft and ductile to be useful for most applications, while concentrations about 2.1% produce an alloy that is brittle and impractical to work with using conventional metalworking techniques. Additional elements added to steel alloys include chromium, silicon, boron, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium and manganese.</p> <p>Alloy steels are divided into two groups: high alloy steels and low alloy steels. High alloy steel refers to steel alloyed with more than 8% of its weight comprising other elements besides the base iron and carbon. Low alloy steels are modified by additional elements to enhance corrosion resistance, toughness, and durability. <a href="stainless-steel-powder-65997-19-5">Stainless steel</a> is the most common alloy steel comprised of 10% chromium. This steel alloy is known for its resistance to corrosion, oxidation and staining.</p> <h5>Cast Iron</h5> <p>Cast iron is a form of iron alloy that has been heated until liquefied, and then poured into a mold to solidify. It typically contains slightly more carbon than steel (2.1-4%) and 1-3% <a href="si.html">silicon</a>, and additional elements may be added to alter the properties of the material. The addition of manganese and/or magnesium can increase the ductility of cast iron, while the addition of <a href="ni.html">nickel</a> increases strength and resistance to heat and corrosion.</p> <h4>Non-Ferrous</h4> <h5>Bronze</h5> <p>Bronze is an alloy comprised of <a href="cu.html">copper</a> and one or more additional elements included to increase the material鈥檚 hardness鈥攎ost often, this element is <a href="sn.html">tin</a>. Varying compositions of the two metals can be used produce bronze, however <a href="tin-copper-alloy-158113-12-3">true bronze</a> is considered be comprised of 90% copper and 10% tin. Additional elements including lead, arsenic, phosphorous, and manganese are added to produce bronze with specific properties.</p> <h5>Brass</h5> <p>Brass is an alloy comprise of copper and <a href="zn.html">zinc</a>, the compositions of which can be varied to alter the properties the final material. It exhibits a gold-like appearance, low metal-on-metal friction, and excellent acoustic properties, which lend it to use in decorative applications, locks and gears, and musical instruments respectively. Additionally, brass will not produce sparks when struck against a hard object, and is therefore used in fittings and tools in the vicinity of explosive gases.</p> <h5>Precious Metals</h5> <p> Precious metal alloys are contain <a href="au.htm">gold</a>, <a href="ag.html">silver</a>, <a href="pt.html">platinum</a>, <a href="pd.html">palladium</a>, or <a href="ir.html">iridium</a>. These metal alloys are frequently used in coinage, decorative objects and <a href="jewelry-fashion.html">fine jewelry</a>. Several examples of precious metal alloys include sterling silver, titanium gold, and colored gold. Sterling silver is a blend of 92.5% silver and 7.5% by mass of other metals often copper. Sterling silver is used in decorative objects and jewelry. The alloy provides strength not found in pure silver however may be less prone to the effects of oxidation such as tarnish and corrosion. Titanium gold is used in <a href="dental-materials.html">dentistry</a>, <a href="ceramics.html">ceramics</a>, and jewelry. Colored gold can appear in white, reddish hues, green, grey, purple (intermetallic treatment with <a href="al.html">aluminum</a>), blue (intermetallic treated with <a href="in.html">indium</a>), and black (surface treatments or <a href="potassium-sulfide-1312-73-8">potassium sulfide</a> treatment).</p> <h5>Amalgams</h5> <p>The liquid metal <a href="hg.html">mercury</a> is capable of dissolving many other metals to form amalgams, which may be soft pastes or liquid at ambient temperature. Amalgams are sometimes used for dental fillings, and additionally can be used in plating applications, as the amalgam can be applied to a surface and the mercury evaporated away, leaving a thin coating of the other component metals.</p> </section> <section> <h3>Alloys by Property</h3> <h4>Refractory Alloys</h4> <p>Refractory alloys have high heat resistance and hardness properties. Five elements frequently found in refractory alloys include <a href="nb.html">niobium</a>, <a href="mo.html">molybdenum</a>, <a href="ta.html">tantalum</a>, <a href="ww.html">tungsten</a>, and <a href="re.html">rhenium</a>. Common features that are shared among these metals are a melting point over 2000°C and high hardness at room temperature. Due to their high melting points, these metals are creep resistant at high temperatures. Niobium and tungsten are frequently used for high temperature applications such as weaponry, rocket nozzles and nuclear fuel rods. Molybdenum is another refractory metal alloy often used in high temperature metalwork associated with construction and manufacturing processes.</p> <h4>Low Temperature Alloys</h4> <p>Metal alloys exhibiting low melting points include fusion alloys such as <a href="pb.html">lead</a>, tin, <a href="cd.html">cadmium</a>, indium, and <a href="bi.html">bismuth</a>-based alloys. Lead and tin based alloys are frequently used in soldering applications.</p> <h4>Shape Memory Alloys</h4> <p>Shape memory alloys are alloys that "remember" their original shape. This property enables these materials to restore their original shape after heat induced deformation. Two common shape memory alloys are copper-aluminum-nickel and nickel-titanium alloys (commonly referred to as <a href="nickel-titanium-alloy">Nickel Titanium Alloy</a>). Shape memory alloys have applications in the <a href="automotive.html">automotive</a>, <a href="aerospace-aircraft.html">aerospace</a>, <a href="Bio-Medical.html">biomedical</a>, and robotics industries. Common products using shape memory alloys include piping, pneumatic systems, actuators, and <a href="medical-devices.html">medical devices</a>.</p> <h4>Heat Treatable Alloys</h4> <p>Heat treatable alloys are classified depending on their specific phase change behavior as eutectoid, hypo-eutectoid and hyper-eutectoid alloys. These alloys are heat treated for the purpose of changing their mechanical or physical properties. Common heat treatable alloy systems include aluminum alloys and iron-carbon alloys. </p> <h4>Fusible Alloys</h4> <p>Fusible alloys are easily melted at low temperatures. This class of alloys is often described to have a melting point below 150掳C. This shared property makes fusible alloys ideal for soldering applications. </p> <h4>Magnetic Alloys</h4> <p>Magnetic alloys are capable of producing magnetic fields for a continuous period of time at ambient temperature. There are three primary magnetic elements including iron, nickel, and cobalt. <a href="rare-earths.html">Rare earth</a> metals can also produce alloys with permanent magnetic properties. Several examples of magnetic alloys include <a href="nickel-iron-alloy">nickel-iron</a> (Permalloy), <a href="samarium-cobalt-alloy-12305-84-9">samarium-cobalt</a> (SmCo), neodymium-iron-cobalt, <a href="neodymium-iron-boron-918106-59-9">neodymium-iron-boron</a> (NdFeB), and <a href="aluminum-nickel-cobalt-alloy-powder">aluminum-nickel-cobalt</a> (AlNiCo). <a href="nickel-iron-alloy">Permalloy</a> is a magnetic alloy comprised of approximately 20% iron and 80% nickel commonly used as a magnetic core in electronic equipment and as a shield in magnetic shielding applications. Magnetic neodymium alloys, primarily composed of <a href="neodymium-iron-boron-918106-59-9">neodymium iron boron</a> and have the highest strength-to-weight ratio of any available magnets. Neodymium magnets are therefore used in a number of applications such as electric motors, NMR spectrometers, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and loudspeakers. <a href="samarium-cobalt-alloy-12305-84-9">Samarian-cobalt alloys</a> produce magnets second in strength to neodymium magnets but with greater resistance to demagnetization at high temperatures, making samarium-cobalt magnets the material of choice in higher temperature applications.</p> <h4>Thermoelectric Alloys</h4> <p>Thermoelectric alloys are capable of directly converting temperature gradients to electrical voltage and vice versa. This property is useful in applications such as in power generation and in refrigeration. <a href="bismuth-telluride-1304-82-1">Bismuth telluride</a> is a common thermoelectric alloy often used in combination with either <a href="sb.html">antimony</a> or <a href="se.html">selenium</a>.</p> <h4>Resistance Alloys</h4> <p>Resistance alloys are highly resistant to heat and heat induced oxidation. These alloys are used in applications requiring resistance to corrosion and frequent exposure to high temperatures. A common resistance alloy is nickel-chromium alloy providing high heat resistance, high oxidation resistance, and strength. Industrial furnaces operate at high temperatures and therefore require components and equipment to withstand these temperatures, thus making resistance alloys ideal for such applications. </p> <h4>Master Alloys</h4> <p>Master alloys are frequently referred to as grain refiners or hardeners and are used as raw materials in <a href="metallurgy.html">metallurgy</a> and product manufacturing. Common master alloys include aluminum-, titanium-, copper- , lead-, nickel/cobalt/iron- and zinc- based master alloys. Master alloys are utilized in industrial furnaces, <a href="aerospace-aircraft.html">aerospace components</a>, <a href="defense.html">military hardware</a> and <a href="medical-devices.html">medical implants</a>. </p> <h4>Superalloys</h4> <p>Superalloys exhibit high mechanical strength and creep resistance, even under extreme environmental conditions. These alloys are used in applications where materials are exposed to high temperature for extended durations such as in aircraft engines, turbines, and chemical processing plants. Nickel-based superalloys, for example, are commonly used in gas turbines, nuclear reactors, and jet engines. Common superalloys include <a href="hastelloy-c-276-alloy">Hastelloy 276</a>, <a href="hastelloy-x-alloy">Hastelloy X</a>, and <a href="inconel-718-alloy">Inconel 718</a>.</p> <h4>Type Metals</h4> <p>Type metals or hot metals are alloy metals consisting of lead with antimony, tin and copper. The alloy was used in type molds for typesetting to enable a fine and clear impression of a mold, and remains in use for some specialty metal casting applications.</p> <h4>Amorphous Alloys</h4> <p>An amorphous metal alloy, commonly referred to as a metallic glass or glassy metal, has a disordered structure on an atomic scale, rather than the crystalline structure more typical of metals. These are typically produced through extremely rapid cooling which locks the material into a solid state before crystal structures are able to form. Bulk metallic glasses are alloys that have a critical cooling rate low enough to allow them to take on an amorphous structure even when formed in thick enough layers to produce functional objects rather than just coatings. These materials are ideally suited to casting, as unlike crystalline metals they retain good properties following casting, exhibit almost no shrinkage during cooling, and can be manipulated for casting through similar processes to those used for thermoplastics. Amorphous materials typically have higher strength than crystalline materials of the same composition. </p> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane active" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab3" id="products"> <div class="panel-group expanding" id="accordion"> <div class="openclose"> <div class="openall">+ Open All</div> <div class="closeall">- Close All</div> </div> <a class="panel-heading activate-panel" href="https://www.americanelements.com/catalog/iron/alloys"> <span class="panel-title">Ferrous Alloys</span> <span class="Arrowhead-Right dropdown-icon"></span> </a> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#magnetic-alloy"> <span class="panel-title">Magnetic Alloys</span> <span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span> </div> <div id="magnetic-alloy" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="col-sm-6 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="aluminum-nickel-cobalt-alloy">Aluminum Nickel Cobalt 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class="product"><a href="gold-silver-copper-alloy-powder">Gold Silver Copper Alloy Powder</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="gold-silver-palladium-alloy">Gold Silver Palladium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="gold-silver-tin-alloy">Gold Silver Tin Alloy </a></li> <li class="product"><a href="gold-tin-alloy">Gold Tin Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="gold-tin-foil">Gold Tin Foil </a></li> <li class="product"><a href="gold-tin-evaporation-pellets">Gold Tin Pellets</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="gold-palladium-foil-12006-59-6">Gold/Palladium Foil</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="gold-palladium-tube-12006-59-6">Gold/Palladium Tube</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="gold-palladium-wire-12006-59-6">Gold/Palladium Wire</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="gold-platinum-palladium-powder-127330-90-9">Gold/Platinum/Palladium Powder</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="indium-lead-silver-alloy">Indium Lead Silver Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="indium-silver-alloy">Indium Silver Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="indium-silver-foil">Indium Silver Foil </a></li> </ul> <ul class="col-sm-4 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="indium-silver-rod">Indium Silver Rod</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="iridium-manganese-alloy">Iridium Manganese</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="lead-indium-silver-alloy">Lead Indium Silver Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="lead-silver-alloy">Lead Silver Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="lead-silver-antimony-alloy">Lead Silver Antimony Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="lead-silver-tin-alloy">Lead Silver Tin Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="lead-tin-silver-alloy">Lead Tin Silver Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="lead-tin-silver-indium-alloy">Lead Tin Silver Indium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="lead-silver-inquarts">Lead-Silver Inquarts</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="manganese-palladium-platinum-alloy">Manganese Palladium Platinum</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="manganese-platinum-alloy">Manganese Platinum</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="manganese-rhodium">Manganese Rhodium</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="molybdenum-rhodium-alloy">Molybdenum Rhodium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="nickel-platinum-alloy-12059-08-4">Nickel Platinum Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="nickel-silver-foil">Nickel Silver Foil</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="nickel-silver-tube">Nickel Silver Tube</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="osmium-ruthenium-alloy">Osmium Ruthenium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="palladium-chromium-foil">Palladium Chromium Foil</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="palladium-copper-foil">Palladium Copper Foil</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="palladium-nickel-alloy">Palladium Nickel Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="palladium-silver-foil">Palladium Silver Foil</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="palladium-silver-silicon-alloy">Palladium Silver Silicon Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-cobalt-on-carbon-12052-40-3">Platinum Cobalt on Carbon</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-iridium-alloy-37186-87-1">Platinum Iridium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-palladium-gold-alloy">Platinum Palladium Gold Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-rhodium-alloy-11107-71-4">Platinum Rhodium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-rhodium-foil-11107-71-4">Platinum Rhodium Foil</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="platinum-rhodium-gauze-11107-71-4">Platinum Rhodium Gauze</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-rhodium-wire-11107-71-4">Platinum Rhodium Wire</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-ruthenium-alloy-on-graphitized-carbon-catalyst-172515-31-0">Platinum Ruthenium Alloy on Graphitized Carbon</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-ruthenium-black-172515-31-0">Platinum Ruthenium Black</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-ruthenium-foil-172515-31-0">Platinum Ruthenium Foil</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-ruthenium-on-carbon-black-172515-31-0">Platinum Ruthenium on Carbon Black</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-ruthenium-on-high-surface-area-advanced-carbon-support-172515-31-0">Platinum Ruthenium on High Surface Area Advanced Carbon Support</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-ruthenium-wire-172515-31-0">Platinum Ruthenium Wire</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-gold-conductor-paste">Platinum/Gold Conductor Paste</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-iridium-foil-37186-87-1">Platinum/Iridium Foil</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-iridium-tube-37186-87-1">Platinum/Iridium Tube</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-iridium-wire-37186-87-1">Platinum/Iridium Wire</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="platinum-palladium-gold-conductor-paste">Platinum/Palladium/Gold Conductor Paste</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="platinum-tungsten-alloy">Platinum Tungsten Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-bismuth-alloy">Silver Bismuth Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-copper-alloy">Silver Copper Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-copper-alloy-particles">Silver Copper Alloy Particles</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-copper-alloy-powder">Silver Copper Alloy Powder</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-copper-foil">Silver Copper Foil</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-copper-indium-alloy">Silver Copper Indium Alloy </a></li> </ul> <ul class="col-sm-4 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="silver-copper-manganese-nickel-alloy">Silver Copper Manganese Nickel Alloy </a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-copper-nickel-alloy">Silver Copper Nickel Alloy </a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="silver-copper-palladium-alloy">Silver Copper Palladium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-copper-tin-alloy">Silver Copper Tin Alloy </a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-copper-tin-nickel-alloy">Silver Copper Tin Nickel Alloy </a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="silver-copper-titanium-alloy">Silver Copper Titanium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-copper-wire">Silver Copper Wire</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-copper-zinc-alloy">Silver Copper Zinc Alloy </a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-copper-zinc-manganese-nickel-alloy">Silver Copper Zinc Manganese Nickel Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-copper-zinc-nickel-alloy">Silver Copper Zinc Nickel Alloy </a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-copper-zinc-tin-alloy">Silver Copper Zinc Tin Alloy </a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-gold-alloy">Silver Gold Alloy </a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-gold-hollow-spheres">Silver Gold Hollow Spheres</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-gold-tube">Silver Gold Tube</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-indium-sulfide-granules">Silver Indium Sulfur Granule</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-indium-sulfide-lump">Silver Indium Sulfur Lump</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-indium-sulfide-powder">Silver Indium Sulfur Powder</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-indium-telluride-granules">Silver Indium Tellurium Granules</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-indium-telluride-lump">Silver Indium Tellurium Lump</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-indium-telluride-powder">Silver Indium Tellurium Powder</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-lead-alloy">Silver Lead Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-magnesium-alloy">Silver Magnesium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="silver-magnesium-nickel-alloy">Silver Magnesium Nickel Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-nickel">Silver Nickel</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-palladium-foil">Silver Palladium Foil</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-silicon-alloy">Silver Silicon Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-tungsten-electrode">Silver Tungsten Electrode</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-zinc-alloy-12041-17-7">Silver Zinc Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-zinc-nickel-alloy">Silver Zinc Nickel Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-copper-eutectic-brazing-paste">Silver/Copper Eutectic Brazing Paste</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-palladium-platinum-conductor-paste">Silver/Palladium/Platinum Paste</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="silver-platinum-conductor-paste">Silver/Platinum Conductor Paste</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="spangold-alloy">Spangold Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tin-antimony-gold-alloy">Tin Antimony Gold Alloy </a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tin-bismuth-copper-silver-alloy">Tin Bismuth Copper Silver Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tin-bismuth-silver-alloy">Tin Bismuth Silver Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tin-gold-alloy">Tin Gold Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tin-indium-silver-alloy">Tin Indium Silver Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tin-indium-silver-bismuth-alloy">Tin Indium Silver Bismuth Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tin-lead-silver-alloy">Tin Lead Silver Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tin-silver-alloy">Tin Silver Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tin-silver-copper-alloy">Tin Silver Copper Alloy </a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tin-silver-zinc-alloy">Tin Silver Zinc Alloy </a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-palladium-alloy">Titanium Palladium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-palladium-foil">Titanium Palladium Foil</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-platinum-alloy">Titanium Platinum Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-silver-alloy">Tungsten Silver Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="zirconium-silver-alloy">Zirconium Silver Alloy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="panel panel-default"> <div class="panel-heading activate-panel" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#refractory-alloy"> <span class="panel-title">Refractory Alloys</span> <span class="Arrowhead-Down-24 dropdown-icon"></span> </div> <div id="refractory-alloy" class="panel-body collapse row"> <ul class="col-sm-4 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="aluminum-niobium-tantalum-alloy">Aluminum Niobium Tantalum</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="c-103-niobium-alloy">C-103 Niobium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cerium-tungsten-electrode">Cerium Tungsten Electrode</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="chromium-plated-tungsten-rods">Chrome-Plated Tungsten Rods</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="chromium-molybdenum-alloy">Chromium Molybdenum Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="chromium-nickel-tungsten-alloy">Chromium Nickel Tungsten Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cobalt-chromium-molybdenum-alloy">Cobalt Chromium Molybdenum Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cobalt-chromium-tungsten-nickel-manganese-alloy">Cobalt Chromium Tungsten Nickel Manganese</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cobalt-hafnium-niobium-alloy">Cobalt Hafnium Niobium</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cobalt-molybdenum-alloy">Cobalt Molybdenum Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cobalt-nickel-chromium-molybdenum-alloy">Cobalt Nickel Chromium Molybdenum Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cobalt-niobium-titanium-alloy">Cobalt Niobium Titanium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cobalt-niobium-zirconium-alloy">Cobalt Niobium Zirconium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="cobalt-tungsten-alloy">Cobalt Tungsten Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="copper-clad-molybdenum">Copper Clad Molybdenum</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="lanthanated-tungsten-electrode">Lanthanated Tungsten Electrode</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="molybdenum-aluminum-alloy">Molybdenum Aluminum Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="molybdenum-chromium-alloy">Molybdenum Chromium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="molybdenum-copper-heat-sinks">Molybdenum Copper Heat Sinks</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="molybdenum-copper-wafers">Molybdenum Copper Wafers</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="molybdenum-rhenium-alloy">Molybdenum Rhenium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="molybdenum-rhenium-foil">Molybdenum Rhenium Foil</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="molybdenum-titanium-alloy">Molybdenum Titanium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="molybdenum-tungsten-alloy-870196-77-3">Molybdenum Tungsten Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="nickel-chromium-cobalt-molybdenum-titanium-aluminum-alloy">Nickel Chromium Cobalt Molybdenum Titanium Aluminum Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="nickel-chromium-molybdenum-boron-alloy-particles">Nickel Chromium Molybdenum Boron Alloy Particles</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="nickel-chromium-molybdenum-boron-alloy-powder">Nickel Chromium Molybdenum Boron Alloy Powder</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="nickel-chromium-tungsten-alloy">Nickel Chromium Tungsten Alloy</a></li> </ul> <ul class="col-sm-4 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="nickel-molybdenum-alloy">Nickel Molybdenum Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="nickel-niobium-alloy-12034-55-8">Nickel Niobium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="niobium-tin-alloy-12035-04-0">Niobium Tin Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="niobium-tin-powder-12035-04-0">Niobium Tin Powder</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="niobium-tin-wire-12035-04-0">Niobium Tin Wire</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="niobium-titanium-alloy">Niobium Titanium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="niobium-titanium-chromium-aluminum-alloy">Niobium Titanium Chromium Aluminum Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tantalum-titanium-alloy">Tantalum Titanium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tantalum-tungsten-alloy">Tantalum Tungsten Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tantalum-tungsten-foil">Tantalum Tungsten Foil</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tantalum-zirconium-alloy">Tantalum Zirconium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="thoriated-tungsten-electrode">Thoriated Tungsten Electrode</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-aluminum-niobium-alloy">Titanium Aluminum Niobium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-based-aluminum-molybdenum-zirconium-alloy">Titanium Based Aluminum Molybdenum Zirconium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-based-molybdenum-zirconium-tin-alloy">Titanium Based Molybdenum Zirconium Tin Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-based-niobium-zirconium-alloy">Titanium based Niobium Zirconium Alloy </a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-based-niobium-zirconium-tantalum-alloy">Titanium based Niobium Zirconium Tantalum Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-molybdenum-alloy">Titanium Molybdenum Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-molybdenum-niobium-aluminium-silicon-foil">Titanium Molybdenum Niobium Aluminum Silicon Foil</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-niobium-alloy">Titanium Niobium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-niobium-tantalum-alloy">Titanium Niobium Tantalum Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-tantalum-alloy">Titanium Tantalum Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-based-molybdenum-niobium-alloy">Titanium-based Molybdenum Niobium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="titanium-based-molybdenum-zirconium-aluminum-alloy">Titanium-based Molybdenum Zirconium Aluminum Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-alloy-balance-weights">Tungsten Alloy Balance Weights</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-alloy-collimator-plates">Tungsten Alloy Collimator Plates</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-carbide-copper-alloy">Tungsten Carbide Copper Alloy</a></li> </ul> <ul class="col-sm-4 no-dot"> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-carbidecobalt-rod-12774-15-1">Tungsten Carbide/Cobalt Rod</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-carbidecobalt-sheet-12774-15-1">Tungsten Carbide/Cobalt Sheet</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-carbidecobalt-spheres-12774-15-1">Tungsten Carbide/Cobalt Spheres</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-carbidecobalt-tube-12774-15-1">Tungsten Carbide/Cobalt Tube</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-carbidecobalt-wire-12774-15-1">Tungsten Carbide/Cobalt Wire</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-chromium-alloy">Tungsten Chromium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-copper-alloy-64554-83-2">Tungsten Copper Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-copper-bars-64554-83-2">Tungsten Copper Bar</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-copper-electrodes-64554-83-2">Tungsten-Copper Electrodes</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-copper-foil">Tungsten Copper Foil</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-copper-sheets-64554-83-2">Tungsten Copper Sheet</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-copper-sheets-64554-83-2">Tungsten Copper Sheet</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-copper-tubes-64554-83-2">Tungsten Copper Tube</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-copper-wires-64554-83-2">Tungsten Copper Wire</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-nickel-copper-alloy">Tungsten Nickel Copper Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-nickel-foam">Tungsten Nickel Foam</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-nickel-honeycomb">Tungsten Nickel Honeycomb</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-nickel-sponge">Tungsten Nickel Sponge</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-nickel-wool">Tungsten Nickel Wool</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-rhenium-alloy-12299-18-2">Tungsten Rhenium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-rhenium-foil-12299-18-2">Tungsten Rhenium Foil</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-rhenium-ribbon-12299-18-2">Tungsten Rhenium Ribbon</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-rhenium-rod-12299-18-2">Tungsten Rhenium Rods</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="rhenium-tungsten-wire-12299-18-2">Tungsten Rhenium Wire</a></li> <li class="product"> <a href="tungsten-titanium-alloy-58397-70-9">Tungsten Titanium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tungsten-vanadium-alloy">Tungsten Vanadium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="tzm-molybdenum-alloy-mesh">TZM Molybdenum Alloy Mesh</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="vanadium-tungsten-alloy">Vanadium Tungsten Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="yttrium-tungsten-electrode">Yttrium Tungsten Electrode</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="zirconium-tungsten-alloy">Zirconium Tungsten Alloy</a></li> 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(Zircaloy-4)</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="zirconium-titanium-alloy">Zirconium Titanium Alloy</a></li> <li class="product"><a href="zirconium-vanadium-alloy">Zirconium Vanadium Alloy</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="products-intro"> <img src="titanium-alloy-bars.png" alt="Ultra High Purity Titanium (Ti) Alloy Bars" width="112" height="132" class="image-left"> <p>American Elements manufactures a comprehensive catalog of alloy materials in numerous forms and compositions. Above is a selection of offerings from the AEAlloys™ line; you may also <a href="quote">request a quote directly</a> for a material. We <a href="custom-alloys">custom manufacture all materials</a> to customer specifications for shape, size, purity, composition in all amounts including bulk quantities.</p> <h4 class="centered"><strong><a href="custom-alloys">Learn more about our custom alloy manufacturing >>></a></strong></h4> </div> </div> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="application" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="tab4"> <section> <h2>Applications for Alloys</h2> <h3>Construction and Manufacturing</h3> <p>Construction and manufacturing processes such as high temperature metalwork including brazing and welding require robust materials with high melting points and strength. Refractory metals including molybdenum, tantalum, and tungsten are suitable for metal working applications and furnace technologies. Molybdenum is commonly used in structural tubing, piping and stainless steel. </p> <p>Manufacturing processes such as those for circuitry components incorporate soldering to fuse metals. Soldering is achieved at lower temperatures between 90-450掳C. The process requires low melting point metal alloys such as fusible alloys. </p> <h3>Industrial </h3> <p>Aircraft and automobile engines require materials that can withstand high temperatures and retain structural stability. Refractory alloys are used in aerospace applications and engine components. Alloys are also finding use in lubricants as a means to reduce friction. </p> <h3>Automotive</h3> <p>Greases, lubricants and oils used to protect vehicle engine and structural components have found uses for alloys. For example, the no-friction properties of molybdenum have made the alloy a common additive to these products. Recent focus on increasing fuel efficiency has motivated the automotive industry to use lighter-weight alloys in the construction of frames and to develop new alloys for this application.</p> <h3>Biomedical </h3> <p>Shape memory alloys are frequently used in biomedicine including in fixation devices for orthopedic procedures and in orthodontic devices such as braces. Shape memory alloys may also be used to produce stents, which often use nickel titanium.</p> <h3>Defense </h3> <p>The defense industry has incorporated numerous alloys into armor, ordnance and ballistics devices. Higher melting points are generally required for defense applications. Therefore refractory metals are frequently used in missiles and other weapon projectiles and rocket nozzles. For example, niobium and tungsten have been used in space exploration components such as rocket nozzles.</p> <h3>Nanotechnology</h3> <p>Nanotechnology is finding many uses in alloys as nanomaterial additives can be added to alloys to provide enhanced properties such as strength and oxidation resistance. </p> <h3>Lighting</h3> <p>Due to high heat resistance, refractory alloys are particularly useful in lighting applications. Tungsten and its alloys are commonly found in industrial lighting as arc lamps as electrodes, and in a majority of household incandescent lighting as filaments. </p> <h3>Nuclear Energy</h3> <p>The unique conditions within and around a nuclear reactor require a variety of specialized materials. High temperatures frequently require refractory alloys for structural components of the reactor. Nuclear fuel rods are often covered in cladding, a metal coating which contains the fuel and must be both resistant to corrosion and have a low absorption cross section for thermal neutrons. The most common cladding material in modern reactors is nuclear-grade Zircaloy, which consists of more than 95% zirconium with small percentages of other elements added to improve mechanical properties. The zirconium used for nuclear cladding must be significantly more pure than conventional commercial zirconium, as the element hafnium, which has a very high absorption cross section for thermal neutrons, is a common zirconium impurity. Specially formulated steel may also be used as a cladding material, and some older reactor designs still use the magnesium alloy Magnox. Finally, control rods in nuclear reactors contain materials that can absorb a large amount of thermal neutrons without fissioning. Silver-indium-cadmium alloys may be used for this purpose, as may alloys or compounds containing boron, hafnium, cobalt, or any of the naturally occurring rare earth elements.</p> </section> </div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/bootstrap/js/bootstrap.js"></script> <script src="https://www.americanelements.com/css/slippry.min.js"></script> <div class="scrollup">^</div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function(){ $(window).scroll(function () { if ($(this).scrollTop() > 350) { $('.scrollup').fadeIn(500); } else { $('.scrollup').fadeOut(); } }); $('.scrollup').click(function () { $("html, body").animate({ scrollTop: 0 }, 400); return false; }); $(window).scroll(function() { clearTimeout($.data(this, 'scrollTimer')); $.data(this, 'scrollTimer', setTimeout(function() { $('.scrollup').fadeOut(); }, 600)); }); }); </script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function(){ jQuery('.bxslider').slippry({ autoDelay: '0', pause:"5000", autoHover: false, transition: 'horizontal', adaptiveHeight: 'false' }); }); </script> <div class="sponsored-conference"> <a href="https://events.techconnect.org/DTCFall/" aria-label="logo" title="Defense TechConnect Innovation Summit"><div class="sponsored-conference-graphic"></div></a> <div class="sponsored-conference-text"> <div class="sponsored-conference-text"> Please join us and our customers and co-sponsors Lockheed Martin & Northrop Grumman at the <a href="https://events.techconnect.org/DTCFall/">Defense TechConnect Innovation Summit</a> in Austin, Texas on December 3, 2024. </div> </div> <div id="footer"> Periodic table of the elements, materials science and academic information, elements and advanced materials data, scientific presentations and all pages, designs, concepts, logos, and color schemes herein are the copyrighted proprietary rights and intellectual property of American Elements. 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