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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Michael Roberts, see <a href="/wiki/Michael_Roberts_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Michael Roberts (disambiguation)">Michael Roberts (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Michael Roberts</b> (1908–1996) was an <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> historian specializing in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>. He was particularly known for his studies of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Swedish history</a>, and his introduction of the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">Military Revolution</a> in early modern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Roberts_(historian)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roberts was born in <a href="/wiki/Lytham_St_Annes" title="Lytham St Annes">Lytham St Annes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> and educated at <a href="/wiki/Brighton_College" title="Brighton College">Brighton College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Worcester_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Worcester College">Worcester College</a>, Oxford. He taught at <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_University" title="Rhodes University">Rhodes University College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Grahamstown" class="mw-redirect" title="Grahamstown">Grahamstown</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> from 1935, served in the army in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and headed the <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> 1944–46.<sup id="cite_ref-Glansholms_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glansholms-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1954 until his retirement in 1973, he was professor of modern history at the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's University of Belfast">Queen's University of Belfast</a>. He also held guest professorships in U.S. universities. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Academy" title="Royal Irish Academy">Royal Irish Academy</a>. </p><p>Roberts is chiefly known as the originator of the theory of a "<a href="/wiki/Military_Revolution" title="Military Revolution">Revolution in Military Affairs</a>" or RMA, which he first presented in a paper entitled "The Military Revolution: 1560-1660" in a lecture at the Queen's university of Belfast in 1955. This theory holds that certain changes in military tactics and technology led to a revolutionary new method of waging war that made combat more decisive. </p><p>Although originally working in the area of British history, Roberts soon gained an interest in the history of Sweden and learnt <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> prior to 1940. He made his most significant contributions on the period from the late 16th to the early 18th century when Sweden was a major player on the European political and military scene, but published several studies on later periods in both Swedish and British history. Some of his works on Swedish history are used as textbooks in Swedish universities and several have also been translated into Swedish. In addition, he proposed the concept of a 'military revolution' in the early modern Europe - an idea that, with modification, is still used by historians. </p><p>Roberts also wrote translated the poet <a href="/wiki/Birger_Sj%C3%B6berg" title="Birger Sjöberg">Birger Sjöberg</a> and Sweden's bard <a href="/wiki/Carl_Michael_Bellman" title="Carl Michael Bellman">Carl Michael Bellman</a> into English,<sup id="cite_ref-Glansholms_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glansholms-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he published himself. These works are on file at the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Sweden" title="National Library of Sweden">National Library of Sweden</a>. In 2008 the Birger Sjöberg Society published <i>Frida's New Clothes</i>, a collection of the poet's lyrics in translation. Fourteen of the translations were by Roberts. </p><p>Michael Roberts had several Swedish honours bestowed upon him; among other things he received an honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a>, and was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Letters,_History_and_Antiquities" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities">Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Roberts_(historian)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Jeremy Black</a>, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>, comments that "Few subjects are identified so closely with one man as English-language scholarship on early-modern Sweden and Michael Roberts."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glansholms Bokhandel & Antikvariat (in Sweden) comment that Roberts gives a fascinating picture of Sweden in the Age of Liberty in his book, and that "he is a good storyteller in his Anglo-Saxon tradition, succeeding in telling Swedish history with clarity and humour."<sup id="cite_ref-Glansholms_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glansholms-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Select_bibliography">Select bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Roberts_(historian)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Select bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Whig Party, 1807–1812</i> (1939).</li> <li><i>Gustav Adolf the Great</i> (translator) (1940).</li> <li><i>Gustavus Adolphus, A History of Sweden 1611–1632</i> (two volumes, 1953–1958).</li> <li><i>Sweden as a Great Power 1611–1697</i> (1968).</li> <li><i>The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden 1523–1611</i> (1968).</li> <li><i>Gustavus Adolphus and the Rise of Sweden</i> (1973).</li> <li><i>Sweden's Age of Greatness, 1632-1718</i> (editor) (1973).</li> <li><i>Twelve Pieces and an Introduction from Fridas bok</i> (translator) (1975).</li> <li><i>Epistles and Songs: Carl Michael Bellman</i> (translator) (three volumes, 1977–1981).</li> <li><i>The Swedish Imperial Experience, 1560–1718</i> (1979).</li> <li><i>British Diplomacy and Swedish Politics, 1758–1773</i> (1980).</li> <li><i>The Age of Liberty: Sweden 1719–1772</i> (1986).</li> <li><i>Swedish Diplomats at Cromwell's Court 1655-56: The Missions of Peter Julius Coyet and Christer Bonde</i> (editor) (1988).</li> <li><i>From Oxenstierna to Charles XII: Four Studies</i> (1991).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Roberts_(historian)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Roberts, "The Military Revolution, 1560–1660" (1956) reprinted in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClifford_J_Rogers1995" class="citation book cs1">Clifford J Rogers, ed. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=26Q_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA13"><i>The Military Revolution Debate: Readings On The Military Transformation Of Early Modern Europe</i></a>. Avalon Publishing. pp. 13–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813320540" title="Special:BookSources/9780813320540"><bdi>9780813320540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Revolution+Debate%3A+Readings+On+The+Military+Transformation+Of+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=13-36&rft.pub=Avalon+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780813320540&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D26Q_BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Roberts+%28historian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glansholms-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glansholms_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glansholms_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glansholms_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litteraturmagazinet.se/michael-roberts/sverige-under-frihetstiden">"Sverige under frihetstiden : 1719-1772"</a>. <i>Litteratur Magazinet</i> (in Swedish). Glansholms Bokhandel & Antikvariat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>I sin bok ger Michael Roberts en fascinerande bild av denna epok ... Han är en god berättare i sann anglosaxisk tradition och lyckas lyfta fram poänger i den svenska historien med klart humoristiska inslag.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Litteratur+Magazinet&rft.atitle=Sverige+under+frihetstiden+%3A+1719-1772&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litteraturmagazinet.se%2Fmichael-roberts%2Fsverige-under-frihetstiden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Roberts+%28historian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack" class="citation web cs1">Black, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/jeremy-black/age-liberty-sweden-1719-1772">"The Age of Liberty, Sweden 1719-1772"</a>. History Today<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Liberty%2C+Sweden+1719-1772&rft.pub=History+Today&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Fjeremy-black%2Fage-liberty-sweden-1719-1772&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMichael+Roberts+%28historian%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Roberts_(historian)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x243AAAAIAAJ&dq=michael+roberts+history&pg=PR9">The Early Vasas: A History 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