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<span>Extensions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extensions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extensions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ext.dll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ext.dll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ext.dll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ext.dll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-!analyze_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#!analyze_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>!analyze command</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-!analyze_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wow6432exts.dll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wow6432exts.dll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Wow6432exts.dll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wow6432exts.dll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SOS.dll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SOS.dll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>SOS.dll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SOS.dll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psscor2.dll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psscor2.dll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Psscor2.dll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psscor2.dll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psscor4.dll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psscor4.dll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Psscor4.dll</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psscor4.dll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coupling_with_virtual_machines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coupling_with_virtual_machines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Coupling with virtual machines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coupling_with_virtual_machines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Debugger for Microsoft Windows</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">WinDbg</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">February 2025 Update (1.2502.25002.0) / March 3, 2025<span class="noprint">; 28 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2025-03-03</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">Debugger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">Commercial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/debuggercmds/windbg-overview">Microsoft Learn</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>WinDbg</b> is a multipurpose <a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debugger</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> computer <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>, distributed by Microsoft.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be used to debug <a href="/wiki/User_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="User mode">user mode</a> applications, <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a>, and the operating system itself in <a href="/wiki/Kernel_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Kernel mode">kernel mode</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WinDbg&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like the <a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Debugger" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Studio Debugger">Visual Studio Debugger</a>, WinDbg has a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI), but is more powerful and has little else in common. WinDbg can automatically load <a href="/wiki/Debug_symbol" title="Debug symbol">debugging symbol</a> files (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Program_database" title="Program database">PDB</a> files) from a server by using a unique ID embedded in the executable (using the "RSDS Guid"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) via SymSrv (SymSrv.dll),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead of requiring users to manually find the files. If a private symbol server is configured, the symbols can be correlated with the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> for the binary. This eases the burden of debugging problems that have various versions of binaries installed on the debugging target by eliminating the need for finding and installing specific symbols version on the debug host. Microsoft has a public symbol server that has most of the public symbols for Windows 2000 and later versions of Windows (including <a href="/wiki/Service_packs" class="mw-redirect" title="Service packs">service packs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>WinDbg can also be used for debugging kernel-mode <a href="/wiki/Memory_dump" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory dump">memory dumps</a>, created after what is commonly called the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Screen_of_Death" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Screen of Death">Blue Screen of Death</a> which occurs when a <a href="/wiki/Bug_check" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug check">bug check</a> is issued.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be used to debug user-mode crash dumps. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Post-mortem_debugging" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-mortem debugging">post-mortem debugging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>WinDbg is distributed as a standalone package from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/#install-windbg-directly">Windows Debugger Portal</a> and via the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/store/productId/9PGJGD53TN86?ocid=pdpshare">Microsoft Store</a>. The WinDBG Debugger Engine is the common debugging back-end between WinDbg and <a href="/wiki/Command_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line">command line</a> debugger <a href="/wiki/Front_and_back_ends" class="mw-redirect" title="Front and back ends">front-ends</a> like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/debugging-using-kd-and-ntkd">KD</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/debugging-using-cdb-and-ntsd">CDB</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/debugger/debugging-using-cdb-and-ntsd">NTSD</a>. Most commands can be used as is with all the included debugger front-ends. </p><p>In 2023 Microsoft released a new version of WinDbg which was announced in 2017 as WinDbg Preview (WinDbgX).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most notable features is so called <a href="/wiki/Time_travel_debugging" title="Time travel debugging">Time-Travel-Debugging</a> (TTD).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> TTD allows a user to record an actual live process (at a performance penalty) to later debug going back and forth in time. In addition, WinDbg has updated user interface, support for dark mode and keyboard navigation. It also allows writing scripts in the <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extensions">Extensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WinDbg&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Extensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>WinDbg allows the loading of extension <a href="/wiki/Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">DLLs</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that can augment the debugger's supported commands and allow for help in debugging specific scenarios: for example, displaying an <a href="/wiki/MSXML" title="MSXML">MSXML</a> document given an IXMLDOMDocument, or debugging the <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime (CLR)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These extensions are a large part of what makes WinDbg such a powerful debugger. WinDbg is used by the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> product team to build Windows, and everything needed to debug Windows is included in these extension DLLs. </p><p>Extension commands are always prefixed with <b>!</b>. </p><p>While some extensions are used only inside Microsoft, most of them are part of the public Debugging Tools for Windows package. </p><p>The extension model is documented in the help file included with the Debugging Tools for Windows. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ext.dll">Ext.dll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WinDbg&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ext.dll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ext is a standard Windows Debugger extension that ships with WinDBG and is loaded by default. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="!analyze_command"><span id=".21analyze_command"></span>!analyze command</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WinDbg&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: !analyze command"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most commonly used command is <b>!analyze -v</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which analyzes the current state of the program being debugged and the machine/process state at the moment of crash or hang. This command is often able to debug the current problem in a completely automated fashion. </p><p>When used without any switches, <b>!analyze</b> simply returns the results of its analysis. The <b>-v</b> and <b>-vv</b> give further details about that analysis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wow6432exts.dll">Wow6432exts.dll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WinDbg&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wow6432exts.dll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wow6432exts is a standard Windows Debugger extension that ships with WinDBG. It is used to debug processes running inside <a href="/wiki/WoW64" title="WoW64">WoW64</a> (32-bit processes running in 64-bit Windows).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SOS.dll">SOS.dll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WinDbg&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: SOS.dll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The SOS (Son of Strike)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Debugging Extension (SOS.dll) assists in debugging managed programs in Visual Studio and WinDbg by providing information about the internal common language runtime (CLR) environment. This tool requires a project to have unmanaged debugging enabled. SOS.dll is automatically installed with the .NET Framework. To use SOS.dll in Visual Studio, install the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/download-the-wdk">Windows Driver Kit (WDK)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To debug a process or memory dump, the sos.dll version must match the .NET Framework version. Psscor2 and Psscor4 are a superset of SOS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psscor2.dll">Psscor2.dll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WinDbg&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Psscor2.dll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psscor2 is the Windows Debugger Extension used to debug .NET Framework applications that use the .NET CLR version 2.0 (.NET Framework versions 2 through 3.5). Psscor2 was developed for internal use at Microsoft as part of their Product Support Services tools.<sup id="cite_ref-tessFerrandezBlog_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tessFerrandezBlog-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Microsoft only released Psscor2 in 2010 <sup id="cite_ref-psscoreRelease_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-psscoreRelease-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft had been publishing commands from the extension several years before,<sup id="cite_ref-msdnMag_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msdnMag-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing difficulty for those who were trying to follow their processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psscor4.dll">Psscor4.dll</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WinDbg&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Psscor4.dll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psscor4 is a Windows Debugger extension used to debug .NET Framework 4 applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coupling_with_virtual_machines">Coupling with virtual machines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WinDbg&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Coupling with virtual machines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>WinDbg allows debugging a Microsoft Windows kernel running on a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Virtual_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Virtual PC">VPC</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parallels,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Parallels, Inc.">Parallels</a> using a <a href="/wiki/Named_pipe" title="Named pipe">named pipe</a>. This can be achieved by using a <a href="/wiki/Virtuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtuality">virtual</a> <a href="/wiki/COM_port" class="mw-redirect" title="COM port">COM port</a>. In the case of VMware and <a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a>, the VirtualKD extension adds native support for VM debugging to the Windows kernel, claiming to speed debugging by a factor of up to 45.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For <a href="/wiki/Windows_8" title="Windows 8">Windows 8</a> and later, kernel debugging over network is allowed,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing fast kernel debugging without special configuration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protocol">Protocol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WinDbg&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WinDbg protocol is not documented, but is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Interactive_Disassembler" title="Interactive Disassembler">IDA Pro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radare2" title="Radare2">radare2</a> <a href="/wiki/Disassembler" title="Disassembler">disassemblers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WinDbg&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ProcDump" title="ProcDump">ProcDump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Detours" title="Microsoft Detours">Microsoft Detours</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WinDbg&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/debuggercmds/windbg-release-notes">"WinDbg release notes"</a>. <i>Microsoft Learn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Learn&rft.atitle=WinDbg+release+notes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flearn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows-hardware%2Fdrivers%2Fdebuggercmds%2Fwindbg-release-notes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinDbg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEliotSeattle" class="citation web cs1">EliotSeattle. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/hardware/hh852365.aspx">"Download the Windows Driver Kit (WDK)"</a>. <i>Msdn.microsoft.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Msdn.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Download+the+Windows+Driver+Kit+%28WDK%29&rft.au=EliotSeattle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fwindows%2Fhardware%2Fhh852365.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinDbg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/dotnet/runtime/blob/main/docs/design/specs/PE-COFF.md#debug-directory">"PE/COFF Specification Addendum"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Msdn.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Setting+Up+Kernel-Mode+Debugging+over+a+Network+Cable+Manually&rft.au=DOMARS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fwindows%2Fhardware%2Fhh439346%28v%3Dvs.85%29.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWinDbg" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WinDbg&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Getting Started: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/johan/archive/2007/01/11/how-to-install-windbg-and-get-your-first-memory-dump.aspx">Install Instructions</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/johan/archive/2007/11/13/getting-started-with-windbg-part-i.aspx">Part 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.msdn.com/johan/archive/2007/11/26/getting-started-with-windbg-part-ii.aspx">Part 2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/whdc/devtools/debugging/default.mspx">Debugging Tools for Windows</a> - information and free downloads</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://windbg.info/doc/2-windbg-a-z.html">WinDbg. From A to Z! </a> - Theory and examples, 111 slides</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://windbg.info/doc/1-common-cmds.html">Common WinDbg Commands (Thematically Grouped)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networkworld.com/news/2005/041105-windows-crash.html">Tutorial on solving system crashes using WinDbg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012015505/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2005/041105-windows-crash.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windowstipspage.com/2011/02/symbol-server-path-windbg-debugging.html">Symbols loading in WinDbg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.codeproject.com/KB/debug/windbg_part1.aspx">Windows Debuggers: Part 1: A WinDbg Tutorial</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virtualkd.sysprogs.org/">KD extension for fast VMware and VirtualBox debugging</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb190764.aspx">SOS Debugging Extension (SOS.dll)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=21255">psscor4 (.NET 4.0)</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=1073">psscor2 (.NET 2.0-3.5)</a> Replacement for SOS with a superset of commands</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?displaylang=en&FamilyID=36a2630f-5d56-43b5-b996-7633f2ec14ff">[1]</a> WinDBG v6.12.2.633 available via Windows Driver Kit Version 7.1.0</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pykd.codeplex.com">Extension for python scripting (pykd)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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4em">Microsoft development tools</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development<br />environments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSTS_Profiler" title="VSTS Profiler">Team System Profiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Tools_for_Applications" title="Visual Studio Tools for Applications">Tools for Applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Tools_for_Office" title="Visual Studio Tools for Office">Tools for Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Blend" title="Microsoft Blend">Blend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Expression_Web" title="Microsoft Expression Web">Expression Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FxCop" title="FxCop">FxCop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GW-BASIC" title="GW-BASIC">GW-BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_MACRO-80" title="Microsoft MACRO-80">MACRO-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Macro_Assembler" title="Microsoft Macro Assembler">Macro Assembler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSBuild" title="MSBuild">MSBuild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pascal" title="Microsoft Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickBASIC" title="QuickBASIC">QuickBASIC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QBasic" title="QBasic">QBasic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickC" title="QuickC">QuickC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Robotics_Developer_Studio" title="Microsoft Robotics Developer Studio">Robotics Developer Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roslyn_(compiler)" title="Roslyn (compiler)">Roslyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SharePoint_Designer" title="Microsoft SharePoint Designer">SharePoint Designer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_FrontPage" title="Microsoft FrontPage">FrontPage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_WebMatrix" title="Microsoft WebMatrix">WebMatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_App_SDK" title="Windows App SDK">Windows App SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_App_Studio" title="Windows App Studio">Windows App Studio</a></li> <li><a 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Basic (classic)">legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_.NET" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Basic .NET">VB.NET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Basic_for_Applications" title="Visual Basic for Applications">VBA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VBScript" title="VBScript">VBScript</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosque_(programming_language)" title="Bosque (programming language)">Bosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_C%2B%2B" title="Microsoft Visual C++">Visual C++</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/CX" title="C++/CX">C++/CX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/CLI" title="C++/CLI">C++/CLI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managed_Extensions_for_C%2B%2B" title="Managed Extensions for C++">Managed C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B/WinRT" title="C++/WinRT">C++/WinRT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">C#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C/AL" title="C/AL">C/AL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafny" title="Dafny">Dafny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexterity_(programming_language)" title="Dexterity (programming language)">Dexterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="F Sharp (programming language)">F#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F*_(programming_language)" title="F* (programming language)">F*</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_FoxPro" title="Visual FoxPro">Visual FoxPro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_J%2B%2B" title="Visual J++">J++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_J_Sharp" title="Visual J Sharp">J#</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TypeScript" title="TypeScript">TypeScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JScript" title="JScript">JScript</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronPython" title="IronPython">IronPython</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IronRuby" title="IronRuby">IronRuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lean_(proof_assistant)" title="Lean (proof assistant)">Lean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_(programming_language)" title="P (programming language)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Power_Fx" title="Microsoft Power Fx">Power Fx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PowerShell" title="PowerShell">PowerShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Verona" title="Project Verona">Project Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_Sharp" title="Q Sharp">Q#</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Small Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Programming_Language" title="Microsoft Visual Programming Language">VPL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Application_Markup_Language" title="Extensible Application Markup Language">XAML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">APIs and<br />frameworks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Native</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows API</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Silverlight" title="Microsoft Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_XNA" title="Microsoft XNA">XNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Managed_DirectX" title="Managed DirectX">Managed DirectX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform" title="Universal Windows Platform">UWP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Development_Kit" title="Xbox Development Kit">Xbox Development Kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Installer" title="Windows Installer">Windows Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinUI" class="mw-redirect" title="WinUI">WinUI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET" title="ASP.NET">ASP.NET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Core" title="ASP.NET Core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_AJAX" title="ASP.NET AJAX">AJAX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Dynamic_Data" title="ASP.NET Dynamic Data">Dynamic Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_MVC" title="ASP.NET MVC">MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Razor" title="ASP.NET Razor">Razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASP.NET_Web_Forms" title="ASP.NET Web Forms">Web Forms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADO.NET" title="ADO.NET">ADO.NET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entity_Framework" 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server" title="Microsoft SQL Server">SQL Server</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SQL_Server_Express" title="SQL Server Express">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL_Server_Compact" title="SQL Server Compact">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL_Server_Management_Studio" title="SQL Server Management Studio">Management Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSDE" title="MSDE">MSDE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">SQL services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Analysis_Services" title="Microsoft Analysis Services">Analysis</a></li> <li><a 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