Philosophie générale - Classification thématique

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href="/classification/philosophie/philosophie-generale/vie-philosophie/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Vie, philosophie </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 1 article </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Vérité" href="/classification/philosophie/philosophie-generale/verite/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Vérité </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 5 articles </span> </a> <a class="list-group-item d-block d-md-flex" title="Classification : Être" href="/classification/philosophie/philosophie-generale/etre/"> <h3 class="flex-grow-1"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="far fa-chevron-right"></i> Être </h3> <span class="badge bg-light text-dark rounded-pill mx-1 fw-normal text-sm"> 9 articles </span> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5"> <i id="classification-articles" class="anchor"></i> <h2 class="minor"> Articles </h2> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/acte-philosophie/"> <span class="rg">ACTE, </span><em class="it">philosophie</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Paul GILBERT</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 282 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Acte signifie « réalité vive, terminée ». Cette signification, féconde dans le domaine juridique, fait appel à une structure <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="À la physique, qui étudie la nature, on oppose souvent la métaphysique. Celle-ci est définie soit comme la science des réalités qui ne tombent pas sous le sens, des êtres immatériels et invisibles (ainsi l' âme et Dieu), soit comme la connaissance de ce que les choses sont en elles-mêmes, par opposition aux apparences qu'elles présentent. Dans les deux cas, la métaphysique porte sur..." title="Article : MÉTAPHYSIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/metaphysique/">métaphysique</a> venue de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'aristotélisme est la doctrine d' Aristote (385 env.-322 av. J.-C.), telle qu'elle résulte de l'ensemble des œuvres conservées d'Aristote, publiées par Andronicos de Rhodes, au premier siècle avant notre ère. Ces ouvrages, formés de notes de cours, écrites par l'auteur mais non destinées à la publication, forment un ensemble qui se prête à la qualification un peu abusive de « syst..." title="Article : ARISTOTÉLISME" href="/encyclopedie/aristotelisme/">aristotélisme</a>. Mais avant d'examiner cette source et la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot « tradition » (en latin traditio , « acte de transmettre ») vient du verbe tradere , « faire passer à un autre, livrer, remettre ». Littré en a distingué quatre sens principaux : « Action par laquelle on livre quelque chose à quelqu'un » ; « transmission de faits historiques, de doctrines religieuses, de légendes, d'âge en âge par voie orale et sans preuve aut..." title="Article : TRADITION" href="/encyclopedie/tradition/">tradition</a> qui en est née, il convient de distinguer, sans les séparer, l'acte...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/affectivite/"> <span class="rg">AFFECTIVITÉ</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Marc RICHIR</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">12 231 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Quoique n'ayant guère plus d'un siècle d'existence, et d'un usage aujourd'hui devenu courant, le terme d'« affectivité », de la même famille qu'« affect » ou « affection », est chargé d'une ambiguïté qui traverse les âges : impliquant plus ou moins une passivité qui échappe à la maîtrise de la raison,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/amour/"> <span class="rg">AMOUR</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Georges BRUNEL</span> et <span rel="author">Baldine SAINT GIRONS</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">10 184 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : AMOUR" href="/encyclopedie/amour/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Amour jouant du luth, R. Fiorentino - crédits : Rabatti - Domingie/ AKG-images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/3/8/csm_ph040010_c35ce3e2c2.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>« Dieu aimeras et ton prochain comme toi-même. » Toute la civilisation judéo-chrétienne est fondée sur ce <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La question de l'existence d'un double insaisissable, en tout point semblable à son modèle « vrai et vivant », se présente chaque fois que la conscience se voit surprise à manquer au contrôle sévère qu'elle doit exercer en permanence sur la faculté d'attention. C'est ainsi que les rêves ou les états extatiques semblent nous échapper pour se laisser diriger par un moi invisible, ..." title="Article : DOUBLE" href="/encyclopedie/double/">double</a> commandement énigmatique, dont la théorie freudienne semble fournir la version moderne lorsqu'elle montre l'injonction de jouir comme issue des profondeurs du psychisme. Mais il...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/antispecisme/"> <span class="rg">ANTISPÉCISME</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Fabien CARRIÉ</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 127 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">4 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ANTISP&Eacute;CISME" href="/encyclopedie/antispecisme/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Manifestation contre la corrida à Pampelune, juillet 2013 - crédits : Migel/ Shutterstock" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/9/1/csm_ph143193_8545ff0a27.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Le concept d’antispécisme est indissociablement lié à celui de spécisme ou d’espécisme, équivalents francisés de l’anglais <em>speci</em><em>esi</em><em>sm</em>. Constitué en référence et par analogie aux notions de racisme et de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le terme de sexisme sert à désigner l'ensemble des institutions (socio-politiques, économiques, juridiques, symboliques) et des comportements, individuels ou collectifs, qui semblent perpétuer et légitimer la domination des hommes sur les femmes. Il est utilisé, plus couramment, pour caractériser les aspects idéologiques du phénomène et leurs expressions culturelles ou individuelles. App..." title="Article : SEXISME" href="/encyclopedie/sexisme/">sexisme</a>, ce terme désigne toute <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Dans la France de la fin du xx e siècle, la montée en puissance du thème de la discrimination a été spectaculairement rapide. Le mot est aujourd'hui d'usage courant, au point de supplanter, même dans le discours politique, la référence à l'égalité. Le principe de non-discrimination – naguère encore confiné au vocabulaire juridique et économique – semble désormais lesté d'u..." title="Article : DISCRIMINATION" href="/encyclopedie/discrimination/">discrimination</a> fondée sur des critères d’appartenance...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/contemplation/"> <span class="rg">CONTEMPLATION</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Alain DELAUNAY</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">945 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Pour la plupart des philosophes grecs, et essentiellement pour le courant de pensée qui relie le pythagorisme, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="— 429 Mort de Périclès.. — 428-— 427 Naissance de Platon , issu de noble lignée, à Athènes ou Égine.. — 415-— 413 Expédition de Sicile.. — 399 Procès et condamnation à mort de Socrate , à Athènes.. — 399-— 390 Platon rédige ses premiers dialogues : Hippias mineur , Ion , Lachès , Charmide , Protagoras , Euthyphron.. — 395-— 394 Spar..." title="Article : PLATON - repères chronologiques" href="/encyclopedie/platon-reperes-chronologiques/">Platon</a> et le néoplatonisme, la contemplation (<em>théôria</em>, de Théa : déesse, et <em>oraô</em> : voir) désigne une attitude de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La connaissance désigne un rapport de la pensée à la réalité extérieure et engage la notion de vérité comme adéquation de l' esprit et de la chose. Par extension, le terme connaissance désigne le contenu de la pensée qui correspond à la nature de la chose visée, et s'oppose à erreur ou illusion . Ses caractères sont l'universalité et la nécessité , ce qui suppose de réf..." title="Article : CONNAISSANCE" href="/encyclopedie/connaissance/">connaissance</a> qui permet à l'être humain de se libérer d'une...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/controverse/"> <span class="rg">CONTROVERSE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Fernando GIL</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 069 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> À l'opposé de ce qui s'est passé en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Alain définissait la théologie « une philosophie sans recul ». Il voulait dire qu'elle manque d'indépendance critique, qu'elle est liée à un système de croyances, à un dogme , qu'elle accepte une orthodoxie, une autorité , une censure : vérité d'appareil, non vérité rationnelle. Berdiaeff insistait de même : la théologie est une « pensée collective » ; elle exprime la..." title="Article : THÉOLOGIE" href="/encyclopedie/theologie/">théologie</a>, où l'on cultivait l'art de la controverse (le cardinal Bellarmin occupa, pour l'enseigner, une chaire à Louvain, puis, à partir de 1576, au Collège romain, et il écrivit un traité des <em>Controverses</em>), l'existence de...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/desir-philosophie/"> <span class="rg">DÉSIR, </span><em class="it">philosophie</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jean GREISCH</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 360 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>L'homme, « animal raisonnable », est aussi un être de besoin et de désir. En tant qu'être désirant, il ne cesse de tendre ou d'aspirer à quelque bien, qui est aussi une source de plaisir. Dans la <em>Théogonie</em> d'Hésiode (<span class="pc">viii</span><sup>e</sup>-<span class="pc">vii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle av. J.-C.), <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Divinité grecque qui porte le nom d'une fonction psychologique : Éros signifie le désir amoureux. Il tient une place importante dans la pensée religieuse, dans la vie sociale comme dans l'art et la littérature des Grecs. Dans les cosmogonies orphiques qui racontent l'émergence du monde, Éros est une puissance primordiale qui n'a ni père ni mère. Dans la cosmogonie d'inspiration orphiqu..." title="Article : ÉROS" href="/encyclopedie/eros/">Éros</a>, « le plus beau...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/desir-notions-de-base/"> <span class="rg">DÉSIR </span><span class="rm">(notions de base)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Philippe GRANAROLO</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 094 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Une étymologie parfois contestée lie le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="L'homme, « animal raisonnable », est aussi un être de besoin et de désir. En tant qu'être désirant, il ne cesse de tendre ou d'aspirer à quelque bien, qui est aussi une source de plaisir. Dans la Théogonie d'Hésiode ( viii e - vii e siècle av. J.-C.), Éros , « le plus beau parmi les dieux immortels, celui qui rompt les membres et qui, dans la poitrine de tout dieu comme de tou..." title="Article : DÉSIR, philosophie" href="/encyclopedie/desir-philosophie/">désir</a> aux étoiles. Le latin<em></em><em>sidus</em> désigne en effet une constellation d’étoiles, et le « désir » (latin <em>desideratio</em>) serait la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Issu des mots grecs νόστος (« retour ») et ἄλγος (« souffrance »), le terme « nostalgie » indique par sa seule étymologie un état d' âme , une humeur au sens allemand de Gemütsstimmung , qui, du champ médical auquel il appartint d'abord, gagna ensuite les champs littéraire et philosophique, en particulier sous la figure du Sehnsucht des romantiques allemands..." title="Article : NOSTALGIE" href="/encyclopedie/nostalgie/">nostalgie</a> qu’éprouve l’humain qui a cessé de contempler le ciel étoilé. Véridique ou non, cette étymologie a une qualité...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/dieu-problematique-philosophique/"> <span class="rg">DIEU - </span><span class="rm">Problématique philosophique</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Jacques COLETTE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">5 678 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Au nom de Dieu, les philosophies ont toujours tenté de juxtaposer, voire de substituer, un <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les théories de la connaissance s'accordent généralement à reconnaître qu'il y a essentiellement, dans l'être humain, deux modes de connaissances de la réalité, l'un qui porte directement sur le concret, saisi dans sa singularité, l'autre qui n'atteint le réel qu'à travers des déterminations de caractère abstrait (séparées des individus concrets en lesquels elles peuvent éventu..." title="Article : CONCEPT" href="/encyclopedie/concept/">concept</a>. Qu'il s'agisse du divin ou de l'humain, le rôle de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Nul ne se demande « pourquoi des mathématiciens ? », dès lors que les mathématiques sont reconnues comme science. Mais « pourquoi des philosophes ? » ne revient pas à la question beaucoup plus classique « pourquoi la philosophie ? » à laquelle il est habituellement répondu par quelques variations sur un thème aristotélicien : argumenter contre une philosophie est encore phi..." title="Article : PHILOSOPHIE" href="/encyclopedie/philosophie/">philosophie</a> est en effet de déployer des notions pour rendre notoires des significations. On peut distinguer les divers essais de...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/difference-philosophie/"> <span class="rg">DIFFÉRENCE, </span><em class="it">philosophie</em> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Alfredo GOMEZ-MULLER</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 541 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p>Avant de devenir une catégorie centrale de la réflexion <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le propos de cet essai est de mettre au jour l' intention éthique qui précède, dans l'ordre du fondement, la notion de loi morale , au sens formel d'obligation requérant du sujet une obéissance motivée par le pur respect de la loi elle-même. Si je parle d'intention éthique plutôt que d'éthique, c'est pour souligner le caractère de projet de l'éthique et le dynamisme qui sous-te..." title="Article : ÉTHIQUE" href="/encyclopedie/ethique/">éthique</a>, politique et anthropologique, la notion de différence a longtemps été comprise d'une manière négative. Dans la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Nul ne se demande « pourquoi des mathématiciens ? », dès lors que les mathématiques sont reconnues comme science. Mais « pourquoi des philosophes ? » ne revient pas à la question beaucoup plus classique « pourquoi la philosophie ? » à laquelle il est habituellement répondu par quelques variations sur un thème aristotélicien : argumenter contre une philosophie est encore phi..." title="Article : PHILOSOPHIE" href="/encyclopedie/philosophie/">philosophie</a> de la Grèce antique, et, en particulier, dans la pensée de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="— 429 Mort de Périclès.. — 428-— 427 Naissance de Platon , issu de noble lignée, à Athènes ou Égine.. — 415-— 413 Expédition de Sicile.. — 399 Procès et condamnation à mort de Socrate , à Athènes.. — 399-— 390 Platon rédige ses premiers dialogues : Hippias mineur , Ion , Lachès , Charmide , Protagoras , Euthyphron.. — 395-— 394 Spar..." title="Article : PLATON - repères chronologiques" href="/encyclopedie/platon-reperes-chronologiques/">Platon</a> et d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie d'ARISTOTE (env. 385-322 av. J.-C.). Aristote n'est sans doute pas le philosophe le plus séduisant de l'Antiquité, celui auquel on se reporte le plus volontiers quand on veut remonter aux sources de ce que les Grecs ont nommé la « sagesse ». Mais nul n'a marqué autant que lui la philosophie et la science des siècles suivants, peut-être même – et cela jusqu'à nos jours in..." title="Article : ARISTOTE (env. 385-322 av. J.-C.)" href="/encyclopedie/aristote/">Aristote</a>, la différence...</p> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="row"> <div class="col mt-3"> <ul class="d-print-none pagination justify-content-center"> <li class="page-item active"> <span class="page-link">1</span> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/philosophie/philosophie-generale/2/"> 2 </a> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/philosophie/philosophie-generale/3/"> 3 </a> </li> <li class="page-item"> <a class="page-link" href="/classification/philosophie/philosophie-generale/4/"> 4 </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </section> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_74169bae4d.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Crédits images Accueil" rel="nofollow" href="/credits-illustrations/">Crédits images</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire </a> de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2025 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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