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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safra_ownership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safra_ownership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Safra ownership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safra_ownership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9_(%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9)" title="الموسوعة البريطانية المحدودة (شركة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموسوعة البريطانية المحدودة (شركة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95" title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্রিটানিকা ইনক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্রিটানিকা ইনক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE,_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95." title="एन्साइक्लोपीडिया ब्रिटैनिका, इंक. – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एन्साइक्लोपीडिया ब्रिटैनिका, इंक." data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc." data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="شرکت دانشنامه بریتانیکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شرکت دانشنامه بریتانیکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_(maison_d%27%C3%A9dition)" title="Encyclopædia Britannica (maison d'édition) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica (maison d'édition)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc." data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_(%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94)" title="אנציקלופדיה בריטניקה (חברה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנציקלופדיה בריטניקה (חברה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc." data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc." data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc." data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="大英百科全書公司 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大英百科全書公司" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2743906#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American publisher</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Britannica_Inc_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Britannica_Inc_logo.svg/220px-Britannica_Inc_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Britannica_Inc_logo.svg/330px-Britannica_Inc_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Britannica_Inc_logo.svg/440px-Britannica_Inc_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="138" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1768<span class="noprint">; 256 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1768</span>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Macfarquhar" title="Colin Macfarquhar">Colin Macfarquhar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bell_(engraver)" title="Andrew Bell (engraver)">Andrew Bell</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country of origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Scotland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Illinois, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key people</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Safra" title="Jacqui Safra">Jacqui Safra</a> (President)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Cauz" title="Jorge Cauz">Jorge Cauz</a> (CEO)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprints</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Jacqui Safra</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of employees</th><td class="infobox-data">About 400 (300 in Chicago, 100 worldwide)<sup id="cite_ref-employees_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-employees-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporate.britannica.com/">corporate.britannica.com</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2743906#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</b> is the company known for publishing the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, the world's oldest continuously published encyclopaedia. The company also owns the American dictionary publisher <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. Originally founded in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland and historically British, the company is now based in <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, in the United States. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="History of the Encyclopædia Britannica">History of the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_years">Founding years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britannica1778.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Britannica1778.jpg/125px-Britannica1778.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Britannica1778.jpg/188px-Britannica1778.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Britannica1778.jpg/250px-Britannica1778.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2385" data-file-height="3180" /></a><figcaption>Front page of volume 3 of the 1778 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The company was founded in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland, in the 18th century, during the historical period termed the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-edinburgh_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edinburgh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Colin_Macfarquhar" title="Colin Macfarquhar">Colin Macfarquhar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bell_(engraver)" title="Andrew Bell (engraver)">Andrew Bell</a> began the first edition in 1768.<sup id="cite_ref-edinburgh_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edinburgh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pair engaged <a href="/wiki/William_Smellie_(encyclopedist)" title="William Smellie (encyclopedist)">William Smellie</a>, who produced most of the articles in the first edition.<sup id="cite_ref-edinburgh_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edinburgh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second edition was published in 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-edinburgh_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edinburgh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Macfarquhar's death in 1793, Bell became its sole proprietor and published the third and fourth editions.<sup id="cite_ref-edinburgh_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edinburgh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-directory_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Constable" title="Archibald Constable">Archibald Constable</a>, an Edinburgh publisher, published the fifth and sixth editions.<sup id="cite_ref-directory_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Constable died in 1827, <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">A & C Black Ltd.</a> bought the copyrights to the encyclopædia at auction, and they published it for the next 70 years.<sup id="cite_ref-directory_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning with the ninth edition in 1875, the range of topics were expanded by bringing in contributors from the literary field, social sciences and the scientific community. The ninth edition has since been acknowledged as one of the most impressive collections of scholarship ever produced.<sup id="cite_ref-edinburgh_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edinburgh-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-directory_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Everett_Hooper" title="Horace Everett Hooper">Horace E. Hooper</a> and Walter M. Jackson purchased all copyrights to the encyclopædia. Hooper and Jackson formed companies in both the United States and England. <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Hugh Chisholm</a> became the editor for the tenth, eleventh and twelfth editions.<sup id="cite_ref-directory_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sears_Roebuck_ownership">Sears Roebuck ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sears Roebuck ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shipping_box_for_the_encyclopedia_Britannica_2013-04-13_12-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Shipping_box_for_the_encyclopedia_Britannica_2013-04-13_12-24.jpg/220px-Shipping_box_for_the_encyclopedia_Britannica_2013-04-13_12-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Shipping_box_for_the_encyclopedia_Britannica_2013-04-13_12-24.jpg/330px-Shipping_box_for_the_encyclopedia_Britannica_2013-04-13_12-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Shipping_box_for_the_encyclopedia_Britannica_2013-04-13_12-24.jpg/440px-Shipping_box_for_the_encyclopedia_Britannica_2013-04-13_12-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Shipping box for the fourteenth edition</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1915, Sears agreed to market a new and less expensive version of the eleventh edition for middle-class buyers.<sup id="cite_ref-directory_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-saturday_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saturday-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920, Sears bought Britannica outright, and after only three years of operation, Sears reported a loss of $1.8 million. In 1923, they sold the company back to the widow of Hooper (who had died in 1922) and her brother William Cox.<sup id="cite_ref-directory_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They published the twelfth and thirteenth editions in 1922 and 1926. After Cox failed to raise the money needed to publish the fourteenth edition, Sears ended up financing it, and resumed ownership of Britannica in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-directory_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, Sears restructured Britannica, ending sales through their outlets, opting instead for a network of sales representatives who went <a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">door-to-door</a>, and staffing booths at conventions and shopping centres. In 1938, Britannica began publishing a yearly synopsis of world events, called the <i>Britannica Book of the Year</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-directory_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benton_family_ownership">Benton family ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Benton family ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1941, Britannica was given to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> by Sears.<sup id="cite_ref-nyttwo_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyttwo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the university did not believe they could manage the company. <a href="/wiki/William_Benton_(politician)" title="William Benton (politician)">William Benton</a>, then vice president of the university, offered to put up the operating capital to protect the university against any losses.<sup id="cite_ref-nyttwo_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyttwo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benton bought two‐thirds of the stock, and subsequently bought the remaining third.<sup id="cite_ref-nyttwo_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyttwo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, Benton started preparations for the fifteenth edition. Britannica acquired Merriam-Webster in 1964 and <a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Compton's Encyclopedia">Compton's Encyclopedia</a> as well in the early 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-directory_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyttwo_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyttwo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benton died in 1973, before the fifteenth edition was published in 1974. The newly titled <i>Britannica 3</i> was composed of a ten-volume <a href="/wiki/Microp%C3%A6dia" title="Micropædia">Micropædia</a>, a 19-volume <a href="/wiki/Macrop%C3%A6dia" title="Macropædia">Macropædia</a> and a one-volume guide to the encyclopædia's use, called <a href="/wiki/Prop%C3%A6dia" title="Propædia">Propædia</a>. In 1985, a two-volume index was added, as well as other refinements.<sup id="cite_ref-directory_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert P. Gwinn succeeded Benton as publisher and chairman of Britannica in 1974. He divided the company's operations into Britannica USA and Britannica International. In 1990, nearly 120,000 encyclopædias were sold in the United States, with sales for the year rising to $650 million.<sup id="cite_ref-directory_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1994, sales had slumped to $453 million, with only 51,000 sets being sold in the US. Sales continued to decline after 1994, finally forcing the company to close more than 70 per cent of its sales offices.<sup id="cite_ref-directory_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safra_ownership">Safra ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Safra ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BRITANNICA_Photo_Walk_Chicago_September_2,_2013-4870.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BRITANNICA_Photo_Walk_Chicago_September_2%2C_2013-4870.jpg/220px-BRITANNICA_Photo_Walk_Chicago_September_2%2C_2013-4870.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BRITANNICA_Photo_Walk_Chicago_September_2%2C_2013-4870.jpg/330px-BRITANNICA_Photo_Walk_Chicago_September_2%2C_2013-4870.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/BRITANNICA_Photo_Walk_Chicago_September_2%2C_2013-4870.jpg/440px-BRITANNICA_Photo_Walk_Chicago_September_2%2C_2013-4870.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.'s current headquarters, the <a href="/wiki/Reid,_Murdoch_%26_Co._Building" title="Reid, Murdoch & Co. Building">Reid, Murdoch & Co. Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1996, Britannica was sold to an investment group led by Jacob E. Safra, a Switzerland-based financier.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He restructured the company, laying off more than 120 people including many of the company's top employees. Safra also dissolved the home sales force, with an additional 140 losing their jobs, along with 300 independent contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-directory_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, they launched Britannica.com, which contained the complete Encyclopædia Britannica. The website repeatedly crashed on its opening day, due to an estimated ten million users attempting to access the site. After several days of continued problems it was shut down, and restarted a few weeks later with upgraded capacity. Britannica.com laid off 20 per cent of its work force one year later.<sup id="cite_ref-directory_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-directory-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, Britannica Global Edition was printed with 30 volumes. It contained over 40,000 articles and 8,500 photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-global_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-global-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, after 244 years, Britannica ended the print editions, with the 32 volumes of the 2010 installment being the last on paper; future editions have been published exclusively online since.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the company released Britannica Insights, an extension for the <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Chrome web browser</a>. The extension supplements Google's <a href="/wiki/Google_Search#Rich_snippets" title="Google Search">featured snippets</a> with accurate information.<sup id="cite_ref-wired_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wired-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, in a partnership with Binumi, Britannica released a video product that gives schools the opportunity to use millions of royalty-free multimedia clips to create digital storytelling projects about content they are already teaching.<sup id="cite_ref-techmag_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techmag-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Encyclopædia Britannica released the <i>Britannica All New Children's Encyclopedia: What We Know and What We Don't</i>, an encyclopedia aimed primarily at younger readers, covering major topics. The encyclopedia was widely praised for bringing back the print format. It was <i>Britannica</i>'s first encyclopedia for children since 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ProCon.org" title="ProCon.org">ProCon.org</a> was acquired by Encyclopædia Britannica in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-ProCon_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProCon-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 28em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_First_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica First Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica First Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Second_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Second Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica Second Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Third_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Third Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica Third Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Films" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Films">Encyclopædia Britannica Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Ultimate_Reference_Suite" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite">Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_Educational_Corp._v._Crooks" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corp. v. Crooks">Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corp. v. Crooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_encyclopedias" title="Lists of encyclopedias">Lists of encyclopedias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_encyclopedias_by_date" title="List of encyclopedias by date">List of encyclopedias by date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_encyclopedias" title="List of online encyclopedias">List of online encyclopedias</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-saturday-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saturday_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Advertisement for the 11th edition, "Handy Volume", by Sears in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post" title="The Saturday Evening Post">The Saturday Evening Post</a></i> (1916).<sup id="cite_ref-saturday_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saturday-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-employees-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-employees_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSmith2004" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, William C. (2 February 2004). "Venerable tomes go digital". <i>The National Law Journal</i>: P8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Venerable+tomes+go+digital&rft.pages=P8&rft.date=2004-02-02&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edinburgh-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edinburgh_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edinburgh_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edinburgh_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edinburgh_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edinburgh_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edinburgh_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2006" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, David (2006). Brown, Ian (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0OWqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199"><i>Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: Enlightenment, Britain and Empire (1707-1918)</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 199–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3064-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3064-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-3064-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801100559/https://books.google.com/books?id=0OWqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA199">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edinburgh+History+of+Scottish+Literature%3A+Enlightenment%2C+Britain+and+Empire+%281707-1918%29&rft.pages=199-200&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3064-6&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0OWqBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-directory-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-directory_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-directory_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-directory_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-directory_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-directory_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-directory_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-directory_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-directory_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-directory_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-directory_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-directory_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-directory_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-directory_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-directory_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-directory_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinUhle2020" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Jonathan; Uhle, Frank (8 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/encyclopaedia-britannica-inc">"Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage">Cengage</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731020125/https://www.encyclopedia.com/books/politics-and-business-magazines/encyclopaedia-britannica-inc">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2020-03-08&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Uhle%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fbooks%2Fpolitics-and-business-magazines%2Fencyclopaedia-britannica-inc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyttwo-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyttwo_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyttwo_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyttwo_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyttwo_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/11/archives/britannica-buying-merriamwebster.html">"Britannica Buying Merriam-Webster"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 11 September 1964. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819042638/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/09/11/archives/britannica-buying-merriamwebster.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Britannica+Buying+Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1964-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F09%2F11%2Farchives%2Fbritannica-buying-merriamwebster.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder1995" class="citation web cs1">Feder, Barnaby J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Deal+Is+Set+for+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=1995-12-19&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Barnaby+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F12%2F19%2Fbusiness%2Fdeal-is-set-for-encyclopaedia-britannica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-global-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-global_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705002524/http://store.britannica.com/products/043009100">"Britannica Global Edition"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://store.britannica.com/products/043009100">the original</a> on 5 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Britannica+Global+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstore.britannica.com%2Fproducts%2F043009100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2012" class="citation web cs1">McCarthy, Tom (13 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/mar/13/encyclopedia-britannica-halts-print-publication">"Encyclopedia Britannica halts print publication after 244 years"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203202921/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/mar/13/encyclopedia-britannica-halts-print-publication">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica+halts+print+publication+after+244+years&rft.date=2012-03-13&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2012%2Fmar%2F13%2Fencyclopedia-britannica-halts-print-publication&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wired-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wired_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatsakis2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Matsakis, Louise (7 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/britannica-insights-fix-google-snippets/">"Britannica Insights Is a Chrome Extension to Fix False Google Results"</a>. <i>Wired</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Britannica+Insights+Is+a+Chrome+Extension+to+Fix+False+Google+Results&rft.date=2018-06-07&rft.aulast=Matsakis&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fstory%2Fbritannica-insights-fix-google-snippets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-techmag-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-techmag_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techlearning.com/news/britannica-launches-video-storytelling-platform">"Britannica Launches Video Storytelling Platform"</a>. <i>TechLearning Magazine</i>. 24 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731010445/https://www.techlearning.com/news/britannica-launches-video-storytelling-platform">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechLearning+Magazine&rft.atitle=Britannica+Launches+Video+Storytelling+Platform&rft.date=2019-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techlearning.com%2Fnews%2Fbritannica-launches-video-storytelling-platform&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/non-fiction/new-childrens-britannica-fantastic-voyage-history-world/amp/">"The new Children's Britannica: a fantastic voyage through the history of the world"</a>. <i>www.telegraph.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214214952/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/non-fiction/new-childrens-britannica-fantastic-voyage-history-world/amp/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+new+Children%27s+Britannica%3A+a+fantastic+voyage+through+the+history+of+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fnon-fiction%2Fnew-childrens-britannica-fantastic-voyage-history-world%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/britannica-encyclopedia-children-universe-facts-book-b1720986.html">"Why printed encyclopedias for children are more important than ever"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 19 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110131928/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/britannica-encyclopedia-children-universe-facts-book-b1720986.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Why+printed+encyclopedias+for+children+are+more+important+than+ever&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbritannica-encyclopedia-children-universe-facts-book-b1720986.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schoolreadinglist.co.uk/childrens-book-reviews/britannica-childrens-encyclopedia/">"Britannica All New Children's Encyclopedia edited by Christopher Lloyd"</a>. <i>The School Reading List</i>. 8 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214215003/https://schoolreadinglist.co.uk/childrens-book-reviews/britannica-childrens-encyclopedia/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+School+Reading+List&rft.atitle=Britannica+All+New+Children%27s+Encyclopedia+edited+by+Christopher+Lloyd&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fschoolreadinglist.co.uk%2Fchildrens-book-reviews%2Fbritannica-childrens-encyclopedia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProCon-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ProCon_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.procon.org/headlines/encyclopaedia-britannica-acquires-procon-org/">"Encyclopaedia Britannica Acquires ProCon.org"</a>. <i>ProCon.org</i>. 29 May 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211002040823/https://www.procon.org/headlines/encyclopaedia-britannica-acquires-procon-org/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ProCon.org&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica+Acquires+ProCon.org&rft.date=2020-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.procon.org%2Fheadlines%2Fencyclopaedia-britannica-acquires-procon-org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saturday-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saturday_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g54xAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA2-PA36">"The New Encyclopaedia Britannica"</a>. <i>The Saturday Evening Post</i>. Vol. 188, no. 27. The Curtis Publishing Company. 1 January 1916. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Saturday+Evening+Post&rft.atitle=The+New+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.volume=188&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=36&rft.date=1916-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg54xAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutcheon,_Stephen2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hutcheon, Stephen (23 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/biztech/battle-to-outgun-wikipedia-and-google/2009/01/22/1232471469973.html">"Watch out Wikipedia, here comes Britannica 2.0"</a>. <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Watch+out+Wikipedia%2C+here+comes+Britannica+2.0&rft.date=2009-01-23&rft.au=Hutcheon%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Fbiztech%2Fbattle-to-outgun-wikipedia-and-google%2F2009%2F01%2F22%2F1232471469973.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuchter,_Dorothy1999" class="citation journal cs1">Auchter, Dorothy (1 September 1999). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/00907329910275196/full/html">"The Evolution of the Encyclopaedia Britannica: From the Macropaedia to Britannica Online"</a></span>. <i>Reference Services Review</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 291–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F00907329910275196">10.1108/00907329910275196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-7324">0090-7324</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reference+Services+Review&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Encyclopaedia+Britannica%3A+From+the+Macropaedia+to+Britannica+Online&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-299&rft.date=1999-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F00907329910275196&rft.issn=0090-7324&rft.au=Auchter%2C+Dorothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emerald.com%2Finsight%2Fcontent%2Fdoi%2F10.1108%2F00907329910275196%2Ffull%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCauz2013" class="citation journal cs1">Cauz, Jorge (1 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hbr.org/2013/03/encyclopaedia-britannicas-president-on-killing-off-a-244-year-old-product">"Encyclopædia Britannica's President on Killing Off a 244-Year-Old Product"</a>. <i>Harvard Business Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%27s+President+on+Killing+Off+a+244-Year-Old+Product&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft.aulast=Cauz&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2F2013%2F03%2Fencyclopaedia-britannicas-president-on-killing-off-a-244-year-old-product&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc." class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc.&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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