NIST and Nanosoccer

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nist-section-header--1079821 nist-section-header--topic nist-section-header--interior"> <div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container"> <div class="nist-section-header__title"> <h2><a href="/web/20240117020243/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></h2> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-12"> <div class="nist-block"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">NIST and Nanosoccer</h1> </div> <div class="nist-block">  <div data-elastic-exclude class="nist-block nist-social__wrapper"> <h2 class="nist-social__title">Share</h2> <div class="social-media-sharing"> <div class="nist-social__wrapper--share"> <div> <a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117020243/https://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology/nist-and-nanosoccer" title="Facebook" class="nist-social 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<span>Email</span> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="text-with-summary"> <p>Imagine a robotic David Beckham six times smaller than an amoeba playing with a "soccer ball" no wider than a human hair with all of the action happening on a field the size of single grain of rice.</p>  <p>It may sound like the stuff of science fiction but from 2007 to 2009, nanosoccer was serious business for the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).</p>  <p>During those years, NIST, the federal agency that advances U.S. innovation and competitiveness, partnered with industry, universities and other organizations to move us toward a future where robots smaller than the eye can see are put to work in a variety of ways.</p>  <p>NIST聽conducted聽its nanosoccer competitions and demonstrations in conjunction with RoboCup, an international organization dedicated to using the game of soccer as a testing ground for the robotics technologies of the future. NIST's goal in coordinating competitions between the world's smallest robots鈥攌nown as nanobots (nanoscale robots)鈥攚as to show the feasibility and accessibility of technologies for fabricating MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS), tiny mechanical devices built onto semiconductor chips and measured in micrometers (millionth of a meter).</p>  <p>The soccer nanobots were聽operated by remote control under an optical microscope. They moved in response to changing magnetic fields or electrical signals transmitted across the microchip arena. Although the bots were聽a few tens of micrometers to a few hundred micrometers long, they were聽considered "nanoscale" because their masses ranged from a few nanograms to a few hundred nanograms. They were聽manufactured from materials such as aluminum, nickel, gold, silicon and chromium.</p>  <p>In this website, you will learn more about nanosoccer, how it聽worked聽and how its lessons helped pave a path toward working microrobots that can dramatically improve our quality of life.</p>  <h3>2009 RoboCup Nanogram Competition (Graz, Austria)</h3>  <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117020243/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2008/11/let-games-begin-nanosoccer-2009-robocup-austria">Let the Games Begin! Nanosoccer at 2009 RoboCup in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117020243/https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/factsheet/upload/robocup2009_call.pdf">Call for Participants</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117020243/https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/factsheet/upload/robocup2009_rules.pdf">2009 Nanogram Rules</a></li> </ul><h3>Nanosoccer Event Summaries</h3>  <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117020243/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology/2007-robocup-nanogram-demonstration-competition">2007 RoboCup Nanogram Demonstration Competition (Atlanta, Ga.)</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117020243/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology/nanosoccer-demonstration-2008-robocup-us-open">2008 RoboCup U.S. Open Nanosoccer Demonstration (Pittsburgh, Pa.)</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117020243/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology/2009-robocup-nanosoccer-demonstration-competition">2009 RoboCup Nanogram Competition (Graz, Austria)</a></li> </ul><h3>Photos/Graphics</h3>  <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="tablet:grid-col"> <p><strong>Microchip with Nanosoccer Fields of Play<br/><figure class="align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2017/09/25/robosoccerfields_hr.jpg?itok=DMtNuxxk" data-media-id="187581"><img alt="A glass microchip next to a quarter showing that the two are approximately the same size" height="303" loading="lazy" src="/web/20240117020243im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2017/09/25/robosoccerfields_hr.jpg?itok=pjtXBQiJ" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"/><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> The glass microchip on the left measures 3 centimeters across鈥攕lightly more than the diameter of a quarter on the right鈥攁nd is divided into sixteen 2.5 millimeter by 2.5 millimeter nanosoccer playing fields. </div> </figcaption></figure></strong></p> </div>  <div class="tablet:grid-col"> <p><strong>Nanosoccer Field of Play (Diagram)<br/><figure class="align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2017/01/04/nanosoccer_field_of_play_hr.gif?itok=4ge3pVMn" data-media-id="187556"><img alt="Nanosoccer Field of Play" height="413" loading="lazy" src="/web/20240117020243im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2017/01/04/nanosoccer_field_of_play_hr.gif?itok=eyouNoBD" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"/><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> </div> </figcaption></figure></strong></p> </div>  <div class="tablet:grid-col last"> <p><strong>Nanosoccer Ball</strong><br/><figure class="align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2017/01/04/nanosoccer_ball_hr.jpg?itok=bPcqP-zg" data-media-id="187576"><img alt="This is a silicon dioxide disk (top view) about the diameter of a human hair (100 碌m) that can be pushed across the Nanogram Soccer field of play by the nanosoccer robots. " height="384" loading="lazy" src="/web/20240117020243im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2017/01/04/nanosoccer_ball_hr.jpg?itok=GOD2pKkg" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"/><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> This is a silicon dioxide disk (top view) about the diameter of a human hair (100 碌m) that can be pushed across the Nanogram Soccer field of play by the nanosoccer robots. The "T" is a mark for spotting the ball on the field. The three circles are the location of the raised dimples on the underside of the disk that allow movement across the field. </div> </figcaption></figure></p> </div> </div>  <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="tablet:grid-col"> <p><strong>Photomicrograph of Open Nanosoccer Field<br/><figure class="align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2017/01/04/field1_hr.jpg?itok=56Z24Ty3" data-media-id="187561"><img alt="Photomicrograph of Nanosoccer Open Field" height="360" loading="lazy" src="/web/20240117020243im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2017/01/04/field1_hr.jpg?itok=STl4rVrH" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"/><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> </div> </figcaption></figure></strong></p> </div>  <div class="tablet:grid-col"> <p><strong>Photomicrograph of Nanosoccer Field with Defenders<br/><figure class="align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2017/01/04/field4_hr.jpg?itok=JXxVY8AU" data-media-id="187546"><img alt="Photomicrograph of Nanosoccer Field with Defenders" height="360" loading="lazy" src="/web/20240117020243im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2017/01/04/field4_hr.jpg?itok=hrJ034Gn" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"/><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> </div> </figcaption></figure></strong></p> </div>  <div class="tablet:grid-col last"> <p><strong>How Small is a Nanobot?<br/><figure class="align-center nist-image--lightbox nist-image" data-lightbox="https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/2800_x_2800_limit/public/images/2017/01/04/microrobot.jpg?itok=OqzoGkTm" data-media-id="289551"><img alt="A microrobot used at the RoboCup 2009 nanosoccer competition by the team from Switzerland's ETH Zurich is compared in size to the head of a fruit fly." height="480" loading="lazy" src="/web/20240117020243im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2017/01/04/microrobot.jpg?itok=axoOahmp" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"/><figcaption class="nist-image__caption"><div class="nist-image__caption-content" data-caption-editable="true"> A microrobot used at the RoboCup 2009 nanosoccer competition by the team from Switzerland's ETH Zurich is compared in size to the head of a fruit fly. The robot, which is operated under a microscope, is 300 micrometers in length or slightly larger than a dust mite. </div> <div class="nist-image__credit"> <span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span> ETH Zurich </div> </figcaption></figure></strong></p> </div> </div>  <ul><li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117020243/https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/factsheet/upload/doe_scale_of_things_chart.pdf">The Scale of Things (Department of Energy Graphic -- PDF)</a></li> </ul><h3>Videos</h3>  <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="tablet:grid-col"> <p><figure class="nist-video" data-media-id="343506"><div class="video-embed-field"><div class="video-embed-field-lazy" data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_l2vi3653?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_l2vi3653&amp;flashvars%5BautoPlay%5D=1"></iframe> </div> "><img alt="Bend It Like NIST: Tiny Soccer Players Pave Way for Microrobots" loading="lazy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117020243im_/https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/0_l2vi3653/width/1280" typeof="foaf:Image"/><button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button> <div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">Bend It Like NIST: Tiny Soccer Players Pave Way for Microrobots</div> </div> </div> <figcaption class="nist-video__caption" data-caption-editable="true"></figcaption></figure></p> </div>  <div class="tablet:grid-col last"> <p><figure class="nist-video" data-media-id="343496"><div class="video-embed-field"><div class="video-embed-field-lazy" data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_9znof0tc?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_9znof0tc&amp;flashvars%5BautoPlay%5D=1"></iframe> </div> "><img alt="Nanosoccer: Dartmouth Robot in Motion" loading="lazy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117020243im_/https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/0_9znof0tc/width/1280" typeof="foaf:Image"/><button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button> <div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">Nanosoccer: Dartmouth Robot in Motion</div> </div> </div> <figcaption class="nist-video__caption" data-caption-editable="true"></figcaption></figure></p> </div> </div>  <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="tablet:grid-col"> <p><figure class="nist-video" data-media-id="343486"><div class="video-embed-field"><div class="video-embed-field-lazy" data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_xm6dkpw6?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_xm6dkpw6&amp;flashvars%5BautoPlay%5D=1"></iframe> </div> "><img alt="Nanosoccer: Swiss Robot Doing Zig Zag Moves" loading="lazy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117020243im_/https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/0_xm6dkpw6/width/1280" typeof="foaf:Image"/><button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button> <div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">Nanosoccer: Swiss Robot Doing Zig Zag Moves</div> </div> </div> <figcaption class="nist-video__caption" data-caption-editable="true"></figcaption></figure></p> </div>  <div class="tablet:grid-col last"> <p><figure class="nist-video" data-media-id="343476"><div class="video-embed-field"><div class="video-embed-field-lazy" data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_7fx9gjr9?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_7fx9gjr9&amp;flashvars%5BautoPlay%5D=1"></iframe> </div> "><img alt="Nanosoccer: Nanobot Scoring Goals" loading="lazy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117020243im_/https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/0_7fx9gjr9/width/1280" typeof="foaf:Image"/><button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button> <div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">Nanosoccer: Nanobot Scoring Goals</div> </div> </div> <figcaption class="nist-video__caption" data-caption-editable="true"></figcaption></figure></p> </div> </div>  <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="tablet:grid-col"> <p><figure class="nist-video" data-media-id="343456"><div class="video-embed-field"><div class="video-embed-field-lazy" data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_q2jk8zpc?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_q2jk8zpc&amp;flashvars%5BautoPlay%5D=1"></iframe> </div> "><img alt="Nanosoccer: CMU Nanobot Swimming" loading="lazy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117020243im_/https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/0_q2jk8zpc/width/1280" typeof="foaf:Image"/><button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button> <div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">Nanosoccer: CMU Nanobot Swimming</div> </div> </div> <figcaption class="nist-video__caption" data-caption-editable="true"></figcaption></figure></p> </div>  <div class="tablet:grid-col last"> <p><figure class="nist-video" data-media-id="343466"><div class="video-embed-field"><div class="video-embed-field-lazy" data-video-embed-field-lazy="<div class="video-embed-field-provider-nist-kaltura video-embed-field-responsive-video"><iframe width="854" height="480" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay *; fullscreen *; encrypted-media *" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" src="https://www.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/embedIframeJs/uiconf_id/31013851/partner_id/684682?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_kv05p00a?iframeembed=true&amp;entry_id=0_kv05p00a&amp;flashvars%5BautoPlay%5D=1"></iframe> </div> "><img alt="Nanosoccer: Motion On Dime" loading="lazy" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117020243im_/https://cdnsecakmi.kaltura.com/p/684682/sp/68468200/thumbnail/entry_id/0_kv05p00a/width/1280" typeof="foaf:Image"/><button class="video-embed-field-lazy-play"></button> <div class="video-embed-field-lazy-title">Nanosoccer: Motion On Dime</div> </div> </div> <figcaption class="nist-video__caption" data-caption-editable="true"></figcaption></figure></p> </div> </div>  <p>聽</p> </div> </div> <div class="nist-block">  <div data-elastic-exclude="" class="nist-tags"> <a href="/web/20240117020243/https://www.nist.gov/topic-terms/nanotechnology" hreflang="en">Nanotechnology</a></div>  </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div 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