CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Tangible user interface - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b2125648-9d38-4053-a698-a83e415deae2","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Tangible_user_interface","wgTitle":"Tangible user interface","wgCurRevisionId":1239908980,"wgRevisionId":1239908980,"wgArticleId":1764825,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","All articles with incomplete citations","Articles with incomplete citations from January 2022","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from January 2022","CS1: long volume value","Use dmy dates from September 2019","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022","User interfaces","User interface techniques","Surface computing"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Tangible_user_interface","wgRelevantArticleId":1764825,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1468691","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.19"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reactable_Multitouch.jpg/1200px-Reactable_Multitouch.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="803"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reactable_Multitouch.jpg/800px-Reactable_Multitouch.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="536"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reactable_Multitouch.jpg/640px-Reactable_Multitouch.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="428"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Tangible user interface - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangible_user_interface"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangible_user_interface"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tangible_user_interface rootpage-Tangible_user_interface skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tangible+user+interface" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tangible+user+interface" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Tangible+user+interface" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Tangible+user+interface" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_graphical_user_interfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_graphical_user_interfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Comparison with graphical user interfaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_graphical_user_interfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_the_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_the_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>State of the art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_the_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_icon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_icon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Physical icon</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_icon-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical icon subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_icon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tangible user interface</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Осезаем потребителски интерфейс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Осезаем потребителски интерфейс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangible_User_Interface" title="Tangible User Interface – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tangible User Interface" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interface_utilisateur_tangible" title="Interface utilisateur tangible – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Interface utilisateur tangible" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interfaccia_utente_tangibile" title="Interfaccia utente tangibile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Interfaccia utente tangibile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="タンジブルユーザインタフェース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タンジブルユーザインタフェース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Осязательный интерфейс пользователя – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осязательный интерфейс пользователя" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1468691#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tangible_user_interface" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Tangible_user_interface" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tangible_user_interface"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tangible_user_interface"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Tangible_user_interface" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Tangible_user_interface" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&oldid=1239908980" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Tangible_user_interface&id=1239908980&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTangible_user_interface"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTangible_user_interface"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tangible_user_interface&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tangible_user_interfaces" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1468691" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Text-based_user_interface" title="Text-based user interface">Text-based user interface</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reactable_Multitouch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reactable_Multitouch.jpg/220px-Reactable_Multitouch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reactable_Multitouch.jpg/330px-Reactable_Multitouch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Reactable_Multitouch.jpg/440px-Reactable_Multitouch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reactable" title="Reactable">Reactable</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">electronic musical instrument</a> example of tangible user interface</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SandScape.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SandScape.jpg/220px-SandScape.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SandScape.jpg/330px-SandScape.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/SandScape.jpg/440px-SandScape.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2695" data-file-height="2778" /></a><figcaption><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tangible.media.mit.edu/project/sandscape/">SandScape</a> device installed in the <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Creativity_Museum" title="Children's Creativity Museum">Children's Creativity Museum</a> in San Francisco</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>tangible user interface</b> (<b>TUI</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> in which a person interacts with digital information through the physical <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">environment</a>. The initial name was Graspable User Interface, which is no longer used. The purpose of TUI development is to empower collaboration, learning, and design by giving physical forms to digital information, thus taking advantage of the human ability to grasp and manipulate physical objects and materials.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was first conceived by <a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a> as a new programming language that would teach much younger children similar to Logo, but using special "keyboards" and input devices. Another pioneer in tangible user interfaces is <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishii_(computer_scientist)" title="Hiroshi Ishii (computer scientist)">Hiroshi Ishii</a>, a professor at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> who heads the Tangible Media Group at the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Media_Lab" title="MIT Media Lab">MIT Media Lab</a>. His particular vision for tangible UIs, called <i>Tangible Bits</i>, is to give physical form to digital information, making bits directly manipulable and perceptible. Tangible bits pursues the seamless coupling between physical objects and virtual data. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several frameworks describing the key characteristics of tangible user interfaces. Brygg Ullmer and <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishii_(computer_scientist)" title="Hiroshi Ishii (computer scientist)">Hiroshi Ishii</a> describe six characteristics concerning representation and control:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Physical representations are computationally coupled to underlying digital information.</li> <li>Physical representations embody mechanisms for interactive control.</li> <li>Physical representations are perceptually coupled to actively mediated digital representations.</li> <li>Physical state of tangibles embodies key aspects of the digital state of a system</li></ol> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eva_Hornecker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eva Hornecker (page does not exist)">Eva Hornecker</a> and Jacob Buur describe a structured framework with four themes:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Tangible manipulation: material representations with distinct tactile qualities, which are typically physically manipulated. A typical example is haptic direct manipulation: can user grab, feel and move important elements in the interface?</li> <li>Spatial interaction: tangible interaction is embedded in real space; interaction occurs as movement in this space. An example is full body interaction: can the user make use of their whole body?</li> <li>Embodied facilitation: the configuration of material objects and space affects how multiple users interact jointly with the tangible user interface. Examples include multiple access points: can all users in the space see what is going on and interact with central elements of the interface?</li> <li>Expressive representation: expressiveness and legibility of material and digital representations employed by tangible interaction systems. An example is representational significance: do physical and digital representations have the same strength and salience?</li></ol> <p>According to Mi Jeong Kim and Mary Lou Maher, the five basic defining properties of tangible user interfaces are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-KimMaher2008_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KimMaher2008-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Space-multiplex both input and output.</li> <li>Concurrent access and manipulation of interface components.</li> <li>Strong specific devices.</li> <li>Spatially aware computational devices.</li> <li>Spatial re-configurability of devices.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_with_graphical_user_interfaces">Comparison with graphical user interfaces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparison with graphical user interfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tangible user interface must be differentiated from a <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interface</a> (GUI). A GUI exists only in the digital world, whereas a TUI connects the digital with the physical world. For example, a screen displays the digital information, whereas a mouse allows us to directly interact with this digital information.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tangible user interface represents the input directly in the physical world, and makes the digital information directly graspable.<sup id="cite_ref-Hiroshi2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiroshi2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A tangible user interface is usually built for one specific target group, because of the low range of possible application areas. Therefore, the design of the interface must be developed together with the target group to ensure a good user experience.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_Carandang_2012_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_Carandang_2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In comparison with a TUI, a GUI has a wide range of usages in one interface. Because of that it targets a large group of possible users.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_Carandang_2012_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_Carandang_2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One advantage of the TUI is the user experience, because it occurs a physical interaction between the user and the interface itself (E.g.: <a href="/w/index.php?title=SandScape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SandScape (page does not exist)">SandScape</a>: Building your own landscape with sand). Another advantage is usability, because the user knows intuitively how to use the interface by knowing the function of the physical object. So, the user does not need to learn the functionality. That is why the Tangible User interface is often used to make technology more accessible for elderly people.<sup id="cite_ref-Hiroshi2007_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiroshi2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Interface type/attributes</th> <th>Tangible user interface</th> <th>Graphical user interface </th></tr> <tr> <td>Range of possible application areas</td> <td>Build for one specific application area</td> <td>Build for many kinds of application areas </td></tr> <tr> <td>How the system is driven</td> <td>Physical objects, such as a mouse or a keyboard</td> <td>Based on graphical bits, such as pixels on the screen </td></tr> <tr> <td>Coupling between cognitive bits and the physical output</td> <td>Unmediated connection</td> <td>Indirect connection </td></tr> <tr> <td>How user experience is driven</td> <td>The user already knows the function of the interface by knowing how the physical objects function</td> <td>The user explores the functionality of the interface </td></tr> <tr> <td>User behavior when approaching the system</td> <td>Intuition</td> <td>Recognition </td></tr></tbody></table><p><sup id="cite_ref-Campbell_Carandang_2012_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_Carandang_2012-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A simple example of tangible UI is the computer mouse: Dragging the mouse over a flat surface moves a pointer on the screen accordingly. There is a very clear relationship about the behaviors shown by a system with the movements of a mouse. Other examples include: </p> <ul><li><i>Marble Answering Machine</i> by Durrell Bishop (1992).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Marbles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marbles">marble</a> represents a single message left on the <a href="/wiki/Answering_machine" title="Answering machine">answering machine</a>. Dropping a marble into a dish plays back the associated message or calls back the caller.</li> <li>The <i>Topobo</i> system. The blocks in Topobo are like <a href="/wiki/LEGO" class="mw-redirect" title="LEGO">LEGO</a> blocks which can be snapped together, but can also move by themselves using motorized components. A person can push, pull, and twist these blocks, and the blocks can memorize these movements and replay them.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Implementations which allow the user to sketch a picture on the system's table top with a real tangible pen. Using hand gestures, the user can clone the image and stretch it in the X and Y axes just as one would in a paint program. This system would integrate a video camera with a <a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">gesture recognition</a> system.</li> <li><i>jive</i>. The implementation of a TUI helped make this product more accessible to elderly users of the product. The 'friend' passes can also be used to activate different interactions with the product.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>a <a href="/wiki/Projection_augmented_model" title="Projection augmented model">projection augmented model</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SandScape&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SandScape (page does not exist)">SandScape</a>: Designing landscape with TUI. This interface lets the user form a landscape out of sand on a table. The sand model represents the terrain, which is projected on the surface. In real-time the model projects the deformations of the sand.<sup id="cite_ref-Hiroshi2007_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiroshi2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Several approaches have been made to establish a generic middleware for TUIs. They target toward the independence of application domains as well as flexibility in terms of the deployed sensor technology. For example, <a href="/wiki/Siftables" class="mw-redirect" title="Siftables">Siftables</a> provides an application platform in which small gesture sensitive displays act together to form a human-computer interface. </p><p>For collaboration support, TUIs have to allow the spatial distribution, asynchronous activities, and the dynamic modification of the TUI infrastructure, to name the most prominent ones. This approach presents a framework based on the LINDA tuple space concept to meet these requirements. The implemented TUIpist framework deploys arbitrary sensor technology for any type of application and actuators in distributed environments.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="State_of_the_art">State of the art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: State of the art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interest in tangible user interfaces (TUIs) has grown constantly since the 1990s, and with every year, more tangible systems are showing up. A 2017 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ideum.com/news/evolution-of-tangible-ui-on-touch-tables">white paper</a> outlines the evolution of TUIs for touch table experiences and raises new possibilities for experimentation and development.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, Gary Zalewski patented a system of moveable children's blocks containing sensors and displays for teaching spelling and sentence composition.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tangibleengine.com/">Tangible Engine</a> is a proprietary authoring application used to build object-recognition interfaces for projected-capacitive touch tables. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tangibleengine.com/media-creator/">Tangible Engine Media Creator</a> allows users with little or no coding experience to quickly create TUI-based experiences. </p><p>The MIT Tangible Media Group, headed by Hiroshi Ishi is continuously developing and experimenting with TUIs including many tabletop applications.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Urp<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> system and the more advanced Augmented Urban Planning Workbench<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allow digital simulations of air flow, shadows, reflections, and other data based on the positions and orientations of physical models of buildings, on the table surface. </p><p>Newer developments go even one step further and incorporate the third dimension by allowing a user to form landscapes with clay (Illuminating Clay<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) or sand (Sand Scape<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Again different simulations allow the analysis of shadows, height maps, slopes and other characteristics of the interactively formable landmasses. </p><p>InfrActables is a back projection collaborative table that allows interaction by using TUIs that incorporate state recognition. Adding different buttons to the TUIs enables additional functions associated to the TUIs. Newer versions of the technology can even be integrated into LC-displays<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by using infrared sensors behind the LC matrix. </p><p>The Tangible Disaster<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allows the user to analyze disaster measures and simulate different kinds of disasters (fire, flood, tsunami,.) and evacuation scenarios during collaborative planning sessions. Physical objects allow positioning disasters by placing them on the interactive map and additionally tuning parameters (i.e. scale) using dials attached to them. </p><p>The commercial potential of TUIs has been identified recently. The repeatedly awarded Reactable,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an interactive tangible tabletop instrument, is now distributed commercially by Reactable Systems, a spinoff company of the Pompeu Fabra University, where it was developed. With the Reactable users can set up their own instrument interactively, by physically placing different objects (representing oscillators, filters, modulators...) and parametrise them by rotating and using touch-input. </p><p>Microsoft is distributing its novel Windows-based platform Microsoft Surface<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (now Microsoft PixelSense) since 2009. Beside <a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">multi-touch</a> tracking of fingers, the platform supports the recognition of physical objects by their footprints. Several applications, mainly for the use in commercial space, have been presented. Examples range from designing an own individual graphical layout for a snowboard or skateboard to studying the details of a wine in a restaurant by placing it on the table and navigating through menus via touch input. Interactions such as the collaborative browsing of photographs from a handycam or cell phone that connects seamlessly once placed on the table are also supported. </p><p>Another notable interactive installation is instant city<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that combines gaming, music, architecture and collaborative aspects. It allows the user to build three-dimensional structures and set up a city with rectangular building blocks, which simultaneously results in the interactive assembly of musical fragments of different composers. </p><p>The development of the <a href="/wiki/Reactable" title="Reactable">Reactable</a> and the subsequent release of its tracking technology reacTIVision<sup id="cite_ref-reacTIVision_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reacTIVision-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the GNU/GPL as well as the open specifications of the <a href="/wiki/TUIO" class="mw-redirect" title="TUIO">TUIO</a> protocol have triggered an enormous amount of developments based on this technology. </p><p>In the last few years, many amateur and semi-professional projects outside of academia and commerce have been started. Due to open source tracking technologies (reacTIVision<sup id="cite_ref-reacTIVision_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reacTIVision-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and the ever-increasing computational power available to end-consumers, the required infrastructure is now accessible to almost everyone. A standard PC, webcam, and some handicraft work allows individuals to set up tangible systems with a minimal programming and material effort. This opens doors to novel ways of perceiving human-computer interaction and allows for new forms of creativity for the public to experiment with.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is difficult to keep track and overlook the rapidly growing number of all these systems and tools, but while many of them seem only to utilize the available technologies and are limited to initial experiments and tests with some basic ideas or just reproduce existing systems, a few of them open out into novel interfaces and interactions and are deployed in public space or embedded in art installations.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tangible Factory Planning<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a tangible table based on reacTIVision<sup id="cite_ref-reacTIVision_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reacTIVision-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that allows to collaboratively plan and visualize production processes in combination with plans of new factory buildings and was developed within a diploma thesis. </p><p>Another example of the many reacTIVision-based tabletops is ImpulsBauhaus-Interactive Table<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was on exhibition at the Bauhaus-University in Weimar marking the 90th anniversary of the establishment of Bauhaus. Visitors could browse and explore the biographies, complex relations and social networks between members of the movement. </p><p>Using principles derived from <a href="/wiki/Embodied_cognition" title="Embodied cognition">embodied cognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_load_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive load theory">cognitive load theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Embodied_design" title="Embodied design">embodied design</a> TUIs have been shown to increase learning performance by offering multimodal feedback.<sup id="cite_ref-Skulmowski_et_al.,_2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skulmowski_et_al.,_2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these benefits for learning require forms of interaction design that leave as much cognitive capacity as possible for learning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_icon">Physical icon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Physical icon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>physical icon</b>, or <b>phicon</b>, is the tangible computing equivalent of an <a href="/wiki/Icon_(computing)" title="Icon (computing)">icon</a> in a traditional graphical user interface, or <a href="/wiki/GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a>. Phicons hold a reference to some <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> object and thereby convey meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hirose2001_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hirose2001-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AghajanAugusto2009_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AghajanAugusto2009-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physical icons were first used as tangible interfaces in the metaDesk project built in 1997 by Professor <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Ishii_(computer_scientist)" title="Hiroshi Ishii (computer scientist)">Hiroshi Ishii</a>'s tangible bits research group at <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rheingold2007_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rheingold2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dourish2004_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dourish2004-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The metaDesk consisted of a table whose surface showed a rear-projected video image. Placing a phicon on the table triggered sensors that altered the video projection.<sup id="cite_ref-RossonCarroll2002_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RossonCarroll2002-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardware interface">Hardware interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinetic user interface">Kinetic user interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_user_interface" title="Natural user interface">Natural user interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_user_interface" title="Organic user interface">Organic user interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_computing" title="Unconventional computing">Unconventional computing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIshii2008" class="citation book cs1">Ishii, Hiroshi (2008). "Tangible bits". <i>Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction - TEI '08</i>. pp. xv. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1347390.1347392">10.1145/1347390.1347392</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60558-004-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60558-004-3"><bdi>978-1-60558-004-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18166868">18166868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tangible+bits&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2nd+international+conference+on+Tangible+and+embedded+interaction+-+TEI+%2708&rft.pages=xv&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18166868%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1347390.1347392&rft.isbn=978-1-60558-004-3&rft.aulast=Ishii&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUllmerIshii2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ullmer, Brygg; Ishii, Hiroshi (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rauterberg.employee.id.tue.nl/lecturenotes/JFS-seminar-ID/FW-TUI-2000.pdf">"Emerging Frameworks for Tangible User Interfaces"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IBM Systems Journal</i>. <b>39</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">915–</span>931. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1147%2Fsj.393.0915">10.1147/sj.393.0915</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IBM+Systems+Journal&rft.atitle=Emerging+Frameworks+for+Tangible+User+Interfaces&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E915-%3C%2Fspan%3E931&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1147%2Fsj.393.0915&rft.aulast=Ullmer&rft.aufirst=Brygg&rft.au=Ishii%2C+Hiroshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frauterberg.employee.id.tue.nl%2Flecturenotes%2FJFS-seminar-ID%2FFW-TUI-2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHorneckerBuur2006" class="citation book cs1">Hornecker, Eva; Buur, Jacob (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehornecker.de/Papers/FrameworkCHI.pdf">"Getting a grip on tangible interaction: A framework on physical space and social interaction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems</i>. Vol. CHI. pp. <span class="nowrap">437–</span>446. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1124772.1124838">10.1145/1124772.1124838</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59593-372-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59593-372-7"><bdi>1-59593-372-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Getting+a+grip+on+tangible+interaction%3A+A+framework+on+physical+space+and+social+interaction&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+SIGCHI+Conference+on+Human+Factors+in+Computing+Systems&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E437-%3C%2Fspan%3E446&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1124772.1124838&rft.isbn=1-59593-372-7&rft.aulast=Hornecker&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft.au=Buur%2C+Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehornecker.de%2FPapers%2FFrameworkCHI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KimMaher2008-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KimMaher2008_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimMaher2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, Mi Jeong; Maher, Mary Lou (30 May 2008). "The Impact of Tangible User Interfaces on Designers' Spatial Cognition". <i>Human–Computer Interaction</i>. <b>23</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">101–</span>137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07370020802016415">10.1080/07370020802016415</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1268154">1268154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human%E2%80%93Computer+Interaction&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+Tangible+User+Interfaces+on+Designers%27+Spatial+Cognition&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=2008-05-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07370020802016415&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1268154%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Mi+Jeong&rft.au=Maher%2C+Mary+Lou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://tmg-trackr.media.mit.edu:8020/SuperContainer/RawData/Papers/485-Radical%20Atoms%20Beyond%20Tangible/Published/PDF">http://tmg-trackr.media.mit.edu:8020/SuperContainer/RawData/Papers/485-Radical%20Atoms%20Beyond%20Tangible/Published/PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120919074103/http://tmg-trackr.media.mit.edu:8020/SuperContainer/RawData/Papers/485-Radical%20Atoms%20Beyond%20Tangible/Published/PDF">Archived</a> 19 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hiroshi2007-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hiroshi2007_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiroshi2007_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiroshi2007_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIshii2007" class="citation book cs1">Ishii, Hiroshi (2007). "Tangible User Interfaces". <i>The Human-Computer Interaction Handbook</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">495–</span>514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9781410615862-35">10.1201/9781410615862-35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-16397-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-16397-5"><bdi>978-0-429-16397-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tangible+User+Interfaces&rft.btitle=The+Human-Computer+Interaction+Handbook&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E495-%3C%2Fspan%3E514&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1201%2F9781410615862-35&rft.isbn=978-0-429-16397-5&rft.aulast=Ishii&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_Carandang_2012-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_Carandang_2012_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_Carandang_2012_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_Carandang_2012_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbellCarandang2012" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, John; Carandang, Xharmagne (29 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2012/proceedings/HCIStudies/11/">"Comparing Graphical and Tangible User Interfaces for a Tower Defense Game"</a>. <i>AMCIS 2012 Proceedings</i>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.924.6112">10.1.1.924.6112</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AMCIS+2012+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Comparing+Graphical+and+Tangible+User+Interfaces+for+a+Tower+Defense+Game&rft.date=2012-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.924.6112%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Carandang%2C+Xharmagne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faisel.aisnet.org%2Famcis2012%2Fproceedings%2FHCIStudies%2F11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boingboing.net/2013/03/21/internet-of-things-answering-m.html">"Internet-of-Things answering machine from 1992, with marbles / Boing Boing"</a>. <i>boingboing.net</i>. 21 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=boingboing.net&rft.atitle=Internet-of-Things+answering+machine+from+1992%2C+with+marbles+%2F+Boing+Boing&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fboingboing.net%2F2013%2F03%2F21%2Finternet-of-things-answering-m.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topobo.com">"Topobo construction kit with kinetic memory"</a>. <i>www.topobo.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.topobo.com&rft.atitle=Topobo+construction+kit+with+kinetic+memory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topobo.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jive.benarent.co.uk">"jive - social networking for your gran"</a>. <i>jive.benarent.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jive.benarent.co.uk&rft.atitle=jive+-+social+networking+for+your+gran.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjive.benarent.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cs.rit.edu/~pns6910/docs/Tuple%20Space/A%20Tuple-Space%20Based%20Middleware%20for%20Collaborative%20Tangible%20User%20Interfaces.pdf">http://www.cs.rit.edu/~pns6910/docs/Tuple%20Space/A%20Tuple-Space%20Based%20Middleware%20for%20Collaborative%20Tangible%20User%20Interfaces.pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ideum.com/news/evolution-of-tangible-ui-on-touch-tables">"The Evolution of Tangible User Interfaces on Touch Tables | Ideum"</a>. <i>Ideum - exhibit design | touch tables | interactive exhibits</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ideum+-+exhibit+design+%7C+touch+tables+%7C+interactive+exhibits&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Tangible+User+Interfaces+on+Touch+Tables+%7C+Ideum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fideum.com%2Fnews%2Fevolution-of-tangible-ui-on-touch-tables&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5991693/en">"Wireless I/O apparatus and method of computer-assisted instruction"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wireless+I%2FO+apparatus+and+method+of+computer-assisted+instruction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS5991693%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.media.mit.edu/research/groups/tangible-media">"Tangible Media"</a>. <i>www.media.mit.edu</i>. MIT Media Lab<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.media.mit.edu&rft.atitle=Tangible+Media&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.media.mit.edu%2Fresearch%2Fgroups%2Ftangible-media&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUnderkofflerIshii1999" class="citation book cs1">Underkoffler, John; Ishii, Hiroshi (1999). "Urp". <i>Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems the CHI is the limit - CHI '99</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">386–</span>393. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F302979.303114">10.1145/302979.303114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-48559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-48559-2"><bdi>978-0-201-48559-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52817952">52817952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Urp&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+SIGCHI+conference+on+Human+factors+in+computing+systems+the+CHI+is+the+limit+-+CHI+%2799&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E386-%3C%2Fspan%3E393&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52817952%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F302979.303114&rft.isbn=978-0-201-48559-2&rft.aulast=Underkoffler&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Ishii%2C+Hiroshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIshiiUnderkofflerChakPiper2002" class="citation book cs1">Ishii, H.; Underkoffler, J.; Chak, D.; Piper, B.; Ben-Joseph, E.; Yeung, L.; Kanji, Z. (2002). "Augmented urban planning workbench: Overlaying drawings, physical models and digital simulation". <i>Proceedings. International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">203–</span>211. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.19.4960">10.1.1.19.4960</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FISMAR.2002.1115090">10.1109/ISMAR.2002.1115090</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-1781-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7695-1781-0"><bdi>978-0-7695-1781-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2303022">2303022</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augmented+urban+planning+workbench%3A+Overlaying+drawings%2C+physical+models+and+digital+simulation&rft.btitle=Proceedings.+International+Symposium+on+Mixed+and+Augmented+Reality&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.19.4960%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2303022%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FISMAR.2002.1115090&rft.isbn=978-0-7695-1781-0&rft.aulast=Ishii&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Underkoffler%2C+J.&rft.au=Chak%2C+D.&rft.au=Piper%2C+B.&rft.au=Ben-Joseph%2C+E.&rft.au=Yeung%2C+L.&rft.au=Kanji%2C+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPiperRattiIshii2002" class="citation book cs1">Piper, Ben; Ratti, Carlo; Ishii, Hiroshi (2002). "Illuminating clay". <i>Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Changing our world, changing ourselves - CHI '02</i>. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F503376.503439">10.1145/503376.503439</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58113-453-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58113-453-7"><bdi>978-1-58113-453-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7146503">7146503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Illuminating+clay&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+SIGCHI+conference+on+Human+factors+in+computing+systems+Changing+our+world%2C+changing+ourselves+-+CHI+%2702&rft.pages=355&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7146503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F503376.503439&rft.isbn=978-1-58113-453-7&rft.aulast=Piper&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Ratti%2C+Carlo&rft.au=Ishii%2C+Hiroshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIshii2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ishii, Hiroshi (June 2008). "The tangible user interface and its evolution". <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>51</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">32–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1349026.1349034">10.1145/1349026.1349034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29416502">29416502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=The+tangible+user+interface+and+its+evolution&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1349026.1349034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29416502%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ishii&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoferKaplanKunz2008" class="citation book cs1">Hofer, Ramon; Kaplan, Patrick; Kunz, Andreas (2008). "Mighty <i>Trace</i>". <i>Proceeding of the twenty-sixth annual CHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI '08</i>. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1357054.1357091">10.1145/1357054.1357091</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F9226">20.500.11850/9226</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60558-011-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60558-011-1"><bdi>978-1-60558-011-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:12977345">12977345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mighty+Trace&rft.btitle=Proceeding+of+the+twenty-sixth+annual+CHI+conference+on+Human+factors+in+computing+systems+-+CHI+%2708&rft.pages=215&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F9226&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A12977345%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1357054.1357091&rft.isbn=978-1-60558-011-1&rft.aulast=Hofer&rft.aufirst=Ramon&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Kunz%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexa2007" class="citation book cs1">Alexa, Marc (5 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1280720.1280877">"Tangible user interface for supporting disaster education"</a>. <i>ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 posters</i>. Siggraph '07. pp. 144–es. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1280720.1280877">10.1145/1280720.1280877</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450318280" title="Special:BookSources/9781450318280"><bdi>9781450318280</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1851821">1851821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tangible+user+interface+for+supporting+disaster+education&rft.btitle=ACM+SIGGRAPH+2007+posters&rft.series=Siggraph+%2707&rft.pages=144-es&rft.date=2007-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1851821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1280720.1280877&rft.isbn=9781450318280&rft.aulast=Alexa&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F1280720.1280877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJordàGeigerAlonsoKaltenbrunner2007" class="citation book cs1">Jordà, Sergi; Geiger, Günter; Alonso, Marcos; Kaltenbrunner, Martin (2007). "The reac <i>Table</i>". <i>Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction - TEI '07</i>. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.81.1645">10.1.1.81.1645</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1226969.1226998">10.1145/1226969.1226998</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-619-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-619-6"><bdi>978-1-59593-619-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17384158">17384158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+reac+Table&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+1st+international+conference+on+Tangible+and+embedded+interaction+-+TEI+%2707&rft.pages=139&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.81.1645%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17384158%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1226969.1226998&rft.isbn=978-1-59593-619-6&rft.aulast=Jord%C3%A0&rft.aufirst=Sergi&rft.au=Geiger%2C+G%C3%BCnter&rft.au=Alonso%2C+Marcos&rft.au=Kaltenbrunner%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWall2009" class="citation book cs1">Wall, Josh (2009). "Demo I Microsoft Surface and the Single View Platform". <i>2009 International Symposium on Collaborative Technologies and Systems</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">xxxi–</span>xxxii. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FCTS.2009.5067436">10.1109/CTS.2009.5067436</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-4584-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-4584-4"><bdi>978-1-4244-4584-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demo+I+Microsoft+Surface+and+the+Single+View+Platform&rft.btitle=2009+International+Symposium+on+Collaborative+Technologies+and+Systems&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exxxi-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxxii&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FCTS.2009.5067436&rft.isbn=978-1-4244-4584-4&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Josh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHauertReichmuthBöhm2007" class="citation book cs1">Hauert, Sibylle; Reichmuth, Daniel; Böhm, Volker (2007). "Instant city". <i>Proceedings of the 7th international conference on New interfaces for musical expression - NIME '07</i>. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1279740.1279846">10.1145/1279740.1279846</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22458111">22458111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Instant+city&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+7th+international+conference+on+New+interfaces+for+musical+expression+-+NIME+%2707&rft.pages=422&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1279740.1279846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22458111%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hauert&rft.aufirst=Sibylle&rft.au=Reichmuth%2C+Daniel&rft.au=B%C3%B6hm%2C+Volker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reacTIVision-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reacTIVision_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reacTIVision_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reacTIVision_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKaltenbrunnerBencina2007" class="citation book cs1">Kaltenbrunner, Martin; Bencina, Ross (2007). "ReacTIVision". <i>Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Tangible and embedded interaction - TEI '07</i>. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1226969.1226983">10.1145/1226969.1226983</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-619-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59593-619-6"><bdi>978-1-59593-619-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:459304">459304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ReacTIVision&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+1st+international+conference+on+Tangible+and+embedded+interaction+-+TEI+%2707&rft.pages=69&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A459304%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1226969.1226983&rft.isbn=978-1-59593-619-6&rft.aulast=Kaltenbrunner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Bencina%2C+Ross&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourceforge.net/apps/phpbb/reactivision/viewforum.php?f=7&sid=a5ef9e8af6f70496591e4dd5552a7f5a">"Sourceforge TUIO User Exhibition"</a>. 20 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sourceforge+TUIO+User+Exhibition&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fapps%2Fphpbb%2Freactivision%2Fviewforum.php%3Ff%3D7%26sid%3Da5ef9e8af6f70496591e4dd5552a7f5a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tangible Factory Planning, Diploma Thesis, Daniel Guse, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.danielguse.de/tangibletable.php">http://www.danielguse.de/tangibletable.php</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100709201321/http://danielguse.de/tangibletable.php">Archived</a> 9 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sourceforge.net/apps/phpbb/reactivision/viewtopic.php?f=7&t=59">"Interactive Table with reacTIVision : ImpulsBauhaus"</a>. 20 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interactive+Table+with+reacTIVision+%3A+ImpulsBauhaus&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fapps%2Fphpbb%2Freactivision%2Fviewtopic.php%3Ff%3D7%26t%3D59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skulmowski_et_al.,_2016-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Skulmowski_et_al.,_2016_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSkulmowskiPradelKühnertBrunnett2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Skulmowski, Alexander; Pradel, Simon; Kühnert, Tom; Brunnett, Guido; Rey, Günter Daniel (January 2016). "Embodied learning using a tangible user interface: The effects of haptic perception and selective pointing on a spatial learning task". <i>Computers & Education</i>. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>93: <span class="nowrap">64–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.compedu.2015.10.011">10.1016/j.compedu.2015.10.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10493691">10493691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+%26+Education&rft.atitle=Embodied+learning+using+a+tangible+user+interface%3A+The+effects+of+haptic+perception+and+selective+pointing+on+a+spatial+learning+task&rft.volume=92-93&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.compedu.2015.10.011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10493691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Skulmowski&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Pradel%2C+Simon&rft.au=K%C3%BChnert%2C+Tom&rft.au=Brunnett%2C+Guido&rft.au=Rey%2C+G%C3%BCnter+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fidalgo, F., Silva, P., Realinho, V.: "Ubiquitous Computing and Organizations", page 201. Current Developments in Technology-Assisted Education, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hirose2001-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hirose2001_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichitaka_Hirose2001" class="citation book cs1">Michitaka Hirose (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LoR_qZGX8IgC&pg=PA337"><i>Human-computer Interaction: INTERACT '01 : IFIP TC.13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, 9th-13th July 2001, Tokyo, Japan</i></a>. IOS Press. pp. 337–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58603-188-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58603-188-6"><bdi>978-1-58603-188-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human-computer+Interaction%3A+INTERACT+%2701+%3A+IFIP+TC.13+International+Conference+on+Human-Computer+Interaction%2C+9th-13th+July+2001%2C+Tokyo%2C+Japan&rft.pages=337-&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58603-188-6&rft.au=Michitaka+Hirose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLoR_qZGX8IgC%26pg%3DPA337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AghajanAugusto2009-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AghajanAugusto2009_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamid_AghajanJuan_Carlos_AugustoRamon_Lopez-Cozar_Delgado2009" class="citation book cs1">Hamid Aghajan; Juan Carlos Augusto; Ramon Lopez-Cozar Delgado (25 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m6Fa-d2JTZEC&pg=PA15"><i>Human-Centric Interfaces for Ambient Intelligence</i></a>. Academic Press. pp. 15–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087850-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087850-8"><bdi>978-0-08-087850-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human-Centric+Interfaces+for+Ambient+Intelligence&rft.pages=15-&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009-09-25&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087850-8&rft.au=Hamid+Aghajan&rft.au=Juan+Carlos+Augusto&rft.au=Ramon+Lopez-Cozar+Delgado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm6Fa-d2JTZEC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rheingold2007-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rheingold2007_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoward_Rheingold2007" class="citation book cs1">Howard Rheingold (21 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v0ZKQ7aCd2QC&pg=PA104"><i>Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution</i></a>. Basic Books. pp. 104–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00439-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00439-3"><bdi>978-0-465-00439-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smart+Mobs%3A+The+Next+Social+Revolution&rft.pages=104-&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007-03-21&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00439-3&rft.au=Howard+Rheingold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv0ZKQ7aCd2QC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dourish2004-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dourish2004_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Dourish2004" class="citation book cs1">Paul Dourish (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DCIy2zxrCqcC&pg=PA45"><i>Where the Action is: The Foundations of Embodied Interaction</i></a>. MIT Press. pp. 45–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54178-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-54178-7"><bdi>978-0-262-54178-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+the+Action+is%3A+The+Foundations+of+Embodied+Interaction&rft.pages=45-&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-262-54178-7&rft.au=Paul+Dourish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDCIy2zxrCqcC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RossonCarroll2002-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RossonCarroll2002_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMary_Beth_RossonJohn_Millar_Carroll2002" class="citation book cs1">Mary Beth Rosson; John Millar Carroll (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sRPg0IYhYFYC&pg=PA316"><i>Usability Engineering: Scenario-based Development of Human-computer Interaction</i></a>. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 316–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-712-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55860-712-5"><bdi>978-1-55860-712-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Usability+Engineering%3A+Scenario-based+Development+of+Human-computer+Interaction&rft.pages=316-&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-55860-712-5&rft.au=Mary+Beth+Rosson&rft.au=John+Millar+Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsRPg0IYhYFYC%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATangible+user+interface" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>TUIO open framework for tangible multitouch surfaces at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tuio.org/">TUIO.org</a></li> <li>Encyclopedia entry on the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/tangible_interaction.html">history of Tangible Interaction and Tangible User Interfaces</a></li> <li>White paper on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ideum.com/news/evolution-of-tangible-ui-on-touch-tables">The Evolution of Tangible User Interfaces on Touch Tables</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="User_interfaces152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:User_interfaces" title="Template:User interfaces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:User_interfaces" title="Template talk:User interfaces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:User_interfaces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:User interfaces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="User_interfaces152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interfaces</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural-language_user_interface" title="Natural-language user interface">Natural-language user interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chatbot" title="Chatbot">Chatbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialogue_system" title="Dialogue system">Dialogue system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_user_interface" title="Voice user interface">Voice user interfaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversational_user_interface" title="Conversational user interface">Conversational user interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_assistant" title="Virtual assistant">Virtual assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_search" title="Voice search">Voice search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical user interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_widget" title="Graphical widget">Widgets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooming_user_interface" title="Zooming user interface">Zooming user interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Touch_user_interface" title="Touch user interface">Touch user interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-touch" title="Multi-touch">Multi-touch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tangible user interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/3D_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="3D user interface">3D user interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_tracking" title="Finger tracking">Finger tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positional_tracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Positional tracking">Positional tracking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other user interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Text-based_user_interface" title="Text-based user interface">Text-based user interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_user_interface" title="Natural user interface">Natural user interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_interaction" title="Multimodal interaction">Multimodal user interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&oldid=1239908980">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&oldid=1239908980</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:User_interfaces" title="Category:User interfaces">User interfaces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:User_interface_techniques" title="Category:User interface techniques">User interface techniques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surface_computing" title="Category:Surface computing">Surface computing</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_incomplete_citations" title="Category:All articles with incomplete citations">All articles with incomplete citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_incomplete_citations_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with incomplete citations from January 2022">Articles with incomplete citations from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from January 2022">Articles with dead external links from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2019">Use dmy dates from September 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 August 2024, at 10:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tangible_user_interface&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tangible user interface</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>6 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.next-6587df74bb-gcd4n","wgBackendResponseTime":144,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.439","walltime":"0.497","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2408,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":79070,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2622,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":124377,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 442.488 1 -total"," 61.55% 272.339 1 Template:Reflist"," 34.84% 154.145 17 Template:Cite_book"," 15.65% 69.238 1 Template:User_interfaces"," 15.26% 67.515 1 Template:Navbox"," 13.18% 58.308 4 Template:Fix"," 9.64% 42.673 1 Template:Citation_needed"," 7.94% 35.139 6 Template:Category_handler"," 6.84% 30.251 1 Template:Distinguish"," 6.44% 28.487 5 Template:Cite_journal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.286","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5757359,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-6f69c9f955-9ztq2","timestamp":"20250308163301","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Tangible user interface","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tangible_user_interface","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1468691","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1468691","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-04-19T18:25:57Z","dateModified":"2024-08-12T10:27:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e3\/Reactable_Multitouch.jpg","headline":"user interface in which a person interacts with digital information through the physical environment"}</script> </body> </html>