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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Lewis Thomas Drummond (May 28, 1813 – November 24, 1882) was a lawyer, political figure, and judge in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>). <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Lewis Thomas Drummond</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Drummond_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head shot of fair-skinned man, half-profile, wearing mid-19th century jacket and neckcloth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Drummond_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Drummond_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Drummond_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="411"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Solicitor General for Lower Canada</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1848–1851</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin" title="Thomas Cushing Aylwin">Thomas Cushing Aylwin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph-Olivier_Chauveau" title="Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau">Pierre-Joseph-Olivier Chauveau</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Attorney General for Lower Canada</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1851–1856</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis-Hippolyte_LaFontaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine">Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier" title="George-Étienne Cartier">George-Étienne Cartier</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office August 2, 1858 – August 6, 1858</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">George-Étienne Cartier</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">George-Étienne Cartier</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada</a> for <a href="/wiki/Montreal_(Province_of_Canada_electoral_district)" title="Montreal (Province of Canada electoral district)">Montreal</a> (two-member constituency)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 17, 1844 – September 23, 1844 (by-election)<div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.1em">Serving with <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaubien" title="Pierre Beaubien">Pierre Beaubien</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Holmes_(Canadian_politician)" title="Benjamin Holmes (Canadian politician)">Benjamin Holmes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Moffatt_(1787%E2%80%931865)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Moffatt (1787–1865)">George Moffatt</a> <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment-Charles_Sabrevois_de_Bleury" title="Clément-Charles Sabrevois de Bleury">Clément-Charles S. de Bleury</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada for <a href="/wiki/Portneuf_(Province_of_Canada_electoral_district)" title="Portneuf (Province of Canada electoral district)">Portneuf</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1844–1847 (1 general election and 1 by-election)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cushing_Aylwin" title="Thomas Cushing Aylwin">Thomas Cushing Aylwin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard-Louis-Antoine-Charles_Juchereau_Duchesnay" title="Édouard-Louis-Antoine-Charles Juchereau Duchesnay">Antoine Juchereau Duchesnay</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada for <a href="/wiki/Shefford_(Province_of_Canada_electoral_district)" title="Shefford (Province of Canada electoral district)">Shefford</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1848–1858 (4 general elections)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sewell_Foster" title="Sewell Foster">Sewell Foster</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Asa_Belknap_Foster" title="Asa Belknap Foster">Asa Belknap Foster</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada for <a href="/wiki/Lotbini%C3%A8re_(Province_of_Canada_electoral_district)" title="Lotbinière (Province of Canada electoral district)">Lotbinière</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1858–1861 (by-election)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Farrell_(politician)" title="John O'Farrell (politician)">John O'Farrell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henri-Gustave_Joly_de_Lotbini%C3%A8re" title="Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière">Henri-Gustave Joly de Lotbinière</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada for <a href="/wiki/Rouville_(Province_of_Canada_electoral_district)" title="Rouville (Province of Canada electoral district)">Rouville</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office 1861–1863</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edmund_Campbell" title="Thomas Edmund Campbell">Thomas Edmund Campbell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Napol%C3%A9on_Poulin" title="Joseph-Napoléon Poulin">Joseph-Napoléon Poulin</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1813-05-28)May 28, 1813 <a href="/wiki/Coleraine" title="Coleraine">Coleraine</a>, Ireland, United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 24, 1882(1882-11-24) (aged 69) <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, Quebec</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French-Canadian_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French-Canadian Group (page does not exist)">French-Canadian Group</a></li><li>"English" Liberal</li><li>Ministerialist</li><li><a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">Bleu</a> / Conservative</li><li><a href="/wiki/Parti_rouge" title="Parti rouge">Rouge</a> / Liberal</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Josephte-Elmire Debartzch</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Dominique_Debartzch" title="Pierre-Dominique Debartzch">Pierre-Dominique Debartzch</a> (father-in-law) <a href="/wiki/Alexandre-%C3%89douard_Kierzkowski" title="Alexandre-Édouard Kierzkowski">Alexandre-Édouard Kierzkowski</a> (brother-in-law)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2 sons</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Nicolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Collège de Nicolet">Séminaire de Nicolet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Lawyer</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Family_and_early_life">1 Family and early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Political_career">2 Political career</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#The_quest_for_responsible_government:_1841%E2%80%931847">2.1 The quest for responsible government: 1841–1847</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#LaFontaine%E2%80%93Baldwin_ministry:_1848%E2%80%931851">2.2 LaFontaine–Baldwin ministry: 1848–1851</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#From_Bleu_to_Rouge:_1851%E2%80%931861">2.3 From Bleu to Rouge: 1851–1861</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Commercial_activities">3 Commercial activities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Judgeship_and_later_life">4 Judgeship and later life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References">6 References</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Family_and_early_life">Family and early life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Thomas_Drummond&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family and early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Drummond was born in <a href="/wiki/Coleraine" title="Coleraine">Coleraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">County Londonderry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> in 1813, the son of Lewis Drummond and Susan Harkin. His father was a prominent attorney in Ireland, but he died while Lewis Thomas was young. His mother emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a> in 1825, bringing Lewis Thomas with her.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a> He studied at the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Nicolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Collège de Nicolet">Séminaire de Nicolet</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Articled_clerk" title="Articled clerk">articled</a> with a leading <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Clique">Tory</a> lawyer in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dewey_Day" title="Charles Dewey Day">Charles Dewey Day</a>. Drummond was <a href="/wiki/Call_to_the_bar" title="Call to the bar">called to the bar</a> of Lower Canada in 1836. He set up practice in Montreal and defended a number of persons involved in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellions</a> of 1837 and 1838.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a> In 1842, he married Josette-Elmire Debartzch. Their two sons became Jesuits. By his marriage, Drummond gained entrée to the French-Canadian conservative élite: Josette-Elmire was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Dominique_Debartzch" title="Pierre-Dominique Debartzch">Pierre-Dominique Debartzch</a> and Josette de Saint-Ours, the owners of the seigneury of Saint-François (also known as Saint-Charles) and the seigneury of Cournoyer. Pierre-Dominique Debartzch had been elected to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Lower_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada">Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada</a> at the same time as <a href="/wiki/Louis-Joseph_Papineau" title="Louis-Joseph Papineau">Louis-Joseph Papineau</a>, and like him supported the <a href="/wiki/Parti_canadien" title="Parti canadien">Parti canadien</a>. Another of Debartzch's daughters married <a href="/wiki/Alexandre-%C3%89douard_Kierzkowski" title="Alexandre-Édouard Kierzkowski">Alexandre-Édouard Kierzkowski</a>, who was later elected to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada">Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Thomas_Drummond&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_quest_for_responsible_government:_1841–1847">The quest for responsible government: 1841–1847</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Thomas_Drummond&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The quest for responsible government: 1841–1847" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Hippolyte_LaFontaine_vers_1860_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Louis-Hippolyte_LaFontaine_vers_1860_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Louis-Hippolyte_LaFontaine_vers_1860_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Louis-Hippolyte_LaFontaine_vers_1860_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Louis-Hippolyte_LaFontaine_vers_1860_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Louis-Hippolyte_LaFontaine_vers_1860_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Louis-Hippolyte_LaFontaine_vers_1860_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Louis-Hippolyte_LaFontaine_vers_1860_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine, who campaigned for responsible government</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe,_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe%2C_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg/170px-Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe%2C_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3154"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 223px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe%2C_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg/170px-Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe%2C_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="223" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe%2C_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg/255px-Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe%2C_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe%2C_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg/340px-Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe%2C_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Governor General Sir Charles Metcalfe, who opposed attempts by LaFontaine and Baldwin to establish responsible government</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DBviger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/DBviger.jpg/170px-DBviger.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="739"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/DBviger.jpg/170px-DBviger.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/DBviger.jpg/255px-DBviger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/DBviger.jpg/340px-DBviger.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Denis–Benjamin Viger, LaFontaine's rival for the leadership of the French-Canadian Group</figcaption></figure> After the suppression of the Lower Canada Rebellions, Drummond supported the moderate reform position of <a href="/wiki/Louis-Hippolyte_LaFontaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine">Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine</a>, who was campaigning for the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>, as recommended by <a href="/wiki/John_Lambton,_1st_Earl_of_Durham" title="John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham">Lord Durham</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Durham_Report" title="Durham Report">Durham Report</a>. Under that principle, the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Executive Council of the Province of Canada">Executive Council</a> would be drawn from the group which had majority support in the elected Legislative Assembly, rather than leaving the government in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="Governor-General of the Province of Canada">Governor General</a>, appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a>. Drummond became one of LaFontaine's party managers in Montreal, working to build up popular support for LaFontaine's leadership of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=French-Canadian_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French-Canadian Group (page does not exist)">French-Canadian Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Careless-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Careless86-5">[5]</a> In 1843 and 1844 a split developed in the French-Canadian Group, between the older members such as <a href="/wiki/Denis-Benjamin_Viger" title="Denis-Benjamin Viger">Denis-Benjamin Viger</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Neilson_(Lower_Canada_politician)" title="John Neilson (Lower Canada politician)">John Neilson</a>, who had their roots in pre-Rebellion politics, and the newer reform members, led by LaFontaine and his campaign for responsible government. When one of the members from Montreal resigned his seat in 1844, Drummond stood for election against Viger's favoured candidate. Fluently bilingual, Drummond was able to appeal to French-Canadian voters. He was also able to gain the votes of Irish-Catholic workers, and won the hard-fought <a href="/wiki/By-election" title="By-election">by-election</a>. His victory was seen as a significant shift in support away from the older wing of the reformers, and a popular affirmation of LaFontaine's policy.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Careless86-5">[5]</a> Drummond did not get a chance to sit in the Assembly in his Montreal seat. The Governor General, Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_Metcalfe,_1st_Baron_Metcalfe" title="Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe">Charles Metcalfe</a>, advised by Viger and <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Draper_(judge)" title="William Henry Draper (judge)">William Henry Draper</a> from Upper Canada, decided that he would not recall the existing Parliament, which had supported LaFontaine and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Baldwin" title="Robert Baldwin">Robert Baldwin</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)" title="Reform movement (Upper Canada)">Upper Canada reformers</a>. Instead, Metcalfe dissolved Parliament and called new general elections. Although LaFontaine's reform group did well in the elections, winning a majority of seats in Canada East, Baldwin and the Upper Canada reformers did not do so well in Canada West. Even combined, the LaFontaine and Baldwin reformers were in the minority in the new Assembly and formed the main opposition group. The Governor General kept Viger and Draper in office.<a href="#cite_note-Careless89-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cornell14-7">[7]</a> Drummond had again campaigned vigorously for LaFontaine in the elections, including speaking at a major campaign dinner in Montreal. He stood for re-election in Montreal, but was defeated by <a href="/wiki/George_Moffatt_(1787%E2%80%931865)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Moffatt (1787–1865)">George Moffat</a>, a Tory businessman. This time, the Irish-Catholic voters supported the more conservative candidates in Montreal. However, Drummond was able to get elected in the vacant seat of <a href="/wiki/Portneuf_(Province_of_Canada_electoral_district)" title="Portneuf (Province of Canada electoral district)">Portneuf</a>, which he won by <a href="/wiki/Acclamation#Uncontested_election" title="Acclamation">acclamation</a>. In Parliament, Drummond caucused in a small group of "English" Liberals from Canada East rather than the French-Canadian Group, but continued to support LaFontaine on major issues. He also continued to speak for the Irish-Catholic workers in some of their disputes with employers.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Careless89-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cornell14-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cornell98-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LaFontaine–Baldwin_ministry:_1848–1851">LaFontaine–Baldwin ministry: 1848–1851</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Thomas_Drummond&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: LaFontaine–Baldwin ministry: 1848–1851" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the general elections in 1848, the reform coalition of LaFontaine and Baldwin won a majority in both Canada East and Canada West. As well, the British government had instructed the new governor general, the <a href="/wiki/James_Bruce,_8th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin">Earl of Elgin</a>, that he was to govern under the principles of responsible government, appointing the government from whichever groups had a majority in the Legislative Assembly. Elgin accordingly appointed LaFontaine and Baldwin as leaders of the ministry, and their choice of members of the Executive Council.<a href="#cite_note-Careless115-10">[10]</a> Drummond had been re-elected to the Assembly in the general elections, this time for the <a href="/wiki/Shefford_(Province_of_Canada_electoral_district)" title="Shefford (Province of Canada electoral district)">Shefford</a> constituency, defeating the incumbent member, <a href="/wiki/Sewell_Foster" title="Sewell Foster">Sewell Foster</a>. When LaFontaine and Baldwin formed the government, Drummond was appointed solicitor general for <a href="/wiki/Canada_East" title="Canada East">Canada East</a>, making him a member of the government, although not in the Executive Council. He was re-elected in the resulting <a href="/wiki/Ministerial_by-election" title="Ministerial by-election">ministerial by-election</a>, and held the position of solicitor-general for the term of the LaFontaine–Baldwin ministry, from 1848 to 1851. Drummond was also appointed <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">Queen's Counsel</a> in 1848.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Careless115-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In 1849, there was a growing annexationist movement centred in Montreal, calling for the peaceful annexation of the Province of Canada by the United States. It culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Annexation_Manifesto" title="Montreal Annexation Manifesto">Montreal Annexation Manifesto</a>, signed mainly by leading members of the Montreal business community. Drummond was a strong opponent of the annexation movement, and used the patronage powers of the government to remove supporters of annexation from public offices in Montreal and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Townships" title="Eastern Townships">Eastern Townships</a>. At one point, he suggested that the British government should send more troops to Canada to reinforce the provincial government.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_Bleu_to_Rouge:_1851–1861">From Bleu to Rouge: 1851–1861</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Thomas_Drummond&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From Bleu to Rouge: 1851–1861" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1851, LaFontaine and Baldwin both retired from politics. In the new ministry, headed by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hincks" title="Francis Hincks">Francis Hincks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustin-Norbert_Morin" title="Augustin-Norbert Morin">Augustin-Norbert Morin</a>, Drummond was appointed Attorney General for Lower Canada and was a member of the Executive Council. In addition to his position as Attorney General, he was one of the government's representative on the board of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Railway" title="Grand Trunk Railway">Grand Trunk Railway</a>, which had received considerable subsidies from the government. He was re-elected in Shefford in the general elections of 1851, 1854, and 1857.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-C%C3%B4t%C3%A965-13">[13]</a> The members of the new ministry from Canada East were mainly the Ministerialists, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Parti_bleu" title="Parti bleu">Parti bleu</a>, which developed from the more conservative wing of the French-Canadian Group. Drummond was part of a small group of English Conservatives which supported the government, and was hostile to the growing <a href="/wiki/Clear_Grits" title="Clear Grits">Clear Grit</a> movement in Upper Canada, which he considered to be clearly marked with socialism.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cornell102-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Careless169-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cour_speciale_assemblee_en_vertu_de_l_acte_seigneurial_du_parlement_provincial_de_1854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cour_speciale_assemblee_en_vertu_de_l_acte_seigneurial_du_parlement_provincial_de_1854.jpg/220px-Cour_speciale_assemblee_en_vertu_de_l_acte_seigneurial_du_parlement_provincial_de_1854.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="504"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cour_speciale_assemblee_en_vertu_de_l_acte_seigneurial_du_parlement_provincial_de_1854.jpg/220px-Cour_speciale_assemblee_en_vertu_de_l_acte_seigneurial_du_parlement_provincial_de_1854.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cour_speciale_assemblee_en_vertu_de_l_acte_seigneurial_du_parlement_provincial_de_1854.jpg/330px-Cour_speciale_assemblee_en_vertu_de_l_acte_seigneurial_du_parlement_provincial_de_1854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Cour_speciale_assemblee_en_vertu_de_l_acte_seigneurial_du_parlement_provincial_de_1854.jpg/440px-Cour_speciale_assemblee_en_vertu_de_l_acte_seigneurial_du_parlement_provincial_de_1854.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Drummond addressing the seigneurial commission</figcaption></figure> Although he had become a <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">seigneur</a> by marriage, Drummond as Attorney General developed legislation limiting seigneurial privileges which was later amended to abolish seigneurial tenure. The seigneurs ceased to be feudal superiors and became landlords. The habitant farmers could in theory buy their farms outright, at a price fixed by the seigneurial commission, or could become tenant farmers.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Careless156-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Drummond continued to hold the position of Attorney General until 1856, when <a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">John A. Macdonald</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Paschal_Tach%C3%A9" title="Étienne-Paschal Taché">Étienne-Paschal Taché</a> formed a new ministry. Drummond attempted to replace Taché as the co-premier from Canada East and threatened to resign. Macdonald and Taché instead accepted his resignation and appointed <a href="/wiki/George-%C3%89tienne_Cartier" title="George-Étienne Cartier">George-Étienne Cartier</a> as Attorney General for Lower Canada. Two years later, when <a href="/wiki/George_Brown_(Canadian_politician)" title="George Brown (Canadian politician)">George Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine-Aim%C3%A9_Dorion" title="Antoine-Aimé Dorion">Antoine-Aimé Dorion</a> formed a <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(Upper_Canada)" title="Reform movement (Upper Canada)">Reform</a>–<a href="/wiki/Parti_rouge" title="Parti rouge">Rouge</a> ministry, Drummond left the Bleu–Conservative grouping and switched to the Parti rouge. Brown and Dorion appointed him Attorney General for Lower Canada. However, their ministry only lasted a few days. They were defeated on a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">confidence vote</a> in the Assembly, and Macdonald and Cartier returned to office in the <a href="/wiki/Double_Shuffle_(Canadian_political_episode)" title="Double Shuffle (Canadian political episode)">Double Shuffle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-C%C3%B4t%C3%A965-13">[13]</a> Under the law at that time, Drummond automatically lost his seat in the Assembly on being appointed to the Executive Council, and had to stand for re-election in a ministerial by-election, even though he was only the Attorney General for a few days. He was defeated in the by-election by <a href="/wiki/Asa_Belknap_Foster" title="Asa Belknap Foster">Asa Belknap Foster</a>, the son of Sewell Foster, whom Drummond had defeated when he first won the Shefford riding in 1848. Drummond managed to get elected instead in a by-election in the riding of <a href="/wiki/Lotbini%C3%A8re_(Province_of_Canada_electoral_district)" title="Lotbinière (Province of Canada electoral district)">Lotbinière</a>. In 1861, he was elected in <a href="/wiki/Rouville_(Province_of_Canada_electoral_district)" title="Rouville (Province of Canada electoral district)">Rouville</a>; however, when he was named to the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">executive council</a> as Commissioner of Public Works, he was unable to gain reelection and was forced to resign from the Executive Council.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Commercial_activities">Commercial activities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Thomas_Drummond&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Commercial activities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Drummond was a director of the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_City_and_District_Savings_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Montreal City and District Savings Bank">Montreal City and District Savings Bank</a>, a new bank established with the patronage of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Ignace_Bourget" title="Ignace Bourget">Ignace Bourget</a> to provide banking services to French-Canadians. He was also president of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanstead,_Shefford_and_Chambly_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanstead, Shefford and Chambly Railroad (page does not exist)">Stanstead, Shefford and Chambly Railroad</a> and helped found the Garden River Mining Company.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Careless156-16">[16]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Judgeship_and_later_life">Judgeship and later life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Thomas_Drummond&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Judgeship and later life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> In 1864, he was appointed a judge of the Court of Queen's Bench. He retired due to poor health in 1873. He died in Montreal in 1882 from chronic <a href="/wiki/Bronchitis" title="Bronchitis">bronchitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dcb-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-naq-2">[2]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Thomas_Drummond&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="1st Parliament of the Province of Canada">1st Parliament of the Province of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="2nd Parliament of the Province of Canada">2nd Parliament of the Province of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="3rd Parliament of the Province of Canada">3rd Parliament of the Province of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="4th Parliament of the Province of Canada">4th Parliament of the Province of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="5th Parliament of the Province of Canada">5th Parliament of the Province of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Parliament_of_the_Province_of_Canada" title="6th Parliament of the Province of Canada">6th Parliament of the Province of Canada</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Thomas_Drummond&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dcb-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dcb_1-14">o</a> J.I. Little, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/drummond_lewis_thomas_11E.html">"Drummond, Lewis Thomas"</a>, Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. XI (1881–1890), University of Toronto / Université Laval. </li> <li id="cite_note-naq-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naq_2-11">l</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assnat.qc.ca/en/deputes/drummond-lewis-thomas-2961/biographie.html">"Biography of Lewis Thomas Drummond"</a>. Dictionnaire des parlementaires du Québec de 1792 à nos jours (in French). <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Quebec" title="National Assembly of Quebec">National Assembly of Quebec</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionnaire+des+parlementaires+du+Qu%C3%A9bec+de+1792+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Lewis+Thomas+Drummond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assnat.qc.ca%2Fen%2Fdeputes%2Fdrummond-lewis-thomas-2961%2Fbiographie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Thomas+Drummond" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Paul Cornell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alignmentofpolit0000corn">Alignment of Political Groups in Canada, 1841–67</a> (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962; reprinted in paperback 2015), pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Careless-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Careless_4-0">^</a> J.M.S. Careless, The Union of the Canadas — The Growth of Canadian Institutions, 1841–1857 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1967), pp. 3–4, 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Careless86-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Careless86_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Careless86_5-1">b</a> Careless, The Union of the Canadas, pp. 86–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-Careless89-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Careless89_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Careless89_6-1">b</a> Careless, The Union of the Canadas, pp. 89–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornell14-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell14_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cornell14_7-1">b</a> Cornell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alignmentofpolit0000corn">Alignment of Political Groups in Canada</a>, pp. 14–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> J.O. Côté, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalappoint00cotj_0/page/47/mode/1up">Political Appointments and Elections in the Province of Canada, 1841 to 1860</a> (Quebec: St. Michel and Darveau, 1860), p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornell98-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Cornell98_9-0">^</a> Cornell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alignmentofpolit0000corn">Alignment of Political Groups in Canada</a>, pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-Careless115-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Careless115_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Careless115_10-1">b</a> Careless, The Union of the Canadas, pp. 115–116, 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Côté, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalappoint00cotj_0/page/61/mode/1up">Political Appointments and Elections</a>, p. 61, note (116), p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Jacques Monet, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/annexation-association">"Annexation Association"</a>, Canadian Encyclopedia, February 6, 2006, edited December 15, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-Côté65-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C%C3%B4t%C3%A965_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C%C3%B4t%C3%A965_13-1">b</a> Côté, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalappoint00cotj_0/page/66/mode/1up">Political Appointments and Elections</a>, pp. 65, 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornell102-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Cornell102_14-0">^</a> Cornell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alignmentofpolit0000corn">Alignment of Political Groups in Canada</a>, pp. 102–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-Careless169-15"><a href="#cite_ref-Careless169_15-0">^</a> Careless, The Union of the Canadas, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-Careless156-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Careless156_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Careless156_16-1">b</a> Careless, The Union of the Canadas, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Marcel Trudel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/seigneurialregim0000trud/mode/2up">The Seigneurial Regime</a> (Ottawa: Canadian Historical Society Booklet No. 6, 1963), pp. 17–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Côté, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalappoint00cotj_0/page/57/mode/1up">Political Appointments and Elections</a>, pp. 57, 58, 63 note (217), 64 notes (232), (233). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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