The Psychiatric Question: Is It Fair to Analyze Donald Trump From Afar?

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But many in the profession, arguing that this election is too important, are doing so anyway."/> <meta name="author" content="Benedict Carey"/> <meta name="tone" content="news" id="article-tone"/> <meta name="byl" content="By BENEDICT CAREY"/> <meta name="PT" content="article"/> <meta name="CG" content="health"/> <meta name="SCG" content=""/> <meta name="PST" content="News"/> <meta name="tom" content="News"/> <meta name="edt" content="NewYork"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856im_/https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/11/science/11PYSCHE-COMBO/11PYSCHE-COMBO-facebookJumbo.jpg"/> <meta property="twitter:image:alt" content="Clockwise from top left: Barry Goldwater, Donald J. Trump, Lyndon B. Johnson and Thomas F. 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} .story.theme-main #polls.interactive.promo.layout-small .interactive-overlay { left: auto; right: 0; bottom: -60px; } </style></div> <div id="story-meta" class="story-meta "> <div class="supported-by hidden nocontent robots-nocontent"> <span class="ad-label">Supported by</span> <div id="supported-by-ad" class="supported-by-ad ad"></div> </div> <h3 class="kicker"> <span class="kicker-label"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/section/health">Health</a></span> </h3> <h1 itemprop="headline" id="headline" class="headline">The Psychiatric Question: Is It Fair to Analyze Donald Trump From Afar?</h1> <div id="story-meta-footer" class="story-meta-footer"> <p class="byline-dateline"><span class="byline" itemprop="author creator" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" itemid="http://www.nytimes.com/by/benedict-carey">By <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/by/benedict-carey" title="More Articles by BENEDICT CAREY"><span class="byline-author" data-byline-name="BENEDICT CAREY" itemprop="name">BENEDICT CAREY</span></a></span><time class="dateline" datetime="2016-08-17T14:52:06-04:00" itemprop="dateModified" content="2016-08-17T14:52:06-04:00">AUG. 15, 2016</time> </p> <div class="story-meta-footer-sharetools"> <div id="sharetools-story-meta-footer" aria-label="tools" role="group" class="sharetools theme-classic sharetools-story-meta-footer " data-shares="facebook,twitter,email,show-all,save" data-url="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856oe_/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/16/health/analyzing-donald-trump-psychology.html" data-title="The Psychiatric Question: Is It Fair to Analyze Donald Trump From Afar?" data-author="By BENEDICT CAREY" data-media="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/11/science/11PYSCHE-COMBO/11PYSCHE-COMBO-jumbo.jpg" data-description="The American Psychiatric Association says such an assessment would be unethical. But many in the profession, arguing that this election is too important, are doing so anyway." data-publish-date="August 15, 2016"> <a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#story-continues-1">Continue reading the main story</a> <span class="sharetools-label visually-hidden">Share This Page</span> <div class="ad sharetools-inline-article-ad hidden nocontent robots-nocontent"> <a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#story-continues-1">Continue reading the main story</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="story-interrupter"> <figure id="media-100000004584177" class="media photo lede layout-jumbo-horizontal" data-media-action="modal" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/11/science/11PYSCHE-COMBO/11PYSCHE-COMBO-superJumbo.jpg" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" aria-label="media" role="group"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856im_/https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/11/science/11PYSCHE-COMBO/11PYSCHE-COMBO-superJumbo.jpg" alt="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/11/science/11PYSCHE-COMBO/11PYSCHE-COMBO-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="Clockwise from top left: Barry Goldwater, Donald J. Trump, Lyndon B. Johnson and Thomas F. Eagleton." data-mediaviewer-credit="Clockwise from top left: Sam Vestal/Time & Life Pictures, via Getty Images; Scott McIntyre for The New York Times; Okamoto/PhotoQuest, via Getty Images and Bettmann Archive/Getty Images" itemprop="url" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/11/science/11PYSCHE-COMBO/11PYSCHE-COMBO-superJumbo.jpg"/> <meta itemprop="height" content="1891"/> <meta itemprop="width" content="2048"/> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">Clockwise from top left: Barry Goldwater, Donald J. Trump, Lyndon B. Johnson and Thomas F. Eagleton.</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> Clockwise from top left: Sam Vestal/Time & Life Pictures, via Getty Images; Scott McIntyre for The New York Times; Okamoto/PhotoQuest, via Getty Images and Bettmann Archive/Getty Images </span> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="story-body-supplemental"> <div class="story-body story-body-1"> <p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="291" data-total-count="291" id="story-continues-1">In the midst of a deeply divisive presidential campaign, more than 1,000 psychiatrists declared the Republican candidate unfit for the office, citing severe personality defects, including paranoia, a grandiose manner and a Godlike self-image. One doctor called him “a dangerous lunatic.”</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="199" data-total-count="490">The year was 1964, and after losing in a landslide, the candidate, Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona, sued the publisher of Fact magazine, which had published the survey, winning $75,000 in damages.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="398" data-total-count="888">But doctors attacked the survey, too, for its unsupported clinical language and obvious partisanship. In 1973, the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/https://www.psychiatry.org/">American Psychiatric Association</a> adopted what became known as the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/apa-blog/2016/08/the-goldwater-rule">Goldwater Rule</a>, declaring it unethical for any psychiatrist to diagnose a public figure’s condition “unless he or she has conducted an examination and has been granted proper authorization for such a statement.”</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="22" data-total-count="910">Enter <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/us/elections/donald-trump-on-the-issues.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Donald J. Trump." class="meta-per">Donald J. Trump</a>.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="216" data-total-count="1126">The 2016 Republican nominee’s incendiary, stream-of-consciousness pronouncements have strained that agreement to the breaking point, exposing divisions in the field over whether such restraint is appropriate today.</p><div id="story-ad-1" class="story-ad ad ad-placeholder nocontent robots-nocontent"> <div class="accessibility-ad-header visually-hidden"> <p>Advertisement</p> </div> <a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#story-continues-2">Continue reading the main story</a> </div> <p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="430" data-total-count="1556" id="story-continues-2">Psychiatrists and psychologists <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.inquisitr.com/2870145/malignant-and-psychopathic-donald-trump-expert-studies-600-hours-of-trump-footage/">have publicly flouted</a> the Goldwater Rule, tagging Mr. Trump with an assortment of personality problems, including grandiosity, a lack of empathy, and “<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1990-07617-001">malignant narcissism</a>.” The clinical insults are flying so thick that earlier this month, the psychiatric association <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/https://www.psychiatry.org/news-room/apa-blogs/apa-blog/2016/08/the-goldwater-rule">posted a reminder</a> that breaking the Goldwater Rule “is irresponsible, potentially stigmatizing, and definitely unethical.”</p> <a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#story-continues-3">Continue reading the main story</a> </div> <div class="supplemental first" id="supplemental-1"> </div> </div> <div class="story-interrupter" id="story-continues-3"> </div> <div class="story-body-supplemental"> <div class="story-body story-body-2"> <p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="356" data-total-count="1912" id="story-continues-4">Putting a psychiatric label on a candidate they oppose can be a “seemingly irresistible tool for some in the field,” said Dr. Paul Appelbaum, a professor of psychiatry, medicine and law at Columbia University who disapproves of the practice. “This year, perhaps more than most, they’re persuaded they’re saving the nation from a terrible fate.”</p><figure id="media-100000004585967" class="media photo embedded layout-large-vertical media-100000004585967" data-media-action="modal" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/science/12PSYCHOANALYZE3/12PSYCHOANALYZE3-blog427.jpg" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" aria-label="media" role="group"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856im_/https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/science/12PSYCHOANALYZE3/12PSYCHOANALYZE3-blog427.jpg" alt="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/science/12PSYCHOANALYZE3/12PSYCHOANALYZE3-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="A 1964 article in Fact magazine led to what is known as the Goldwater Rule, the American Psychiatric Association’s declaration that it is unethical for any psychiatrist to diagnose a public figure’s condition “unless he or she has conducted an examination and has been granted proper authorization for such a statement.”" data-mediaviewer-credit="." itemprop="url" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/12/science/12PSYCHOANALYZE3/12PSYCHOANALYZE3-blog427.jpg"/> <meta itemprop="height" content="558"/> <meta itemprop="width" content="427"/> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">A 1964 article in Fact magazine led to what is known as the Goldwater Rule, the American Psychiatric Association’s declaration that it is unethical for any psychiatrist to diagnose a public figure’s condition “unless he or she has conducted an examination and has been granted proper authorization for such a statement.”</span> <span class="credit" itemprop="copyrightHolder"> <span class="visually-hidden">Credit</span> . </span> </figcaption> </figure> <p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="224" data-total-count="2136">William Doherty, a psychologist at the University of Minnesota, believes exactly that. In June, Dr. Doherty posted an <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://citizentherapists.com/manifesto/">online manifesto</a> against “Trumpism” that has been signed by more than 2,200 <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/health/diseasesconditionsandhealthtopics/mentalhealthanddisorders/index.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="Recent and archival health news about mental health and disorders." class="meta-classifier">mental health</a> specialists.</p> <a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#story-continues-5">Continue reading the main story</a> </div> <div class="supplemental " id="supplemental-2"> </div> </div> <div class="story-interrupter" id="story-continues-5"> <div id="MegaAd" class="ad mega-ad request-pending nocontent robots-nocontent"> <div class="accessibility-ad-header visually-hidden"> <p>Advertisement</p> </div> <a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#story-continues-6">Continue reading the main story</a> <div class="mega-ad-creative"></div> </div> </div> <div class="story-body-supplemental"> <div class="story-body story-body-3"> <p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="114" data-total-count="2250" id="story-continues-6">“Yes, for me this is an exception,” Dr. Doherty said. “What we have here is a threat to democracy itself.”</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="405" data-total-count="2655">Supporters of the Goldwater Rule have cited three main rationales for adhering to it: Most diagnoses made from a distance turn out to be wrong; the labels themselves can cause real harm to the person and family members; and the practice undermines the field’s credibility, particularly its commitment to confidentiality. Not to mention, others say, that it could expose a left-leaning bias in the field.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="430" data-total-count="3085">But the psychoanalyzing of public figures by commentators, columnists and pop psychologists has a bipartisan history. Concerns about grandiosity and narcissism <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.science20.com/news_articles/grandiose_narcissism_bright_and_dark_side_us_presidents-124029">dogged Lyndon B. Johnson’s presidency</a>. Suspicions of a deepening <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/dec/03/richard-nixon-tapes">paranoia clouded the end</a> of Richard Nixon’s. Accusations of manipulation, deceit and a sense of entitlement have <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/08/opinion/essay-blizzard-of-lies.html">trailed the Clintons for years</a>, prompting speculation about deeper personality problems.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="125" data-total-count="3210">Mr. Trump himself has recently tried to turn the tables, accusing <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/us/elections/hillary-clinton-on-the-issues.html?inline=nyt-per" title="More articles about Hillary Clinton." class="meta-per">Hillary Clinton</a> of being “unstable” and “unhinged.”</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="199" data-total-count="3409">While the vast majority of therapists’ comments remain focused on Mr. Trump, some in the profession say that if public psychoanalyzing is going to be done, it should be directed at both candidates.</p><div id="story-ad-2" class="story-ad ad ad-placeholder nocontent robots-nocontent"> <div class="accessibility-ad-header visually-hidden"> <p>Advertisement</p> </div> <a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#story-continues-7">Continue reading the main story</a> </div> <p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="201" data-total-count="3610" id="story-continues-7">“Do those things rise to a diagnosable level? I sure don’t know,” said Don Sizemore, a family therapist in Lexington, Ky. “But if we’re diagnosing him, we should be doing the same for her.”</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="306" data-total-count="3916">Yet history cautions against the armchair analysis of either one. Psychiatrists point to Goldwater himself as a prime example of getting it wrong. By the time he <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/30/us/barry-goldwater-is-dead-at-89-conservatives-standardbearer.html">died in 1998</a>, Mr. Goldwater was regarded as “one of his party’s most respected elder statesmen,” The Washington Post said in its obituary.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="587" data-total-count="4503">In the wake of the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/resources/lewinsky/timeline/">Monica Lewinsky scandal</a>, many people longed for a diagnosis to explain or denounce President Bill Clinton’s behavior, said Dr. Nada Stotland, a psychiatrist at Rush Medical College in Chicago. “I remember getting all these media calls asking if he was a narcissist or a sex addict,” she said. “Well, sex addiction wasn’t a recognized disorder at the time. And if it had been, was the behavior then not his fault? I ended up dancing around these questions, because this idea that we should go around, willy-nilly, putting diagnoses on people is just wrong.”</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="413" data-total-count="4916">But those using clinical language to describe Mr. Trump’s behavior contend that this presidential election is vastly different, for a big reason: The proliferation of social media comments and video clips, which afford direct, unscripted access to candidates, was simply not available in previous races. The depth of that material creates a public persona complete enough to analyze on its own merits, they say.</p><figure id="media-100000004588693" class="media photo embedded layout-large-vertical media-100000004588693" data-media-action="modal" itemprop="associatedMedia" itemscope itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/16/science/16PSYCHJp/16PSYCHJp-blog427.jpg" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" aria-label="media" role="group"> <span class="visually-hidden">Photo</span> <div class="image"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856im_/https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/16/science/16PSYCHJp/16PSYCHJp-blog427.jpg" alt="" class="media-viewer-candidate" data-mediaviewer-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/16/science/16PSYCHJp/16PSYCHJp-superJumbo.jpg" data-mediaviewer-caption="An online manifesto at citizentherapists.com had been signed by more than 2,200 mental health professionals as midday Monday." data-mediaviewer-credit="" itemprop="url" itemid="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/08/16/science/16PSYCHJp/16PSYCHJp-blog427.jpg"/> <meta itemprop="height" content="463"/> <meta itemprop="width" content="427"/> </div> <figcaption class="caption" itemprop="caption description"> <span class="caption-text">An online manifesto at citizentherapists.com had been signed by more than 2,200 mental health professionals as midday Monday.</span> </figcaption> </figure> <p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="415" data-total-count="5331">Dr. Doherty said he and the therapists who signed his manifesto were not diagnosing Mr. Trump’s personal traits, but his public persona. The manifesto characterizes “Trumpism” as reinventing history, never apologizing, demeaning critics and inciting violence. “One can talk about his public behavior without knowing whether he is fully that way with his children, his wife, his friends,” Dr. Doherty said.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="464" data-total-count="5795">Dr. Steven Buser, a psychiatrist who with his colleague, Dr. Leonard Cruz, coedited a new book, “<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://chironpublications.com/shop/trump/">A Clear and Present Danger: Narcissism in the Era of Donald Trump</a>,” stressed, “We are careful not to make a clinical diagnosis here, to say that Donald Trump has <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/narcissistic-personality-disorder/overview.html?inline=nyt-classifier" title="In-depth reference and news articles about Narcissistic personality disorder." class="meta-classifier">narcissistic personality disorder</a>.” The contributing writers include psychiatrists and psychologists, but Dr. Buser said, “We are focused on the image he projects, on TV, in tweets, in quotes.”</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="263" data-total-count="6058">Dr. Appelbaum calls this distinction a convenient splitting of hairs. “It takes a skilled therapist months, sometimes longer, seeing a person regularly and asking probing questions to make a determination of whether a disorder is present,” Dr. Appelbaum said.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="490" data-total-count="6548">The stigma of mental vulnerability is especially damaging in politics. In the 1972 presidential race, Senator <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/washington/05eagleton.html">Thomas F. Eagleton</a> of Missouri <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/1972/08/01/archives/successor-sought-obrien-and-muskie-in-running-dakotan-to-address.html">withdrew as George McGovern’s running mate</a> after 18 days — at Mr. McGovern’s request — in the wake of revelations that he had undergone psychiatric counseling and electroshock therapy. In 1988, the Democratic nominee, Michael S. Dukakis, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/04/us/dukakis-releases-medical-details-to-stop-rumors-on-mental-health.html">released his medical records</a> to counter rumors that he had undergone psychiatric treatment. He had not.</p><div id="story-ad-3" class="story-ad ad ad-placeholder nocontent robots-nocontent"> <div class="accessibility-ad-header visually-hidden"> <p>Advertisement</p> </div> <a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#story-continues-8">Continue reading the main story</a> </div> <p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="333" data-total-count="6881" id="story-continues-8">During his libel trial, Mr. Goldwater was mystified by some of the psychiatrists’ comments about his personality, including one calling him an “anal character.” “I don’t know what an anal character would be,” he testified, according to news accounts. “I tried to look it up in the dictionary, but couldn’t find it.”</p><figure id="Science-Newsletter-promo" class="interactive interactive-embedded limit-small layout-small"> <figcaption class="interactive-caption"> </figcaption> <div class="interactive-graphic">   <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856cs_/http://graphics8.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2014/12/02/email-kirstof-embed/cbc36bdb86303cbcf8bdfea5a048ab3f44bf5ce1/build.css"> <div id="d-promo-realestate"> <h2 class="d-headline">Sign Up for the Science Times Newsletter</h2> <p class="d-leadin">Every week, we'll bring you stories that capture the wonders of the human body, nature and the cosmos.</p> <iframe height="45" title="regilite" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856if_/https://regilite.nytimes.com/regilite?product=SC&theme=Transparent&landing=true&addSlot=true&app=newsletter&sourceApp=nyt-v5&title=Science+Times" scrolling="no" allowtransparency="true"></iframe> </div>  <script> var NYTG_ASSETS = "https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://graphics8.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2014/12/02/email-kirstof-embed/cbc36bdb86303cbcf8bdfea5a048ab3f44bf5ce1/"; var NYTG_BIG_ASSETS = "https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://graphics8.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2014/12/02/email-kirstof-embed/assets/"; require(['foundation/main'], function() { // this file is generated from src/script.js require(["https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://graphics8.nytimes.com/newsgraphics/2014/12/02/email-kirstof-embed/cbc36bdb86303cbcf8bdfea5a048ab3f44bf5ce1/build.js"]); }); </script> <script> var canonical = document.querySelector("link[rel='canonical']").href, pageview = ['_trackPageview']; if (canonical) { var a = document.createElement("a"); a.href = canonical; if (a.pathname != document.location.pathname) pageview.push(a.pathname); } // _gaq = [['_setAccount', 'UA-9262032-1'], pageview]; </script> <script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856js_/http://www.google-analytics.com/ga.js"></script> </div> <div class="footer"> </div> </figure> <p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="204" data-total-count="7085">He took particular exception to a psychiatrist’s comment that he was “a counterfeit figure of a masculine man.” Such a charge “weighs several tons, and the effect is rather depressing,” he said.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="283" data-total-count="7368">If there are exceptions to the Goldwater Rule, psychiatrists apparently cannot agree on them. More distant historical figures tend to be fair game; “Lincoln’s Melancholy,” a book by Joshua Wolf Shenk making the case that Lincoln had suffered from depression, was well received.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="282" data-total-count="7650">Leaders of hostile nations may or may not qualify, depending on who is judging. A psychiatrist who <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/15/books/was-a-tyrant-prefigured-by-baby-saddam.html">provided a personality assessment of Saddam Hussein</a> at the request of the George W. Bush administration was criticized by some in the psychiatric community, but not formally censured.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="152" data-total-count="7802">Retired politicians fall into a gray area. Therapists have penned books on George W. Bush, as well as Bill Clinton. Not all of their colleagues approve.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="155" data-total-count="7957">But in an era when private moments and comments are increasingly available for public consumption, some argue that the Goldwater Rule is due for an update.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="323" data-total-count="8280">“There’s another perspective on this altogether,” said John D. Mayer, a University of New Hampshire psychologist who has written widely on the rule. “The ethicists who wrote the rule have been entirely focused on the negative side of commentaries. But there’s a positive, adaptive side to every personality trait.</p><p class="story-body-text story-content" data-para-count="248" data-total-count="8528">“If you call someone deceitful, whether Clinton or Trump,” Dr. Mayer said of this year’s nominees, “it needs to be said that, for a good politician, there are reasons you can’t always say everything you know, or exactly what you think.”</p><footer class="story-footer story-content"> <div class="story-meta"> <div class="story-info"><p><i>Find out what you need to know about the <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/us/elections/election-2016.html">2016 presidential race</a> today, and get politics news updates via <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/https://www.facebook.com/nytpolitics">Facebook</a>, <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/https://twitter.com/nytpolitics">Twitter</a> and <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/newsletters/politics">the First Draft newsletter</a>.</i></p></div> <p class="story-print-citation">A version of this article appears in print on August 16, 2016, on page D1 of the <span itemprop="printEdition">New York edition</span> with the headline: Analyzing Trump. <span class="story-footer-links"> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytreprints.com/" target="_blank">Order Reprints</a><span class="pipe">|</span></span> <span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/pages/todayspaper/index.html" target="_blank">Today's Paper</a><span class="pipe">|</span></span><span><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/subscriptions/Multiproduct/lp839RF.html?campaignId=48JQY" target="_blank">Subscribe</a></span> </span> </p> </div> </footer> <a class="visually-hidden skip-to-text-link" href="#whats-next">Continue reading the main story</a> </div> <div class="supplemental " id="supplemental-3"> </div> </div> <div id="storage-drawer" class="hidden"> <div class="supplemental-sub-item" data-attribute-position="0" data-attribute-name="CollectionMarginalia" data-attribute-type="Related" data-attribute-subtype="NewsEvent"> <aside class="marginalia collection-marginalia collection collection-type-column collection-tone-news collection-section-us collection-theme-latest-headlines nocontent robots-nocontent" role="complementary"> <div class="nocontent robots-nocontent"> <header> <div class="thumb"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856im_/https://static01.nyt.com/images/2016/02/07/us/NEWSEVENT-promo/NEWSEVENT-promo-blogSmallThumb.jpg" alt=""/> </div> <div class="collection-meta"> <div class="collection-headings"> <h2 class="collection-marginalia-heading"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/news-event/election-2016">Presidential Election 2016</a></h2> <h3 class="collection-marginalia-subheading">The latest news and analysis of the candidates and issues shaping the presidential race.</h3> </div> </div> <div class="follow-button-placeholder" data-collection-id="column.election-2016"></div> </header> <ul> <li><article class="story theme-summary"> <a class="story-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/us/politics/if-hillary-clinton-wins-foundation-will-stop-accepting-foreign-donations.html?rref=collection%2Fnewseventcollection%2FPresidential Election 2016"> <h2 class="headline"> <span class="headline-text"> If Hillary Clinton Wins, Foundation Will Stop Accepting Foreign Donations </span> <time class="dateline">AUG 18</time> </h2> </a> </article> </li> <li><article class="story theme-summary"> <a class="story-link" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819002856/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/19/us/politics/hillary-clinton-told-fbi-colin-powell-advised-her-to-use-private-email.html?rref=collection%2Fnewseventcollection%2FPresidential Election 2016"> <h2 class="headline"> <span class="headline-text"> Hillary Clinton Told F.B.I. 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The Psychiatric Question: Is It Fair to Analyze Donald Trump From Afar? - The New York Times