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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organised_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organised_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Organised settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organised_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Botany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Botany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Botany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Botany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astronomical_observation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomical_observation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Astronomical observation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomical_observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_Admiralty_rule_and_early_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_Admiralty_rule_and_early_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>End of Admiralty rule and early government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_Admiralty_rule_and_early_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_military_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_military_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Later military involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_military_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twenty-first_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twenty-first_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Twenty-first century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twenty-first_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bird_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bird_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bird life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bird_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_Protected_Area" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_Protected_Area"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Marine Protected Area</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_Protected_Area-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Island_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Island_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Island Council</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Island_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_St_Helena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_St_Helena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Relationship to St Helena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_St_Helena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism_and_related_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_and_related_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Tourism and related industries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_and_related_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking_and_currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking_and_currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Banking and currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking_and_currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-News_and_Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_and_Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>News and Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_and_Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>History and Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_Organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_Organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Associated Organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_Organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ascension Island</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_(eiland)" title="Ascension (eiland) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ascension (eiland)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="असेंशियन द्वीप – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="असेंशियन द्वीप" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upstigeieg" title="Upstigeieg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Upstigeieg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جزيرة أسينشين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزيرة أسينشين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Ascensi%C3%B3n" title="Isla Ascensión – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Isla Ascensión" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islla_Ascensi%C3%B3n" title="Islla Ascensión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islla Ascensión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCks%C9%99li%C5%9F_adas%C4%B1" title="Yüksəliş adası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yüksəliş adası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA" title="অ্যাসেনশন দ্বীপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাসেনশন দ্বীপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%83_%D0%A3%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Олғашыу Утрауы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Олғашыу Утрауы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Востраў Узнясення – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Востраў Узнясення" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E_%D0%A3%D1%88%D1%8D%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8F" title="Востраў Ушэсьця – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Востраў Ушэсьця" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Възнесение (остров) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Възнесение (остров)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_de_l%27Ascensi%C3%B3" title="Illa de l'Ascensió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Illa de l'Ascensió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Island_(kalawom_sa_dagat_sa_Santaylena)" title="Ascension Island (kalawom sa dagat sa Santaylena) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ascension Island (kalawom sa dagat sa Santaylena)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_Ascension" title="Ynys Ascension – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynys Ascension" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AE%CF%88%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%82" title="Νήσος Αναλήψεως – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νήσος Αναλήψεως" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Ascensi%C3%B3n" title="Isla Ascensión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isla Ascensión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86" title="جزیره اسنشن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزیره اسنشن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_l%27Ascension" title="Île de l'Ascension – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Île de l'Ascension" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oile%C3%A1n_na_Deascabh%C3%A1la" title="Oileán na Deascabhála – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oileán na Deascabhála" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eilean_na_Deasgabhalach" title="Eilean na Deasgabhalach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eilean na Deasgabhalach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_de_Ascensi%C3%B3n" title="Illa de Ascensión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illa de Ascensión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EC%84%BC%EC%85%98%EC%84%AC" title="어센션섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="어센션섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsibirin_Ascension" title="Tsibirin Ascension – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tsibirin Ascension" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Համբարձման կղզի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համբարձման կղզի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="असेन्शियन द्वीप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="असेन्शियन द्वीप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_(otok)" title="Ascension (otok) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ascension (otok)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ascension Island" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%B2%C3%A6%D1%80%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Зæрдæвæрæны сакъадах – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Зæрдæвæрæны сакъадах" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola_di_Ascensione" title="Isola di Ascensione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isola di Ascensione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%9F" title="אסנשן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסנשן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_Asc%C3%A8nsion" title="Pulo Ascènsion – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pulo Ascènsion" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ამაღლების კუნძული – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამაღლების კუნძული" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Асенсьон аралы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Асенсьон аралы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girava_Asensiyon%C3%AA" title="Girava Asensiyonê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Girava Asensiyonê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijula_de_l%27Assenscion" title="Ijula de l'Assenscion – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ijula de l'Assenscion" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Ascensionis" title="Insula Ascensionis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Insula Ascensionis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debesbrauk%C5%A1anas_sala" title="Debesbraukšanas sala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Debesbraukšanas sala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangun_%C5%BDengimo_sala" title="Dangun Žengimo sala – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dangun Žengimo sala" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoa_de_Ascension" title="Isoa de Ascension – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Isoa de Ascension" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension-sziget" title="Ascension-sziget – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ascension-sziget" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="അസെൻഷൻ ദ്വീപ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അസെൻഷൻ ദ്വീപ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA" title="असेन्शन द्वीप – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="असेन्शन द्वीप" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جزيرة اسينشين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جزيرة اسينشين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Ascension" title="Pulau Ascension – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pulau Ascension" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_(eiland)" title="Ascension (eiland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ascension (eiland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E5%B3%B6" title="アセンション島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アセンション島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Стиглание Ваккхарин гӀайре – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Стиглание Ваккхарин гӀайре" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_(Illa)" title="Ascension (Illa) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ascension (Illa)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%B1%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%AA" title="ଆସେନ୍ସନ ଦ୍ୱୀପ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆସେନ୍ସନ ଦ୍ୱୀପ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vozneseniye_oroli" title="Vozneseniye oroli – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vozneseniye oroli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86" title="جزیرہ اسینشن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جزیرہ اسینشن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspa_Wniebowst%C4%85pienia" title="Wyspa Wniebowstąpienia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyspa Wniebowstąpienia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha_de_Ascens%C3%A3o" title="Ilha de Ascensão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilha de Ascensão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Остров Вознесения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Остров Вознесения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ascension Island" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_(ostrov)" title="Ascension (ostrov) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ascension (ostrov)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Асенсион – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Асенсион" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension" title="Ascension – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ascension" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_ng_Ascension" title="Pulo ng Ascension – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pulo ng Ascension" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="அசென்சன் தீவு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அசென்சன் தீவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A2%E1%80%B1%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%82%85%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="ၵုၼ်ဢေႇသႅၼ်းသျိၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၵုၼ်ဢေႇသႅၼ်းသျိၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="เกาะอัสเซนชัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะอัสเซนชัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Adas%C4%B1" title="Ascension Adası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ascension Adası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Острів Вознесіння – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Острів Вознесіння" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86" title="جزیرہ اسینشن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جزیرہ اسینشن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o_Ascension" title="Đảo Ascension – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảo Ascension" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puro_Ascension" title="Puro Ascension – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Puro Ascension" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A3%AE%E6%9D%BE%E5%B3%B6" title="阿森松島 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿森松島" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%A9k%C3%B9%E1%B9%A3%C3%B9_Ascension" title="Erékùṣù Ascension – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Erékùṣù Ascension" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%A3%AE%E6%9D%BE%E5%B3%B6" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ascension_Island&params=7_56_S_14_22_W_region:SH-AC_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°56′S</span> <span class="longitude">14°22′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.933°S 14.367°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-7.933; -14.367</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British Overseas Territory in the South Atlantic Ocean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the island in the South Atlantic Ocean. For the Canadian islands, see <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Islands" title="Ascension Islands">Ascension Islands</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in United Kingdom</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192207">.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div td,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-official-below{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-other{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-caption{padding-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-motto{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-elevation{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-pol-div vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Ascension Island</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Constituent part of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ascension Island"><img alt="Flag of Ascension Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/130px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/195px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg/260px-Flag_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ascension_Island" title="Flag of Ascension Island">Flag</a></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Ascension Island"><img alt="Official seal of Ascension Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg/135px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="476" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ascension_Island" title="Coat of arms of Ascension Island">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Anthem</b>: "<a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a>"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="50" data-mwtitle="U.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/U.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga/U.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/U.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=cy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cy" label="Cymraeg ‪(cy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=dag&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="dag" label="dagbanli ‪(dag)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=ga&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ga" label="Gaeilge ‪(ga)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=gd&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="gd" label="Gàidhlig ‪(gd)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=la&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="la" label="Latina ‪(la)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=mi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mi" label="Māori ‪(mi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=my&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="my" label="မြန်မာဘာသာ ‪(my)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=nrm&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nrf" label="Nouormand ‪(nrm)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AU.S._Navy_Band_-_God_Save_the_King.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Labelled_map_of_Ascension_Island.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Topographic map of Ascension Island"><img alt="Topographic map of Ascension Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Labelled_map_of_Ascension_Island.svg/290px-Labelled_map_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Labelled_map_of_Ascension_Island.svg/435px-Labelled_map_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Labelled_map_of_Ascension_Island.svg/580px-Labelled_map_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1853" data-file-height="1503" /></a></span><div class="ib-pol-div-caption">Topographic map of Ascension Island</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascension_Island_on_the_Globe_(in_the_United_Kingdom).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Ascension Island in the southern Atlantic Ocean"><img alt="Location of Ascension Island in the southern Atlantic Ocean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ascension_Island_on_the_Globe_%28in_the_United_Kingdom%29.svg/290px-Ascension_Island_on_the_Globe_%28in_the_United_Kingdom%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ascension_Island_on_the_Globe_%28in_the_United_Kingdom%29.svg/435px-Ascension_Island_on_the_Globe_%28in_the_United_Kingdom%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Ascension_Island_on_the_Globe_%28in_the_United_Kingdom%29.svg/580px-Ascension_Island_on_the_Globe_%28in_the_United_Kingdom%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="797" /></a></span><div class="ib-pol-div-caption">Location of Ascension Island in the southern <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">British settlement</th><td class="infobox-data">1815</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dependency of Saint Helena</th><td class="infobox-data">12 September 1922</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha#Constitution" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Current constitution</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 September 2009</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-pol-div-largest">and largest settlement</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ascension_Island&params=7_56_S_14_25_W_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°56′S</span> <span class="longitude">14°25′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.933°S 14.417°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-7.933; -14.417</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Ascension Island">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolved</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">locally governing</a> <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependency</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ascension" title="Governor of Ascension">Governor</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Phillips" title="Nigel Phillips">Nigel Phillips</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_Ascension" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrator of Ascension">Administrator</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Simon Minshull<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island_Council" title="Ascension Island Council">Island Council</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">National representation</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Europe,_North_America_and_Overseas_Territories" title="Minister of State for Europe, North America and Overseas Territories">Minister</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Doughty" title="Stephen Doughty">Stephen Doughty</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Ascension Island">Area</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">88 km<sup>2</sup> (34 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">859 m (2,818 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Ascension Island">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• 2016 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">806<sup id="cite_ref-census2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9.15/km<sup>2</sup> (23.7/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_pound" title="Saint Helena pound">Saint Helena pound</a> (£) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">SHP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%C2%B100:00" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC±00:00">UTC±00:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Driving side</a></th><td class="infobox-data">left</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Ascension_Island" title="Telephone numbers in Ascension Island">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Ascension_Island" title="Telephone numbers in Ascension Island">+247</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom#British_Overseas_Territories" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">UK postcode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="postal-code">ASCN 1ZZ</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:SH" title="ISO 3166-2:SH">SH-AC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.ac" title=".ac">.ac</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ascension Island</b> is an isolated volcanic island, 7°56′ south of the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">South Atlantic Ocean</a>. It is about 960 miles (1,540 km) from the coast of Africa and 1,400 miles (2,300 km) from the coast of <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>. It is governed as part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which the main island, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, is around 800 miles (1,300 km) to the southeast. The territory also includes the sparsely populated <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> archipelago, 2,000 miles (3,200 km) to the south, about halfway to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a>. </p><p>The discovery of Ascension by <a href="/wiki/Joao_da_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Joao da Nova">Joao da Nova</a> in 1501 was described by two Portuguese chroniclers who probably misnamed it as Conception Island. The popular idea that Ascension was rediscovered by <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> in 1503 is probably wrong, Ascension having been long confused with <a href="/wiki/Trindade_and_Martim_Vaz" title="Trindade and Martim Vaz">Trindade</a>. Ascension Island was garrisoned by the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a> from 22 October 1815 to 1922 and was an important refueling stop for ships and commercial airliners in the days of international air travel by <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it was an important naval and air station, especially providing <a href="/wiki/Antisubmarine_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisubmarine warfare">antisubmarine warfare</a> bases in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Victory_at_Sea_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victory_at_Sea-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island is the location of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">RAF Ascension Island</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Air_Force_stations" title="List of Royal Air Force stations">Royal Air Force station</a>, a <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> rocket tracking station, a British-American <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> facility and the <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> Atlantic Relay Station. The island was used extensively as a staging point by the <a href="/wiki/British_military" class="mw-redirect" title="British military">British military</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>. Ascension Island hosts one of four ground antennas that assist in the operation of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a> (GPS) navigational system (the others are on <a href="/wiki/Kwajalein" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwajalein">Kwajalein</a> Island, <a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral" title="Cape Canaveral">Cape Canaveral</a>). <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> operates a Meter Class Autonomous Telescope (MCAT) on Ascension Island for tracking <a href="/wiki/Space_debris" title="Space debris">orbital debris</a>, which is potentially hazardous to operating spacecraft and astronauts, at a facility called the John Africano NASA/AFRL Orbital Debris Observatory.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joao_da_Nova.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Joao_da_Nova.jpg/220px-Joao_da_Nova.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Joao_da_Nova.jpg/330px-Joao_da_Nova.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Joao_da_Nova.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_da_Nova" title="João da Nova">João da Nova</a> discovered the island on <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Day">Ascension Day</a> 1501.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two Portuguese chronicles suggest that João da Nova leading the third armada to India discovered Ascension in 1501. Da Nova is variously said to have sailed from Lisbon on 1 March,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5 March,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 11 March,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 26-27 March<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 10 April.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Barros" title="João de Barros">João de Barros</a> wrote that passing eight degrees beyond the equator, towards the south, an island was found to which the name Concepcão was given<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst <a href="/wiki/Dami%C3%A3o_de_G%C3%B3is" title="Damião de Góis">Damião de Góis</a>’ later chronicle described the sighting of an island south of the line which was named Conçeicam.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are at least three reasons why it is thought this name was quoted by de Barros in error, this later being repeated by de Góis.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Church of Rome</a> has long celebrated the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary">Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary</a> on the fixed date of 8 December, yet by then the third armada had already reached India. Second, the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Cantino_Planisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantino Planisphere">Cantino Planisphere</a>, completed in 1502 after the third armada returned, shows the newly sighted island marked as <i>ilha achada e chamada Ascenssam</i> [island found and called Ascension], not as Conception. Third, in 1503 a division of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Portuguese_India_Armada_(Gama,_1502)" title="4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)">4th Portuguese India Armada (Gama, 1502)</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> also named the island as Ascension, not as Conception. It is usually presumed that the island was discovered on the movable feast of <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascension Day">Ascension Day</a>, which fell on 20 May in 1501, 39 days after <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two sources, a letter from King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Corr%C3%AAa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar Corrêa">Gaspar Corrêa</a>’s chronicle,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made no mention of either Ascension or Conception, instead describing a visit to <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>. </p><p>Several references suggest the island was rediscovered and named Ascension by <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas it seems more likely that Albuquerque's ships sighted the island of <a href="/wiki/Trindade_and_Martim_Vaz" title="Trindade and Martim Vaz">Trindade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supposed sighting of Ascension originates from the account by a passenger of the fifth Portuguese armada, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_da_Empoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni da Empoli (page does not exist)">Giovanni da Empoli</a> who stated that when the ships reached <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> it was decided to “<i>[..] sail out into the open sea to a distance of 750 or 800 leagues. And so it was that, as we sailed in that direction, at the end of 28 days we sighted land – land which had already been discovered by others (according to unconfirmed claims) and called Ascension Island. We spent the whole night off shore in very stormy weather, and came near to sinking because the wind was blowing across the island. The place was of no use as far as we could tell, and we left it behind us</i>”.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The quoted distance of 750 or 800 leagues equates to a voyage of about 2,600 - 2,800 miles (assuming a Portuguese league equates to 3.45 English miles), yet the distance from Cape Verde to Ascension is only about 1,800 miles. Trindade seems to be a much better fit, being 2,600 miles from Cape Verde. Attention has long been drawn to the confusion between Ascension and Trindade, <i>Ascenção menor</i> [Ascension Minor] being granted to a nobleman, Belchior Camacho in 1539 by King <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_III_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="João III of Portugal">João III of Portugal</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a> maps showing a mythical Ascension Island at a location between Trindade and Brazil as late as 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dry and barren, the island had little appeal for passing ships except for collecting fresh meat, and was not claimed for the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Crown">Portuguese Crown</a>. Mariners could hunt for the numerous seabirds and the enormous female <a href="/wiki/Green_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Green turtle">green turtles</a> that laid their eggs on the sandy beaches. The Portuguese also introduced goats as a potential source of meat for future mariners. </p><p>In February 1701, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Roebuck_(1690)" title="HMS Roebuck (1690)">HMS <i>Roebuck</i></a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/William_Dampier" title="William Dampier">William Dampier</a>, sank in the common anchoring spot in <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence Bay">Clarence Bay</a> to the northwest of the island. Sixty men survived for two months until they were rescued. Almost certainly, after a few days they found the strong water spring in the high interior of the island, in what is now called Breakneck Valley (there is a much smaller water source, lower on the mountain, which was named Dampier's Drip by people who probably misinterpreted Dampier's story).<sup id="cite_ref-Hart-Davis_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hart-Davis-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible, but disputed, that the island was sometimes used<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as an open prison for criminal mariners, although there is only one documented case of such an exile, a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> ship's officer, <a href="/wiki/Leendert_Hasenbosch" title="Leendert Hasenbosch">Leendert Hasenbosch</a>, set ashore at Clarence Bay as a punishment for <a href="/wiki/Sodomy" title="Sodomy">sodomy</a> in May 1725.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British mariners found the Dutchman's tent, belongings and diary in January 1726; the man's remains were not found. His diary was published in translation in London later that same year, under the title <i>Sodomy Punish'd</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organised_settlement">Organised settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Organised settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organised settlement of Ascension Island began in 1815, when the British garrisoned it as a precaution after imprisoning <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> to the southeast.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On 22 October the <a href="/wiki/Cruizer-class_brig-sloop" title="Cruizer-class brig-sloop"><i>Cruizer</i>-class brig-sloops</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Zenobia_(1807)" title="HMS Zenobia (1807)"><i>Zenobia</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Peruvian_(1808)" title="HMS Peruvian (1808)"><i>Peruvian</i></a> claimed the island for <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> designated the island as a <a href="/wiki/Stone_frigate" title="Stone frigate">stone frigate</a>, HMS <i>Ascension</i>, with the classification of "Sloop of War of the smaller class".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_GEORGETOWN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_GEORGETOWN.jpg/220px-ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_GEORGETOWN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_GEORGETOWN.jpg/330px-ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_GEORGETOWN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_GEORGETOWN.jpg/440px-ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_GEORGETOWN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Royal Marine barracks (1830) in the former Royal Dockyard, <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The location of the island made it a useful stopping-point for ships and communications. The Royal Navy used the island as a <a href="/wiki/Victualler" title="Victualler">victualling</a> station for ships, particularly those of the <a href="/wiki/West_Africa_Squadron" title="West Africa Squadron">West Africa Squadron</a> working against the <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery" title="History of slavery">slave trade</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A garrison of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> was based at Ascension from 1823 and Colonel <a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicolls" title="Edward Nicolls">Edward Nicolls</a> became the first commandant.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Botany">Botany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Botany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1836 the <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle">second <i>Beagle</i> voyage</a> visited Ascension. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> described it as an arid, treeless island, with nothing growing near the coast. Sparse vegetation inland supported "about six hundred sheep, many goats, a few cows & horses," large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Guineafowl" title="Guineafowl">guineafowl</a> imported from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> islands, rats, mice, and <a href="/wiki/Land_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Land crab">land crabs</a>; he agreed with the saying attributed to the people of St Helena that "We know we live on a rock, but the poor people at Ascension live on a cinder." He noted the care taken to sustain "houses, gardens & fields placed near the summit of the central mountain," and cisterns at roadsides to provide drinking water. The springs were carefully managed, "so that a single drop of water may not be lost: indeed the whole island may be compared to a huge ship kept in first-rate order." In commenting on this, he noted <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Primev%C3%A8re_Lesson" class="mw-redirect" title="René Primevère Lesson">René Primevère Lesson</a>'s remark "that the English nation alone would have thought of making the island of Ascension a productive spot; any other people would have held it as a mere fortress in the ocean."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1843, botanist and explorer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a> visited the island. Four years later, Hooker, with much encouragement from Darwin, advised the Royal Navy that with the help of <a href="/wiki/Kew_Gardens" title="Kew Gardens">Kew Gardens</a>, they should institute a long-term plan of shipping trees to Ascension. The planted trees would capture more rain and improve the soil, allowing the barren island to become a garden. So, from 1850 and years thereafter, ships came with an assortment of plants from botanical gardens in Argentina, Europe and South Africa. By the late 1870s <a href="/wiki/Araucaria_heterophylla" title="Araucaria heterophylla">Norfolk pines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana trees</a> grew in profusion at the highest point of the island, <a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain" title="Green Mountain">Green Mountain</a>, creating a tropical <a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">cloud forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcdarwinexperiment_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcdarwinexperiment-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomical_observation">Astronomical observation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Astronomical observation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in July 1877, the astronomer Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Gill_(astronomer)" title="David Gill (astronomer)">David Gill</a> and his wife Isobel spent six months on Ascension Island. This was to take advantage of the near approach of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> occurring that year. Based on <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler's</a> laws of planetary motion, Gill conceived that in pioneering the use of a <a href="/wiki/Heliometer" title="Heliometer">heliometer</a>, he would be able to accurately measure the position of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> while in opposition on his own, rather than in combination with many observers simultaneously recording the position of the planet as had been the technique during the time.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because a <a href="/wiki/Heliometer" title="Heliometer">heliometer</a> is a telescope that uses a split image to measure the <a href="/wiki/Angular_distance" title="Angular distance">angular separation</a> of celestial bodies. In observing this from near the equator, a greater observable distance would be visible, hence a temporary observatory being decided upon for Ascension.<sup id="cite_ref-Six_Months_in_Ascension_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six_Months_in_Ascension-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although originally based in Georgetown, the pair found the evenings to be too cloudy to make observations of the night sky due to Georgetown being located downwind of <a href="/wiki/Orographic_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Orographic cloud">orographic cloud</a> emanating from Green Mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-Six_Months_in_Ascension_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six_Months_in_Ascension-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Isobel quickly endeavoured to find an area less affected by the evening cloud and trekked several miles over <a href="/wiki/Lava_field" title="Lava field">lava fields</a> to find a new location. Having found an area on the southwest of the island seemingly less affected, they then had to determine how to move 20 tons of delicate observational equipment to the new location. Fortunately, a small, clear beach was located nearby which was used for landing the equipment by sea. This was later named Mars Bay, a name which it carries to this day and which has since been designated a Nature Reserve.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple then spent several months camped out at the bay making their observations, assisted by a <a href="/wiki/Kru_people" title="Kru people">Kru</a> sailor (known at the time as a <a href="/wiki/Krooman" class="mw-redirect" title="Krooman">krooman</a>) and a marine. </p><p>All of the effort was ultimately a success, producing a solar distance of 93.08 ± 0.16 million miles, which is a range from 92.92 – 93.24, since shown to be (just) correct by the modern measurement of 92.9558. As a result of his work on the solar <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a>, David Gill went on to be appointed Royal Astronomer at the Cape of Good Hope.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_Admiralty_rule_and_early_government">End of Admiralty rule and early government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: End of Admiralty rule and early government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1872 and 1889, the population of the island was listed as HMS <i>Flora</i> (Tender), under the orders of the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Cape_of_Good_Hope_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope Station">Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope</a>, estimated to number just 150 in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Flora_(1844)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Flora (1844) (page does not exist)">HMS <i>Flora</i></a> had been the guardship at Ascension from 1865 to 1872 before being ordered south to become the Simonstown depot ship. Five ratings died while on a recreational boat trip in 1879.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1899, as part of the British effort in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>, the Eastern Telegraph Company (later <a href="/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc" title="Cable & Wireless plc">Cable & Wireless plc</a>) installed the first <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine communications cable</a> from the island, connecting the UK with its colonies in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AtlanticCable_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AtlanticCable-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922, <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> made Ascension a dependency of Saint Helena, with control being officially handed over to the Eastern Telegraph Company from the Admiralty on 20 October 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island was managed by the head of the Eastern Telegraph Company on the island until 1964 when the British Government appointed an <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrator of the Government">Administrator</a> to represent the Governor of Saint Helena in Ascension.<sup id="cite_ref-Wired_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AtlanticCable_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AtlanticCable-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascension_Island1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ascension_Island1.JPG/220px-Ascension_Island1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ascension_Island1.JPG/330px-Ascension_Island1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ascension_Island1.JPG/440px-Ascension_Island1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Ascension Island viewed from the south</figcaption></figure> <p>The Island was under direct control of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Admiralty" title="Board of Admiralty">Board of Admiralty</a> until 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, to supply and augment extensive amphibious aircraft antisubmarine patrol operations ongoing from the early days of the war, the United States built an airbase on Ascension Island, known as "Wideawake",<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after a nearby colony of <a href="/wiki/Sooty_tern" title="Sooty tern">sooty terns</a> (locally called 'wideawake' birds because of their loud, distinctive constant (day-and-night) cawing chatter).<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The airbase, which was under construction by the 38th Combat Engineer Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">Army Corps of Engineers</a>, was unexpectedly visited by two British <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Swordfish" title="Fairey Swordfish">Fairey Swordfish</a> torpedo planes on 15 June 1942.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to one of the pilots, Peter Jinks, the planes were fired upon before being recognised as allies. The Swordfish had to land on the unfinished airstrip, thus becoming the first aircraft to land on Ascension Island proper, which had long served as an <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare" title="Anti-submarine warfare">anti-submarine warfare</a> base for <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Consolidated PBY Catalina</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a>. The event was commemorated with a postage stamp 15 June 1982. </p><p>The airfield was used by the US military as a stopping point for American aircraft crossing the Atlantic Ocean on the way to theatres of operation in Europe and Africa. American <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a> based at Wideawake were engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Laconia_incident" title="Laconia incident"><i>Laconia</i> incident</a>. </p><p>The only local military action during World War II occurred on 9 December 1941. At around mid-day, the <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-124_(1940)" title="German submarine U-124 (1940)">German submarine <i>U-124</i></a> approached <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown</a> on the surface with the intention of sinking any ships at anchor or shelling the cable station.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Fort Bedford, a two-gun shore battery at Cross Hill, above Georgetown, fired on the submarine. The guns scored no hits but the U-boat submerged and retreated. The battery remains largely intact, together with its guns, <a href="/wiki/BL_5.5_inch_Mark_I_naval_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="BL 5.5 inch Mark I naval gun">BL 5.5 inch Mark I naval guns</a> removed from <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hood" title="HMS Hood">HMS <i>Hood</i></a> during a refit in Malta in 1938. </p><p>The airbase fell into disuse following the American departure at the end of World War II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_military_involvement">Later military involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later military involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the Americans returned in 1956.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Wideawake Airfield expanded in the mid-1960s. The runway was extended, widened, and improved to allow its use by large aircraft, and later to act as an emergency runway for the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, although the Shuttle never had to use it.<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, it was the world's longest airport runway.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">United States Space Force</a> uses the island as part of its <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Range" title="Eastern Range">Eastern Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> established a tracking station on the island in 1967, which it operated for more than 20 years before closing it down in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ascension was the shore terminal for the furthest down range installation of the Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Missile_Impact_Location_System" title="Missile Impact Location System">Missile Impact Location System</a> (MILS), an acoustic system for locating splashdown of test nose cones.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MILS hydrophones that were located in the <a href="/wiki/SOFAR_channel" title="SOFAR channel">SOFAR channel</a> for broad area coverage have played a significant role in long range acoustic transmission studies and incidents. The island's location makes it a first point of Atlantic reception for acoustics from the other oceans. As an example the Ascension hydrophones received and the site processed signals generated near <a href="/wiki/Heard_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Heard Island">Heard Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> some 9,200 km (5,700 mi; 5,000 nmi) from the Ascension arrays and passing around Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ascension array was one of those involved in the <a href="/wiki/Vela_incident" title="Vela incident">Vela incident</a> acoustic signal in which there were correlated acoustic arrivals with the time and estimated location of the double flash detected by the <a href="/wiki/Vela_(satellite)" title="Vela (satellite)">Vela satellite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A joint <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">Government Communications Headquarters</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> signals intercept station was also established on Ascension during the Cold War.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island retains a role in space exploration: the <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> now operates an <a href="/wiki/Ariane_(rocket_family)" title="Ariane (rocket family)">Ariane</a> monitoring facility there.<sup id="cite_ref-mysterra_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mysterra-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Atlantic Relay Station was installed in 1966 for short-wave broadcasts to Africa and South America and because of the BBC's considerable resources, eventually BBC External Services began sourcing requirements generally for the Island through BBC Engineering Purchasing Department based in 4 Cavendish Square, London; items were requisitioned and ordered from suppliers, delivered to export packers, Evan Cook and shipped to Ascension on RMS <i>St Helena</i>. </p><p>In 1982, the British <a href="/wiki/Task_force" title="Task force">task force</a> used Ascension Island as a <a href="/wiki/Staging_area" title="Staging area">staging post</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a>. After strengthening and improving the structure, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> deployed a fleet of <a href="/wiki/Avro_Vulcan" title="Avro Vulcan">Avro Vulcan</a> bombers and <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor" title="Handley Page Victor">Handley Page Victor</a> tankers at the airfield. Vulcans launched the opening shots of the British offensive from Ascension in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Black_Buck" title="Operation Black Buck">Operation Black Buck</a>. The RAF also used the base to supply the task force. Because of the increase in air traffic during the war, Wideawake, with up to 400 movements of all types each day, was one of the busiest airfields in the world for a short period.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal Navy's fleet stopped at Ascension for refuelling on the way. Following the war, the British retained an increased presence on the island, establishing <a href="/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">RAF Ascension Island</a>, and providing a refuelling stop for the regular airlink between <a href="/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton" title="RAF Brize Norton">RAF Brize Norton</a> in Oxfordshire, and <a href="/wiki/RAF_Mount_Pleasant" title="RAF Mount Pleasant">RAF Mount Pleasant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twenty-first_century">Twenty-first century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Twenty-first century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascension_Island,_Wideawake_Airfield_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ascension_Island%2C_Wideawake_Airfield_%281%29.JPG/222px-Ascension_Island%2C_Wideawake_Airfield_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="222" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ascension_Island%2C_Wideawake_Airfield_%281%29.JPG/333px-Ascension_Island%2C_Wideawake_Airfield_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ascension_Island%2C_Wideawake_Airfield_%281%29.JPG/444px-Ascension_Island%2C_Wideawake_Airfield_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1604" data-file-height="1136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">RAF Ascension Island</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2004<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it was reported that the <a href="/wiki/Composite_Signals_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite Signals Organisation">Composite Signals Organisation</a>, an arm of <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Communications Headquarters">GCHQ</a>, continued to operate a signals interception facility at <a href="/wiki/Cat_Hill,_Ascension_Island" title="Cat Hill, Ascension Island">Cat Hill</a> on Ascension.<sup id="cite_ref-Settlers_wanted_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Settlers_wanted-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> NASA continued to list Ascension Island as a "downrange site" used for range safety instrumentation.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the Post-Detect Telemetry System used to acquire launch vehicle <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a> includes a station on Ascension.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, British diplomats at the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (UN CLCS), requested sovereignty over 200,000 km<sup>2</sup> (77,220 sq mi) of submarine territory around the island. This would enable exploration into possible new reserves of oil, gas and minerals, though none are thought to exist.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/The_St_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha_Constitution_Order_2009" title="The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009">The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009</a> elevated Ascension Island, and <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> to equal constituent parts of the territory alongside <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a>, with their own governments and established the position of <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ascension" title="Governor of Ascension">Governor of Ascension</a>. Per Section 143 of the Constitution Order 2009 the person appointed as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena" title="Governor of Saint Helena">Governor of Saint Helena</a> is <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a></i> Governor of Ascension.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> started operating a mobile climate research facility on the island. It is operated by the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_Radiation_Measurement_Climate_Research_Facility" title="Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility">Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility</a> (ARM) near the South East Crater, south of the Green Mountain summit. The field campaign requires the mobile facility to be operational for about 17 months until October 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island hosts one of four dedicated ground antennas that assist in the operation of the Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation system along with those on Diego Garcia (British Indian Ocean Territory), Kwajalein (Marshall Islands), and Cape Canaveral, Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAFB_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAFB-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA and the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Research_Laboratory" title="Air Force Research Laboratory">Air Force Research Laboratory</a> operate a Meter-Class Autonomous Telescope (MCAT) on Ascension as part of the deep space surveillance system for tracking orbital debris, which can be a hazard to spacecraft and astronauts.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAFB_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAFB-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the disrepair, the runway was shut down in 2016 to non-mission related or emergency flights. The airfield was cobbled together over numerous efforts beginning in World War 2, including multiple extensions, the addition of turning blisters and fast exit taxi-ways, and mill and overlay repairs. Beginning in 2020, the airfield underwent a complete reconstruction effort which brought it up to modern standards to support both US and UK air force airframes. The runway itself is an engineered base composed of granite which was imported from Nova Scotia, Canada and sand from Georgia, United States, under strict fumigation and inspection control of the on-island conservation group. During the construction effort, all material was required to be purchased new to avoid the introduction of any non-native species which could impact the native flora and fauna. To avoid disruptions to island operations, the runway was completed in two phases, each half at approximately 5,000 linear feet. The construction team also updated the lighting system, drainage, airfield signs, and roads connecting the airfield to Georgetown and the US base. The runway was completed and reopened in 2023. </p><p>In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> government announced that it was considering a proposal to send migrants arriving in the UK by boat to Ascension Island, should the Supreme Court rule that the <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_asylum_plan" title="Rwanda asylum plan">Rwanda asylum plan</a> is illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_and_hills_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="List of mountains and hills of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">List of mountains and hills of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascension_Island_Comfortless_Cove.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ascension_Island_Comfortless_Cove.jpg/220px-Ascension_Island_Comfortless_Cove.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ascension_Island_Comfortless_Cove.jpg/330px-Ascension_Island_Comfortless_Cove.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ascension_Island_Comfortless_Cove.jpg/440px-Ascension_Island_Comfortless_Cove.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Comfortless Cove</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AscensionIsland2021OSM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AscensionIsland2021OSM.png/220px-AscensionIsland2021OSM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AscensionIsland2021OSM.png/330px-AscensionIsland2021OSM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/AscensionIsland2021OSM.png/440px-AscensionIsland2021OSM.png 2x" data-file-width="6767" data-file-height="5894" /></a><figcaption>An enlargeable, detailed map of Ascension Island</figcaption></figure> <p>The main island has an area of approximately 88 square kilometres (34 sq mi). A volcanic peak rising from 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a>, much of the island is a wasteland of <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flows and <a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">cinder cones</a>; forty-four distinct dormant <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">craters</a> have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Ascension_Island" title="Geology of Ascension Island">Geology of Ascension Island</a></div> <p>Ascension is a geologically young formation, the tip of an undersea volcano which rose above the waves only a million years ago. Although volcanic activity is mainly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a> <a href="/wiki/Plate_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate boundary">plate boundary</a> 80 km to the west, Ascension also displays some features which are commonly attributed to "<a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspot</a>" volcanism. Such volcanism is typically assumed to arise from a deep mantle thermal plume from the core-mantle boundary. Alternatively it may result from minor deformations of the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a> that cause extension and permit magma to rise passively up from the <a href="/wiki/Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere">asthenosphere</a>. Ascension is considered active and could have erupted as recently as 500 years ago, but the exact eruption date is elusive.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the low rainfall and geologically recent eruptions, its soil consists mostly of <a href="/wiki/Lava#ʻAʻā" title="Lava">clinker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The island consists of a wide range of alkaline rocks atypical for oceanic islands, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> through <a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">trachyandesite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">trachyte</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascension_Island_Black_igneous_rocks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ascension_Island_Black_igneous_rocks.jpg/220px-Ascension_Island_Black_igneous_rocks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ascension_Island_Black_igneous_rocks.jpg/330px-Ascension_Island_Black_igneous_rocks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ascension_Island_Black_igneous_rocks.jpg/440px-Ascension_Island_Black_igneous_rocks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Black volcanic rocks</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ascension has a <a href="/wiki/Hot_desert_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (<i>BWh</i>, according to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>). The temperatures at the coast average from 22.7 to 27.8 °C (72.9 to 82.0 °F), and about 5 to 6 °C (9.0 to 10.8 °F) cooler at the highest point. Rain showers may occur at any time during the year, but tend to be heavier between June and September. Although the island is in the <a href="/wiki/Tropical_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical zone">tropical zone</a>, average annual rainfall is very low. The cause of this might be the relatively low temperature of the ocean water, as the <a href="/wiki/Benguela_Current" title="Benguela Current">Benguela Current</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Equatorial_Current" title="South Equatorial Current">South Equatorial Current</a> flow northward west of Africa. These currents bring cooling effects around the eastern South Atlantic Ocean. Tropical cyclones also occur only rarely in the South Atlantic Ocean which might be caused by the same phenomenon, and by strong vertical wind shear.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Georgetown, Ascension Island </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.6<br />(87.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.2<br />(90.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3<br />(82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9<br />(84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.8<br />(82.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4<br />(75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8002; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.8<br />(73.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF850B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.2<br />(72.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8104; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">22.7<br />(72.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0<br />(68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1<br />(70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6<br />(69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.8<br />(64.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainfall mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #EEFFEE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #D0FFD0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30<br />(1.2) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15<br />(0.6) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(0.5) </td> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #EFFFEF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #EBFFEB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(0.5) </td> <td style="background: #F2FFF2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #F3FFF3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">173<br />(6.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.3 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #7F7FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">94 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">229 </td> <td style="background: #E2E200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">224 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">276 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">267 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">264 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">260 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">239 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">217 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">159 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">198 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,659 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Danish Meteorological Institute">Danish Meteorological Institute</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ascension_scrub_and_grasslands" title="Ascension scrub and grasslands">Ascension scrub and grasslands</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_Mountain3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Green_Mountain3.JPG/220px-Green_Mountain3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Green_Mountain3.JPG/330px-Green_Mountain3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Green_Mountain3.JPG/440px-Green_Mountain3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The island viewed from atop <a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain" title="Green Mountain">Green Mountain</a>, looking West towards <a href="/wiki/Two_Boats_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Boats Village">Two Boats Village</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown</a></figcaption></figure><p> The endemic flora includes plants like <i><a href="/wiki/Pteris_adscensionis" title="Pteris adscensionis">Pteris adscensionis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Asplenium_ascensionis" title="Asplenium ascensionis">Asplenium ascensionis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_origanoides" title="Euphorbia origanoides">Euphorbia origanoides</a></i> as well as the extinct species <i><a href="/wiki/Oldenlandia_adscensionis" title="Oldenlandia adscensionis">Oldenlandia adscensionis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sporobolus_durus" title="Sporobolus durus">Sporobolus durus</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dryopteris_ascensionis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dryopteris ascensionis (page does not exist)">Dryopteris ascensionis</a></i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anogramma_ascensionis" title="Anogramma ascensionis">Anogramma ascensionis</a></i> (Ascension Island parsley fern) was thought to have become <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Habitat_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat loss">habitat loss</a>, until four plants were found on the island in 2010. Over 60 specimens were then successfully cultivated.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portuguese explorers released goats in the 1500s, which ate many species to extinction. The later introduction of rabbits, sheep, rats and donkeys, and over 200 imported species further marginalised the original flora.<sup id="cite_ref-native_flora_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-native_flora-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1843 the island was barren with few plants. However, due to the introduction of species by the British, Ascension Island's <a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain" title="Green Mountain">Green Mountain</a> is now one of the few large-scale planned forests, and is gradually growing with each year. Its highest point is at 859 metres (2,818 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-cia_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-indigenous plants teem there, and the crown of Green Mountain is a lush halo of <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>. Flanking one side is a large stand of tall <a href="/wiki/Araucaria_heterophylla" title="Araucaria heterophylla">Norfolk pine</a>, trees planted by British mariners, which were to have been used as replacement masts for <a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">sailing ships</a>. In June 2005 the first National Park on Ascension Island, the Green Mountain National Park, was opened. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_juliflora" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosopis juliflora">Prosopis juliflora</a></i>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Mesquite" title="Mesquite">mesquite</a> known as "Mexican thorn", was introduced by BBC engineers to bind the dry top soil when they arrived in 1966 to construct a shortwave relay station. It has thrived on the barren lava of the island – an estimated 38,000 bushes existed by 2016. Its spread has been destructive to other species, and current encroachment on the edges of beaches threatens those that use this space, such as the <a href="/wiki/Green_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Green turtle">green turtle</a>. Its hardy taproots can extend to 30 metres (98 ft) deep. Local authorities are considering means of controlling or eradicating it.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ProcPt5b_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProcPt5b-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascension_Island_Lava_fields.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ascension_Island_Lava_fields.jpg/220px-Ascension_Island_Lava_fields.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ascension_Island_Lava_fields.jpg/330px-Ascension_Island_Lava_fields.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ascension_Island_Lava_fields.jpg/440px-Ascension_Island_Lava_fields.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Lava fields</figcaption></figure> <p>A variety of <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> have been introduced: <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkeys</a>, sheep, cats and <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> among others. <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptiles</a> consist of two species of <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizards</a>. Endemic insect species include the minute, wingless <a href="/wiki/Psocoptera" title="Psocoptera">Psocopteran</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Troglotroctes_ashmoleorum" title="Troglotroctes ashmoleorum">Troglotroctes ashmoleorum</a></i>, that has been found in caves and between lava blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summer, <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">flies</a> are known to be a problem. The largest native land animal is the <a href="/wiki/Land_crab" class="mw-redirect" title="Land crab">land crab</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Johngarthia_lagostoma" title="Johngarthia lagostoma">Johngarthia lagostoma</a></i> (formerly <i>Gecarcinus lagostoma</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hartnoll2009_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartnoll2009-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Offshore, there is a variety of open-ocean fish, including <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wahoo" title="Wahoo">wahoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonito" title="Bonito">bonito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barracuda" title="Barracuda">barracuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marlin" title="Marlin">marlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centrolophus_niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrolophus niger">blackfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sailfish" title="Sailfish">sailfish</a>. The protected green turtle is perhaps the most notable of the endemic fauna, coming ashore to lay their eggs on the beaches from November to May. Turtles were regularly harvested until 1930, when the practice was banned. By 1970 the turtle population had begun to rebound.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1970s, when records began, to 2014, <a href="/wiki/Green_turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="Green turtle">green turtle</a> nesting increased by 500%, resulting in some 24,000 nests being laid on the island's main beaches each year.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On land are found such non-native birds as <a href="/wiki/Serinus" title="Serinus">canaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francolin" title="Francolin">francolins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myna" title="Myna">mynas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_World_sparrow" title="Old World sparrow">sparrows</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Estrildid_finch" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrildid finch">waxbills</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sooty_tern" title="Sooty tern">Sooty terns</a> or "wideawake birds" nest in great seashore <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> "fairs". Other <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> include some types of <a href="/wiki/Booby" title="Booby">boobies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrel" title="Petrel">petrels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tropicbird" title="Tropicbird">tropicbirds</a> (named <i>boatswain</i>, pronounced <i>BO-sun birds</i>, by the inhabitants of the island), <a href="/wiki/White_tern" title="White tern">white tern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_noddy" title="Brown noddy">brown noddy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_noddy" title="Black noddy">black noddy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascension_frigatebird" title="Ascension frigatebird">Ascension frigatebird</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ascension_crake" title="Ascension crake">Ascension crake</a> became extinct around the beginning of the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-ProcPt5b_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProcPt5b-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_Frigatebird_with_chick_Fregata_aquila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Male_Frigatebird_with_chick_Fregata_aquila.jpg/220px-Male_Frigatebird_with_chick_Fregata_aquila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Male_Frigatebird_with_chick_Fregata_aquila.jpg/330px-Male_Frigatebird_with_chick_Fregata_aquila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Male_Frigatebird_with_chick_Fregata_aquila.jpg/440px-Male_Frigatebird_with_chick_Fregata_aquila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="2224" /></a><figcaption>Male frigatebird with chick on Boatswain Bird Island</figcaption></figure> <p>Off the east coast of Ascension is the islet of <a href="/wiki/Boatswain_Bird_Island" title="Boatswain Bird Island">Boatswain Bird Island</a>. It is a haven for sea birds providing refuge from the rats, cats and people that came to Ascension Island from Europe and Africa. Following a successful campaign headed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a>, the main island was in 2006 declared free of <a href="/wiki/Feral_cat" title="Feral cat">feral cats</a>, and sea birds are now once again nesting on Ascension Island.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bird_life">Bird life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bird life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onychoprion_fuscatus_Ascension_Island_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Onychoprion_fuscatus_Ascension_Island_3.jpg/220px-Onychoprion_fuscatus_Ascension_Island_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Onychoprion_fuscatus_Ascension_Island_3.jpg/330px-Onychoprion_fuscatus_Ascension_Island_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Onychoprion_fuscatus_Ascension_Island_3.jpg/440px-Onychoprion_fuscatus_Ascension_Island_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A few of the 130,000 Atlantic sooty terns at Mars Bay breeding grounds, Ascension Island</figcaption></figure> <p>After cats were introduced to Ascension Island in 1815, large seabird breeding colonies were quickly wiped out everywhere except in small cat-inaccessible areas, such as on the offshore <a href="/wiki/Boatswain_Bird_Island" title="Boatswain Bird Island">Boatswain Bird Island</a>. Following a two-year campaign, feral cats were eradicated by 2004 and seabirds began to recolonise the main island.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ascension Island, including fourteen inshore stacks and marine habitat extending out for 3 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> (5.6 km; 3.5 mi) from the coastline, has been identified as an <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Area</a> (IBA) by <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> as a breeding site for <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a>. Birds for which the IBA is significant include <a href="/wiki/Red-billed_tropicbird" title="Red-billed tropicbird">red-billed tropicbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascension_frigatebird" title="Ascension frigatebird">Ascension frigatebirds</a> (an endemic breeder), <a href="/wiki/Sooty_tern" title="Sooty tern">sooty terns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_noddy" title="Black noddy">black noddies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island was formerly home to the endemic <a href="/wiki/Ascension_crake" title="Ascension crake">Ascension crake</a>, but the species has been extinct since the early nineteenth century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_Protected_Area">Marine Protected Area</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Marine Protected Area"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island_Marine_Protected_Area" title="Ascension Island Marine Protected Area">Ascension Island Marine Protected Area</a></div> <p>In January 2016 the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">UK Government</a> announced that an area around Ascension Island was to become a huge <a href="/wiki/Marine_reserve" title="Marine reserve">marine reserve</a>, to protect its varied and unique ecosystem, including some of the largest marlin in the world, large populations of green turtle, and the island's own species of frigate bird.<sup id="cite_ref-BBCAI2016_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCAI2016-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 August 2019, the Ascension Island Government announced the designation of 100% of Ascension's <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive Economic Zone</a> (EEZ) as a <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine Protected Area</a> (MPA).<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The EEZ covers an area of over 440,000 square kilometres (170,000 sq mi), making it one of the largest in the world. Within the MPA it is proposed that commercial fishing and mineral extraction will be prohibited. Legislation is now being brought forward and development of a management plan is underway. These will be put into place subject to confirmation that the ongoing costs of management, monitoring and enforcement have been provided by the UK government.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Ascension Island">Politics of Ascension Island</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Ascension_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="516" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Ascension Island">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"><b>Governor</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Phillips" title="Nigel Phillips">Nigel Phillips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_House_(Saint_Helena)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantation House (Saint Helena)">Plantation House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Castle_(Saint_Helena)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Castle (Saint Helena)">The Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office#Ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office"><b>Responsible Minister (UK)</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ahmad,_Baron_Ahmad_of_Wimbledon" title="Tariq Ahmad, Baron Ahmad of Wimbledon">Tariq Ahmad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_Ascension" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrator of Ascension"><b>Administrator of Ascension Island</b></a> <ul><li>Simon Minshull</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island_Council" title="Ascension Island Council">Ascension Island Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attorney_General_of_Saint_Helena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attorney General of Saint Helena (page does not exist)">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council" title="Judicial Committee of the Privy Council">Judicial Committee of the Privy Council</a> <ul><li>Court of Appeal</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helena Supreme Court">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li>Magistrates and Juvenile Courts</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ascension_Island" title="Flag of Ascension Island">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(capital)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">RAF Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_pound" title="Saint Helena pound">Saint Helena Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Hill,_Ascension_Island" title="Cat Hill, Ascension Island">Cat Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Boats,_Ascension_Island" title="Two Boats, Ascension Island">Two Boats Village</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Ascension_Island" title="Template:Politics of Ascension Island"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Ascension_Island" title="Template talk:Politics of Ascension Island"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Ascension_Island" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Ascension Island"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ascension had formed part of a British <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">overseas territory</a> together with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a><sup id="cite_ref-cia_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was governed by St Helena, until it achieved its own constitution. </p><p>Executive authority is ultimately vested in <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">King Charles III</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-cia_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ascension" title="Governor of Ascension">Governor of Ascension</a>. The Governor resides in <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown, Saint Helena</a>, who is in turn represented on the island by an appointed <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_Ascension_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrator of Ascension Island">Administrator</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Island_Council">Island Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Island Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Government_House_Ascension_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Government_House_Ascension_Island.jpg/220px-Government_House_Ascension_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Government_House_Ascension_Island.jpg/330px-Government_House_Ascension_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Government_House_Ascension_Island.jpg/440px-Government_House_Ascension_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Ascension Government House</figcaption></figure> <p>As a result of changes in the constitutional arrangements for Ascension Island, a unicameral Legislative Council with advisory powers was introduced in 2002. The first <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island_Council" title="Ascension Island Council">Island Council</a> of seven members was elected, and took office on 1 November 2002. This council was dissolved by order of the Governor of Saint Helena on 24 October 2005, and a new election was held on 16 November 2005. 697 electors chose among ten candidates contesting the seven seats.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six of the seven members resigned in January 2007 in the belief that they were "assisting to legitimise a democracy that doesn't really exist on Ascension Island".<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A memorandum sent by a group of Ascension Island residents suggests that the handling of economic development, taxation and representation led to the dispute and that all six councillors resigned (five of them at once). The memorandum states, "The elected Council has been used to legitimise an illegitimate system that has never been a true democracy and, it seems, was never intended to be."<sup id="cite_ref-memo07_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo07-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The counter-argument was that, as the island has no indigenous population whatsoever, it is in an unusual political position.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Consequently, a general election was called, but by the close of nominations, there were only two candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-memo07_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-memo07-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The election was abandoned, and the governor suspended the Island Council for 12 months. It was stated that an election would take place in April 2008 but following consultations this was extended to October.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, candidates were elected to form a new Island Council, which was sworn in on 27 October 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (May 2018)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 September 2019, a general election of the Island Council was held. This followed the dissolution of the previous Council on 1 September 2019, in accordance with the Island Government (Ascension) Ordinance 2008. Seven candidates ran for five available Councillor positions, with electors being permitted to cast up to five votes each. Of 518 registered electors 150 electors cast 498 votes. The five successful Councillors were sworn in on 26 September 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws">Laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ascension Island has its own local system of law, much of which is based on the laws of Saint Helena and some parts of English law with modifications.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Island Council advises on new or revised laws. Where local legislation does not exist, Saint Helena law may be used where appropriate and suitable for local adaptation, or specific Ascension Island law is enacted. Employment legislation is a mixture of contract law and the Workmen's Protection Ordinance, which guarantees a contract, and obliges employers to provide free accommodation, medical cover, food (or a food allowance), and travel. </p><p>The Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009 was made by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> and the Privy Council on 8 July and came into operation in September 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new constitution replaced the 1988 version and among other changes limited the Governor's powers, included a Bill of Rights, established independence of the judiciary and the public service, and designated the Governor of St Helena as, concurrently, the Governor for Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. It ended the "dependency" status of Ascension and Tristan da Cunha on Saint Helena that had been in place, for administrative convenience, since 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relationship_to_St_Helena">Relationship to St Helena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Relationship to St Helena"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the first Island Council was elected in 2002, between 1922 and 2009 Ascension was a dependency of St Helena with an appointed Administrator representing the UK Government on the island under the purview of the Governor of St Helena. </p><p>Whilst the Ascension Island Government is distinct from the St Helena Government, the Governor of St Helena is also Governor of Ascension. The executive authority of Ascension is exercised on behalf of His Majesty by the Governor, either directly or through the Administrator of Ascension and other officers subordinate to the Governor.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice the Administrator is the head of the Ascension Island Government and is responsible for the day-to-day running of the Government. </p><p>In 2019, the UK House of Commons Foreign Affairs Select Committee published its report <i>Global Britain and the British Overseas Territories: Resetting the relationship</i>, following an investigation into the relationship between the UK and the Overseas Territories. The report recommended that Ascension and Tristan da Cunha be recognised as Overseas Territories in their own right (paragraph 48 / recommendation 8): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Committee notes that the Overseas Territory of St Helena includes the separate and distinct territories of Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha. These are both inhabited territories with a population that is not directly connected to St Helena and have their own identities, elected governments and flags. Therefore, Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha should be treated with equality as British Overseas Territories in their own right and the FCO should change their status to this effect. However, this change should not necessarily imply that the practice of St Helena, Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha sharing the same Governor should come to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>To date the UK Government has not responded to the committee's recommendation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georgetown_Ascension1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Georgetown_Ascension1.JPG/220px-Georgetown_Ascension1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Georgetown_Ascension1.JPG/330px-Georgetown_Ascension1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Georgetown_Ascension1.JPG/440px-Georgetown_Ascension1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown</a>, the island's primary settlement, comprises the island's post office, police station, court and government house, as well as its supermarket and the port: a small pier where supplies are off-loaded with a connection for a fuel pipeline.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the February 2016 census, 806 people were recorded living in Ascension Island, 556 from Saint Helena (nicknamed the "Saints")<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and 250 people of other nationalities.<sup id="cite_ref-census2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">RAF Ascension Island</a> is made up of 17 staff. </p><p>There are five settlements: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown</a> (the main civilian settlement and capital of the island)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Boats,_Ascension_Island" title="Two Boats, Ascension Island">Two Boats</a> (a civilian village, with <a href="/wiki/Two_Boats_School" title="Two Boats School">its school</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Hill,_Ascension_Island" title="Cat Hill, Ascension Island">Cat Hill</a> (the United States's main base on the island)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Travellers_Hill" title="RAF Travellers Hill">Traveller's Hill</a> (Royal Air Force base)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">Wideawake Airfield</a> (with the Royal Air Force station).</li></ul> <p>Additionally, there are some cottages on Green Mountain, occasionally occupied by visitors, and the Residency, the official residence of the Administrator. </p><p>To enter Ascension Island, individuals must apply for a visa prior to their arrival. There are no native or permanent civilian populations. Anyone who lives on Ascension is there for work or to accompany someone who is working. A contract of employment is a requirement to stay on the island for longer than three months,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> though short-term visits by tourists are possible with prior approval. The British government put in place a policy that there is no "<a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode" title="Right of abode">right of abode</a>" in Ascension Island. This means that people are only allowed to remain in Ascension with the permission of the Administrator or the Governor. As such, unless they are able to satisfy one of the categories of visas and be issued such, they are not permitted on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the local newspaper <i>The Islander</i> reported at the time,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was raised by some former Council members and four expatriate employees that whilst it was agreed there was no right of abode, the UK authorities had previously indicated it would consider changing the law to allow the rights of abode and property purchase, but decided not to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leendert_Hasenbosch" title="Leendert Hasenbosch">Leendert Hasenbosch</a>, (ca. 1695 – probably end of 1724), a Dutch employee of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>. He was marooned on the then uninhabited Ascension Island as a punishment for sodomy. He wrote a diary until his presumed death.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Delacombe" title="William Delacombe">William Delacombe</a> (1860–1911), an English cricketer. He was born at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown, Ascension Island</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scouting_and_Guiding_on_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Scouting and Guiding on Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Scouting and Guiding on Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div> <p>There are <a href="/wiki/Scouting" title="Scouting">Scouting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Girl_Guides" title="Girl Guides">Guiding</a> groups on Saint Helena and Ascension Island. Scouting was established on Ascension Island in November 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having been established on St Helena island in 1912. </p><p><i>The Islander</i> is a weekly newspaper that is edited, printed and distributed on the island. It has been published since 1971. It is available online.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is the official language.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_Ascension_1937_1.5p.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stamp_Ascension_1937_1.5p.jpg/200px-Stamp_Ascension_1937_1.5p.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stamp_Ascension_1937_1.5p.jpg/300px-Stamp_Ascension_1937_1.5p.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Stamp_Ascension_1937_1.5p.jpg/400px-Stamp_Ascension_1937_1.5p.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>View of "The Pier" (1938)</figcaption></figure> <p>The main economic activity on the island is centred on the military bases at <a href="/wiki/Wideawake_Airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Wideawake Airfield">Wideawake Airfield</a>, and the BBC World Service's Atlantic Relay station. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a> estate and facilities are managed by the infrastructure support provider <a href="/wiki/Mitie" title="Mitie">Mitie</a>. A former feature of Ascension was a 70,000-tonne tanker permanently moored offshore that was operated by <a href="/wiki/A._P._Moller-Maersk_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="A. P. Moller-Maersk Group">Maersk</a> as a bulk fuel facility. In December 2002, this was replaced by an on-shore Petroleum Supply Depot under military management, with fuel still being delivered by a chartered tanker, <i>Maersk Rapier</i>, which operates on an MOD resupply contract for both Ascension and the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> every two months. Fuel for the island is transferred via a floating hose, which is connected to the on-shore depot at the island's pier head and to the ship at anchor. </p><p>The main export items are <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Ascension_Island" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Ascension Island">Ascension Island postage stamps</a>, first issued in 1922, and, since 2010, commemorative coins (which are legal tender but non-circulating) and commercial fishing licences for long-line tuna fishing vessels operating to ICCAT quotas. </p><p>A secondary export is the international internet domain code <a href="/wiki/.ac" title=".ac">.ac</a>, which small UK educational colleges and science museums are favouring due to its similarity to <a href="/wiki/.ac_(second-level_domain)" title=".ac (second-level domain)">.ac.uk</a>, the domain code reserved for well-established UK academic institutions. In December 2013, <a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a> (one of the most well-known file piracy websites in the world) moved to .ac following the seizure of their <a href="/wiki/.sx" title=".sx">.sx</a> website. </p><p>As of February 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there was no <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> presence on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_and_related_industries">Tourism and related industries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Tourism and related industries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_DEVIL%27S_ASHPIT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_DEVIL%27S_ASHPIT.jpg/260px-ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_DEVIL%27S_ASHPIT.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_DEVIL%27S_ASHPIT.jpg/390px-ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_DEVIL%27S_ASHPIT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_DEVIL%27S_ASHPIT.jpg/520px-ASCENSION_ISLAND_-_DEVIL%27S_ASHPIT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Devil's Ashpit</figcaption></figure> <p>Until 2002, tourism was virtually non-existent because of the inaccessibility of the island to transport, the absence of guest accommodation and the need for a sponsor. Limited air travel has, however, been made available in recent years to the public by the RAF, and the Georgetown Obsidian Hotel and a number of guest cottages have been opened. All visitors are required to obtain an entry permit before travelling. <a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Sport fishing</a> is the main attraction for many of the visitors. The island also boasts what is sometimes called the worst golf course in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ascension Island Government does not issue visas to citizens of the following countries and territories: <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communications">Communications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Communications in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Communications in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div> <p>The island hosts many communications and relay stations, exploiting its mid-Atlantic position. Both the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_Worldwide" title="Cable & Wireless Worldwide">Cable & Wireless Worldwide</a> (owned by Vodafone since 2012)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have communications posts there. The <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">European Space Agency</a> (ESA) also has a tracking station on the island that tracks the <a href="/wiki/Ariane_5" title="Ariane 5">Ariane 5</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_(rocket)" title="Soyuz (rocket)">Soyuz</a> rockets shortly after their launch from <a href="/wiki/Kourou" title="Kourou">Kourou</a> in French Guiana and <a href="/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome" title="Baikonur Cosmodrome">Baikonur</a> in Kazakhstan. </p><p>Ascension has one local radio station and one relayed from St Helena. It also receives broadcasts from the <a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Broadcasting_Service" title="British Forces Broadcasting Service">British Forces Broadcasting Service</a> and television services for the US military.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ascension Island has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_country_calling_codes" title="List of country calling codes">international calling code</a> +247 and, from 1 June 2015 has five-digit numbers (the old four-digit number prefixed by the digit "6", or "4" for mobile telephones).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island provided a base for a NASA communications dish during the space race in the mid-twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island was chosen due to its central location in the Atlantic. Sites were chosen due to their proximity to orbital paths—generally along the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking_and_currency">Banking and currency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Banking and currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_St._Helena" title="Bank of St. Helena">Bank of St. Helena</a> has a branch on the island; it holds an account with the UK's <a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Bank" title="Lloyds Bank">Lloyds Bank</a> for the purposes of conducting money transfers with the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The currency on Ascension Island is the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_pound" title="Saint Helena pound">Saint Helena pound</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> however uses the <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pound sterling</a> rather than the Saint Helena pound. The <a href="/wiki/Coins_of_the_Saint_Helena_pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins of the Saint Helena pound">coins of the Saint Helena pound</a> specify that they are for use on both Saint Helena and Ascension Island, but with no mention of Tristan da Cunha, whereas the banknotes only say "Government of St Helena". There are also distinct commemorative coins for Ascension Island. For more information on currency in the wider region, see <a href="/wiki/British_currency_in_the_South_Atlantic_and_the_Antarctic" class="mw-redirect" title="British currency in the South Atlantic and the Antarctic">British currency in the South Atlantic and the Antarctic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Education in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Education in Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Two_Boats_School" title="Two Boats School">Two Boats School</a> is the only school on the island and provides education to all children aged 3–16. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ascension Island Football League (Officially registered as <i>Ascension Island Championship</i>) is the top division of football on Ascension Island.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three official <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> competitions organized by the Association are held on the island: the Ascension Island Football League, Knockout Tournament, and the Flipper Trophy.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ascension Island does not have its own team in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>, but athletes from Ascension have participated on the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Saint Helena at the Commonwealth Games">Saint Helena Commonwealth Games team</a> in the past, including swimmer Caroline Lawrence in <a href="/wiki/1982_Commonwealth_Games" title="1982 Commonwealth Games">1982</a> and marathon runner Errol Duncan in <a href="/wiki/2006_Commonwealth_Games" title="2006 Commonwealth Games">2006</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-insidethegames.biz_2012_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insidethegames.biz_2012-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greening_Ascension_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greening_Ascension_Island.jpg/220px-Greening_Ascension_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greening_Ascension_Island.jpg/330px-Greening_Ascension_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Greening_Ascension_Island.jpg/440px-Greening_Ascension_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1531" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Satellite picture of Ascension Island in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003 the British and US governments signed the Wideawake agreement designed to allow a limited number of non-scheduled civilian aircraft to land on Ascension Island, under responsibility of the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poor runway conditions at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">RAF Ascension Island</a> led in April 2017 to the cancellation of twice-weekly flights from there to the UK (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton" title="RAF Brize Norton">RAF Brize Norton</a>) and to the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Mount_Pleasant" title="RAF Mount Pleasant">RAF Mount Pleasant</a>). An <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">Airbus A330</a> aircraft operated by <a href="/wiki/AirTanker_Services" title="AirTanker Services">AirTanker Services</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)</a> carried out those flights, called the South Atlantic Air Bridge, although a limited number of commercial passenger tickets were available. Those flights then traveled via Dakar, Senegal.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AW Ship Management arranged for civilians to board RAF flights to and from RAF Ascension Island and RAF Brize Norton. Previously AW Ship Management had a package deal where passengers could travel in one direction on the RAF flights and in the other on the <a href="/wiki/RMS_St_Helena_(1989)" title="RMS St Helena (1989)">RMS <i>St Helena</i></a>, which travelled between Ascension, Saint Helena, and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> until the opening of <a href="/wiki/St_Helena_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="St Helena Airport">St Helena Airport</a> to passenger flights.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2017, the runway was becoming increasingly unserviceable and a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A400M_Atlas" title="Airbus A400M Atlas">A400</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">C17</a> planes landed at Ascension every three weeks to supply the RAF operation and deliver mail.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.co.uk_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.co.uk-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A lengthy repair process was initiated in 2020 and while A330s were unable to land at the airport during the repair process, the United States military used <a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_International" title="Air Transport International">Air Transport International</a> <a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">Boeing 757</a> "combi" jets to maintain a twice monthly flight between the island and <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Space_Force_Base" title="Patrick Space Force Base">Patrick Space Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> for the use of its personnel only, while the (<a href="/wiki/MV_Ascension" title="MV Ascension">MV <i>Ascension</i></a>) supply ship regularly serviced US facilities. </p><p>The repair project celebrated its halfway point in March 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-halfway_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-halfway-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2022, the eastern portion of the runway was completed, allowing full flight operations to resume, with a U.S. Air Force <a href="/wiki/C-17_Globemaster_III" class="mw-redirect" title="C-17 Globemaster III">C-17 Globemaster III</a> of the <a href="/wiki/21st_Airlift_Squadron" title="21st Airlift Squadron">21st Airlift Squadron</a> being the first aircraft of that size to use the improved runway on 31 August 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier that month, an RAF A400M aircraft flying from Ascension Island was refueled for the first time by a <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330_MRTT" title="Airbus A330 MRTT">Voyager KC.2 aircraft</a> flying out of RAF Mount Pleasant.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repairs to the runway were completed in May 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no <a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">taxi</a> service on the island and most visitors requiring transport hire a car. There are around 40 kilometres (25 mi) of roads on the island, all hard-surfaced,<sup id="cite_ref-cia_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with many unsurfaced paths and trails. Some of the road surfacing used was surplus tarmac from a previous airstrip construction operation. Traffic drives on the left.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The cargo vessel MV <i>Helena</i>, under AW Shipping Management, takes a limited number of passengers<sup id="cite_ref-Cargoships_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cargoships-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between Cape Town and St Helena and Ascension on its voyages.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the retirement of the RMS <i>St Helena</i> in 2018, the South African airline <a href="/wiki/Airlink" title="Airlink">Airlink</a> has operated an inter-island air service between St Helena and Ascension once a month. This is operated as a charter service extension on the regular Johannesburg to St Helena route with an overnight turnaround on Ascension.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> and South African government response, the <a href="/wiki/Airlink" title="Airlink">Airlink</a> air service was temporarily suspended in April 2020. During the temporary suspension, Ascension along with its sister island of St Helena, had been intermittently supplied by a Titan operated charter service originating in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Airlink" title="Airlink">Airlink</a> resumed operations to Ascension Island (as well as St Helena) on the 26 March 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" 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title="Portal:British Empire">British Empire portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Ascension_Island" title="Outline of Ascension Island">Outline of Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Ascension_Island%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Ascension Island–related articles">Index of Ascension Island–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_St_Helena" title="Diocese of St Helena">Diocese of St Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ascension.gov.ac/government/the-administrator">"The Administrator – Ascension Island Government"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Administrator+%E2%80%93+Ascension+Island+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascension.gov.ac%2Fgovernment%2Fthe-administrator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2016_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2016_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sainthelena.gov.sh/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Census-2016-summary-report.pdf">"Census 2016 – summary report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. St Helena Government. June 2016. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017192624/http://www.sainthelena.gov.sh/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Census-2016-summary-report.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+2016+%E2%80%93+summary+report&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=St+Helena+Government&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sainthelena.gov.sh%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F06%2FCensus-2016-summary-report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2009/plain/uksi_20091751_en#sch1-pt5">"The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312113746/http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2009/plain/uksi_20091751_en#sch1-pt5">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+St+Helena%2C+Ascension+and+Tristan+da+Cunha+Constitution+Order+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opsi.gov.uk%2Fsi%2Fsi2009%2Fplain%2Fuksi_20091751_en%23sch1-pt5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victory_at_Sea-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Victory_at_Sea_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victory at Sea (Series title), <i>Volume-10 "Beneath the Southern Cross"</i> 1952 production of <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>, (Disc 2 of DVD collection reproduction ca. 2007–08)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia2016" class="citation web cs1">Garcia, Mark (11 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/searching-for-space-junk-in-paradise">"Searching for "Space Junk" in Paradise"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815115548/http://www.nasa.gov/feature/searching-for-space-junk-in-paradise/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Searching+for+%22Space+Junk%22+in+Paradise&rft.date=2016-08-11&rft.aulast=Garcia&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ffeature%2Fsearching-for-space-junk-in-paradise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaspar Corrêa and Rodrigo Jose de Lima Felner, Lendas da India. Publicadas de ordem da Classe de sciencias moraes, politicas e bellas lettras da Academia real das sciencias de Lisboa e sob a dirrecção de Rodrigo José de Lima Felner, vol. 2 (Lisboa Typographia da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1858), 235. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">João de Barros, Manoel Severim de Faria, and João Baptista Lavanha, Da Asia de João de Barros e de Diogo de Couto, vol. I, book V, chapter X (Lisbon: Regia Officina Typografica, 1778), 466.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Epo2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA466">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Damião de Góis, Chronica do serenissimo senhor rei D. Manoel (Lisbon: Na officina de M. Manescal da Costa, 1749), 84.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA84">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duarte Leite, História da colonização portuguesa do Brasil, Chapter IX, O mais antigo mapa do Brasil, ed. Carlos Malheiro Dias, vol. 2 (Porto: Litografia Nacional, 1922), 251.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/histriadacoloniz1922sous/page/n13/mode/2up">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Brooks Greenlee, The Voyage of Pedro Alvares Cabral to Brazil and India (London: Hakluyt Society, 1938), 139.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57073">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Edzer Roukema, ‘Brazil in the Cantino Map’, Imago Mundi 17 (1963): 15 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barros, Faria, and Lavanha, Da Asia de João de Barro, I, book V, chapter X:466.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Góis, Chronica do serenissimo, 84.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0vTmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA84">[5]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bruce, Ian. 'The Discovery of St Helena'. Wirebird: The Journal of the Friends of St Helena 51 (2022): 26–43 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://sainthelenaisland.info/thediscoveryofsthelena_ianbruce.pdf">[6]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Side-by-side Easter calendar reference for the 16th century<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://5ko.free.fr/en/easter.php?y=16">[7]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edzer Roukema, ‘Brazil in the Cantino Map’, Imago Mundi 17 (1963): 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaspar Corrêa, Lendas de India, vol. 1 (Lisbon: Typ. da Academia Real das Sciencias, 1858), 235. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacker1983" class="citation book cs1">Packer, J.E. (1983). <i>The Ascension Handbook</i> (3rd ed.). Georgetown, Ascension Island: Ascension Historical Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascension+Handbook&rft.place=Georgetown%2C+Ascension+Island&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Ascension+Historical+Association&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Packer&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ascension.gov.ac/#history">"History"</a>. <i>Ascension Island Government</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ascension+Island+Government&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascension.gov.ac%2F%23history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Ravenstein, E. G., ed. A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco Da Gama, 1497-1499. London: Hakluyt Society, 1898, 191.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/worksissuedbyha00unkngoog/page/n235/mode/2up?view=theater">[8]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, Collecção de noticias para a historia e geografia das nações ultramarinas: que vivem nos dominios portuguezes, ou lhes são visinhas, vol. II, Nos 1 & II (Typ. da Academia, 1812), 219. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eCsOAAAAYAAJ&dq=editions:LCCN05004414&pg=PA219">[9]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moreira D. M De Azevedo, ‘A IIha Da Trindade’, Revista Do Instituto Historico de Geographico de São Paulo 3 (1898): 9–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Stommel, Lost Islands: The Story of Islands That Have Vanished from Nautical Charts (Courier Dover Publications, 2017), 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hart-Davis-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hart-Davis_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart-Davis2016" class="citation book cs1">Hart-Davis, Duff (2016). <i>Ascension – The Story of a South Atlantic Island</i>. Merlin Unwin Books. pp. 9–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910723-32-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910723-32-6"><bdi>978-1-910723-32-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ascension+%E2%80%93+The+Story+of+a+South+Atlantic+Island&rft.pages=9-12&rft.pub=Merlin+Unwin+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-910723-32-6&rft.aulast=Hart-Davis&rft.aufirst=Duff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see Carl Friedrich Behrens, <i>Reise durch die Sued-Laender und um die Welt</i> (1737), p. 250, who wrote that various criminal mariners had been exiled to the island; also in Alex Ritsema <i>A Dutch Castaway on Ascension Island in 1725</i> (2010), pp. 26, 115–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex.2010" class="citation book cs1">Alex., Ritsema (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fv0AQAAQBAJ&q=A+Dutch+castaway+on+Ascension+Island+in+1725"><i>A Dutch castaway on Ascension Island in 1725</i></a>. Alex Ritsema. pp. 48–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781446189863" title="Special:BookSources/9781446189863"><bdi>9781446189863</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713203953/https://books.google.com/books?id=9fv0AQAAQBAJ&q=A+Dutch+castaway+on+Ascension+Island+in+1725">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dutch+castaway+on+Ascension+Island+in+1725&rft.pages=48-56&rft.pub=Alex+Ritsema&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781446189863&rft.aulast=Alex.&rft.aufirst=Ritsema&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fv0AQAAQBAJ%26q%3DA%2BDutch%2Bcastaway%2Bon%2BAscension%2BIsland%2Bin%2B1725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sodomy Punish'd</i>, as well as two other translations of the diary are available at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manfamily.org/about/other-families/craddock-family/barnes-family/balchen-family/john-balchen/">"The MAN and other families"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220915002534/http://www.manfamily.org/about/other-families/craddock-family/barnes-family/balchen-family/john-balchen/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+MAN+and+other+families&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manfamily.org%2Fabout%2Fother-families%2Fcraddock-family%2Fbarnes-family%2Fbalchen-family%2Fjohn-balchen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ascension.gov.ac/section/history">"A History of Ascension Island – Ascension Island Government"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009153254/https://www.ascension.gov.ac/section/history">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ascension+Island+%E2%80%93+Ascension+Island+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascension.gov.ac%2Fsection%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-helena-ascension-and-tristan-da-cunha/">"Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210318065818/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-helena-ascension-and-tristan-da-cunha">Archived</a> from the original on 18 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Saint+Helena%2C+Ascension%2C+and+Tristan+da+Cunha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsaint-helena-ascension-and-tristan-da-cunha%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdmiralty1919" class="citation book cs1">Admiralty, Great Britain (December 1919). "Other Senior Naval Officers or Officers in Charge at Ports Abroad". <i>Navy List</i>. London England: HM Stationery Office. p. 700.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Other+Senior+Naval+Officers+or+Officers+in+Charge+at+Ports+Abroad&rft.btitle=Navy+List&rft.place=London+England&rft.pages=700&rft.pub=HM+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1919-12&rft.aulast=Admiralty&rft.aufirst=Great+Britain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="#CITEREFKeynes2001">Keynes 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1925&pageseq=463">431–432</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcdarwinexperiment-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcdarwinexperiment_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11137903">"Charles Darwin's ecological experiment on Ascension isle"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 1 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100901191713/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11137903">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin%27s+ecological+experiment+on+Ascension+isle&rft.date=2010-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-11137903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2003" class="citation journal cs1">Wilkinson, David M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Six+Months+in+Ascension&rft.date=2017-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Farticle%2Fsix-months-in-ascension&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sainthelena.gov.sh/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/National-Protected-Areas-Ordinance.pdf">"National Protected Areas Ordinance"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001150508/http://www.sainthelena.gov.sh/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/National-Protected-Areas-Ordinance.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Protected+Areas+Ordinance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sainthelena.gov.sh%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F12%2FNational-Protected-Areas-Ordinance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Gill">"Sir David Gill | Scottish astronomer"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403224518/https://www.britannica.com/biography/David-Gill">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Sir+David+Gill+%7C+Scottish+astronomer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FDavid-Gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maritimeheritage.org/ports/Ascension-Islands.html">"Maritime Heritage - Ascension Island"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220915002533/https://www.maritimeheritage.org/ports/Ascension-Islands.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maritime+Heritage+-+Ascension+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maritimeheritage.org%2Fports%2FAscension-Islands.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingemanMcFallDrummondNewbury2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bingeman, John M.; McFall, Neil; Drummond, Maldwin; Newbury, R. L.; Conway, T. M.; Conway, T. M.; Gmitro, John I. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00253359.2001.10656807?journalCode=rmir20">the original</a> on 17 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mariner%27s+Mirror&rft.atitle=Answers&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00253359.2001.10656807&rft.aulast=Bingeman&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=McFall%2C+Neil&rft.au=Drummond%2C+Maldwin&rft.au=Newbury%2C+R.+L.&rft.au=Conway%2C+T.+M.&rft.au=Conway%2C+T.+M.&rft.au=Gmitro%2C+John+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00253359.2001.10656807%3FjournalCode%3Drmir20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wired-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wired_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wired_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephenson1996" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Stephenson, Neal</a> (December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/4.12/ffglass.html">"Mother Earth Mother Board"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic-Cable.com&rft.atitle=1899+St+Helena-Cape+Town+Cable&rft.date=2018-07-22&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatlantic-cable.com%2FCables%2F1899StHelena%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscension_Island_Government2019" class="citation web cs1">Ascension Island Government [@ascension_gov] (20 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/ascension_gov/status/1185919095255912448">"On 20 October 1922 the Royal Navy handed control of Ascension to the Eastern Telegraph Company, bringing to an end 107 years of military occupation and rule"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311153504/https://twitter.com/ascension_gov/status/1185919095255912448">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+20+October+1922+the+Royal+Navy+handed+control+of+Ascension+to+the+Eastern+Telegraph+Company%2C+bringing+to+an+end+107+years+of+military+occupation+and+rule.&rft.date=2019-10-20&rft.au=Ascension+Island+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fascension_gov%2Fstatus%2F1185919095255912448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlethen_Levy2017" class="citation web cs1">Blethen Levy, Dianne A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=The+Heard+Island+Feasibility+Test&rft.volume=96&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2330-2342&rft.date=1994-05-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.410105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994ASAJ...96.2330M&rft.aulast=Munk&rft.aufirst=Walter+H.&rft.au=Spindel%2C+Robert+C.&rft.au=Baggeroer%2C+Arthur&rft.au=Birdsall%2C+Theodore+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Furl%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fbrigus.physics.mun.ca%252F~zedel%252FP6317%252Fpapers%252Fheard_island.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNOAA_AOML1993" class="citation report cs1">NOAA AOML (February 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.library.noaa.gov/noaa_documents.lib/OAR/ERL_AOML/TM_ERL_AOML/TM_ERL_AOML_73.pdf">Reception At Ascension Island, South Atlantic, of the Transmissions From The Heard Island Feasibility Test (NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL AOML-73)</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Settlers+wanted+for+a+quiet+life.+No+rush&rft.date=2004-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2F1458571%2FSettlers-wanted-for-a-quiet-life.-No-rush.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080911002405/http://kscsma.ksc.nasa.gov/Range_Safety/Annual_Report/2007/PrintPages/RangeSafetyReportnoImages.pdf">"NASA Range Safety Program – 2007 Annual Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Experts+rediscover+plant+presumed+extinct+for+60+years&rft.date=2010-06-24&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10402534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-native_flora-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-native_flora_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/files/Anogramma%20press%20release_%20With%20images_%20Kew%20changes%2009%20June%202010.pdf">"native flora"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200126080422/http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/files/Anogramma%20press%20release_%20With%20images_%20Kew%20changes%2009%20June%202010.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=native+flora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascension-island.gov.ac%2Ffiles%2FAnogramma%2520press%2520release_%2520With%2520images_%2520Kew%2520changes%252009%2520June%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProcPt5b-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ProcPt5b_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ProcPt5b_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukotcf.org/pdf/BermConf/pages129to166.pdf">"Bermuda Conference, Procedure Point 5b"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614122832/http://www.ukotcf.org/pdf/BermConf/pages129to166.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bermuda+Conference%2C+Procedure+Point+5b&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukotcf.org%2Fpdf%2FBermConf%2Fpages129to166.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lienhard, 1996, Psocoptères nouveaux ou peu connus de quelques îles atlantiques (Canaries, Madère, Açores, Ascension) et de l'Afrique du Nord (Insecta: Psocoptera), Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal (Historia Natural) 48(267)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartnoll2009-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hartnoll2009_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_G._HartnollAnnette_C._BroderickBrendan_J._GodleyKate_E._Saunders2009" class="citation journal cs1">Richard G. 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Saunders (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1651%2F08-2992.1">"Population structure of the land crab <i>Johngarthia lagostoma</i> on Ascension Island"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Crustacean_Biology" title="Journal of Crustacean Biology">Journal of Crustacean Biology</a></i>. <b>29</b> (1): 57–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1651%2F08-2992.1">10.1651/08-2992.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83991276">83991276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Crustacean+Biology&rft.atitle=Population+structure+of+the+land+crab+Johngarthia+lagostoma+on+Ascension+Island&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-61&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1651%2F08-2992.1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A83991276%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Richard+G.+Hartnoll&rft.au=Annette+C.+Broderick&rft.au=Brendan+J.+Godley&rft.au=Kate+E.+Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1651%252F08-2992.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/08/02/206596760/Scientists-Number-of-Green-Turtles-Increases-More-than-500">"Scientists: Number of Green Turtles Increases More than 500%"</a>. 2 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808054748/http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/08/02/206596760/Scientists-Number-of-Green-Turtles-Increases-More-than-500">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientists%3A+Number+of+Green+Turtles+Increases+More+than+500%25&rft.date=2014-08-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tempo.co%2Fread%2Fnews%2F2014%2F08%2F02%2F206596760%2FScientists-Number-of-Green-Turtles-Increases-More-than-500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge" class="citation web cs1">Jorge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://petsaspests.blogspot.com/search?q=ascension">"Stray pets"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222171410/http://petsaspests.blogspot.com/search?q=ascension">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stray+pets&rft.au=Jorge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpetsaspests.blogspot.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dascension&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRatcliffe2010" class="citation web cs1">Ratcliffe, Norman; et al. (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/5A7C3DA4F9F733454357434CDA367806/S003060530999069Xa.pdf/eradication_of_feral_cats_from_ascension_island_and_its_subsequent_recolonization_by_seabirds.pdf">"The eradication of feral cats from Ascension Island and its subsequent recolonization by seabirds"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Cambridge.org</i>. Fauna & Flora International. pp. 20–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171820/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/5A7C3DA4F9F733454357434CDA367806/S003060530999069Xa.pdf/eradication_of_feral_cats_from_ascension_island_and_its_subsequent_recolonization_by_seabirds.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge.org&rft.atitle=The+eradication+of+feral+cats+from+Ascension+Island+and+its+subsequent+recolonization+by+seabirds&rft.pages=20-22&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Ratcliffe&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F5A7C3DA4F9F733454357434CDA367806%2FS003060530999069Xa.pdf%2Feradication_of_feral_cats_from_ascension_island_and_its_subsequent_recolonization_by_seabirds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630122358/http://www.birdlife.org/">"Ascension Island: mainland and stacks"</a>. <i>Important Bird Areas factsheet</i>. BirdLife International. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdlife.org">the original</a> on 30 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Important+Bird+Areas+factsheet&rft.atitle=Ascension+Island%3A+mainland+and+stacks&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdlife.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCAI2016-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBCAI2016_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrabin2016" class="citation news cs1">Harrabin, Roger (3 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35216313">"Ascension Island to become marine reserve"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160103081122/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-35216313">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Ascension+Island+to+become+marine+reserve&rft.date=2016-01-03&rft.aulast=Harrabin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-35216313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ascensionmpa.ac/">"Ascension Island Marine Protected Area"</a>. <i>Ascension Island Marine Protected Area</i>. Ascension Island<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ascension+Island+Marine+Protected+Area&rft.atitle=Ascension+Island+Marine+Protected+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascensionmpa.ac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ascension.gov.ac/map-marker/mpa-marine-protected-area">"Ascension Island Marine Protected Area"</a>. <i>ascension.gov.ac</i>. Ascension Island Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/large-scale-marine-protected-area-designated-by-ascension-island-government/">the original</a> on 1 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Large-scale+Marine+Protected+Area+designated+by+Ascension+Island+Government+%E2%80%93+Ascension+Island+Government&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Alasdair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascension-island.gov.ac%2Flarge-scale-marine-protected-area-designated-by-ascension-island-government%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juanita Brock, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sartma.com/art_2205.html">Ascension: Ascension Island Votes for Councillors</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716065241/http://www.sartma.com/art_2205.html">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422114551/http://www.the-islander.org.ac/art_4013.html">"Ascension Island News for October 2015 from The Islander Newspaper"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-islander.org.ac/art_4013.html">the original</a> on 22 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ascension+Island+News+for+October+2015+from+The+Islander+Newspaper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-islander.org.ac%2Fart_4013.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Source does not seem to be available even on the Internet Archive. Hard copy may exist on Ascension Island, but this has not been demonstrated yet. (May 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-memo07-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-memo07_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-memo07_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/memo/147/ucm5702.htm">"Letter and submission from Residents of the Ascension Island"</a>. <i>publications.parliament.uk</i>. 12 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003175203/https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmselect/cmfaff/memo/147/ucm5702.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=publications.parliament.uk&rft.atitle=Letter+and+submission+from+Residents+of+the+Ascension+Island&rft.date=2007-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200708%2Fcmselect%2Fcmfaff%2Fmemo%2F147%2Fucm5702.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080210023156/http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/aig/ascension-island-council.htm">"Ascension Island Council"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviationsourcenews.com/news/raf-atlas-c1-aircraft-refuelled-over-south-atlantic-for-first-time/">the original</a> on 25 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+Source&rft.atitle=RAF+Atlas+C1+aircraft+refuelled+over+South+Atlantic+for+first+time&rft.date=2022-08-01&rft.aulast=Varley&rft.aufirst=Len&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviationsourcenews.com%2Fnews%2Fraf-atlas-c1-aircraft-refuelled-over-south-atlantic-for-first-time%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afimsc.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3384342/afimsc-completes-largest-runway-construction-project-in-years/">"AFIMSC completes largest runway construction project in years"</a>. 10 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=AFIMSC+completes+largest+runway+construction+project+in+years&rft.date=2023-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afimsc.af.mil%2FNews%2FArticle-Display%2FArticle%2F3384342%2Fafimsc-completes-largest-runway-construction-project-in-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cargoships-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cargoships_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrend2021" class="citation news cs1">Trend, Nick (16 February 2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/cruise-holiday-cabins-on-a-cargo-ship/">"Fascinating voyages on cargo ships, from Cape Town to the Pacific"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/cruise-holiday-cabins-on-a-cargo-ship/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Fascinating+voyages+on+cargo+ships%2C+from+Cape+Town+to+the+Pacific&rft.date=2021-02-16&rft.aulast=Trend&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Flists%2Fcruise-holiday-cabins-on-a-cargo-ship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sthelenashipping.com/passengers/">"Passengers"</a>. <i>St Helena Shipping</i>. AW Shipping Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231144231/http://sthelenashipping.com/passengers/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Helena+Shipping&rft.atitle=Passengers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsthelenashipping.com%2Fpassengers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span> - see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sthelenashipping.com/passengers/routes-prices/">Routes and Prices</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228173202/http://www.sthelenashipping.com/passengers/routes-prices/">Archived</a> 28 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment" class="citation web cs1">Government, St Helena. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sainthelena.gov.sh/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Air-Services-to-St-Helena-QandAs-updated-February-2018.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjmx_fhj6DuAhWSiFwKHZ1CD5MQFjACegQICRAK&usg=AOvVaw2QaXVL4rFK7nNYBLSaGrqY">"Air services to St Helena and Ascension"</a>. <i>St helena government</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+helena+government&rft.atitle=Air+services+to+St+Helena+and+Ascension&rft.aulast=Government&rft.aufirst=St+Helena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sainthelena.gov.sh%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F08%2FAir-Services-to-St-Helena-QandAs-updated-February-2018.pdf%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjmx_fhj6DuAhWSiFwKHZ1CD5MQFjACegQICRAK%26usg%3DAOvVaw2QaXVL4rFK7nNYBLSaGrqY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sainthelena.gov.sh/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Air-Services-to-St-Helena-QandAs-updated-February-2018.pdf">"Air Services to St Helena and Ascention Island"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>sainthelena.gov.sh</i>. February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129055036/https://www.sainthelena.gov.sh/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Air-Services-to-St-Helena-QandAs-updated-February-2018.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sainthelena.gov.sh&rft.atitle=Air+Services+to+St+Helena+and+Ascention+Island&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sainthelena.gov.sh%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F08%2FAir-Services-to-St-Helena-QandAs-updated-February-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.titan-airways.com/news/titan-airways-take-medical-staff-and-supplies-to-st-helena/">"Titan Airways take medical staff and supplies to St Helena"</a>. <i>Titan Airways</i>. 21 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023092129/https://www.titan-airways.com/news/titan-airways-take-medical-staff-and-supplies-to-st-helena/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Titan+Airways&rft.atitle=Titan+Airways+take+medical+staff+and+supplies+to+St+Helena&rft.date=2020-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.titan-airways.com%2Fnews%2Ftitan-airways-take-medical-staff-and-supplies-to-st-helena%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ascension.gov.ac/further-st-helena-charter-flights-confirmed">"Further St Helena Charter Flights Confirmed – Ascension Island Government"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210301001633/https://www.ascension.gov.ac/further-st-helena-charter-flights-confirmed">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Further+St+Helena+Charter+Flights+Confirmed+%E2%80%93+Ascension+Island+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ascension.gov.ac%2Ffurther-st-helena-charter-flights-confirmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flyairlink.com/news-airlink-makes-a-return-to-st-helena-from-26-march-2022">"Airlink makes a return to St Helena from 26 March 2022 | FlyAirlink"</a>. <i>www.flyairlink.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.flyairlink.com&rft.atitle=Airlink+makes+a+return+to+St+Helena+from+26+March+2022+%7C+FlyAirlink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyairlink.com%2Fnews-airlink-makes-a-return-to-st-helena-from-26-march-2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeynes2001" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Keynes" title="Richard Keynes">Keynes, Richard</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1925&viewtype=text&pageseq=1"><i>Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100918173608/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1925&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%27s+Beagle+Diary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF1925%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Duff Hart-Davis, <i>Ascension, the story of a South Atlantic island</i></li> <li>Sergio Ghione, <i>Turtle Island, a Journey to Britain's Oddest Colony</i></li> <li>Mitchell, David F. 2010. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidfmitchell.com/uploads/4/3/4/0/43400967/ascension_island_and_the_second_world_war_.pdf">Ascension Island and the Second World War</a></i>. Ascension Island: Ascension Island Heritage Society.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/17082686">Correspondent's diary: Ascension Island | The Economist</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ascension-island.gov.ac/">Official Ascension Island Government site</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=385050">"Ascension"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Ascension&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D385050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscension+Island" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Sanders, Sarah, <i>Important Bird Areas in the United Kingdom Overseas Territories; priority sites for conservation</i> (RSPB, 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Stonehouse" title="Bernard Stonehouse">Stonehouse, Bernard</a>. (1960). <i>Wideawake Island. The Story of the BOU Centenary Expedition to Ascension</i>. Hutchinson: London</li> <li>Duff Hart-Davis, The Spectator 17 October 2015, "The Stone Frigate Sails On", p. 16.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ascension" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ascension">Ascension</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ascension_Island" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ascension#Q46197" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Ascension">Ascension</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_and_Government">News and Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: News and Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ascension.gov.ac">Ascension Island Government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100309034725/http://www.ascensionconservation.org.ac/">Ascension Government Conservation Department</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201000611/http://www.the-islander.org.ac/">Ascension Island Newsletter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_and_Geography">History and Geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: History and Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917204906/http://www.the-islander.org.ac/webcam/">Live Web Cam of Ascension</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishempire.co.uk/maproom/ascension.htm">Colonial History of Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100913075741/http://www.britlink.org/ascension.html">Ascension Island at Britlink – British Islands & Territories</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/saint-helena-ascension-and-tristan-da-cunha/">CIA World Factbook entry about Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&sll=-11.264612,-14.941406&sspn=67.291674,89.648438&ll=-7.945506,-14.361534&spn=0.140771,0.175095&t=h&z=13">Google Satellite View</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_Organisations">Associated Organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Associated Organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228033929/http://astronautix.com/a/ascension.html">Rocket launches from Ascension</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mt-shortwave.blogspot.com/2010/01/closer-look-at-ascension-islands-bbc.html">Detailed description of the BBC Atlantic Relay Station</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aos-uk.com/ascension.html">Army Ornithological Society Ascension Island Research</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120302151014/http://www.aos-uk.com/ascension.html">Archived</a> 2 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Template:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Template talk:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Saint_Helena" title="Governor of Saint Helena">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Saint_Helena" title="Chief Minister of Saint Helena">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Council_of_Saint_Helena" title="Legislative Council of Saint Helena">Legislative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Helena" title="Flag of Saint Helena">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Saint_Helena" title="Coat of arms of Saint Helena">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alarm_Forest" title="Alarm Forest">Alarm Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barren_Ground,_Saint_Helena" title="Barren Ground, Saint Helena">Barren Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Hill,_Saint_Helena" title="Blue Hill, Saint Helena">Blue Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_Tree_Hollow" title="Half Tree Hollow">Half Tree Hollow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levelwood,_Saint_Helena" title="Levelwood, Saint Helena">Levelwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood,_Saint_Helena" title="Longwood, Saint Helena">Longwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruperts,_Saint_Helena" title="Ruperts, Saint Helena">Ruperts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul%27s,_Saint_Helena" title="Saint Paul's, Saint Helena">Saint Paul's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Bay,_Saint_Helena" title="Sandy Bay, Saint Helena">Sandy Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena_Airport" title="Saint Helena Airport">Saint Helena Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ascension Island</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Ascension" title="Governor of Ascension">Governor (Administrator)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island_Council" title="Ascension Island Council">Island Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ascension_Island" title="Flag of Ascension Island">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ascension_Island" title="Coat of arms of Ascension Island">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Ascension_Island" title="Georgetown, Ascension Island">Georgetown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Hill,_Ascension_Island" title="Cat Hill, Ascension Island">Cat Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Travellers_Hill" title="RAF Travellers Hill">Travellers Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Boats,_Ascension_Island" title="Two Boats, Ascension Island">Two Boats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Ascension_Island" title="RAF Ascension Island">RAF Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain" title="Green Mountain">Green Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Governor of Tristan da Cunha">Governor (Administrator)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha_Island_Council" title="Tristan da Cunha Island Council">Island Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Flag of Tristan da Cunha">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Coat of arms of Tristan da Cunha">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Edinburgh of the Seven Seas">Edinburgh of the Seven Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potato_Patches" title="Potato Patches">Potato Patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inaccessible_Island" title="Inaccessible Island">Inaccessible Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_Islands" title="Nightingale Islands">Nightingale Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_Island" title="Nightingale Island">Nightingale Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Island,_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Middle Island, Tristan da Cunha">Middle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoltenhoff_Island" title="Stoltenhoff Island">Stoltenhoff Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Point,_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Sandy Point, Tristan da Cunha">Sandy Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_St_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha_Constitution_Order_2009" title="The St Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009">Constitution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_overseas_territories" title="Template talk:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_overseas_territories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British overseas territories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_British_Empire_and_Current_British_Overseas_Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and Current <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Legend</span></dt> <dd>Former territory</dd> <dd><b>Current territory</b></dd> <dd>*Current <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm</a></dd> <dd><sup>†</sup>Current member of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></b> since 1960 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Corsican_Kingdom" title="Anglo-Corsican Kingdom">Corsica</a> 1794–1796</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b> since 1713</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a> 1807–1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="United States of the Ionian Islands">Ionian Islands</a> 1809–1864</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1542–1800 <span style="font-size:85%;">(integrated into the UK)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Free State</a> 1921–1931</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup>Malta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Protectorate" title="Malta Protectorate">Protectorate</a> 1800–1813</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Colony</a> 1813–1964</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Minorca</a> 1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basutoland" title="Basutoland">Basutoland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>) 1868–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate" title="Bechuanaland Protectorate">Bechuanaland</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>) 1884–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cameroons" title="British Cameroons">Cameroons</a><sup>13</sup> 1919–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a> 1795–1803</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Colony" title="Cape Colony">Cape of Good Hope</a> 1806–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Central_Africa_Protectorate" title="British Central Africa Protectorate">Central Africa</a> 1891–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa_Protectorate" title="East Africa Protectorate">East Africa</a> 1895–1920</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Egypt" title="Sultanate of Egypt">Egypt</a> 1882–1922</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Gambia_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Gambia Colony and Protectorate">The Gambia</a> 1816–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a> (<sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>) 1874–1957</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kenya_Colony" title="Kenya Colony">Kenya</a> 1920–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_Colony" title="Lagos Colony">Lagos</a> 1862–1906</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeira</a> 1807–1808</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Mauritius" title="British Mauritius">Mauritius</a> 1810–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Natal" title="Colony of Natal">Natal</a> 1856–1910</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Coast_Protectorate" title="Niger Coast Protectorate">Niger Coast</a> 1884–1900</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Nigeria" title="Colonial Nigeria">Nigeria</a> 1914–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Northern Nigeria Protectorate">Northern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Rhodesia" title="Northern Rhodesia">Northern Rhodesia</a><sup>15</sup> 1924–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a> 1891–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_River_Colony" title="Orange River Colony">Orange River</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Seychelles" title="History of Seychelles">Seychelles</a> 1903–1976</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate" title="Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate">Sierra Leone</a> 1792–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Somaliland" title="British Somaliland">Somaliland</a> 1884–1960</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> 1910–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="South-West Africa">South-West Africa</a><sup>12</sup> 1915–1931</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a><sup>14</sup> 1923–1965 and 1979–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Nigeria_Protectorate" title="Southern Nigeria Protectorate">Southern Nigeria</a> 1900–1914</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Swaziland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Swaziland">Swaziland</a> 1893–1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan" title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan">Sudan</a> 1899–1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_Territory" title="Tanganyika Territory">Tanganyika</a><sup>13</sup> 1922–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal</a> 1900–1910</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Uganda_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Uganda Protectorate">Uganda</a> 1890–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a> 1890–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_Kingdom" title="Zulu Kingdom">Zululand</a> 1887–1897</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>12</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><sup>13</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. British Cameroons is now part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, while Tanganyika is part of <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</li> <li><sup>14</sup><a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">Self-governing</a> Southern Rhodesia <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965 (as <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>) and continued as an <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">unrecognised</a> state until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Lancaster_House_Agreement" title="Lancaster House Agreement">Lancaster House Agreement</a>. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003.</li> <li><sup>15</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Colony" title="Aden Colony">Aden Colony</a> 1839–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">Afghanistan</a> 1839–1842 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_influence_in_Afghanistan" title="European influence in Afghanistan">Protectorate</a> 1879–1919</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Bencoolen" title="British Bencoolen">Bencoolen</a> 1685–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_Island" title="Bangka Island">Banka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belitung" title="Belitung">Billiton</a> 1812–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal</a> 1757–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (protectorate) 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Borneo" title="British Borneo">Borneo</a> 1874–1963</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></b> since 1965 (before as part of <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>)<sup>26</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> 1824–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruneian Empire">Brunei</a> 1888–1984</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Ceylon" title="British Ceylon">Ceylon</a> 1795–1948</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a> 1878–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Hong_Kong" title="British Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> 1841–1997</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a><sup>18</sup> 1858–1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> 1811–1816</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhdom_of_Kuwait" title="Sheikhdom of Kuwait">Kuwait</a> 1918–1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan" title="Crown Colony of Labuan">Labuan</a> 1848–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a> 1819–1826 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federated_Malay_States" title="Federated Malay States">Federated States</a> 1895–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfederated_Malay_States" title="Unfederated Malay States">Unfederated States</a> 1885–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Union</a> 1946–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation</a> 1948–1957</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_the_Maldives" title="Independence of the Maldives">Maldives</a> 1796–1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">Manila and Cavite</a> 1762–1764</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Mesopotamia" title="Mandate for Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a><sup>19</sup> 1920–1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_and_Oman" title="Muscat and Oman">Muscat and Oman</a> 1891–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Borneo" title="North Borneo">North Borneo</a> 1882–1963 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_North_Borneo" title="Crown Colony of North Borneo">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang" title="Padang">Padang</a> 1781–1784 and 1795–1819</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a><sup>19</sup> 1923–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">Penang</a> 1786–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4n_S%C6%A1n_Island" title="Côn Sơn Island">Pulo Condore</a> 1702–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a> 1841–1946 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Sarawak" title="Crown Colony of Sarawak">Crown Colony</a> 1946–1963</li></ul></li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Singapore" title="Colony of Singapore">Singapore</a> 1946–1963</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Vietnam_(1945%E2%80%931946)" title="War in Vietnam (1945–1946)">South Vietnam</a> 1945–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Transjordan" title="Emirate of Transjordan">Transjordan</a> 1921–1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucial_States" title="Trucial States">Trucial States</a> 1892–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihaiwei_under_British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Weihaiwei under British rule">Weihai</a> 1898–1930</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>18</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><sup>19</sup><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">League of Nations mandate</a>. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Iraqi Treaty">Anglo-Iraqi Treaty</a></li> <li><sup>26</sup>Legitimacy of territorial establishment <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">disputed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></b> since 1650</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> 1632–1860</li> <li>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="History of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> 1860–1981</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Bahamas" title="History of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a> 1670–1973</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Barbados" title="History of Barbados">Barbados</a> 1624–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_Department" title="Bay Islands Department">Bay Islands</a> 1643–1860</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Honduras" title="British Honduras">Belize</a> 1871–1981</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></b> since 1619</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Arctic_Territories" title="British Arctic Territories">British Arctic Territories</a> 16th c.–1880</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">British Columbia</a> 1858–1866 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">1866–1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a> 1754–1820</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dominica" title="History of Dominica">Dominica</a> 1763–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Grenada" title="History of Grenada">Grenada</a> 1762–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper</a> 1791–1841</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Canada" title="Province of Canada">Province</a> 1841–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Dominion</a> 1867–1931</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> 1663–1712</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></b> since 1670</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a> 1818–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> 1701–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> 1733–1776</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Jamaica" title="Colony of Jamaica">Jamaica</a> 1655–1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Leeward_Islands" title="British Leeward Islands">Leeward Islands</a> 1671–1816, 1833–1960</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">MassachusettsBay</a> 1629–1691 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province</a>, 1691–1776</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> 1632–1776</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></b> since 1632</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Mosquito Coast</a> 1655–1860</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevis" title="Nevis">Nevis</a> 1628–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Albion" title="New Albion">New Albion</a> 1579</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Brunswick" title="History of New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> 1784–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">New England</a> 1686–1689</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> 1680–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> 1637–1662</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> 1665–1674 and 1702–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> 1664–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> 1907–1949</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="History of Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a> 1583–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> 1859–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nova_Scotia" title="History of Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> 1713–1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulet_affair_(1843)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulet affair (1843)">Paulet affair</a> 1843</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="History of Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> 1763–1873</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> 1681–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> 1620–1691</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> 1763–1791* <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_the_Queen_Charlotte_Islands" title="Colony of the Queen Charlotte Islands">Queen Charlotte Islands</a> 1853–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> 1636–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> 1670–1870</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands">Saint Croix</a> 1625–1650</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts" title="Saint Kitts">Saint Kitts</a> 1623–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="History of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> 1882–1983</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="British Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> 1605–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="History of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> 1627–1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> 1635–1644</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> 1712–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen</a> 1862–1863</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> 1889–1962</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></b> since 1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Vancouver_Island" title="Colony of Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> 1849–1866</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></b> since 1666</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> 1607–1776</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> 1763–1783</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a> 1958–1962 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Associated_States" title="West Indies Associated States">Associated States</a> 1967–1983</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> 1674–1702</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Windward_Islands" title="British Windward Islands">Windward Islands</a> 1833–1960</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_with_columns" title="Template talk:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_columns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with columns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">18th and 19th centuries</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">20th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales" title="Colony of New South Wales">New South Wales</a> 1788–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Diemen%27s_Land" title="Van Diemen's Land">Van Diemen's Land</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Tasmania" title="Colony of Tasmania">Tasmania</a> 1803–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1807–1863</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a><sup>21</sup> 1824–1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Queensland" title="Colony of Queensland">Queensland</a> 1824–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_River_Colony" title="Swan River Colony">Swan River</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of Western Australia">Western Australia</a> 1829–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colony of South Australia">South Australia</a> 1836–1901</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" title="History of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></b> since 1838</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_New_Zealand" title="Colony of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1841–1907</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Australia" title="North Australia">North Australia</a> 1846–1847</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria" title="Colony of Victoria">Victoria</a> 1851–1901</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Fiji" title="Colony of Fiji">Fiji</a> 1874–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Western_Pacific_Territories" title="British Western Pacific Territories">Western Pacific Territories</a> 1877–1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> 1884–1902</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_Federation" title="Cook Islands Federation">Cook Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1888–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Islands">Union Islands</a><sup>20</sup> 1889–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Ellice_Islands" title="Gilbert and Ellice Islands">Gilbert and Ellice Islands</a><sup>22</sup> 1892–1979</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/British_Solomon_Islands" title="British Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> 1893–1978</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tonga" title="History of Tonga">Tonga</a> 1900–1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Niue" title="History of Niue">Niue</a><sup>20</sup> 1900–1974</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">Australia</a> 1901–1942</li> <li><sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_Zealand" title="Dominion of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> 1907–1947</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Western_Samoa_Trust_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Samoa Trust Territory">Samoa</a> 1914–1962</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nauru" title="History of Nauru">Nauru</a> 1919–1942 and 1945–1968</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>20</sup>Now part of the <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a></li> <li><sup>21</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><sup>22</sup>Now <sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a> and <sup>†</sup>*<a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Providence_Island_colony" title="Providence Island colony">Providence Island</a> 1631–1641</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willoughbyland" class="mw-redirect" title="Willoughbyland">Willoughbyland</a> 1651–1667</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_of_San_Andr%C3%A9s,_Providencia_and_Santa_Catalina" title="Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina">Saint Andrew and Providence Islands</a><sup>4</sup> 1670–1688</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">Guiana</a> 1831–1966</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1833</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>5</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>4</sup>Now a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia" title="Departments of Colombia">department</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><sup>5</sup>Occupied by Argentina during the <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">Falklands War</a> of April–June 1982.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica_and_the_South_Atlantic" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica and the South Atlantic</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1658</li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ascension Island</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1815</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></b><sup>23</sup> since 1816</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></b> since 1833</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Australian_Antarctic_Territory" title="Australian Antarctic Territory">Australian Antarctic Territory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a>)</span> 1841–1933</li> <li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Ross_Dependency" title="Ross Dependency">Ross Dependency</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a>)</span> 1841–1947</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></b><sup>24</sup> since 1908</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></b><sup>25</sup> since 1908</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup>23</sup>Since 2009 part of <b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></b>; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena.</li> <li><sup>24</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic Treaty</a>.</li> <li><sup>25</sup>Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_flags_of_the_British_Empire_and_the_overseas_territories" title="Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories">Historical flags of the British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> culture</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:British_Empire" title="Category:British Empire">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:British_Empire" title="Portal:British Empire">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_peoples" title="Template:British peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_peoples" title="Template talk:British peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British people</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_diaspora" title="British diaspora">British diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Anguilla" title="Demographics of Anguilla">Anguillans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ascension Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Bermuda" title="Demographics of Bermuda">Bermudians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Demographics of the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Demographics of the Cayman Islands">Caymanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagossians" title="Chagossians">Chagossians (Îlois)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islanders" title="Falkland Islanders">Falkland Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibraltarian people">Gibraltarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guernsey_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Guernsey people">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong people in the United Kingdom">Hongkongers</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law_and_Hong_Kong" title="British nationality law and Hong Kong">British Nationals (Overseas)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_people" title="Jersey people">Jersiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Montserrat" title="Demographics of Montserrat">Montserratians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forest_Commoner" class="mw-redirect" title="New Forest Commoner">New Forest Commoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcadians" title="Orcadians">Orcadians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islanders" title="Pitcairn Islanders">Pitcairn Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Helena" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of Saint Helena">Saint Helenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_Gaels" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Gaels">Scots Gaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetlanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_migration_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="British migration to Spain">Spanish Brits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestants" title="Ulster Protestants">Ulster Protestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">White British</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46197#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46197#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46197#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154765323">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1208257/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhv9Pwq44KqjCw3hkkXd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ascension"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4086002-4">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80040468">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152899026">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152899026">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ascension (Velká Británie: ostrov)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge824081&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5862836">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564218905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/PWnet1Hy">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045847">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ascension_Island&params=7_56_S_14_22_W_region:SH-AC_type:isle"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">7°56′S</span> <span class="longitude">14°22′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">7.933°S 14.367°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-7.933; -14.367</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&oldid=1258908099">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascension_Island&oldid=1258908099</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ascension_Island" title="Category:Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_Ascension_Island" title="Category:Volcanoes of Ascension Island">Volcanoes of Ascension Island</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Category:Islands of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Islands of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_the_South_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Category:Islands of the South Atlantic Ocean">Islands of the South Atlantic Ocean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_British_Overseas_Territories" title="Category:Islands of British Overseas Territories">Islands of British Overseas Territories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Important_Bird_Areas_of_Saint_Helena" title="Category:Important Bird Areas of Saint Helena">Important Bird Areas of Saint Helena</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seabird_colonies" title="Category:Seabird colonies">Seabird colonies</a></li><li><a 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