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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decrease_of_analog_HD_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decrease_of_analog_HD_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Decrease of analog HD systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decrease_of_analog_HD_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_digital_compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_digital_compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rise of digital compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_digital_compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inaugural_HDTV_broadcast_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inaugural_HDTV_broadcast_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Inaugural HDTV broadcast in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inaugural_HDTV_broadcast_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_HDTV_broadcasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_HDTV_broadcasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>European HDTV broadcasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_HDTV_broadcasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Display_resolutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Display_resolutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Display resolutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Display_resolutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_frame_or_field_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_frame_or_field_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Standard frame or field rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_frame_or_field_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Types of media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recording_and_compression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recording_and_compression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Recording and compression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recording_and_compression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">High-definition television</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%82%D8%A9" title="تلفزة عالية الدقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلفزة عالية الدقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCks%C9%99k_D%C9%99qiqlikli_Televiziya" title="Yüksək Dəqiqlikli Televiziya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yüksək Dəqiqlikli Televiziya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="হাই-ডেফিনিশন টেলিভিশন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাই-ডেফিনিশন টেলিভিশন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko-%C5%8De-chit_ti%C4%81n-s%C4%AB" title="Ko-ōe-chit tiān-sī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ko-ōe-chit tiān-sī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%96" title="Тэлебачанне высокай выразнасці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэлебачанне высокай выразнасці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%81_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Телевизия с висока разделителна способност – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Телевизия с висока разделителна способност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3_d%27alta_definici%C3%B3" title="Televisió d'alta definició – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Televisió d'alta definició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="High-definition television" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teledu_manylder_uwch" title="Teledu manylder uwch – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Teledu manylder uwch" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Definition_Television" title="High Definition Television – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="High Definition Television" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B5rglahutusega_televisioon" title="Kõrglahutusega televisioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kõrglahutusega televisioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_de_alta_definici%C3%B3n" title="Televisión de alta definición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Televisión de alta definición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altdifina_televido" title="Altdifina televido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Altdifina televido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereizmen_handiko_telebista" title="Bereizmen handiko telebista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bereizmen handiko telebista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%AD%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="تلویزیون وضوح‌بالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلویزیون وضوح‌بالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_d%C3%A9finition" title="Haute définition – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Haute définition" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilif%C3%ADs_ardghl%C3%A9ine" title="Teilifís ardghléine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teilifís ardghléine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_de_alta_definici%C3%B3n" title="Televisión de alta definición – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Televisión de alta definición" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%A0%EB%AA%85_%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%84" title="고선명 텔레비전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고선명 텔레비전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="हाई डेफिनेशन टेलीविजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हाई डेफिनेशन टेलीविजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi_resolusi_tinggi" title="Televisi resolusi tinggi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Televisi resolusi tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1skerpusj%C3%B3nvarp" title="Háskerpusjónvarp – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Háskerpusjónvarp" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Айқындығы жоғары теледидар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Айқындығы жоғары теледидар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%87" title="ໂທລະພາບຄວາມລະອຽດສູງ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ໂທລະພາບຄວາມລະອຽດສູງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_definitio" title="Alta definitio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Alta definitio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augstas_iz%C5%A1%C4%B7irtsp%C4%93jas_telev%C4%ABzija" title="Augstas izšķirtspējas televīzija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Augstas izšķirtspējas televīzija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rai%C5%A1kioji_televizija" title="Raiškioji televizija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raiškioji televizija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D.%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF._%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF" title="എച്ച്.ഡി. ടിവി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എച്ച്.ഡി. ടിവി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisyen_definisi_tinggi" title="Televisyen definisi tinggi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Televisyen definisi tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B6%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ကြည်လင်ပြတ်သား ရုပ်မြင်သံကြား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြည်လင်ပြတ်သား ရုပ်မြင်သံကြား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="High-definition television" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%B2%BE%E7%B4%B0%E5%BA%A6%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81" title="高精細度テレビジョン放送 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高精細度テレビジョン放送" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveta-Visione" title="Aveta-Visione – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Aveta-Visione" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="High-definition television" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8goppl%C3%B8ysingsfjernsyn" title="Høgoppløysingsfjernsyn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Høgoppløysingsfjernsyn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuqori_aniqlikdagi_televideniye" title="Yuqori aniqlikdagi televideniye – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yuqori aniqlikdagi televideniye" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televis%C3%A3o_de_alta_defini%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Televisão de alta definição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Televisão de alta definição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televiziune_cu_rezolu%C8%9Bie_%C3%AEnalt%C4%83" title="Televiziune cu rezoluție înaltă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Televiziune cu rezoluție înaltă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Телевидение высокой чёткости – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телевидение высокой чёткости" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heich-defineetion_telly" title="Heich-defineetion telly – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Heich-defineetion telly" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%92-%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="අධි-විභේදන රූපවාහිනිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අධි-විභේදන රූපවාහිනිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="High-definition television" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="High-definition television" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Телевизија високе резолуције – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Телевизија високе резолуције" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ter%C3%A4v%C3%A4piirtotelevisio" title="Teräväpiirtotelevisio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Teräväpiirtotelevisio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="உயர் வரையறு தொலைக்காட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயர் வரையறு தொலைக்காட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87" title="โทรทัศน์ความละเอียดสูง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทรทัศน์ความละเอียดสูง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCksek_%C3%A7%C3%B6z%C3%BCn%C3%BCrl%C3%BCkl%C3%BC_televizyon" title="Yüksek çözünürlüklü televizyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yüksek çözünürlüklü televizyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B7_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E_%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8E" title="Телебачення з високою роздільною здатністю – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телебачення з високою роздільною здатністю" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDTV" title="HDTV – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="HDTV" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%81n_h%C3%ACnh_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_n%C3%A9t_cao" title="Truyền hình độ nét cao – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyền hình độ nét cao" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B8%85%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86" title="高清电视 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="高清电视" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="高清電視 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="高清電視" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%B8%85%E7%94%B5%E8%A7%86" title="高清电视 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="高清电视" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q133454#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">TV resolution standard</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>High-definition television</b> (<b>HDTV</b>) describes a <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> or video system which provides a substantially higher <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">image resolution</a> than the previous generation of technologies. The term has been used since at least 1933;<sup id="cite_ref-hd1933_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hd1933-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in more recent times, it refers to the generation following <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">standard-definition television</a> (SDTV). It is the standard video format used in most broadcasts: <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial broadcast television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formats">Formats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HDTV may be transmitted in various formats: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a> (<span class="nowrap">1280 × 720p</span>): 921,600 pixels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a> (<span class="nowrap">1920 × 1080i</span>) <a href="/wiki/Interlaced" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlaced">interlaced</a> scan: 1,036,800 pixels (≈1.04<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mpx).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a> (<span class="nowrap">1920 × 1080p</span>) progressive scan: 2,073,600 pixels (≈2.07<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mpx). <ul><li>Some countries also use a non-standard CTA resolution, such as <span class="nowrap">1440 × 1080i</span>: 777,600 pixels (≈0.78<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mpx) per field or 1,555,200 pixels (≈1.56<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mpx) per frame</li></ul></li></ul> <p>When transmitted at two megapixels per frame, HDTV provides about five times as many pixels as SD (standard-definition television). The increased resolution provides for a clearer, more detailed picture. In addition, progressive scan and higher frame rates result in a picture with less flicker and better rendering of fast motion.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern HDTV began broadcasting in 1989 in Japan, under the <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a>/Hi-Vision analog system.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> HDTV was widely adopted worldwide in the late 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards">Standards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg/450px-Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg/675px-Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg/900px-Digital_terrestrial_television_standards.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="286" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_television_deployments_by_country" title="List of digital television deployments by country">digital terrestrial television broadcasting standards by country</a></figcaption></figure> <p>All modern high-definition broadcasts utilize <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> standards. The major digital television broadcast standards used for terrestrial, cable, satellite, and mobile devices are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a>, originating in Europe and also used in much of Asia, Africa, and Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATSC" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSC">ATSC</a>, used in much of North America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTMB" class="mw-redirect" title="DTMB">DTMB</a>, used in China and some neighboring countries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a>, used in two incompatible variations in Japan and South America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">DMB</a>, used by mobile devices in South Korea</li></ul> <p>These standards use a variety of <a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">video codecs</a>, some of which are also used for <a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">internet video</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">Analog high-definition television system</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">history of television</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television_transition" title="High-definition television transition">high-definition television transition</a></div> <p>The term <i>high definition</i> once described a series of television systems first announced in 1933<sup id="cite_ref-hd1933_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hd1933-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and launched starting in August 1936;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, these systems were only high definition when compared to earlier systems that were based on mechanical systems with as few as 30 lines of resolution. The ongoing competition between companies and nations to create true HDTV spanned the entire 20th century, as each new system became higher definition than the last. In the early 21st century, this race has continued with <a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a>, <a href="/wiki/5K_resolution" title="5K resolution">5K</a> and <a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K</a> systems. </p><p>The British high-definition TV service started trials in August 1936 and a regular service on 2 November 1936 using both the (mechanical) Baird 240 line sequential scan (later referred to as <i>progressive</i>) and the (electronic) Marconi-EMI <a href="/wiki/405_line" class="mw-redirect" title="405 line">405 line</a> interlaced systems. The Baird system was discontinued in February 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-since1936_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-since1936-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938 France followed with its own <a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a> system, variants of which were also used by a number of other countries. The US <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> 525-line system joined in 1941. In 1949 France introduced an even higher-resolution standard at <a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819 lines</a>, a system that would have been high definition even by modern standards, but was monochrome only and had technical limitations that prevented it from achieving the intended definition. All of these systems used <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlacing</a> and a 4:3 <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratio</a> except the 240-line system which was progressive (actually described at the time by the technically correct term <i>sequential</i>) and the 405-line system which started as 5:4 and later changed to 4:3. The 405-line system adopted the (at that time) revolutionary idea of interlaced scanning to overcome the flicker problem of the 240-line with its 25 Hz frame rate. The 240-line system could have doubled its frame rate but this would have meant that the transmitted signal would have doubled in bandwidth, an unacceptable option as the video baseband bandwidth was required to be not more than 3 MHz. </p><p>Color broadcasts started at similar line counts, first with the US NTSC color system in 1953, which was compatible with the earlier monochrome systems and therefore had the same 525 lines per frame. European standards did not follow until the 1960s, when the <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> and <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> color systems were added to the monochrome 625-line broadcasts. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) began researching to "unlock the fundamental mechanism of video and sound interactions with the five human senses" in 1964, after the Tokyo Olympics. NHK set out to create an HDTV system that scored much higher in subjective tests than NTSC's previously dubbed <i>HDTV</i>. This new system, NHK Color, created in 1972, included 1125 lines, a 5:3 (1.67:1) aspect ratio and 60 Hz refresh rate. The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), headed by Charles Ginsburg, became the testing and study authority for HDTV technology in the international theater. SMPTE would test HDTV systems from different companies from every conceivable perspective, but the problem of combining the different formats plagued the technology for many years. </p><p>There were four major HDTV systems tested by SMPTE in the late 1970s, and in 1979 an SMPTE study group released <i>A Study of High Definition Television Systems</i>: </p> <ul><li>EIA monochrome: 4:3 aspect ratio, 1023 lines, 60 Hz</li> <li>NHK color: 5:3 aspect ratio, 1125 lines, 60 Hz</li> <li>NHK monochrome: 4:3 aspect ratio, 2125 lines, 50 Hz</li> <li>BBC colour: 8:3 aspect ratio, 1501 lines, 60 Hz<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Since the formal adoption of Digital Video Broadcasting's (DVB) widescreen HDTV transmission modes in the mid to late 2000s; the 525-line <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> (and <a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a>) systems, as well as the European 625-line <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> and <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> systems, have been regarded as <i>standard definition</i> television systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analog_systems">Analog systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Analog systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">Analog high-definition television system</a></div> <p>Early HDTV broadcasting used <a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">analog</a> technology that was later converted to <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> with <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a>. </p><p>In 1949, France started its transmissions with an 819 lines system (with 737 active lines). The system was monochrome only and was used only on VHF for the first French TV channel. It was discontinued in 1983. </p><p>In 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> developed <i>Тransformator</i> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Трансформатор</span>, meaning <i>Transformer</i>), the first high-resolution (definition) television system capable of producing an image composed of 1,125 lines of resolution aimed at providing teleconferencing for military command. It was a research project and the system was never deployed by either the military or consumer broadcasting.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1986, the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community#European_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Community</a> proposed <a href="/wiki/HD-MAC" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a>, an analog HDTV system with 1,152 lines. A public demonstration took place for the <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Summer Olympics</a> in Barcelona. However HD-MAC was scrapped in 1993 and the DVB project was formed, which would foresee development of a digital HDTV standard.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1979, the Japanese public broadcaster <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> first developed consumer high-definition television with a 5:3 display aspect ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system, known as Hi-Vision or MUSE after its <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding</a> (MUSE) for encoding the signal, required about twice the bandwidth of the existing NTSC system but provided about four times the resolution (1035i/1125 lines). In 1981, the MUSE system was demonstrated for the first time in the United States, using the same 5:3 aspect ratio as the Japanese system.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon visiting a demonstration of MUSE in Washington, US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> was impressed and officially declared it "a matter of national interest" to introduce HDTV to the US.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NHK taped the <a href="/wiki/1984_Summer_Olympics" title="1984 Summer Olympics">1984 Summer Olympics</a> with a Hi-Vision camera, weighing 40 kg.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Satellite test broadcasts started June 4, 1989, the first daily high-definition programs in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with regular testing starting on November 25, 1991, or "Hi-Vision Day" – dated exactly to refer to its 1,125-lines resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regular broadcasting of <a href="/wiki/Yuri_(satellite)" title="Yuri (satellite)">BS</a>-9ch commenced on November 25, 1994, which featured commercial and NHK programming. </p><p>Several systems were proposed as the new standard for the US, including the Japanese MUSE system, but all were rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) because of their higher bandwidth requirements. At this time, the number of television channels was growing rapidly and bandwidth was already a problem. A new standard had to be more efficient, needing less bandwidth for HDTV than the existing NTSC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decrease_of_analog_HD_systems">Decrease of analog HD systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Decrease of analog HD systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The limited standardization of analog HDTV in the 1990s did not lead to global HDTV adoption as technical and economic constraints at the time did not permit HDTV to use bandwidths greater than normal television. Early HDTV commercial experiments, such as NHK's MUSE, required over four times the bandwidth of a standard-definition broadcast. Despite efforts made to reduce analog HDTV to about twice the bandwidth of SDTV, these television formats were still distributable only by satellite. In Europe too, the HD-MAC standard was considered not technically viable.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, recording and reproducing an HDTV signal was a significant technical challenge in the early years of HDTV (<a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">Sony HDVS</a>). Japan remained the only country with successful <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasting</a> of analog HDTV, with seven broadcasters sharing a single channel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, the Hi-Vision/MUSE system also faced commercial issues when it launched on November 25, 1991. Only 2,000 HDTV sets were sold by that day, rather than the enthusiastic 1.32 million estimation. Hi-Vision sets were very expensive, up to US$30,000 each, which contributed to its low consumer adaption.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Hi-Vision <a href="/wiki/VCR" class="mw-redirect" title="VCR">VCR</a> from <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> released at Christmas time retailed for US$115,000. In addition, the United States saw Hi-Vision/MUSE as an outdated system and had already made it clear that it would develop an all-digital system.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experts thought the commercial Hi-Vision system in 1992 was already eclipsed by digital technology developed in the U.S. since 1990. This was an American victory against the Japanese in terms of technological dominance.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid-1993 prices of receivers were still as high as 1.5 million <a href="/wiki/Yen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yen">yen</a> (US$15,000).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 23, 1994, a top broadcasting administrator in Japan admitted failure of its analog-based HDTV system, saying the U.S. digital format would be more likely a worldwide standard.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However this announcement drew angry protests from broadcasters and electronic companies who invested heavily into the analog system. As a result, he took back his statement the next day saying that the government will continue to promote Hi-Vision/MUSE.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That year NHK started development of <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> in an attempt to catch back up to America and Europe. This resulted in the <a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a> format.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan started digital satellite and HDTV broadcasting in December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_digital_compression">Rise of digital compression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rise of digital compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-definition digital television was not possible with <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">uncompressed video</a>, which requires a <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> exceeding 1<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Gbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbit/s">Gbit/s</a> for studio-quality HD <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbero_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbero-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital HDTV was made possible by the development of <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> (DCT) <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shishikui_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shishikui-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barbero_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbero-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DCT coding is a <a href="/wiki/Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">lossy</a> image compression technique that was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a> in 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was later adapted into a <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion-compensated</a> DCT algorithm for <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format#Video_coding_standards" title="Video coding format">video coding standards</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/H.26x" class="mw-redirect" title="H.26x">H.26x</a> formats from 1988 onwards and the <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> formats from 1993 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbari_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motion-compensated DCT compression significantly reduces the amount of bandwidth required for a digital TV signal.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbero_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbero-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lea_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1991, it had achieved <a href="/wiki/Data_compression_ratio" title="Data compression ratio">data compression ratios</a> from 8:1 to 14:1 for near-studio-quality HDTV transmission, down to 70–140 <a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbero_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbero-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1988 and 1991, DCT video compression was widely adopted as the <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Video coding standard">video coding standard</a> for HDTV implementations, enabling the development of practical digital HDTV.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbero_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbero-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shishikui_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shishikui-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cianci_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cianci-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dynamic <a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">random-access memory</a> (<a href="/wiki/DRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAM">DRAM</a>) was also adopted as <a href="/wiki/Framebuffer" title="Framebuffer">framebuffer</a> semiconductor memory, with the DRAM <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry" title="Semiconductor industry">semiconductor industry</a>'s increased manufacturing and reducing prices important to the commercialization of HDTV.<sup id="cite_ref-Cianci_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cianci-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1972, <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a>'s radio telecommunications sector (<a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a>) had been working on creating a global recommendation for Analog HDTV. These recommendations, however, did not fit in the broadcasting bands which could reach home users. The standardization of <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a> in 1993 led to the acceptance of recommendations <a href="/wiki/ITU-R_BT.709" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-R BT.709">ITU-R BT.709</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In anticipation of these standards, the DVB organization was formed. It was alliance of broadcasters, consumer electronics manufacturers and regulatory bodies. The DVB develops and agrees upon specifications which are formally standardised by <a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DVB created first the standard for <a href="/wiki/DVB-S" title="DVB-S">DVB-S</a> digital satellite TV, <a href="/wiki/DVB-C" title="DVB-C">DVB-C</a> digital cable TV and <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">DVB-T</a> digital terrestrial TV. These broadcasting systems can be used for both SDTV and HDTV. In the US the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(HDTV)" title="Grand Alliance (HDTV)">Grand Alliance</a> proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV. Both ATSC and DVB were based on the <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> standard, although DVB systems may also be used to transmit video using the newer and more efficient H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standards. Common for all DVB standards is the use of highly efficient modulation techniques for further reducing bandwidth, and foremost for reducing receiver-hardware and antenna requirements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1983, the International Telecommunication Union's radio telecommunications sector (ITU-R) set up a working party (IWP11/6) with the aim of setting a single international HDTV standard. One of the thornier issues concerned a suitable frame/field refresh rate, the world already having split into two camps, 25/50 Hz and 30/60 Hz, largely due to the differences in <a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">mains</a> frequency. The IWP11/6 working party considered many views and throughout the 1980s served to encourage development in a number of video digital processing areas, not least conversion between the two main frame/field rates using <a href="/wiki/Motion_estimation" title="Motion estimation">motion vectors</a>, which led to further developments in other areas. While a comprehensive HDTV standard was not in the end established, agreement on the aspect ratio was achieved.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Initially the existing 5:3 aspect ratio had been the main candidate but, due to the influence of widescreen cinema, the aspect ratio <a href="/wiki/16:9" class="mw-redirect" title="16:9">16:9</a> (1.78) eventually emerged as being a reasonable compromise between 5:3 (1.67) and the common 1.85 widescreen cinema format. An aspect ratio of 16:9 was duly agreed upon at the first meeting of the IWP11/6 working party at <a href="/wiki/BBC_Research_%26_Development" title="BBC Research & Development">the BBC's Research and Development</a> establishment in Kingswood Warren. The resulting ITU-R Recommendation ITU-R BT.709-2 ("<a href="/wiki/Rec._709" title="Rec. 709">Rec. 709</a>") includes the 16:9 aspect ratio, a specified <a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">colorimetry</a>, and the scan modes <a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a> (1,080 actively interlaced lines of resolution) and <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a> (1,080 <a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">progressively scanned</a> lines). The British <a href="/wiki/Freeview_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeview HD">Freeview HD</a> trials used <a href="/w/index.php?title=MBAFF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MBAFF (page does not exist)">MBAFF</a>, which contains both progressive and interlaced content in the same encoding.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It also includes the alternative 1440×1152 <a href="/wiki/HDMAC" class="mw-redirect" title="HDMAC">HDMAC</a> scan format. (According to some reports, a mooted 750-line (720p) format (720 progressively scanned lines) was viewed by some at the ITU as an enhanced television format rather than a true HDTV format,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and so was not included, although 1920×1080i and 1280×720p systems for a range of frame and field rates were defined by several US <a href="/wiki/SMPTE" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE">SMPTE</a> standards.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inaugural_HDTV_broadcast_in_the_United_States">Inaugural HDTV broadcast in the United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inaugural HDTV broadcast in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HDTV technology was introduced in the United States in the early 1990s and made official in 1993 by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(HDTV)" title="Grand Alliance (HDTV)">Digital HDTV Grand Alliance</a>, a group of television, electronic equipment, communications companies consisting of <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Bell_Labs" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Bell Labs">AT&T Bell Labs</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Instrument" title="General Instrument">General Instrument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarnoff_Corporation" title="Sarnoff Corporation">Sarnoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vantiva" title="Vantiva">Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenith_Electronics" title="Zenith Electronics">Zenith</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. Field testing of HDTV at 199 sites in the United States was completed August 14, 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first public HDTV broadcast in the United States occurred on July 23, 1996, when the <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a> television station <a href="/wiki/WRAL-HD" class="mw-redirect" title="WRAL-HD">WRAL-HD</a> began broadcasting from the existing tower of <a href="/wiki/WRAL-TV" title="WRAL-TV">WRAL-TV</a> southeast of Raleigh, winning a race to be first with the HD Model Station in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, which began broadcasting July 31, 1996 with the callsign WHD-TV, based out of the facilities of <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> owned and operated station <a href="/wiki/WRC-TV" title="WRC-TV">WRC-TV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Television_Systems_Committee" title="Advanced Television Systems Committee">Advanced Television Systems Committee</a> (ATSC) HDTV system had its public launch on October 29, 1998, during the live coverage of astronaut <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a>'s return mission to space on board the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Discovery" title="Space Shuttle Discovery">Discovery</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bnet1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnet1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signal was transmitted coast-to-coast, and was seen by the public in science centers, and other public theaters specially equipped to receive and display the broadcast.<sup id="cite_ref-bnet1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bnet1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_HDTV_broadcasts">European HDTV broadcasts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: European HDTV broadcasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1988 and 1991, several European organizations were working on discrete cosine transform (DCT) based digital <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Video coding standards">video coding standards</a> for both SDTV and HDTV. The EU 256 project by the CMTT and ETSI, along with research by Italian broadcaster <a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI</a>, developed a DCT <a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">video codec</a> that broadcast near-studio-quality HDTV transmission at about 70–140 Mbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-Barbero_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbero-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first HDTV transmissions in Europe, albeit not direct-to-home, began in 1990, when RAI broadcast the <a href="/wiki/1990_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1990 FIFA World Cup">1990 FIFA World Cup</a> using several experimental HDTV technologies, including the digital DCT-based EU 256 codec,<sup id="cite_ref-Barbero_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barbero-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the mixed analog-digital <a href="/wiki/HD-MAC" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a> technology, and the analog <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a> technology. The matches were shown in 8 cinemas in Italy, where the tournament was played, and 2 in Spain. The connection with Spain was made via the Olympus satellite link from <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and then with a <a href="/wiki/Fiber_optic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber optic">fiber optic</a> connection from Barcelona to <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After some HDTV transmissions in Europe, the standard was abandoned in 1993, to be replaced by a digital format from DVB.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first regular broadcasts began on January 1, 2004, when the Belgian company <a href="/wiki/Euro1080" title="Euro1080">Euro1080</a> launched the HD1 channel with the traditional <a href="/wiki/Vienna_New_Year%27s_Concert" title="Vienna New Year's Concert">Vienna New Year's Concert</a>. Test transmissions had been active since the IBC exhibition in September 2003, but the New Year's Day broadcast marked the official launch of the HD1 channel, and the official start of direct-to-home HDTV in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Euro1080, a division of the later defunct Belgian TV services company Alfacam, broadcast HDTV channels to break the pan-European stalemate of "no HD broadcasts mean no HD TVs bought means no HD broadcasts ..." and kick-start HDTV interest in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The HD1 channel was initially <a href="/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air">free-to-air</a> and mainly comprised sporting, dramatic, musical and other cultural events broadcast with a multi-lingual soundtrack on a rolling schedule of four or five hours per day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These first European HDTV broadcasts used the 1080i format with MPEG-2 compression on a DVB-S signal from <a href="/wiki/SES_(company)" title="SES (company)">SES</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Astra_1H" title="Astra 1H">Astra 1H</a> satellite. Euro1080 transmissions later changed to MPEG-4/AVC compression on a DVB-S2 signal in line with subsequent broadcast channels in Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite delays in some countries,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the number of European HD channels and viewers has risen steadily since the first HDTV broadcasts, with SES's annual <i>Satellite Monitor</i> market survey for 2010 reporting more than 200 commercial channels broadcasting in HD from Astra satellites, 185 million HD capable TVs sold in Europe (£60 million in 2010 alone), and 20 million households (27% of all European digital satellite TV homes) watching HD satellite broadcasts (16 million via Astra satellites).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2009, the United Kingdom became the first European country to deploy high-definition content using the new <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> transmission standard, as specified in the <a href="/wiki/Digital_TV_Group" title="Digital TV Group">Digital TV Group</a> (DTG) <a href="/wiki/D-book" title="D-book">D-book</a>, on digital terrestrial television.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Freeview HD service contains 13 HD channels (as of April 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>) and was rolled out region by region across the UK in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Digital_switchover" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital switchover">digital switchover</a> process, finally being completed in October 2012. However, Freeview HD is not the first HDTV service over digital terrestrial television in Europe; Italy's <a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI</a> started broadcasting in 1080i on April 24, 2008, using the DVB-T transmission standard.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In October 2008, France deployed five high definition channels using DVB-T transmission standard on digital terrestrial distribution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notation">Notation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HDTV broadcast systems are identified with three major parameters: </p> <ul><li><b>Frame size</b> in pixels is defined as <i>number of horizontal pixels × number of vertical pixels</i>, for example <i>1280 × 720</i> or <i>1920 × 1080</i>. Often the number of horizontal pixels is implied from context and is omitted, as in the case of <i>720p</i> and <i>1080p</i>.</li> <li><b>Scanning system</b> is identified with the letter <i><b>p</b></i> for <a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">progressive scanning</a> or <i><b>i</b></i> for interlaced scanning.</li> <li><b>Frame rate</b> is identified as number of video frames per second. For interlaced systems, the number of frames per second should be specified, but it is not uncommon to see the field rate incorrectly used instead.</li></ul> <p>If all three parameters are used, they are specified in the following form: <i>[frame size][scanning system][frame or field rate]</i> or <i>[frame size]/[frame or field rate][scanning system]</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, frame size or frame rate can be dropped if its value is implied from context. In this case, the remaining numeric parameter is specified first, followed by the scanning system.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For example, <i>1920×1080p25</i> identifies progressive scanning format with 25 frames per second, each frame being 1,920 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a> wide and 1,080 pixels high. The <i>1080i25</i> or <i>1080i50</i> notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 25 frames (50 fields) per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The <i>1080i30</i> or <i>1080i60</i> notation identifies interlaced scanning format with 30 frames (60 fields) per second, each frame being 1,920 pixels wide and 1,080 pixels high. The <i>720p60</i> notation identifies progressive scanning format with 60 frames per second, each frame being 720 pixels high; 1,280 pixels horizontally are implied.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Systems using 50 Hz support three scanning rates: 50i, 25p and 50p, while 60 Hz systems support a much wider set of frame rates: 59.94i, 60i, 23.976p, 24p, 29.97p, 30p, 59.94p and 60p. In the days of standard-definition television, the fractional rates were often rounded up to whole numbers, e.g. 23.976p was often called 24p, or 59.94i was often called 60i. Sixty Hertz high definition television supports both fractional and slightly different integer rates, therefore strict usage of notation is required to avoid ambiguity. Nevertheless, 29.97p/59.94i is almost universally called 60i, likewise 23.976p is called 24p.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For the commercial naming of a product, the frame rate is often dropped and is implied from context (e.g., a <i>1080i television set</i>). A frame rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example, 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second, and 50i means 25 interlaced frames per second.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no single standard for HDTV color support. Colors are typically broadcast using a (10-bits per channel) <a href="/wiki/YUV" class="mw-redirect" title="YUV">YUV</a> color space but, depending on the underlying image generating technologies of the receiver, are then subsequently converted to a <a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> color space using standardized algorithms. When transmitted directly through the Internet, the colors are typically pre-converted to 8-bit RGB channels for additional storage savings with the assumption that it will only be viewed only on a (<a href="/wiki/SRGB" title="SRGB">sRGB</a>) computer screen. As an added benefit to the original broadcasters, the losses of the pre-conversion essentially make these files unsuitable for professional TV re-broadcasting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most HDTV systems support resolutions and frame rates defined either in the ATSC table 3, or in EBU specification. The most common are noted below.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Display_resolutions">Display resolutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Display resolutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:5%;" rowspan="2">Video format supported [image resolution] </th> <th style="width:10%;" rowspan="2">Native resolution [inherent resolution] (W×H) </th> <th style="width:10%;" colspan="2">Pixels </th> <th colspan="2">Aspect ratio (W:H) </th> <th rowspan="2">Description </th></tr> <tr> <th>Actual </th> <th>Advertised (Megapixels) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">Image</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio" title="Pixel aspect ratio">Pixel</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">720p<br />(HD ready)<br />1280×720 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">1024 × 768</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#Extended_Graphics_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">XGA</a> </td> <td>786,432 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>4:3 (1.33:1) </td> <td>1:1 (1.00:1) </td> <td>Typically a PC resolution (<a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#Extended_Graphics_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">XGA</a>); also a native resolution on many entry-level plasma displays with non-square pixels. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">1280 × 720</span> </td> <td>921,600 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>16:9 (1.78:1) </td> <td>1:1 </td> <td>Standard HDTV resolution and a typical PC resolution (<a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WXGA_1366_x_768_and_similar_(WXGA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">WXGA</a>), frequently used by high-end <a href="/wiki/Video_projector" title="Video projector">video projectors</a>; also used for 750-line video, as defined in SMPTE 296M, ATSC A/53, ITU-R BT.1543. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">1366 × 768</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WXGA_1366_x_768_and_similar_(WXGA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">WXGA</a> </td> <td>1,049,088 </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>683:384<br />(approx. 16:9) </td> <td>1:1 </td> <td>A typical PC resolution (<a href="/wiki/Graphics_display_resolution#WXGA_1366_x_768_and_similar_(WXGA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphics display resolution">WXGA</a>); also used by many <a href="/wiki/HD_ready" title="HD ready">HD ready</a> TV displays based on <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> technology. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1080p / 1080i<br />(Full HD)<br />1920×1080 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">1920 × 1080</span> </td> <td>2,073,600 </td> <td>2.1 </td> <td>16:9 </td> <td>1:1 </td> <td>Standard HDTV resolution, used by <a href="/wiki/Full_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="Full HD">full HD</a> and <a href="/wiki/HD_ready" title="HD ready">HD ready</a> 1080p TV displays such as high-end LCD, plasma and <a href="/wiki/Rear-projection_television" title="Rear-projection television">rear projection</a> TVs, and a typical PC resolution (lower than <a href="/wiki/WUXGA" class="mw-redirect" title="WUXGA">WUXGA</a>); also used for 1125-line video, as defined in SMPTE 274M, ATSC A/53, ITU-R BT.709 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:5%;" rowspan="2">Video format supported </th> <th style="width:10%;" rowspan="2">Screen resolution (W×H) </th> <th style="width:10%;" colspan="2">Pixels </th> <th colspan="2">Aspect ratio (W:H) </th> <th rowspan="2">Description </th></tr> <tr> <th>Actual </th> <th>Advertised (Megapixels) </th> <th>Image </th> <th>Pixel </th></tr> <tr> <td>720p<br />(HD Ready)<br />1280×720 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">1248 × 702</span><br />Clean Aperture </td> <td>876,096 </td> <td>0.9 </td> <td>16:9 </td> <td>1:1 </td> <td>Used for 750-line video with faster artifact/overscan compensation, as defined in SMPTE 296M. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1080i<br />(Full HD)<br />1920×1080 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">1440 × 1080</span><br /><a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM</a> / <a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a> </td> <td>1,555,200 </td> <td>1.6 </td> <td>16:9 </td> <td>4:3 </td> <td>Used for anamorphic 1125-line video in the HDCAM and HDV formats introduced by <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> and defined (also as a luminance subsampling matrix) in <a href="/wiki/SMPTE_D11" class="mw-redirect" title="SMPTE D11">SMPTE D11</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1080p<br />(Full HD)<br />1920×1080 </td> <td><span class="nowrap">1888 × 1062</span><br />Clean aperture </td> <td>2,005,056 </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td>16:9 </td> <td>1:1 </td> <td>Used for 1124-line video with faster artifact/overscan compensation, as defined in SMPTE 274M. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At a minimum, HDTV has twice the linear resolution of <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">standard-definition television</a> (SDTV), thus showing greater detail than either analog television or regular <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>. The technical standards for broadcasting HDTV also handle the 16:9 <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio_(image)" title="Aspect ratio (image)">aspect ratio</a> images without using <a href="/wiki/Letterboxing_(filming)" title="Letterboxing (filming)">letterboxing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anamorphic">anamorphic</a> stretching, thus increasing the effective image resolution. </p><p>A very high-resolution source may require more bandwidth than available in order to be transmitted without loss of fidelity. The <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a> that is used in all digital HDTV storage and transmission systems will distort the received picture when compared to the uncompressed source. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_frame_or_field_rates">Standard frame or field rates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Standard frame or field rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ATSC and DVB define the following frame rates for use with the various broadcast standards:<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DVBFramerates_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DVBFramerates-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>23.976 Hz (film-looking frame rate compatible with <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> clock speed standards)</li> <li>24 Hz (international film and ATSC high-definition material)</li> <li>25 Hz (PAL film, DVB standard-definition and high-definition material)</li> <li>29.97 Hz (NTSC film and standard-definition material)</li> <li>30 Hz (NTSC film, ATSC high-definition material)</li> <li>50 Hz (DVB high-definition material)</li> <li>59.94 Hz (ATSC high-definition material)</li> <li>60 Hz (ATSC high-definition material)</li></ul> <p>The optimum format for a broadcast depends upon the type of videographic recording medium used and the image's characteristics. For best fidelity to the source, the transmitted field ratio, lines, and frame rate should match those of the source. </p><p>PAL, SECAM and NTSC frame rates technically apply only to analog standard-definition television, not to digital or high definition broadcasts. However, with the rollout of digital broadcasting, and later HDTV broadcasting, countries retained their heritage systems. HDTV in former PAL and SECAM countries operates at a frame rate of 25/50 Hz, while HDTV in former NTSC countries operates at 30/60 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_media">Types of media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Types of media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-definition image sources include <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial broadcast</a>, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, <a href="/wiki/IPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="IPTV">IPTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> video disc (BD), and internet downloads. </p><p>In the US, residents in the line of sight of television station broadcast antennas can receive free, over-the-air programming with a television set with an <a href="/wiki/ATSC_tuner" title="ATSC tuner">ATSC tuner</a> via a <a href="/wiki/TV_aerial" class="mw-redirect" title="TV aerial">TV aerial</a>. Laws prohibit homeowners' associations and city government from banning the installation of antennas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Standard 35mm <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a> used for cinema projection has a much higher <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">image resolution</a> than HDTV systems, and is exposed and projected at a rate of 24 <a href="/wiki/Frames_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Frames per second">frames per second</a> (frame/s). To be shown on standard television, in PAL-system countries, cinema film is scanned at the TV rate of 25 frame/s, causing a speedup of 4.1 percent, which is generally considered acceptable. In NTSC-system countries, the TV scan rate of 30 frame/s would cause a perceptible speedup if the same were attempted, and the necessary correction is performed by a technique called <a href="/wiki/Telecine#2:3_pulldown" title="Telecine">3:2 pulldown</a>: Over each successive pair of film frames, one is held for three video fields (1/20 of a second) and the next is held for two video fields (1/30 of a second), giving a total time for the two frames of 1/12 of a second and thus achieving the correct average film frame rate. </p><p>Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings intended for broadcast are typically recorded either in 720p or 1080i format as determined by the broadcaster. 720p is commonly used for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because most computer monitors operate in progressive-scan mode. 720p also imposes less strenuous storage and decoding requirements compared to both 1080i and 1080p. 1080p/24, 1080i/30, 1080i/25, and 720p/30 is most often used on Blu-ray Disc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recording_and_compression">Recording and compression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Recording and compression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/High-definition_pre-recorded_media_and_compression" title="High-definition pre-recorded media and compression">High-definition pre-recorded media and compression</a></div> <p>HDTV can be recorded to <a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a> (Digital-VHS or Data-VHS), <a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a> (analog only), to an HDTV-capable <a href="/wiki/Digital_video_recorder" title="Digital video recorder">digital video recorder</a> (for example <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a>'s high-definition digital video recorder, <a href="/wiki/Sky%2B_HD" title="Sky+ HD">Sky HD</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a>'s VIP 622 or VIP 722 high-definition digital video recorder receivers (these set-top boxes allow for HD on the Primary TV and SD on the secondary TV (TV2) without a secondary box on TV2), or <a href="/wiki/TiVo" title="TiVo">TiVo</a>'s Series 3 or HD recorders), or an HDTV-ready <a href="/wiki/HTPC" class="mw-redirect" title="HTPC">HTPC</a>. Some cable boxes are capable of receiving or recording two or more broadcasts at a time in HDTV format, and HDTV programming, some included in the monthly cable service subscription price, some for an additional fee, can be played back with the cable company's on-demand feature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The massive amount of data storage required to archive uncompressed streams meant that inexpensive uncompressed storage options were not available to the consumer. In 2008, the Hauppauge 1212 Personal Video Recorder was introduced. This device accepts HD content through component video inputs and stores the content in MPEG-2 format in a .ts file or in a Blu-ray-compatible format <a href="/wiki/.m2ts" title=".m2ts">.m2ts</a> file on the hard drive or DVD burner of a computer connected to the PVR through a USB 2.0 interface. More recent systems are able to record a broadcast high definition program in its 'as broadcast' format or transcode to a format more compatible with Blu-ray.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Analog tape recorders with bandwidth capable of recording analog HD signals, such as W-VHS recorders, are no longer produced for the consumer market and are both expensive and scarce in the secondary market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the United States, as part of the FCC's <i>plug and play</i> agreement, cable companies are required to provide customers who rent HD set-top boxes with a set-top box with "functional" <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394) on request. None of the <a href="/wiki/Direct_broadcast_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct broadcast satellite">direct broadcast satellite</a> providers have offered this feature on any of their supported boxes, but some <a href="/wiki/Cable_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable TV">cable TV</a> companies have. As of July 2004<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, boxes are not included in the FCC mandate. This content is protected by encryption known as 5C.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This encryption can prevent duplication of content or simply limit the number of copies permitted, thus effectively denying most if not all <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">fair use</a> of the content.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Display_motion_blur" title="Display motion blur">Display motion blur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_video_terms" title="Glossary of video terms">Glossary of video terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">High Efficiency Video Coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_television_deployments_by_country" title="List of digital television deployments by country">List of digital television deployments by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optimum_HDTV_viewing_distance" title="Optimum HDTV viewing distance">Optimum HDTV viewing distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-high-definition television</a> (UHD or UHDTV)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hd1933-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hd1933_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hd1933_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-despatch-bbc-television-tests-t/132104380/">"BBC Television: Tests Through Ultra Short-Wave Transmitter"</a>. <i>Evening Despatch</i>. Birmingham: 9. 13 October 1933 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Despatch&rft.atitle=BBC+Television%3A+Tests+Through+Ultra+Short-Wave+Transmitter&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1933-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fevening-despatch-bbc-television-tests-t%2F132104380%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2005" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Graham A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HfOKIjFODrcC&pg=PT34"><i>A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136035210" title="Special:BookSources/9781136035210"><bdi>9781136035210</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Broadcast+Engineering+Tutorial+for+Non-Engineers&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781136035210&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Graham+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHfOKIjFODrcC%26pg%3DPT34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825105008/http://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p19.html">"The Evolution of TV – A Brief History of TV Technology in Japan"</a>. <i>www.nhk.or.jp</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhk.or.jp/strl/aboutstrl/evolution-of-tv-en/p19.html">the original</a> on 2019-08-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nhk.or.jp&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+TV+%E2%80%93+A+Brief+History+of+TV+Technology+in+Japan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhk.or.jp%2Fstrl%2Faboutstrl%2Fevolution-of-tv-en%2Fp19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Kevin (3 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/game-changing-tech-from-the-2000s-2012-8">"10 Game-Changing Pieces of Tech From The 2000s"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180527120710/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/game-changing-tech-from-the-2000s-2012-8">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=10+Game-Changing+Pieces+of+Tech+From+The+2000s&rft.date=2012-08-03&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fgame-changing-tech-from-the-2000s-2012-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/anniversaries/november/first-regular-television-service/">"BBC- History of the BBC- First regular hi-definition television service"</a>. 1936-11-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405192741/https://www.bbc.com/historyofthebbc/anniversaries/november/first-regular-television-service/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC-+History+of+the+BBC-+First+regular+hi-definition+television+service&rft.date=1936-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhistoryofthebbc%2Fanniversaries%2Fnovember%2Ffirst-regular-television-service%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-since1936-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-since1936_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teletronic.co.uk/tvera.htm">"Teletronic – The Television History Site"</a>. Teletronic.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110813233820/http://www.teletronic.co.uk/tvera.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-08-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teletronic+%E2%80%93+The+Television+History+Site&rft.pub=Teletronic.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teletronic.co.uk%2Ftvera.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCianci2012" class="citation book cs1">Cianci, Philip J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mcfarlandbooks.com/product/high-definition-television/"><i>High Definition Television</i></a>. NC, US: McFarland. pp. 1–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4975-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4975-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-4975-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223627/https://mcfarlandbooks.com/product/high-definition-television/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Definition+Television&rft.place=NC%2C+US&rft.pages=1-25&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4975-0&rft.aulast=Cianci&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmcfarlandbooks.com%2Fproduct%2Fhigh-definition-television%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВалерий_Хлебородов" class="citation web cs1">Валерий Хлебородов. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727143639/http://rus.625-net.ru/625/2007/01/tvch.htm">"HDTV in the Russian Federation: problems and prospects of implementation (in Russian)"</a>. Rus.625-net.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rus.625-net.ru/625/2007/01/tvch.htm">the original</a> on 2013-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HDTV+in+the+Russian+Federation%3A+problems+and+prospects+of+implementation+%28in+Russian%29&rft.pub=Rus.625-net.ru&rft.au=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frus.625-net.ru%2F625%2F2007%2F01%2Ftvch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReimers2018" class="citation book cs1">Reimers, Ulrich (11 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xL_Rq6qUvT0C&q=%22hd-mac%22+dvb&pg=PA4"><i>DVB: The Family of International Standards for Digital Video Broadcasting</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Researchers+Craft+HDTV%27s+Successor&rft.date=2007-05-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2Fid%2C132289-c%2Chdtv%2Farticle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tech-notes.tv/Archive/tech_notes_002.htm">"Digital TV Tech Notes, Issue #2"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080121192353/http://www.tech-notes.tv/Archive/tech_notes_002.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-01-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+TV+Tech+Notes%2C+Issue+%232&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tech-notes.tv%2FArchive%2Ftech_notes_002.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Sudalnik and Victoria Kuhl, "High definition television"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelevision" class="citation web cs1">Television, 50 Years of NHK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhk.or.jp/digitalmuseum/nhk50years_en/history/p26/index.html">"50 Years of NHK Television"</a>. <i>www.nhk.or.jp</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915040059/http://www.nhk.or.jp/digitalmuseum/nhk50years_en/history/p26/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nhk.or.jp&rft.atitle=50+Years+of+NHK+Television&rft.aulast=Television&rft.aufirst=50+Years+of+NHK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhk.or.jp%2Fdigitalmuseum%2Fnhk50years_en%2Fhistory%2Fp26%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimes1989" class="citation news cs1">Times, David E. Sanger and Special To the New York (1989-06-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/04/world/japan-begins-broadcasts-of-high-definition-tv.html">"Japan Begins Broadcasts of High-Definition TV"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180527030921/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/04/world/japan-begins-broadcasts-of-high-definition-tv.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Japan+Begins+Broadcasts+of+High-Definition+TV&rft.date=1989-06-04&rft.aulast=Times&rft.aufirst=David+E.+Sanger+and+Special+To+the+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F06%2F04%2Fworld%2Fjapan-begins-broadcasts-of-high-definition-tv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanger1991" class="citation news cs1">Sanger, David E. (1991-11-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/26/business/few-see-japan-make-tv-history.html">"Few See Japan Make TV History"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180527023835/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/26/business/few-see-japan-make-tv-history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Few+See+Japan+Make+TV+History&rft.date=1991-11-26&rft.aulast=Sanger&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F11%2F26%2Fbusiness%2Ffew-see-japan-make-tv-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauchon" class="citation web cs1">Pauchon, B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_253-analogue.pdf">"Analogue HDTV in Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analogue+HDTV+in+Europe&rft.aulast=Pauchon&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftech.ebu.ch%2Fdocs%2Ftechreview%2Ftrev_253-analogue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell" class="citation web cs1">Farrell, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/shapiro/hdtv.pdf">"Standard Setting in High-Definition Television"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414225240/http://faculty.haas.berkeley.edu/shapiro/hdtv.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+Setting+in+High-Definition+Television&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.haas.berkeley.edu%2Fshapiro%2Fhdtv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14119153-000-technology-while-japan-admits-that-analogue-tv-is-a-dead-end/">"Technology: . . . while Japan admits that analogue TV is a dead end"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180527023510/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14119153-000-technology-while-japan-admits-that-analogue-tv-is-a-dead-end/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technology%3A+.+.+.+while+Japan+admits+that+analogue+TV+is+a+dead+end&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg14119153-000-technology-while-japan-admits-that-analogue-tv-is-a-dead-end%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCianci2013" class="citation book cs1">Cianci, Philip J. (10 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0mbsfr38GTgC&q=hi+vision+day+1991&pg=PA108"><i>High Definition Television: The Creation, Development and Implementation of HDTV Technology</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786487974" title="Special:BookSources/9780786487974"><bdi>9780786487974</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Definition+Television%3A+The+Creation%2C+Development+and+Implementation+of+HDTV+Technology&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2013-01-10&rft.isbn=9780786487974&rft.aulast=Cianci&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mbsfr38GTgC%26q%3Dhi%2Bvision%2Bday%2B1991%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollack1992" class="citation news cs1">Pollack, Andrew (1992-07-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/04/business/technology-shift-blurs-future-of-japan-s-new-tv-system.html">"Technology Shift Blurs Future of Japan's New TV System"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180527023733/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/04/business/technology-shift-blurs-future-of-japan-s-new-tv-system.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Technology+Shift+Blurs+Future+of+Japan%27s+New+TV+System&rft.date=1992-07-04&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F07%2F04%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology-shift-blurs-future-of-japan-s-new-tv-system.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2004" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Jeffrey A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Japanese+revive+HDTV+system&rft.date=1994-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F1994%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fjapanese-revive-hdtv-system-118589%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimme2018" class="citation book cs1">Grimme, Katharina (11 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Jl6VPARb9MC&q=japan+digital+hdtv&pg=PA247"><i>Digital Television Standardization and Strategies</i></a>. 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Ahmed">Ahmed, Nasir</a> (January 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/52879771/DCT-History-How-I-Came-Up-with-the-Discrete-Cosine-Transform">"How I Came Up With the Discrete Cosine Transform"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Digital_Signal_Processing_(journal)" title="Digital Signal Processing (journal)">Digital Signal Processing</a></i>. <b>1</b> (1): 4–5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991DSP.....1....4A">1991DSP.....1....4A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F1051-2004%2891%2990086-Z">10.1016/1051-2004(91)90086-Z</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610013109/https://www.scribd.com/doc/52879771/DCT-History-How-I-Came-Up-with-the-Discrete-Cosine-Transform">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtcp.com/data/wp_spec.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2006-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-06-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5C+Digital+Transmission+Content+Protection+White+Paper&rft.date=1998-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtcp.com%2Fdata%2Fwp_spec.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+television" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Brinkley" title="Joel Brinkley">Joel Brinkley</a> (1997), <i>Defining Vision: The Battle for the Future of Television</i>, New York: Harcourt Brace.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/High-Definition-Television-Development-Implementation/dp/0786449756">High Definition Television: The Creation, Development and Implementation of HDTV Technology</a> by Philip J. Cianci (McFarland & Company, 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130112230757/http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521826241">Technology, Television, and Competition</a> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_television&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:High-definition_television" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:High-definition television">High-definition television</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>History</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crit.rai.it/eletel/2005-3/53-4.htm">L'Alta Definizione a Torino 1986–2006</a> –  the Italian HDTV experience from 1980s to 2006 –  in Italian –  C.R.I.T./RAI</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603183845/http://hdtvarchiveproject.com/">The HDTV Archive Project</a></li></ul> <p><b>European adoption</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_299-ive.pdf">Images formats for HDTV</a>, article from the <a href="/wiki/EBU" class="mw-redirect" title="EBU">EBU</a>, Technical Review</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_300-wood.pdf">High Definition for Europe –  a progressive approach</a>, article from the <a href="/wiki/EBU" class="mw-redirect" title="EBU">EBU</a>, Technical Review</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3299.pdf">High Definition (HD) Image Formats for Television Production</a>, technical report from the <a href="/wiki/EBU" class="mw-redirect" title="EBU">EBU</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Digital_video_resolutions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TV_resolution" title="Template:TV resolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TV_resolution" title="Template talk:TV resolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="MPEG-2">MP@LL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; text-align:center; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">LDTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">HTV</a></td> <td width="25%">240, 288 (<a href="/wiki/Source_Input_Format" title="Source Input Format">SIF</a>)</td> <td width="25%"> </td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">24, 30; 25</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standard, <br />MP@ML</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; text-align:center; background-color:transparent"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SDTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a></td> <td width="25%">480 (<a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>), 576 (<a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>/<a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>)</td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">60</a>; <a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">50</a></td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">24, 30</a>; <a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">25</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enhanced, <br />HMP@HML</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; text-align:center; background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Enhanced-definition_television" title="Enhanced-definition television">EDTV</a></td> <td width="25%">480, 540 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=NTSC-HQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NTSC-HQ (page does not exist)">NTSC-HQ</a>), 576 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=PAL-HQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PAL-HQ (page does not exist)">PAL-HQ</a>)</td> <td width="25%"> </td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">24, 30</a>; <a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">25</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High, <br />MP@HL</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%" rowspan="2"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HDTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">BD</a>, <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a></td> <td width="25%">720</td> <td width="25%"> </td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">24, 30, 60; 25, 50</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>1080, 1440</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">60; 50</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">24, 30, 60; 25, 50</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ultra-high</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table style="width:100%; text-align:center; background-color:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">UHDTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">UHD BRD</a></td> <td width="25%">2160, 4320</td> <td width="25%"> </td> <td width="25%"><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">60, 120, 180</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-definition_(HD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:High-definition" title="Template:High-definition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High-definition" title="Template talk:High-definition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High-definition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High-definition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High-definition_(HD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">High-definition (HD)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">High-definition television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">High-definition video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-high-definition television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p (HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i (Full HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p (Full HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1440p" title="1440p">1440p (Quad HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">2160p (4K Ultra HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">4320p (8K Ultra HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16K_resolution" title="16K resolution">8640p (16K Ultra HD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">Analog broadcast</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(All defunct)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">819 line system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">HD MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE (Hi-Vision)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital broadcast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DMB-T/H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Surround sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital" title="Direct Stream Digital">DSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_eXtreme_Definition" title="Digital eXtreme Definition">DXD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filming and storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiatives" title="Digital Cinema Initiatives">DCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_pre-recorded_media_and_compression" title="High-definition pre-recorded media and compression">HD media and<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">CBHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">H.265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">H.266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" title="Versatile Multilayer Disc">HD VMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserdisc#MUSE_LD" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">MUSE LaserDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiview_Video_Coding" title="Multiview Video Coding">MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">Uncompressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">Component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deployments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_television_deployments_by_country" title="List of digital television deployments by country">List of digital television deployments by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcast_video_formats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_formats" title="Template:Video formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_formats" title="Template talk:Video formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcast_video_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Broadcast video formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Television" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Television</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/525_lines" title="525 lines">525 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a> (Color systems: <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-MAC" title="B-MAC">B-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/625_lines" title="625 lines">625 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">N</a> (Color systems: <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAL#PALN" title="PAL">PAL-N</a>, <a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a>, <a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819 lines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E#System_F" title="CCIR System E">F</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1125 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">1250 lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HD-MAC" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">BTSC (MTS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ_MTS" title="EIAJ MTS">EIAJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_audio_program" title="Second audio program">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton (A2/IGR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGMS-A" title="CGMS-A">CGMS-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost-canceling_reference" title="Ghost-canceling reference">GCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_Delivery_Control" title="Programme Delivery Control">PDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">VBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Encoded_Invisible_Light" title="Video Encoded Invisible Light">VEIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_interval_timecode" title="Vertical interval timecode">VITC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">WSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Data_Services" title="Extended Data Services">XDS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_systems_before_1940" title="Television systems before 1940">Pre-1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_television" title="Mechanical television">Mechanical television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/567-line_television_system" title="567-line television system">567-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-sequential_color_system" title="Field-sequential color system">Field-sequential color system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Central_Television#OSKM" title="Soviet Central Television">OSKM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlaced</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480i" title="480i">480i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576i" title="576i">576i</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">LDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">240p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-definition_television" title="Low-definition television">288p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced-definition_television" title="Enhanced-definition television">EDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/480p" title="480p">480p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/576p" title="576p">576p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">UHDTV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">MPEG-2 Video</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DVB_3D-TV" title="DVB 3D-TV">DVB 3D-TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS+</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">MPEG-4 Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">MPEG-4 AVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards#H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" title="ATSC standards">ATSC A/72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Multimedia_Mobile_Broadcasting" title="China Multimedia Mobile Broadcasting">CMMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1seg" title="1seg">1seg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MobaHo!" title="MobaHo!">MobaHo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-mobaho_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mobaho-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2</a><sup id="cite_ref-avs_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avs-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChinaSat_9" title="ChinaSat 9">ABS-S</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">MPEG-H HEVC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_3.0" title="ATSC 3.0">ATSC 3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_multimedia_broadcasting" title="Digital multimedia broadcasting">HD DMB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB#ISDB-S3" title="ISDB">ISDB-S3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DTMB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">5.1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">AC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Audio Layer II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">MPEG Multichannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_pulse-code_modulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear pulse-code modulation">LPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Hidden signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Format_Description" title="Active Format Description">AFD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_flag" title="Broadcast flag">Broadcast flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">Captioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB-CPCM" title="DVB-CPCM">CPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">EPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: left;"><div><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-avs-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-avs_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-avs_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Also used in China's DVB-S/S2 network.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mobaho-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mobaho_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Defunct.</span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Technical_issues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Technical issues</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14:9" class="mw-redirect" title="14:9">14:9 compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">Digital cinema</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Cinema Initiative">DCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_motion_blur" title="Display motion blur">Display motion blur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_image_formats" title="Moving image formats">Moving image formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG transport stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_Standards_Conversion" title="Reverse Standards Conversion">Reverse Standards Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_standards_conversion" title="Television standards conversion">Standards conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_card" title="Test card">Test card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_on_demand" title="Video on demand">Video on demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_processing" title="Video processing">Video processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_signaling" title="Widescreen signaling">Widescreen signaling</a></li> <li>Templates (<a href="/wiki/Template:Analogue_TV_transmitter_topics" title="Template:Analogue TV transmitter topics">Analogue TV Topics</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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