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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Twemoji_1f527.svg/60px-Twemoji_1f527.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div style="padding-top: 6px; padding-bottom: 5px;"><b>This help page is a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Project_namespace#Wikipedia_how-to_and_information_pages" title="Wikipedia:Project namespace">how-to guide</a>.</b><br><div style="font-size: 90%;">It explains concepts or processes used by the Wikipedia community. It is not one of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Policies_and_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines">Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</a>, and may reflect varying levels of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a>.</div></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="WP:SRF"></span><span id="H:SFN"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:SRF&redirect=no">WP:SRF</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:SFN&redirect=no">H:SFN</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Shortened footnotes</b>, also called <b>shortened citations</b>, are one method of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citing sources</a> for a Wikipedia article. They are a hybrid of standard <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">footnotes</a> and Harvard-style <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Parenthetical_referencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Parenthetical referencing">parenthetical referencing</a>. Shortened footnotes, often with page numbers, appear in the reference section (wherever the reference list markup <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> is placed) and usually link (by <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">Sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>) to the full citation for a source. These full citations usually appear in another list separate from the footnotes. See <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Rationale">rationale</a> below. </p><p>Please read <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Help:Footnotes</a> first, as this guide builds upon the methods described there. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Rationale"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Rationale</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Overview"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Overview</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#How_to_create_shortened_footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">How to create shortened footnotes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Using_%7B%7Bsfn%7D%7D"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Using <span>{{</span>sfn<span>}}</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Using_%7B%7Bharvnb%7D%7D"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Using <span>{{</span>harvnb<span>}}</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Manual_creation"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Manual creation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Bundling_citations"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Bundling citations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#List_of_footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">List of footnotes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Linking"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Linking</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References_list"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References list</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Date"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Date</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#No_author"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">No author</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Explanatory_notes"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Explanatory notes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Nested_footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nested footnotes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Nesting_within_%7B%7Befn%7D%7D"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Nesting within <span>{{</span>efn<span>}}</span></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Nesting_within_%7B%7Brefn%7D%7D"><span class="tocnumber">7.1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nesting within <span>{{</span>refn<span>}}</span></span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Combined_footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Combined footnotes</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Explanatory_notes_containing_shortened_citations"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Explanatory notes containing shortened citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Explanatory_notes_containing_parenthetical_citations"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Explanatory notes containing parenthetical citations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#List-defined_explanatory_notes_containing_citations"><span class="tocnumber">7.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">List-defined explanatory notes containing citations</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Errors"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Errors</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Examples"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Examples</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Rationale" data-mw-thread-id="h-Rationale"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Rationale"></span>Rationale<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Rationale"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Shortened footnotes are used for several reasons: </p> <dl><dt>Multiple references</dt> <dd>(a) They allow the editor to cite many different parts of the same source without having to repeat the entire citation.</dd> <dt>Easier source-editing</dt> <dd>(b) When full citations are gathered in a separate section the article text is uncluttered and easier to work with.</dd> <dt>Single place for citations</dt> <dd>(c) It is easier to edit all the full citations at once.</dd> <dt>Other</dt> <dd>(d) The full citations can be sorted or alphabetized.</dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Overview" data-mw-thread-id="h-Overview"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Overview"></span>Overview<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Overview"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>The most common method of using shortened footnotes is with the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template for the shortened footnotes, and <span>{{<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates#Examples" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">cite xxx</a>}}</span> templates for the full citation. The <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a> templates automatically create an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ANCHOR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ANCHOR">anchor</a> for an <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> link, using the author last name and the year. An "anchor" is a landing place for a link to jump to. In the following example, an inline citation such as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1255586131">.mw-parser-output .fakelinks{color:var(--color-progressive,#0645ad);cursor:default}.mw-parser-output .fakelinks:hover{color:var(--color-progressive--hover,#0645ad)}</style><sup class="reference nowrap ltr fakelinks">[1]</sup> links to the shortened footnote under "Notes", which in turn links to the full citation in the References list: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">The brontosaurus is thin at one end.{{sfn|Elk|1972|p=5}} Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.{{sfn|Elk|1972|p=6}} The Norwegian Blue Parrot will not move if its feet are nailed to the perch.{{sfn|Praline|1969|p=12}} Its metabolic processes are a matter of interest only to historians.{{sfn|Praline|1969|p=16}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]] |date=November 16, 1972}} * {{cite book |last=Praline |first=Eric |title=[[Dead Parrot sketch]] |date=December 7, 1969}} {{refend}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The brontosaurus is thin at one end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElk19725_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElk19725-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then it becomes much thicker in the middle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElk19726_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElk19726-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Norwegian Blue Parrot will not move if its feet are nailed to the perch.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPraline196912_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPraline196912-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its metabolic processes are a matter of interest only to historians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPraline196916_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPraline196916-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236298596">.mw-parser-output .fake-heading{color:var(--color-emphasized,#000000);background:none;margin:0;overflow:hidden;padding-bottom:0.17em;page-break-after:avoid;padding-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-top:1em;padding:0;font-family:"Linux Libertine","Georgia","Times","Source Serif Pro",serif;line-height:1.375}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-family:inherit;line-height:inherit}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{border-bottom:3px solid #c8ccd1}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:1.8em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h1{font-size:2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.5em}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h2{font-size:1.8em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h5,.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h6{font-weight:bold;margin-top:0.3em;margin-bottom:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.6}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h3{font-size:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .fake-heading.h4{font-size:100%}</style><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElk19725-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElk19725_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElk1972">Elk 1972</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElk19726-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElk19726_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElk1972">Elk 1972</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPraline196912-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPraline196912_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPraline1969">Praline 1969</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPraline196916-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPraline196916_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPraline1969">Praline 1969</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElk1972" class="citation book cs1">Elk, Anne (November 16, 1972). <i><a href="/wiki/Anne_Elk%27s_Theory_on_Brontosauruses" title="Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses">Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anne+Elk%27s+Theory+on+Brontosauruses&rft.date=1972-11-16&rft.aulast=Elk&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraline1969" class="citation book cs1">Praline, Eric (December 7, 1969). <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Parrot_sketch" title="Dead Parrot sketch">Dead Parrot sketch</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dead+Parrot+sketch&rft.date=1969-12-07&rft.aulast=Praline&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="How_to_create_shortened_footnotes" data-mw-thread-id="h-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes"></span>How to create shortened footnotes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_{{sfn}}" data-mw-thread-id="h-Using_{{sfn}}-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes"><span id="Using_.7B.7Bsfn.7D.7D"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Using_{{sfn}}-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes"></span>Using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Using_{{sfn}}-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes"></span></h3></div> <p>There are several ways to create the shortened footnote. Most often, the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template is used to link to a full citation with simple markup: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">{{sfn|Elk|1972|p=5}} {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElk19725_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElk19725-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElk19725-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElk19725_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElk1972">Elk 1972</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The link is normally created from the authors' last names and the year of publication. For sources with multiple authors, pass their last names (to a maximum of four) as multiple parameters to the template: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">{{sfn|Jones|Smith|Hawthorne|1980|p=1}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book |last1=Jones |last2=Smith |last3=Hawthorne |title=Some Book |date=1980}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesSmithHawthorne19801_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesSmithHawthorne19801-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesSmithHawthorne19801-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesSmithHawthorne19801_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesSmithHawthorne1980">Jones, Smith & Hawthorne 1980</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesSmithHawthorne1980" class="citation book cs1">Jones; Smith; Hawthorne (1980). <i>Some Book</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Book&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Jones&rft.au=Smith&rft.au=Hawthorne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">{{sfn|Jones|Smith|Hawthorne|McDowell|1980|p=1}} {{reflist}} * {{cite book |last1=Jones |last2=Smith |last3=Hawthorne |last4=McDowell |last5=Dangerfield |title=Some Other Book |date=1980}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesSmithHawthorneMcDowell19801_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesSmithHawthorneMcDowell19801-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesSmithHawthorneMcDowell19801-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesSmithHawthorneMcDowell19801_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJonesSmithHawthorneMcDowell1980">Jones et al. 1980</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesSmithHawthorneMcDowell1980" class="citation book cs1">Jones; Smith; Hawthorne; McDowell; Dangerfield (1980). <i>Some Other Book</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Other+Book&rft.date=1980&rft.au=Jones&rft.au=Smith&rft.au=Hawthorne&rft.au=McDowell&rft.au=Dangerfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnp" title="Template:Sfnp">sfnp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template works the same as the above example, except it places the date in parentheses: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">{{sfnp|Elk|1972|p=5}} {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElk19725_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElk19725-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElk19725-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElk19725_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElk1972">Elk (1972)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Using_{{harvnb}}" data-mw-thread-id="h-Using_{{harvnb}}-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes"><span id="Using_.7B.7Bharvnb.7D.7D"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Using_{{harvnb}}-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes"></span>Using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">harvnb</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Using_{{harvnb}}-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes"></span></h3></div> <p>The <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template was developed to automate the older process of placing <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">harvnb</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> within <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref></code> tags. This method is still available and used in many existing articles: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; "><ref>{{harvnb|Elk|1972|p=5}}.</ref> {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElk1972">Elk 1972</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The above method will also work with other "harv" templates.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These templates link to the full citation in the same way and accept the same parameters, but they each have slightly different formatting. For example, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvp">harvp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> places the date in parentheses: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; "><ref>{{harvp|Elk|1972|p=5}}.</ref> {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElk1972">Elk (1972)</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manual_creation" data-mw-thread-id="h-Manual_creation-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Manual_creation-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes"></span>Manual creation<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Manual_creation-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes"></span></h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates_and_reference_anchors" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors">Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors</a></div> <p>You can manually create a link to the long citation by creating a custom reference anchor or concatenating <code>#CITEREF</code>, the author's last name, and the publication year.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is rarely used: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; "><ref>[[#CITEREFElk1972|Elk 1972]], p. 5.</ref> {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElk1972">Elk 1972</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>You can also place an unlinked shortened footnote within <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref></code> tags: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; "><ref>Elk 1972, p. 5.</ref> {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elk 1972, p. 5.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bundling_citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Bundling_citations-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Bundling_citations-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes"></span>Bundling citations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Bundling_citations-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes"></span></h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Wikipedia:Citing sources § Bundling citations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Help:Citation merging</a></div> <p>The <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnm" title="Template:Sfnm">sfnm</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template supports the inclusion of multiple sources in a single footnote. The <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">harvnb</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template or other similar templates can be manually bundled in a single footnote, separated either with semicolons or the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiref" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Multiref">multiref</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">{{sfnm |1a1=Elk |1y=1972 |1p=5 |2a1=Praline |2y=1969 |2p=12}} {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElk19725Praline196912_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElk19725Praline196912-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElk19725Praline196912-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElk19725Praline196912_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElk1972">Elk 1972</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFPraline1969">Praline 1969</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; "><ref>{{harvnb|Elk|1972|p=5}}; {{harvnb|Praline|1969|p=12}}.</ref> {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElk1972">Elk 1972</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFPraline1969">Praline 1969</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; "><ref>{{multiref | {{harvnb|Elk|1972|p=5}} | {{harvnb|Praline|1969|p=12}} }}</ref> {{reflist}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline-flex;--size:100%; max-width:max(15em, calc(var(--size) - 3.2em));"><ul style="display:inline-block"><li><a href="#CITEREFElk1972">Elk 1972</a>, p. 5</li><li><a href="#CITEREFPraline1969">Praline 1969</a>, p. 12</li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="List_of_footnotes" data-mw-thread-id="h-List_of_footnotes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-List_of_footnotes"></span>List of footnotes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-List_of_footnotes"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>The list of footnotes is created by using the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> template or the <code class="nowrap" style=""><references /></code> tag. Some articles that use only shortened footnotes manually define narrower columns at <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">reflist</a>|20em}}</code>. References created via <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnp" title="Template:Sfnp">sfnp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnm" title="Template:Sfnm">sfnm</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, the standard <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref /></code> tags, and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LDR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LDR">list-defined references</a> will all be included in the same list. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Linking" data-mw-thread-id="h-Linking"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Linking"></span>Linking<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Linking"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>The full citations are usually created with <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a> (CS1) and <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a> (CS2) templates. These templates automatically create a linkable anchor from the authors' last names and the year of publication. For example: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{cite book |last=<b>Elk</b> |first=Anne |date=November 16, <b>1972</b> |title=[[Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses]]}}</code></dd></dl> <p>allows a "short" citation template, like <code>{{sfn|<b>Elk</b>|<b>1972</b>}}</code> in the article. </p><p>The anchor can be created manually with <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnref" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sfnref">sfnref</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> or <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvid">harvid</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> in situations where the automatic anchors would create issues including: </p> <ul><li>Multiple authors with the same last name</li> <li>No known last name for the author</li> <li>Unusual characters in the author field</li> <li>Multiple works in the same year by the same author</li> <li>Year of publication unknown</li></ul> <p>For example, an article might cite psychoanalysts <a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>. If there are two full citations with the same last name and the same year of publication, as below, then the full citations would need to set custom anchors in the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=</code> parameter. The shortened citation can then be created using the same structure. Note the identical parameters for <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfnref" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sfnref">sfnref</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; "><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-wikitext mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>In 1928, <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nt">Sigmund Freud</span><span class="p">]]</span> wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.<span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">sfn</span><span class="p">|</span>S. Freud<span class="p">|</span>1928<span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">pp</span><span class="o">=</span>47-48<span class="p">}}</span> In her first published book, <span class="p">[[</span><span class="nt">Anna Freud</span><span class="p">]]</span> proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.<span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">sfn</span><span class="p">|</span>A. Freud<span class="p">|</span>1928<span class="p">}}</span> <span class="gu">===Notes===</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">reflist</span><span class="p">}}</span> <span class="gu">===References===</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">refbegin</span><span class="p">}}</span> <span class="k">*</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">cite book</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">last</span><span class="o">=</span>Freud <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">first</span><span class="o">=</span>Anna <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">date</span><span class="o">=</span>1928 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">title</span><span class="o">=</span>Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">ref</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">sfnref</span><span class="p">|</span>A. Freud<span class="p">|</span>1928<span class="p">}}}}</span> <span class="k">*</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">cite book</span> <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">last</span><span class="o">=</span>Freud <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">first</span><span class="o">=</span>Sigmund <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">date</span><span class="o">=</span>1928 <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">title</span><span class="o">=</span>The Future of an Illusion <span class="p">|</span><span class="nl">ref</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">sfnref</span><span class="p">|</span>S. Freud<span class="p">|</span>1928<span class="p">}}}}</span> <span class="p">{{</span><span class="nt">refend</span><span class="p">}}</span> </pre></div></pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> wrote that "religious influence" was one of the primary goals of education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTES._Freud192847–48_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES._Freud192847%E2%80%9348-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her first published book, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a> proposed that the education of a child is never independent of the adults they depend upon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._Freud1928_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._Freud1928-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTES._Freud192847–48-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES._Freud192847%E2%80%9348_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFS._Freud1928">S. Freud 1928</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEA._Freud1928-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEA._Freud1928_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFA._Freud1928">A. Freud 1928</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Freud1928" class="citation book cs1">Freud, Anna (1928). <i>Introduction to the Technique of Child Analysis</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Technique+of+Child+Analysis&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Freud&rft.aufirst=Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Freud1928" class="citation book cs1">Freud, Sigmund (1928). <i>The Future of an Illusion</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+an+Illusion&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Freud&rft.aufirst=Sigmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Citations templates outside of CS1 and CS2, like <a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">vcite templates</a>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_court" title="Template:Cite court">Cite court</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_comic" title="Template:Cite comic">cite comic</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, may require the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=</code> parameter. In rare cases, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Wikicite" title="Template:Wikicite">wikicite</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> can be used to manually create the anchors for full citations written without templates. In the following example from the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a>, an unpublished but publicly available manuscript by the Indian Government’s Regional Food Commissioner, is used as a primary source. As there are few acceptable places on Wikipedia to use unpublished memoirs as a source, no citation template directly matches the document: </p> <dl><dd><code>{{wikicite | ref = "{{sfnref|<b>Braund </b>|<b>1944</b>}}" | reference = Braund, H. B. L. (1944). ''Famine in Bengal'', typescript. British Library Doc D792.}}</code></dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References_list" data-mw-thread-id="h-References_list"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-References_list"></span>References list<span data-mw-comment-end="h-References_list"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>Full citations in the references list may be formatted manually or with <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">citation templates</a>. The reference list is formatted by placing the citations in an <a href="/wiki/Help:List" title="Help:List">unordered list</a> using the <code>*</code> markup. Entries may be sorted by the author's last name. The text size may be formatted with <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin" title="Template:Refbegin">refbegin</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refend" title="Template:Refend">refend</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>. The references list is normally displayed in one column with no indenting. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">{{refbegin}} *{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses |date=November 16, 1972}} *{{cite book |last=Praline |first=Eric |title=[[Dead Parrot sketch]] |date=December 7, 1969}} {{refend}} </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Elk, Anne (November 16, 1972). <i>Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anne+Elk%27s+Theory+on+Brontosauruses&rft.date=1972-11-16&rft.aulast=Elk&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Praline, Eric (December 7, 1969). <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Parrot_sketch" title="Dead Parrot sketch">Dead Parrot sketch</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dead+Parrot+sketch&rft.date=1969-12-07&rft.aulast=Praline&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date" data-mw-thread-id="h-Date-References_list"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Date-References_list"></span>Date<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Date-References_list"></span></h3></div> <p>The shortened citation should include only the year. The full citation may include the year only or the full date in the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|date=</code> parameter. Most citation templates will extract the year from a full date to form the anchor. </p><p>If an author has multiple works in the same year, regardless of whether it is a full date or only a year, then duplicate anchors will be generated. To resolve this, you can suffix the year with a lowercase letter. For example: </p> <ul><li><code>{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses |date=November 16, 1972a}}</code></li> <li><code>{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=Anne Elk's Further Theory on Brontosauruses |date=December 20, 1972b}}</code></li></ul> <p>If the date is written in <code>YYYY-MM-DD</code> format, you can suffix a lowercase letter in the <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|year=</code> parameter: </p> <ul><li><code>{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=Anne Elk's Theory on Brontosauruses |date=1972-11-16 |year=1972a}}</code></li> <li><code>{{cite book |last=Elk |first=Anne |title=Anne Elk's Further Theory on Brontosauruses |date=1972-12-20 |year=1972b}}</code></li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="NoAuthor"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_author" data-mw-thread-id="h-No_author-References_list"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-No_author-References_list"></span>No author<span data-mw-comment-end="h-No_author-References_list"></span></h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> <p>Some sources do not have a single author with a last name, such as a magazine article or a report from a government institution. There is no consensus (in Wikipedia or among citation styles) about how to format author–date citations for works that do not have a specific author. Several choices are: </p> <ol><li>The title of the article, or a shortened form of the title, is recommended by some style guides.</li> <li>For a newspaper or periodical, you may use the name of the paper and the date.</li> <li>For a publication by an institution, use either: <ol><li>The initials of the institution</li> <li>The name of the institution</li></ol></li> <li>Other style guides recommend using "Anonymous" or "Anon."</li></ol> <p>An article should adopt one of these styles consistently. Using <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|ref=<span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvid">harvid</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></code> in the citation template can handle these cases. </p> </div></div> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">On July 9, the ''[[Roswell Daily Record]]'' reported that no engine or metal parts had been found in the wreckage.{{sfn|"Harassed Rancher"|1947|p=C-1}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite news |title=Harassed Rancher Who Located 'Saucer' Sorry He Told About It |newspaper=[[Roswell Daily Record]] |date=July 9, 1947 |ref={{sfnref|"Harassed Rancher"|1947}}}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>On July 9, the <i><a href="/wiki/Roswell_Daily_Record" title="Roswell Daily Record">Roswell Daily Record</a></i> reported that no engine or metal parts had been found in the wreckage.<sup id='cite_ref-FOOTNOTE"Harassed_Rancher"1947C-1_20-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Harassed_Rancher%221947C-1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTE"Harassed_Rancher"1947C-1-20'><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%22Harassed_Rancher%221947C-1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF%22Harassed_Rancher%221947">"Harassed Rancher" 1947</a>, p. C-1.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id='CITEREF"Harassed_Rancher"1947' class="citation news cs1">"Harassed Rancher Who Located 'Saucer' Sorry He Told About It". <i><a href="/wiki/Roswell_Daily_Record" title="Roswell Daily Record">Roswell Daily Record</a></i>. July 9, 1947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Roswell+Daily+Record&rft.atitle=Harassed+Rancher+Who+Located+%27Saucer%27+Sorry+He+Told+About+It&rft.date=1947-07-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">In the 1980s, [[Madonna]] was named "Artist of the Decade" by ''Billboard'' magazine.{{sfn|Dayton Daily News|1990|p=23}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite news |title=Michael, Madonna Top 'Billboard' Poll |newspaper=[[Dayton Daily News]] |date=May 25, 1990 |ref={{sfnref|Dayton Daily News|1990}} }}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Madonna" title="Madonna">Madonna</a> was named "Artist of the Decade" by <i>Billboard</i> magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDayton_Daily_News199023_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDayton_Daily_News199023-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDayton_Daily_News199023-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDayton_Daily_News199023_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDayton_Daily_News1990">Dayton Daily News 1990</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayton_Daily_News1990" class="citation news cs1">"Michael, Madonna Top 'Billboard' Poll". <i><a href="/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News" title="Dayton Daily News">Dayton Daily News</a></i>. May 25, 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dayton+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Michael%2C+Madonna+Top+%27Billboard%27+Poll&rft.date=1990-05-25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is located in New York.{{sfn|MoMA|2023}} ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==References== * {{cite web |date=2023 |website=MoMA.org |ref={{sfnref|MoMA|2023}} |title=Locations, Hours, and Admission |url= https://www.moma.org/visit/ }}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) is located in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoMA2023_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoMA2023-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoMA2023-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoMA2023_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoMA2023">MoMA 2023</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoMA2023" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/visit/">"Locations, Hours, and Admission"</a>. <i>MoMA.org</i>. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MoMA.org&rft.atitle=Locations%2C+Hours%2C+and+Admission&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moma.org%2Fvisit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Explanatory_notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Explanatory_notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Explanatory_notes"></span>Explanatory notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Explanatory_notes"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>Shortened footnotes can be placed inside <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:EXPLNOTESECT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:EXPLNOTESECT">explanatory notes</a> in several ways. Explanatory or content notes add explanations, comments, or other information relating to the main content and often require their own citation. There are two technical approaches to using both types of footnotes. A shortened footnote can be placed inside an explanatory note; on Wikipedia, this is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">nested footnote</a>. There are also several ways to combine the contents of a shortened citation and explanatory note within a single footnote. </p><p>Nesting footnotes is typically done with the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">efn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> or <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refn" title="Template:Refn">refn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> templates. <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Cite#Substitution_and_embedded_parser_functions" class="extiw" title="mw:Help:Cite">Because of a technical limitation</a>, some standard Wikipedia markup elements will not work within a set of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span>...<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span></code> tags, including a second "nested" set of <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span>...<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span></code> tags. For example, <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span>Explanatory footnote<span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span>Brown 2001<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></</span><span class="nt">ref</span><span class="p">></span></code> will generate an error.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the templates allow nesting, the same example written as <code>{{efn|Explanatory footnote{{sfn|Brown|2001}} }}</code> works as expected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nested_footnotes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Nested_footnotes-Explanatory_notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Nested_footnotes-Explanatory_notes"></span>Nested footnotes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Nested_footnotes-Explanatory_notes"></span></h3></div> <p>The methods in this section can <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">nest</a> footnotes because the explanatory notes use templates designed to support nesting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nesting_within_{{efn}}" data-mw-thread-id="h-Nesting_within_{{efn}}-Nested_footnotes"><span id="Nesting_within_.7B.7Befn.7D.7D"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Nesting_within_{{efn}}-Nested_footnotes"></span>Nesting within <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">efn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Nesting_within_{{efn}}-Nested_footnotes"></span></h4></div> <p>This method uses <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">efn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to create the explanatory notes and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to create footnotes nested in the explanatory notes. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">The Sun is pretty big.{{sfn|Muller|2005|p=23}}{{efn|But Muller points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.{{sfn|Muller|2005|p=23}}}} But the Moon{{efn|The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena.{{sfn|Braun|2001|p=63}}}} is not so big.{{sfn|Braun|2001|p=46}}{{efn|Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.}} The Sun is also quite hot.{{sfn|Schmidt|2005|p=334}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== {{refbegin}} * {{citation |last=Braun |title=The Moon |publisher=Penguin |year=2001}} * {{citation |last=Muller |title=The Sun |publisher=Oxford |year=2005}} * {{citation |last=Schmidt |title=The Universe |publisher=Random House |year=2005}} {{refend}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The Sun is pretty big.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuller200523_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller200523-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the Moon<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not so big.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraun200146_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun200146-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sun is also quite hot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2005334_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2005334-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But Muller points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuller200523_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller200523-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraun200163_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun200163-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Citations</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller200523-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuller200523_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuller200523_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMuller2005">Muller 2005</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun200163-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraun200163_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBraun2001">Braun 2001</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraun200146-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraun200146_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBraun2001">Braun 2001</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmidt2005334-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmidt2005334_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmidt2005">Schmidt 2005</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraun2001" class="citation cs2">Braun (2001), <i>The Moon</i>, Penguin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moon&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Braun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller2005" class="citation cs2">Muller (2005), <i>The Sun</i>, Oxford</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sun&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Muller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2005" class="citation cs2">Schmidt (2005), <i>The Universe</i>, Random House</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universe&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Schmidt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nesting_within_{{refn}}" data-mw-thread-id="h-Nesting_within_{{refn}}-Nested_footnotes"><span id="Nesting_within_.7B.7Brefn.7D.7D"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Nesting_within_{{refn}}-Nested_footnotes"></span>Nesting within <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refn" title="Template:Refn">refn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span><span data-mw-comment-end="h-Nesting_within_{{refn}}-Nested_footnotes"></span></h4></div> <p>This method uses <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refn" title="Template:Refn">refn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to create the explanatory notes and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to create footnotes nested in the explanatory notes. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">The Sun is pretty big.{{sfn|Millerd|2005|p=23}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|But Millerd points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.{{sfn|Millerd|2005|p=23}}}} But the Moon{{refn|group=lower-alpha|The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena.{{sfn|Browne|2001|p=63}}}} is not so big.{{sfn|Browne|2001|p=46}}{{refn|group=lower-alpha|Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.}} The Sun is also quite hot.{{sfn|Smithe|2005|p=334}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== {{refbegin}} * {{citation |last=Browne |title=The Moon |publisher=Penguin |year=2001}} * {{citation |last=Millerd |title=The Sun |publisher=Oxford |year=2005}} * {{citation |last=Smithe |title=The Universe |publisher=Random House |year=2005}} {{refend}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The Sun is pretty big.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillerd200523_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerd200523-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the Moon<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not so big.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne200146_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne200146-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sun is also quite hot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithe2005334_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithe2005334-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But Millerd points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillerd200523_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerd200523-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne200163_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne200163-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Citations</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerd200523-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillerd200523_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillerd200523_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillerd2005">Millerd 2005</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne200163-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne200163_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne2001">Browne 2001</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne200146-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne200146_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne2001">Browne 2001</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithe2005334-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithe2005334_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithe2005">Smithe 2005</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2001" class="citation cs2">Browne (2001), <i>The Moon</i>, Penguin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moon&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Browne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerd2005" class="citation cs2">Millerd (2005), <i>The Sun</i>, Oxford</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sun&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Millerd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithe2005" class="citation cs2">Smithe (2005), <i>The Universe</i>, Random House</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universe&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Smithe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combined_footnotes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Combined_footnotes-Explanatory_notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Combined_footnotes-Explanatory_notes"></span>Combined footnotes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Combined_footnotes-Explanatory_notes"></span></h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Explanatory_notes_containing_shortened_citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Explanatory_notes_containing_shortened_citations-Combined_footnotes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Explanatory_notes_containing_shortened_citations-Combined_footnotes"></span>Explanatory notes containing shortened citations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Explanatory_notes_containing_shortened_citations-Combined_footnotes"></span></h4></div> <p>This example creates a separate notes section using the <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">efn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> templates. Because the explanatory footnotes do not contain footnote references, there are no technical hurdles. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">The Sun is pretty big.{{sfn|Miller|2005|p=23}}{{efn|But Miller points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.}} But the Moon{{efn|The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena – see, for example Jones, ''The Solar System'', MacMillan, 2005, p. 623.}} is not so big.{{sfn|Brown|2001|p=46}}{{efn|Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large, see, for example, Peterson, ''Astronomy'', MacMillan, 2005, p. 623.}} The Sun is also quite hot.{{sfn|Smith|2005|p=334}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Brown |title=The Moon |publisher=Penguin |date=2001}} * {{cite book |last=Miller |title=The Sun |publisher=Oxford |date=2005}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |title=The Universe |publisher=Random House |date=2005}} {{refend}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The Sun is pretty big.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller200523_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200523-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the Moon<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not so big.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200146_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200146-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sun is also quite hot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2005334_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2005334-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But Miller points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena – see, for example Jones, <i>The Solar System</i>, MacMillan, 2005, p. 623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large, see, for example, Peterson, <i>Astronomy</i>, MacMillan, 2005, p. 623.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Citations</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200523-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller200523_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2005">Miller 2005</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200146-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown200146_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2001">Brown 2001</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2005334-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2005334_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2005">Smith 2005</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2001" class="citation book cs1">Brown (2001). <i>The Moon</i>. Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moon&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation book cs1">Miller (2005). <i>The Sun</i>. Oxford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sun&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation book cs1">Smith (2005). <i>The Universe</i>. Random House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universe&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When the explanatory notes and shortened footnotes are separate and not nested, they can still be created using standard reference tags. This example creates a separate notes section by using <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#How_to_place_an_inline_citation_using_ref_tags" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><code class="nowrap" style=""><ref></code></a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#Footnotes:_groups" title="Help:Footnotes"><code class="nowrap" style=""><ref group=></code></a>. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">The Sun is pretty big.<ref name=Foot01/><ref group=Note name=Note01/> But the Moon<ref group=Note name=Note02/> is not so big.<ref name=Foot02/><ref group=Note name=Note03/> The Sun is also quite hot.<ref name=Foot03/> ==Notes== {{reflist|group=Note|refs= <ref name=Note01>But Miller points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.</ref> <ref name=Note02>The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena – see, for example Jones, ''The Solar System'', MacMillan, 2005, p. 623.</ref> <ref name=Note03>Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large, see, for example, Peterson, ''Astronomy'', MacMillan, 2005, p. 623.</ref> }} ==Citations== {{reflist|refs= <ref name=Foot01>Miller, p. 23</ref> <ref name=Foot02>Brown, p. 46</ref> <ref name=Foot03>Smith, p. 334</ref> }} ==References== {{refbegin}} * Brown, ''The Moon'', Penguin. 2001. * Miller, ''The Sun'', Oxford, 2005. * Smith, ''The Universe'', Random House, 2005. {{refend}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The Sun is pretty big.<sup id="cite_ref-Foot01_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot01-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Note01_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Note01-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the Moon<sup id="cite_ref-Note02_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Note02-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not so big.<sup id="cite_ref-Foot02_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot02-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Note03_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Note03-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sun is also quite hot.<sup id="cite_ref-Foot03_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foot03-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Note01-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Note01_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But Miller points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Note02-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Note02_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena – see, for example Jones, <i>The Solar System</i>, MacMillan, 2005, p. 623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Note03-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Note03_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large, see, for example, Peterson, <i>Astronomy</i>, MacMillan, 2005, p. 623.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Citations</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Foot01-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foot01_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foot02-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foot02_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, p. 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foot03-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Foot03_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p. 334</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Brown, <i>The Moon</i>, Penguin. 2001.</li> <li>Miller, <i>The Sun</i>, Oxford, 2005.</li> <li>Smith, <i>The Universe</i>, Random House, 2005.</li></ul> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The example below uses only basic <a href="/wiki/Help:Wikitext" title="Help:Wikitext">wikitext</a> syntax and single list of footnotes. Because the explanatory footnotes do not contain footnote references, there are no technical hurdles. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">The Sun is pretty big.<ref>Miller, p. 23. But Miller points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.</ref> But the Moon<ref>The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena - see, for example Jones, ''The Solar System'', MacMillan, 2005, p 623.</ref> is not so big.<ref>Brown, p. 46. Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large, see, for example Peterson, ''Astronomy'', MacMillan, 2005, p 623.</ref> The Sun is also quite hot. <ref>Smith, p. 334.</ref> ==Notes== <references /> ==References== * Brown, ''The Moon'', Penguin. 2001. * Miller, ''The Sun'', Oxford, 2005. * Smith, ''The Universe'', Random House, 2005. </pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The Sun is pretty big.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the Moon<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not so big.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sun is also quite hot. <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, p. 23. But Miller points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena - see, for example Jones, <i>The Solar System</i>, MacMillan, 2005, p 623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, p. 46. Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large, see, for example Peterson, <i>Astronomy</i>, MacMillan, 2005, p 623.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, p. 334.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <ul><li>Brown, <i>The Moon</i>, Penguin. 2001.</li> <li>Miller, <i>The Sun</i>, Oxford, 2005.</li> <li>Smith, <i>The Universe</i>, Random House, 2005.</li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Explanatory_notes_containing_parenthetical_citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-Explanatory_notes_containing_parenthetical_citations-Combined_footnotes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Explanatory_notes_containing_parenthetical_citations-Combined_footnotes"></span>Explanatory notes containing parenthetical citations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Explanatory_notes_containing_parenthetical_citations-Combined_footnotes"></span></h4></div> <p>This method uses <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to create the main footnotes, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">efn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to create the explanatory notes and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to create the parenthentical references in the explanatory notes. The use of inline <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PAREN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PAREN">parenthetical referencing</a> has been <a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/976895063#Deprecate_parenthetical_citations" title="Special:PermanentLink/976895063">deprecated</a> for an article's body text. </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">The Sun is pretty big.{{sfn|Mahler|2005|p=23}}{{efn|But Mahler points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars {{harv|Mahler|2005|p=23}}.}} But the Moon{{efn|The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena {{harv|Brauner|2001|p=63}}.}} is not so big.{{sfn|Brauner|2001|p=46}}{{efn|Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.}} The Sun is also quite hot.{{sfn|Ferrero|2005|p=334}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==Citations== {{reflist}} ==References== {{refbegin}} * {{citation |last=Brauner |title=The Moon |publisher=Penguin |year=2001}} * {{citation |last=Mahler |title=The Sun |publisher=Oxford |year=2005}} * {{citation |last=Ferrero |title=The Universe |publisher=Random House |year=2005}} {{refend}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The Sun is pretty big.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahler200523_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahler200523-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the Moon<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not so big.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200146_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200146-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sun is also quite hot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrero2005334_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrero2005334-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But Mahler points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars (<a href="#CITEREFMahler2005">Mahler 2005</a>, p. 23).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena (<a href="#CITEREFBrauner2001">Brauner 2001</a>, p. 63).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Citations</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: close;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahler200523-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahler200523_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahler2005">Mahler 2005</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrauner200146-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrauner200146_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrauner2001">Brauner 2001</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerrero2005334-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerrero2005334_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFerrero2005">Ferrero 2005</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrauner2001" class="citation cs2">Brauner (2001), <i>The Moon</i>, Penguin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moon&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Brauner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahler2005" class="citation cs2">Mahler (2005), <i>The Sun</i>, Oxford</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sun&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Mahler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerrero2005" class="citation cs2">Ferrero (2005), <i>The Universe</i>, Random House</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universe&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Ferrero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="List-defined_explanatory_notes_containing_citations" data-mw-thread-id="h-List-defined_explanatory_notes_containing_citations-Combined_footnotes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-List-defined_explanatory_notes_containing_citations-Combined_footnotes"></span>List-defined explanatory notes containing citations<span data-mw-comment-end="h-List-defined_explanatory_notes_containing_citations-Combined_footnotes"></span></h4></div> <p>This method uses <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to create the main footnotes, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Efn" title="Template:Efn">efn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to create <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:LDR" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:LDR">list-defined</a> explanatory notes using <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Notelist" title="Template:Notelist">notelist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> in the "Notes" appendix, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> to create links nested within the explanatory notes: </p> <table style="margin-top:0;margin-left:0; border-width:medium; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Markup</th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%;">Renders as </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:9px 5px 5px; vertical-align:top;"><pre style="margin:0; border:none; padding:0; word-wrap:break-word; white-space:-moz-pre-wrap; white-space:-o-pre-wrap; white-space:-pre-wrap; white-space:pre-wrap; ">The Sun is pretty big.{{sfn|Mailer|2005|p=23}}{{efn|name="sun size"}} But the Moon{{efn|name="Selena"}} is not so big.{{sfn|Brawn|2001|p=46}}{{efn|name="moon size"}} The Sun is also quite hot.{{sfn|Smythe|2005|p=334}} ===Notes=== {{notelist |refs= {{efn|name="sun size"|But Mailer points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars. {{harv|Mailer|2005|p=23}}}} {{efn|name="Selena"|The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena. {{harv|Brawn|2001|p=63}}}} {{efn|name="moon size"|Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.}} }} {{notelist}} ===Citations=== {{reflist}} ===References=== {{refbegin}} * {{citation |last=Brawn |title=The Moon |publisher=Penguin |year=2001}} * {{citation |last=Mailer |title=The Sun |publisher=Oxford |year=2005}} * {{citation |last=Smythe |title=The Universe |publisher=Random House |year=2005}} {{refend}}</pre> </td> <td style="background:#f8f9fa; background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:var(--color-base, #000); border:1px solid #eaecf0; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"><div style=""> <p>The Sun is pretty big.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMailer200523_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMailer200523-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sun_size_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun_size-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the Moon<sup id="cite_ref-Selena_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selena-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is not so big.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrawn200146_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrawn200146-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moon_size_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moon_size-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sun is also quite hot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmythe2005334_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmythe2005334-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Notes</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sun_size-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sun_size_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But Mailer points out that the Sun is not as large as some other stars. (<a href="#CITEREFMailer2005">Mailer 2005</a>, p. 23)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selena-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Selena_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Moon goes by other names, such as Selena. (<a href="#CITEREFBrawn2001">Brawn 2001</a>, p. 63)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-moon_size-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-moon_size_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historically the Moon was not always considered to be large.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">Citations</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMailer200523-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMailer200523_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMailer2005">Mailer 2005</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrawn200146-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrawn200146_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrawn2001">Brawn 2001</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmythe2005334-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmythe2005334_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmythe2005">Smythe 2005</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236298596"><div class="fake-heading h3">References</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrawn2001" class="citation cs2">Brawn (2001), <i>The Moon</i>, Penguin</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Moon&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Brawn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMailer2005" class="citation cs2">Mailer (2005), <i>The Sun</i>, Oxford</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sun&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Mailer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmythe2005" class="citation cs2">Smythe (2005), <i>The Universe</i>, Random House</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Universe&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Smythe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AShortened+footnotes" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td> <td style="border-width:1px;border-style: none none none;border-color:#ddd; padding:5px; vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Errors" data-mw-thread-id="h-Errors"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Errors"></span>Errors<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Errors"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>Errors involving <code class="nowrap" style=""><ref></code> tags will be automatically displayed in article, user, template, category, help and file pages. To show error messages on talk and other pages, see <a href="/wiki/Help:Reference_display_customization" title="Help:Reference display customization">Help:Reference display customization</a>. </p><p>It is very possible to create an shortened citation that does not link to the full citation and to create full citations that do not have a matching shortened citations. Often the link and anchor may not match for some reason. To catch these errors, use the <a href="/wiki/User:Trappist_the_monk/HarvErrors" title="User:Trappist the monk/HarvErrors">User:Trappist the monk/HarvErrors</a> script. When an shortened citation does not have a matching full citation and cannot be readily resolved, then it can be tagged with <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_not_found" title="Template:Citation not found">Citation not found</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>. </p><p>It is also possible to create duplicate IDs for the shortened footnote, resulting in invalid HTML. See <a href="/wiki/Help:Markup_validation" title="Help:Markup validation">Help:Markup validation</a> for help in validating and resolving issues. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Examples" data-mw-thread-id="h-Examples"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Examples"></span>Examples<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Examples"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <p>These <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles" title="Wikipedia:Featured articles">featured articles</a> exemplify the use of shortened footnotes: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Method </th> <th>Example </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for linked shortened footnotes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actuary" title="Actuary">Actuary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/1138174871" title="Special:PermanentLink/1138174871">2023</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvnb">harvnb</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> for linked shortened footnotes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hoxne_Hoard" title="Hoxne Hoard">Hoxne Hoard</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/1143580723" title="Special:PermanentLink/1143580723">2023</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manually created links </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/1149294833" title="Special:PermanentLink/1149294833">2023</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Manually created <a href="/wiki/Template:Wikicite" title="Template:Wikicite">anchors</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/1147870425" title="Special:PermanentLink/1147870425">2023</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Un-linked shortened footnotes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Raven" title="The Raven">The Raven</a> (<a href="/wiki/Special:PermanentLink/1148828821" title="Special:PermanentLink/1148828821">2023</a>) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>This article illustrates improperly implemented shortened footnotes: </p> <ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria&oldid=478256908">Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (14:53, February 22, 2012)</a></span></li></ul> <dl><dd>The article uses <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Sfn" title="Template:Sfn">sfn</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span> (#10, 11, 12) to point to Rothenburg1976, which is a manually defined citation with no anchor (#9); the footnotes and shortened footnotes are mixed.</dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates_and_reference_anchors" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors">Wikipedia:Citation templates and reference anchors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">Help:References and page numbers</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Inlcuding: <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harv" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harv">harv</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvtxt" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvtxt">harvtxt</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcol" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcol">harvcol</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcolnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcolnb">harvcolnb</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvcoltxt" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvcoltxt">harvcoltxt</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvs" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvs">harvs</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>, and <span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Harvp" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Harvp">harvp</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">CITEREF</code> prefix allows the <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Reference_Tooltips" class="extiw" title="mw:Reference Tooltips">reference tooltips gadget</a> (<a href="/wiki/MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js" title="MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js">MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js</a>) to detect that a link goes to a citation.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">That example generates, "<span style="font-weight: bold; color: #CC0000;">Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_included_ref" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error included ref">help page</a>).</span> </ref>"</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">No original research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Biographies_of_living_persons" title="Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons">Biographies of living persons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">Medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Scientific_citation_guidelines" title="Wikipedia:Scientific citation guidelines">Scientific citations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General advice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">Citation needed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Combining_sources" title="Wikipedia:Combining sources">Combining sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Offline_sources" title="Wikipedia:Offline sources">Offline sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Overview_of_referencing_styles" title="Help:Overview of referencing styles">Referencing styles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">Citing sources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_1" title="Help:Citation Style 1">Citation Style 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_2" title="Help:Citation Style 2">Citation Style 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_Style_Vancouver" title="Help:Citation Style Vancouver">Citation Style Vancouver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bluebook_style_citation_templates" title="Category:Bluebook style citation templates">Bluebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comics_citation_templates" title="Category:Comics citation templates">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_templates" title="Wikipedia:Citation templates">Citation templates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation">Inline citations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes" title="Help:Footnotes">Footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation_and_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">Punctuation and footnotes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shortened footnotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Nesting_footnotes" title="Wikipedia:Nesting footnotes">Nesting footnotes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">Help for beginners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reftags" title="Help:Reftags">Reference-tags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citations_quick_reference" title="Help:Citations quick reference">Citations quick reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1" title="Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1">Introduction to referencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_with_citation_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners with citation templates">Referencing with citation templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners_without_using_templates" title="Help:Referencing for beginners without using templates">Referencing without using templates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:References_dos_and_don%27ts" title="Wikipedia:References dos and don'ts">Referencing dos and don'ts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Citing Wikipedia">Citing Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced help</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_link_labels" title="Help:Cite link labels">Cite link labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors" title="Help:Cite errors">Cite errors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_merging" title="Help:Citation merging">Citation merging (bundling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_messages" title="Help:Cite messages">Cite messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Converting_between_references_formats" title="Help:Converting between references formats">Converting between references formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Reference_display_customization" title="Help:Reference display customization">Reference display customization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:References_and_page_numbers" title="Help:References and page numbers">References and page numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guidance_on_source_reviewing_at_FAC" title="Wikipedia:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC">Guidance on source reviewing at FAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Footnote_templates" title="Category:Footnote templates">Footnote templates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Citation_Style_documentation" title="Template:Citation Style documentation">Citation Style documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Multiple_references" class="mw-disambig" title="Template:Multiple references">Multiple references</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Reflist" title="Template:Reflist">Reflist</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">{{</span><a href="/wiki/Template:Refbegin" title="Template:Refbegin">Refbegin</a><span class="nowrap">}}</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Find_sources" title="Help:Find sources">Find references </a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FIND" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FIND">How to find sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:List_of_bibliographies" title="Wikipedia:List of bibliographies">Bibliographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Resource_Exchange/Resource_Request" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Resource Exchange/Resource Request">Resource Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reference_desk" title="Wikipedia:Reference desk">Reference Desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Book_sources" title="Wikipedia:Book sources">Book Sources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Free_English_newspaper_sources" title="Wikipedia:Free English newspaper sources">Free newspaper sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Citation_tools" title="Help:Citation tools">Citation tools</a><br>(External links)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://citer.toolforge.org/">Citer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumsearch.org/cite/">Biomedical cite</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/citations/">Citation bot</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/makeref/">MakeRef</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/">Refill</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/">WayBack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-rlhbk","wgBackendResponseTime":154,"wgDiscussionToolsPageThreads":[{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Rationale","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Overview","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes","replies":[{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Using_{{sfn}}-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Using_{{harvnb}}-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Manual_creation-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Bundling_citations-How_to_create_shortened_footnotes","replies":[]}]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-List_of_footnotes","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Linking","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-References_list","replies":[{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Date-References_list","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-No_author-References_list","replies":[]}]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Explanatory_notes","replies":[{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Nested_footnotes-Explanatory_notes","replies":[{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Nesting_within_{{efn}}-Nested_footnotes","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Nesting_within_{{refn}}-Nested_footnotes","replies":[]}]},{"headingLevel":3,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Combined_footnotes-Explanatory_notes","replies":[{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Explanatory_notes_containing_shortened_citations-Combined_footnotes","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Explanatory_notes_containing_parenthetical_citations-Combined_footnotes","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":4,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-List-defined_explanatory_notes_containing_citations-Combined_footnotes","replies":[]}]}]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Errors","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Examples","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-See_also","replies":[]},{"headingLevel":2,"name":"h-","type":"heading","level":0,"id":"h-Notes","replies":[]}],"wgPageParseReport":{"discussiontools":{"limitreport-timeusage":"0.076"},"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.396","walltime":"1.520","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18967,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":317111,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":56915,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":196190,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 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