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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_supplying_energy_to_the_UK" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_supplying_energy_to_the_UK"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Role in supplying energy to the UK</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_supplying_energy_to_the_UK-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_expenditure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_expenditure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Associated expenditure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_expenditure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_contribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_contribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Tax contribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_contribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gas_and_oil_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gas_and_oil_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Gas and oil infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gas_and_oil_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Employment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Employment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Employment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Companies_database" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Companies_database"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Companies database</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Companies_database-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tax_contribution_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tax_contribution_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Tax contribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tax_contribution_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology_and_innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology_and_innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Technology and innovation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology_and_innovation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology and innovation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology_and_innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Exports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Industry collaboration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Health and safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health and safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulator" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulator"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Regulator</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulator-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_vision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_vision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Safety vision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_vision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Aviation safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_mariners'_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_mariners'_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Other mariners' safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_mariners'_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Environment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Atmospheric emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flaring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flaring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Flaring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flaring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_discharges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_discharges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Marine discharges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_discharges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Waste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Future_of_the_UKCS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Future_of_the_UKCS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Future of the UKCS</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Future_of_the_UKCS-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Future of the UKCS subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Future_of_the_UKCS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decommissioning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decommissioning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Decommissioning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decommissioning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exports_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exports_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>Exports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exports_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfer_to_other_industries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_to_other_industries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.2</span> <span>Transfer to other industries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_to_other_industries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_capture_and_storage_(CCS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_capture_and_storage_(CCS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.3</span> <span>Carbon capture and storage (CCS)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_capture_and_storage_(CCS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> The <b>oil and gas industry</b> plays a central role in the economy of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil and gas account for more than three-quarters of the UK's total primary energy needs.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oil provides 97 per cent of the fuel for transport, and gas is a key fuel for heating and electricity generation. Transport, heating and electricity each account for about one-third of the UK's primary energy needs. Oil and gas are also major feedstocks for the petrochemicals industries producing pharmaceuticals, plastics, cosmetics and domestic appliances.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Continental_Shelf" title="United Kingdom Continental Shelf">UK Continental Shelf</a> production peaked in 1999, in 2016 the sector produced 62,906,000<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cubic metres of oil and gas, meeting more than half of the UK's oil and gas needs. There could be up to 3.18 billion cubic metres of oil and gas still to recover from the UK's offshore fields. </p><p> In 2017, capital investment in the UK offshore oil and gas industry was £5.6 billion. Since 1970 the industry has paid almost £330 billion in production tax. About 280,000 jobs in the UK are supported by oil and gas production. The UK oil and gas supply chain services domestic activities and exports about £12 billion of goods and services to the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Oil_Production.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/UK_Oil_Production.png/220px-UK_Oil_Production.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/UK_Oil_Production.png/330px-UK_Oil_Production.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/UK_Oil_Production.png/440px-UK_Oil_Production.png 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>United Kingdom oil production 1975-2012 (data from DECC)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_oil_production-consumption.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/UK_oil_production-consumption.png/220px-UK_oil_production-consumption.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/UK_oil_production-consumption.png/330px-UK_oil_production-consumption.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/UK_oil_production-consumption.png/440px-UK_oil_production-consumption.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Petroleum production and consumption in the United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_gas_production-consumption.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UK_gas_production-consumption.png/220px-UK_gas_production-consumption.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UK_gas_production-consumption.png/330px-UK_gas_production-consumption.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/UK_gas_production-consumption.png/440px-UK_gas_production-consumption.png 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>Natural gas production and consumption in the United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom</b> produced 1.42 million <a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">BOE</a> per day<sup id="cite_ref-activity2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-activity2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2014, of which 59%<sup id="cite_ref-activity2015_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-activity2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was oil/liquids. In 2013 the UK consumed 1.508 million barrels per day (bpd) of oil and 2.735 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of gas,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so is now an importer of hydrocarbons having been a significant exporter in the 1980s and 1990s. </p><p>98% of production comes from offshore fields<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the services industry in Aberdeen has been a leader in developing technology for hydrocarbon extraction offshore. Historically most gas came from <a href="/wiki/Morecambe_Bay" title="Morecambe Bay">Morecambe Bay</a> and the Southern North Sea off East Anglia and Lincolnshire, but both areas are now in decline. Oil comes mainly from the North Sea Central Graben close to the median line with Norway in two main clusters – around the <a href="/wiki/Forties_oilfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Forties oilfield">Forties oilfield</a> east of Aberdeen and the <a href="/wiki/Brent_oilfield" title="Brent oilfield">Brent oilfield</a> east of <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>. There have been recent discoveries in challenging conditions west of Shetland.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were 15,729 kilometres (9,774 mi) of pipelines linking 113 <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">oil installations</a> and 189 gas installations.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only major onshore field is <a href="/wiki/Wytch_Farm" title="Wytch Farm">Wytch Farm</a> in Dorset but there are a handful oil wells scattered across England. There is significant shale potential in the Weald and in the <a href="/wiki/Bowland_Shale_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowland Shale Formation">Bowland Shale</a> under Lancashire & Yorkshire, but only a few wells have been drilled to date. </p><p>The UK's strengths in financial services have led it to play a leading role in energy trading through markets such as ICE Futures (formerly the <a href="/wiki/International_Petroleum_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="International Petroleum Exchange">International Petroleum Exchange</a>). The price of <a href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent Crude</a> from the British North Sea remains the major <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">benchmark</a> for the international oil trade, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Balancing_Point_(UK)" title="National Balancing Point (UK)">National Balancing Point</a> market is the benchmark for most of the gas traded across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difficult offshore conditions make the UK a high-cost producer; in 2014 the average development cost was $20.40/boe and the operating cost was $27.80/boe for a total of $48.20/boe.<sup id="cite_ref-activity2015_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-activity2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014 the industry spent £1.1bn on exploration, £14.8bn on capital investment and £9.6bn on operating costs.<sup id="cite_ref-activity2015_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-activity2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fields developed since 1993 are taxed through an additional corporation tax on profits, in 2014 the industry generated £2.8bn in direct taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-activity2015_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-activity2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Current status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Combined oil and gas production volumes in the UK were 1.3 million BOE/day in 2021 and 2022, of which 60% was oil and 40% natural gas production.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_shale_industry" title="History of the oil shale industry">History of the oil shale industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Scottish_Shale_Oil_Industry" title="Museum of the Scottish Shale Oil Industry">Museum of the Scottish Shale Oil Industry</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Timeline of the oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom">Timeline of the oil and gas industry in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>After the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Shale_oil" title="Shale oil">shale oil</a> industry reached its peak in the 19th century, the British government became increasingly concerned to find secure sources of fuel oil for the Royal Navy. This led to a nationwide search for onshore oil during the First World War and a modest discovery of oil at <a href="/wiki/Hardstoft" title="Hardstoft">Hardstoft</a> in Derbyshire. </p><p>The UK relied on imports of fuel from the United States and the Middle East. Imports in the period 1912 to 1919 were as follows.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>UK petroleum imports, 1912 to 1919 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">UK import 1912 </th> <th colspan="2">Port of London import 1913 </th> <th colspan="2">Port of London import 1919 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Oil type </th> <th>Import m<sup>3</sup> </th> <th>Value £/m<sup>3</sup> </th> <th>Import m<sup>3</sup> </th> <th>Value £/m<sup>3</sup> </th> <th>Import m<sup>3</sup> </th> <th>Value £/m<sup>3</sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Crude oil </td> <td>51.0 </td> <td>4.45 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lamp oil </td> <td>665,353 </td> <td>1.54 </td> <td>317,618 </td> <td>3.67 </td> <td>284,534 </td> <td>9.13 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Petroleum spirit </td> <td>379,872 </td> <td>3.45 </td> <td>318,955 </td> <td>8.06 </td> <td>575,077 </td> <td>17.32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lubricating oil </td> <td>301,835 </td> <td>2.31 </td> <td>119,542 </td> <td>7.92 </td> <td>145,222 </td> <td>22.58 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fuel oil </td> <td>217,864 </td> <td>0.89 </td> <td>215,691 </td> <td>2.73 </td> <td>189,772 </td> <td>6.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gas oil </td> <td>333,845 </td> <td>1.15 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The country's oil resources were nationalised by the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_(Production)_Act_1934" title="Petroleum (Production) Act 1934">Petroleum (Production) Act 1934</a> (<a href="/wiki/24_%26_25_Geo._5" class="mw-redirect" title="24 & 25 Geo. 5">24 & 25 Geo. 5</a>. c. 36), and a fresh attempt was made to find oil on the UK mainland. The outbreak of World War II accelerated this search and led to a number of wells being drilled, primarily around <a href="/wiki/Eakring#World_War_II_oil" title="Eakring">Eakring</a> in the East Midlands near <a href="/wiki/Sherwood_Forest" title="Sherwood Forest">Sherwood Forest</a>. During World War II over 300,000 tons of oil or 2,250,000 barrels was produced by 170 pumps; and production continued until the mid-1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viable oil extraction also occurred at <a href="/wiki/D%27Arcy,_Midlothian" title="D'Arcy, Midlothian">D'Arcy, Midlothian</a> with 30,654 barrels of oil produced in the period 1937–1965.<sup id="cite_ref-geologist_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geologist-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, the focus turned to southern England where oil was discovered in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Triassic_Sherwood_Sands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triassic Sherwood Sands (page does not exist)">Triassic Sherwood Sands</a> formation at 1,600 metres (5,200 ft), followed by the development of the <a href="/wiki/Wytch_Farm" title="Wytch Farm">Wytch Farm oilfield</a>. The link between onshore and offshore oil in the North Sea was made after the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Groningen_gas_field" title="Groningen gas field">Groningen gas field</a> in The Netherlands in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exploration_and_appraisal">Exploration and appraisal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exploration and appraisal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drilling">Drilling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Drilling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1965, 3,970<sup id="cite_ref-decc.gov.uk_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decc.gov.uk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exploration and appraisal wells have been drilled offshore on the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Continental_Shelf" title="United Kingdom Continental Shelf">United Kingdom Continental Shelf</a>. In 2014, 104 new wells and 54 sidetracks were drilled.<sup id="cite_ref-activity2015_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-activity2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over four decades since the 1960s, the industry has spent £58 billion by 2008 (equivalent to £98 billion in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on exploration drilling.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, £1.4 billion was spent finding new oil and gas reserves.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discoveries">Discoveries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Discoveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, 300–400 million barrels (48,000,000–64,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of oil and gas equivalent (<a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">BOE</a>) were discovered. The average size of the oil and gas fields discovered between 2000 and 2008 was 26 million BOE,<sup id="cite_ref-woodmacresearch.com_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodmacresearch.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared with an average of 248 million BOE in the ten years from 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-woodmacresearch.com_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodmacresearch.com-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, between 2.2 to 4.4 to 8.6 billon barrel's worth of oil embedded in <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a> was discovered in the <a href="/wiki/Weald_Basin" title="Weald Basin">Weald Basin</a>, although it is unlikely to be recoverable.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, the UK was the 14th largest oil and gas producer in the world (10th largest gas producer and 19th largest oil producer).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe the UK is second only to Norway in oil and gas production. </p><p>Oil and gas production from the UK sector of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> peaked in 1999, but the UK remains a substantial producer today. Over the last four decades, 39 billion <a href="/wiki/Barrel_of_oil_equivalent" title="Barrel of oil equivalent">BOE</a> have been extracted on the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS).<sup id="cite_ref-og.decc.gov.uk_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-og.decc.gov.uk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the combined production of oil and gas was 1 billion BOE (549 million barrels (87,300,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of oil and 68 billion <a href="/wiki/Cubic_metre" title="Cubic metre">cubic metres</a> of gas). This represented a fall of 5% compared with 2007 (6% oil and 3% gas), a slight improvement on the decline rate in 2002-2007 which averaged 7.5% per annum.<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgas.org.uk_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgas.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_supplying_energy_to_the_UK">Role in supplying energy to the UK</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Role in supplying energy to the UK"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2008, just over three-quarters of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">primary energy</a> demand was met by oil and gas. In 2008, oil produced on the UKCS satisfied almost all domestic consumption (97%) while gas produced in the UK met about three quarters of demand.<sup id="cite_ref-decc.gov.uk_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decc.gov.uk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, it is estimated that 70% of primary energy consumed in the UK will still come from oil and gas, even upon achievement of the government's target to source 20% of energy from renewable sources.<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgas.org.uk_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgas.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This will be a combination of oil and gas produced domestically and imports. The UKCS has the potential to satisfy 40% of the UK's oil and gas demand in 2020, if investment is sustained.<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgas.org.uk_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgas.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_expenditure">Associated expenditure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Associated expenditure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the last four decades, a total of £210 billion (2008 money, equivalent to £354 billion in 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been invested in developing new resources.<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgas.org.uk_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgas.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, this figure was £4.8 billion,<sup id="cite_ref-decc.gov.uk_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decc.gov.uk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 20% decrease since 2006. An additional £147 billion (2008 money)<sup id="cite_ref-decc.gov.uk_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decc.gov.uk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been spent on producing the oil and gas and in 2008, operating costs were £6.8 billion (equivalent to £10 billion in 2023),<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-UK_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-UK-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an increase on 2007. The development cost of some of the early UK North Sea oil fields are shown in the table:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Development costs of early North Sea oil fields </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Field </th> <th>Production start </th> <th>Development cost $ million </th> <th>Peak production 1,000 barrels/day </th> <th>$/barrel/day </th></tr> <tr> <td>Argyll </td> <td>1975 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>1,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Forties </td> <td>1975 </td> <td>1,460 </td> <td>500 </td> <td>2,900 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Auk </td> <td>1975 </td> <td>135 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>1,700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Piper </td> <td>1976 </td> <td>750 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>2,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Montrose </td> <td>1976 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>4,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beryl </td> <td>1976 </td> <td>800 </td> <td>100 </td> <td>8,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brent </td> <td>1976 </td> <td>3,600 </td> <td>460 </td> <td>8,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Claymore </td> <td>1977 </td> <td>540 </td> <td>170 </td> <td>3,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thistle </td> <td>1977 </td> <td>1,000 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>5,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dunlin </td> <td>1978 </td> <td>960 </td> <td>150 </td> <td>6,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ninian </td> <td>1978 </td> <td>2,100 </td> <td>360 </td> <td>5,800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Heather </td> <td>1978 </td> <td>450 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>9,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cormorant </td> <td>1979 </td> <td>740 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>12,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tartan </td> <td>1979 </td> <td>430 </td> <td>85 </td> <td>5,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Buchan </td> <td>1979 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>4,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Murchison </td> <td>1980 </td> <td>725 </td> <td>120 </td> <td>6,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td> </td> <td><b>14,210</b> </td> <td><b>2,815</b> </td> <td><b>5,000 (mean)</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax_contribution">Tax contribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tax contribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oil and gas production from the UKCS has contributed £271 billion (2008 money) in <a href="/wiki/Tax_revenue" title="Tax revenue">tax revenues</a> over the last forty years.<sup id="cite_ref-hmrc.gov.uk_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmrc.gov.uk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, tax rates on UKCS production ranged from 50 to 75%, depending on the field. The industry paid £12.9 billion<sup id="cite_ref-hmrc.gov.uk_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmrc.gov.uk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in corporate taxes in 2008–9, the largest since the mid-1980s, because of high oil and <a href="/wiki/Price_of_petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Price of petroleum">gas prices</a>. This represented 28% of total <a href="/wiki/Corporation_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporation tax">corporation tax</a> paid in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-hmrc.gov.uk_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmrc.gov.uk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is expected that tax revenues from production will fall to £6.9 billion in 2009-10<sup id="cite_ref-hmrc.gov.uk_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hmrc.gov.uk-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on an oil price of $47 per barrel, providing 20% of total corporation taxes. In addition to production taxes, the <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chain</a> contributes another £5-6 billion per year in corporation and payroll taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgas.org.uk_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgas.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gas_and_oil_infrastructure">Gas and oil infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gas and oil infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Oil_%26_gas_schematic.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/UK_Oil_%26_gas_schematic.tif/lossless-page1-220px-UK_Oil_%26_gas_schematic.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/UK_Oil_%26_gas_schematic.tif/lossless-page1-330px-UK_Oil_%26_gas_schematic.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/UK_Oil_%26_gas_schematic.tif/lossless-page1-440px-UK_Oil_%26_gas_schematic.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of UK oil and gas infrastructure</figcaption></figure> <p>A schematic overview of the sources, flow, infrastructure, processes and export routes of UK oil and gas is shown on the schematic, adapted from.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further details are given in the following tables. The infrastructure used to transport gas from offshore gas fields to the gas <a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">National Transmission System</a> is shown in the table below.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-decc.gov.uk_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-decc.gov.uk-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oilandgas.org.uk_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgas.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes import routes of gas from other sources. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Offshore gas production and gas import routes into the UK </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Gas source </th> <th>Pipeline </th> <th>Receiving Terminal </th> <th>National Grid Terminal (NTS entry) </th> <th>Status </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sean_gas_field" title="Sean gas field">Sean</a> hub </td> <td>30-inch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacton_Gas_Terminal" title="Bacton Gas Terminal">Bacton</a> </td> <td>NG Bacton </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leman_gas_field" title="Leman gas field">Leman</a> West hub </td> <td>30-inch </td> <td>Shell Bacton </td> <td>NG Bacton </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clipper_gas_field" title="Clipper gas field">Clipper</a> hub </td> <td>24-inch </td> <td>Shell Bacton </td> <td>NG Bacton </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shearwater Elgin SEAL hub </td> <td>34-inch SEAL </td> <td>Shell Bacton </td> <td>NG Bacton </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leman East hub </td> <td>2 × 30-inch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perenco" title="Perenco">Perenco</a> Bacton </td> <td>NG Bacton </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_gas_field" title="Cygnus gas field">Cygnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyne,_Trent_and_Tors_gas_fields" title="Tyne, Trent and Tors gas fields">Trent</a> </td> <td>24-inch </td> <td>Perenco Bacton </td> <td>NG Bacton </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thames_gas_field" title="Thames gas field">Thames</a> </td> <td>24-inch </td> <td>Perenco Bacton </td> <td>NG Bacton </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthurian_gas_fields" title="Arthurian gas fields">Lancelot</a> A </td> <td>20-inch LAPS </td> <td>Perenco Bacton </td> <td>NG Bacton </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hewett_gas_field" title="Hewett gas field">Hewett</a> </td> <td>2 × 30-inch </td> <td>Perenco Bacton </td> <td>NG Bacton </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire_Offshore_Gas_Gathering_System" title="Lincolnshire Offshore Gas Gathering System">LOGGS</a> hub </td> <td>36-inch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theddlethorpe_Gas_Terminal" title="Theddlethorpe Gas Terminal">Theddlethorpe</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a>) </td> <td>NG Theddlethorpe see note </td> <td>Closed demolished </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viking_gas_field" title="Viking gas field">Viking</a> hub </td> <td>28-inch </td> <td>Theddlethorpe </td> <td>NG Theddlethorpe </td> <td>Closed demolished </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pickerill_and_Juliet_gas_fields" title="Pickerill and Juliet gas fields">Pickerill</a> </td> <td>24-inch </td> <td>Theddlethorpe </td> <td>NG Theddlethorpe </td> <td>Closed demolished </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caister_Murdoch_System_gas_fields" title="Caister Murdoch System gas fields">Caister Murdoch System</a> CMS hub </td> <td>26-inch </td> <td>Theddlethorpe </td> <td>NG Theddlethorpe </td> <td>Closed demolished </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Sole_gas_field" title="West Sole gas field">West Sole</a> </td> <td>16-inch, 24-inch </td> <td>Easington </td> <td>NG Easington </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleeton_gas_field_and_hub" title="Cleeton gas field and hub">Cleeton</a> </td> <td>36-inch </td> <td>Dimlington </td> <td>NG Easington </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rough </td> <td>36-inch, 16-inch </td> <td>Easington </td> <td>NG Easington </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amethyst_gasfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Amethyst gasfield">Amethyst</a> </td> <td>30-inch </td> <td>Easington </td> <td>NG Easington </td> <td>Field decommissioned </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tolmount_gas_field" title="Tolmount gas field">Tolmount</a> </td> <td>20-inch </td> <td>Easington </td> <td>NG Easington </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Breagh_gas_field" title="Breagh gas field">Breagh</a> </td> <td>20-inch </td> <td>Teesside Gas Processing Plant TGPP </td> <td>NG Teesside </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CATS riser & Everest platform </td> <td>36-inch CATS </td> <td>Teesside </td> <td>NG Teesside </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frigg_gas_field" title="Frigg gas field">Frigg</a> via MCP1 </td> <td>2 × 30-inch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St_Fergus_Gas_Terminal" title="St Fergus Gas Terminal">St Fergus</a> </td> <td>NG St Fergus </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brent_oilfield" title="Brent oilfield">Brent</a> & some Norwegian fields </td> <td>36-inch FLAGS </td> <td>St Fergus </td> <td>NG St Fergus </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beryl A </td> <td>30-inch SAGE </td> <td>St Fergus </td> <td>NG St Fergus </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Miller_oilfield" title="Miller oilfield">Miller</a> </td> <td>30-inch </td> <td>St Fergus </td> <td>NG St Fergus </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fulmar_Oil_Field" title="Fulmar Oil Field">Fulmar</a> </td> <td>20-inch </td> <td>St Fergus </td> <td>NG St Fergus </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rampside_Gas_Terminal" title="Rampside Gas Terminal">South Morecambe</a> </td> <td>30-inch </td> <td>South Morecambe Rampside </td> <td>NG Barrow </td> <td>Closed </td></tr> <tr> <td>North Morecambe </td> <td>30-inch </td> <td>North Morecambe Barrow </td> <td>NG Barrow </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>‘Rivers’ fields </td> <td>24-inch </td> <td>Rivers terminal then to North Morecambe terminal </td> <td>– </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Douglas </td> <td>24-inch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Point_of_Ayr_Gas_Terminal" title="Point of Ayr Gas Terminal">Point of Ayr</a> </td> <td>NG Burton Point </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Gas import from outside the UK </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Balgzand, Netherlands </td> <td>36-inch Bacton–Balgzand BBL </td> <td>Shell Bacton </td> <td>NG Bacton </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zeebrugge, Belgium </td> <td>40-inch UKI Interconnector </td> <td>National Grid Bacton </td> <td>NG Bacton </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nyhamna & Sleipner, Norway </td> <td>44-inch <a href="/wiki/Langeled_pipeline" title="Langeled pipeline">Langeled</a> </td> <td>Easington </td> <td>NG Easington </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gormanston, Ireland </td> <td>18-inch </td> <td>Ballyalbanagh, Co. Antrim </td> <td>Gas flow into Northern Ireland via the South North Pipeline (SNP) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)</a> </td> <td>Tanker and storage </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grain_LNG_Terminal" title="Grain LNG Terminal">Grain LNG</a> </td> <td>NG Isle of Grain </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>LNG </td> <td>Tanker and storage </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Hook_LNG_terminal" title="South Hook LNG terminal">South Hook</a> </td> <td>NG South Hook </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>LNG </td> <td>Tanker and storage </td> <td>Dragon </td> <td>NG Dragon </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note: The Theddlethorpe reception terminal and the National Grid terminal have been demolished. </p><p>The gas export routes from the UK are as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Gas export routes from the UK </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Gas source </th> <th>Export terminal </th> <th>Pipeline </th> <th>Receiving terminal </th></tr> <tr> <td>Shell fields </td> <td>Shell Bacton </td> <td>36-inch Bacton–Balgzand BBL </td> <td>Balgzand, Netherlands </td></tr> <tr> <td>NTS Bacton </td> <td>National Grid Bacton </td> <td>40-inch UKI Interconnector </td> <td>Zeebrugge, Belgium </td></tr> <tr> <td>NTS Moffat </td> <td>Moffat–Brighouse Bay, Scotland </td> <td>24-inch UK-Irish Gas interconnector 1 </td> <td>Gormanston, Ireland </td></tr> <tr> <td>NTS Moffat </td> <td>Moffat–Brighouse Bay, Scotland </td> <td>30-inch UK-Irish Gas interconnector 2 </td> <td>Gormanston, Ireland; 10-inch spur to Isle of Man </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Markham,_Washington" title="Markham, Washington">Markham</a>, Chiswick, Grove 24-inch pipeline </td> <td>J6-A platform, Netherlands </td> <td>WGT (+ extension) pipeline </td> <td>Den Helder, Netherlands </td></tr> <tr> <td>Minke, Orca, Sillimanite, Wingate 8-inch, 12-inch, 12-inch pipelines </td> <td>D15-FA platform, Netherlands </td> <td>Noordgastransport pipeline </td> <td>Uithuizen, Netherlands </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pipeline acronyms</b> </p><p>BBL – Bacton–Balgzand Line; CATS – Central Area Transmission System; FLAGS – Far North Liquids and Associated Gas System; LAPS – Lancelot Area Pipeline System; LOGGS – Lincolnshire Offshore Gas Gathering System; MCP01 – Manifold Compression Platform 01; SAGE – Scottish Area Gas Evacuation; SEAL – Shearwater Elgin Area Line; UKI – United Kingdom Interconnector 1. </p><p>The infrastructure used to transport oil from UK offshore oil fields for use or export is shown in the table below:<sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>UK oil production </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Oil source </th> <th>Pipeline </th> <th>Receiving Terminal </th> <th>Then to: </th> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Forties_pipeline_system" title="Forties pipeline system">Forties pipeline system</a> </td> <td>36-inch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cruden_Bay" title="Cruden Bay">Cruden Bay</a> </td> <td>Kinneil facility </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piper_oilfield" title="Piper oilfield">Piper</a> platform </td> <td>30-inch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flotta_oil_terminal" title="Flotta oil terminal">Flotta terminal</a> </td> <td>Crude stabilization then tanker loading of stabilized crude </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Claymore_oilfield" title="Claymore oilfield">Claymore</a> platform </td> <td>30-inch </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Claymore_oilfield" title="Claymore oilfield">Claymore</a> TEE on Piper-Flotta line </td> <td>– </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ninian_Central_Platform" title="Ninian Central Platform">Ninian Central</a> hub </td> <td>36-inch </td> <td>Sullom Voe </td> <td rowspan="3">Crude stabilization then tanker loading of stabilized crude </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brent C hub via <a href="/wiki/Cormorant_oilfield" title="Cormorant oilfield">Cormorant</a> A </td> <td>36-inch </td> <td>Sullom Voe </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Clair_oilfield" title="Clair oilfield">Clair</a> platform </td> <td>22-inch </td> <td>Sullom Voe </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fields produced by FPSO or using tanker e.g. Alba FSU, Captain FPSO, Douglas CALM & FPSO, Gryphon A </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>UK and international markets </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">Norwegian field produced through the UK </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ekofisk_oil_field" title="Ekofisk oil field">Ekofisk</a> </td> <td>34-inch <a href="/wiki/Norpipe" title="Norpipe">NORPIPE</a> </td> <td>Teesside </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>For a full list see <i><a href="/wiki/Oil_terminals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Oil terminals in the United Kingdom">Oil terminals in the United Kingdom</a></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Employment">Employment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2008, some 450,000 jobs throughout <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">the United Kingdom</a> were supported by the servicing of activity on the UKCS and in the export of oil and gas related goods and services around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgas.org.uk_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgas.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exploration for and extraction of oil and gas from the UKCS accounted for around 350,000 of these; this comprised 34,000 directly employed by oil and gas companies and their major contractors, plus 230,000 within the wider supply chain. Another 89,000 jobs were supported by the economic activity induced by employees' spending. In addition, a thriving exports business is estimated to support a further 100,000 jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgas.org.uk_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgas.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2013 an Industry Job Site www.oilandgaspeople.com predicted that over 50,000 new jobs would be created within the industry that year as new technology makes marginal fields more viable. </p><p>Whilst the oil and gas industry provides work across the whole of the UK, Scotland benefits the most, with around 195,000 jobs, or 44% of the total. 21% of the workforce is from <a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East England</a>, 15% from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">North of England</a>, and 12% from the <a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a> . Each £billion spent on the UKCS supports approximately 20,000 jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgas.org.uk_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgas.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Companies_database">Companies database</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Companies database"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Set up in 1996, First Point Assessment Limited (FPAL)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the key tool used by oil and gas companies to identify and select current and potential suppliers when awarding contracts or purchase orders. The organisation operates as a neutral, industry-steered organisation, improving efficiency in the oil and gas supply chain. FPAL currently matches the needs of over 70 purchasing organisations with the capabilities of over 2,400 suppliers. This organisation is dissolved as of 5 September 2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tax_contribution_2">Tax contribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tax contribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jobs in the UK oil and gas industry are highly skilled and well rewarded. 2008 salaries averaged circa £50,000 a year across a broad sample of supply chain companies, with the Exchequer benefiting by £19,500 per head in payroll taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgas.org.uk_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgas.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology_and_innovation">Technology and innovation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Technology and innovation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The operating environment in the waters around the UK is harsh and demanding. To overcome the challenges of recovering oil and gas from increasingly difficult reservoirs and deeper waters, the North Sea has developed a position at the forefront of offshore engineering, particularly in subsea technology. Many new oil and gas fields in the UK are small, technically complex and economically marginal. Often recovery from these fields is achieved by subsea developments tied back to existing installations and infrastructure, over varying distances measured in tens of kilometres. Innovative technology is also a critical component in the recovery of reserves from high pressure, high temperature (HPHT), <a href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">heavy crude oil</a> and deep water fields. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exports">Exports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Exports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UK exports of oil-related goods and services have been estimated at more than 10 billion a year in value.<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgas.org.uk_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgas.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This amount is a reflection of how well established the UK's supply chain is internationally. The competence of its people and the quality of its technology, particularly subset, are very much in demand in oil and gas provinces around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_collaboration">Industry collaboration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Industry collaboration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Industry's Technology Facilitator (ITF)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identifies needs and facilitates the development of new technology to meet those needs through joint industry projects with up to 100% funding available for promising solutions. Since its creation ten years ago, ITF has helped oil and gas producers, <a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">service companies</a> and technology developers to work collaboratively, developing 137 technology projects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_safety">Health and safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Health and safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The safety, health and welfare of offshore workers in the United Kingdom's sector of the North Sea had been secured since 1971 by the <a href="/wiki/Mineral_Working_(Offshore_Installations)_Act_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral Working (Offshore Installations) Act 1971">Mineral Workings (Offshore Installations) Act 1971</a> and its subsidiary legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_at_Work_etc._Act_1974" title="Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974">Health and Safety at Work, etc. Act 1974</a> was administered on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health and Safety Executive</a> by the Petroleum Engineering Division of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy_and_Climate_Change" title="Department of Energy and Climate Change">Department of Energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Piper_Alpha" title="Piper Alpha">Piper Alpha</a> disaster in 1988, the 106 recommendations of the Public Inquiry by <a href="/wiki/William_Cullen,_Baron_Cullen_of_Whitekirk" title="William Cullen, Baron Cullen of Whitekirk">Lord Cullen</a> proposed fundamental changes to the regulation of offshore safety.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These included the preparation and publication of Safety Cases, the strengthening of Safety Management Systems, independent assessment and survey, legislative changes and changing the regulatory body.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responsibility for offshore safety was transferred in 1991 from the Department of Energy to the Health and Safety Executive. The <a href="/wiki/Offshore_Safety_Act_1992" title="Offshore Safety Act 1992">Offshore Safety Act 1992</a> legally implemented many of the Inquiry recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulator">Regulator</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Regulator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Health_and_Safety_Executive" title="Health and Safety Executive">Health & Safety Executive</a> (HSE)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the UK offshore oil and gas industry regulator and is organised into a number of directorates. The Hazardous Installations Directorate (HID) is the operational arm responsible for major hazards. A dedicated Offshore Division within HID is responsible for the enforcement of regulations in the offshore oil and gas industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_vision">Safety vision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Safety vision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Set up 1997, Step Change in Safety<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the UK based cross-industry partnership with the remit to make the UK the safest oil and gas exploration and production province in the world. Its initial aim was to reduce the injury rate by 50%, which was achieved in 2003. Step Change in Safety's work is now focused in three areas: recognising hazards and reducing risk, personal ownership for safety and asset integrity. Communication between Step Change in Safety and the industry is through elected safety representatives, offshore installation managers and supervisors, safety professionals and company focal points. These individuals are consulted on what needs to be done and are charged with ensuring that the Step Change programme is implemented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>HSE publishes fatal, major and over-three-day injuries as well as dangerous occurrences under the <a href="/wiki/Reporting_of_Injuries,_Diseases_and_Dangerous_Occurrences_Regulations" title="Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations">Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations</a> (RIDDOR). </p><p>RIDDOR does not apply to events that are reportable under the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Air_Navigation_(Investigation_of_Air_Accidents_involving_Civil_and_Military_Aircraft_or_Installations)_Regulations_1986&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Air Navigation (Investigation of Air Accidents involving Civil and Military Aircraft or Installations) Regulations 1986 (page does not exist)">Air Navigation (Investigation of Air Accidents involving Civil and Military Aircraft or Installations) Regulations 1986</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Aviation_(Investigation_of_Air_Accidents)_Regulations_1989&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Aviation (Investigation of Air Accidents) Regulations 1989 (page does not exist)">Civil Aviation (Investigation of Air Accidents) Regulations 1989</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Shipping_Act_1988" title="Merchant Shipping Act 1988">Merchant Shipping Act 1988</a>, and orders and regulations made thereunder – therefore, industry-related aviation and marine accidents which are covered by any of the above regulations are not included in the RIDDOR-derived statistics. In 2007/8 and 2008/9, there were no fatalities, compared with two in 2006/7 and 2005/6. During 2008/9, 30 major injuries were reported compared with 44 in 2007/8. This resulted in a combined fatal and major injury rate of 106 per 100,000 workers, down from 156 and 146 in 2007/8 and 2006/7 respectively. The number of over-three-day injuries has fallen this year by 5% to 140, representing an over-three-day injury rate of 496 per 100,000 workers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation_safety">Aviation safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Aviation safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aberdeen is the busiest heliport in the UK with 47,000 flights in 2008 transporting workers to and from offshore installations on the UKCS.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1977 and the end of 2006, just over 56 million passengers were transported by helicopter from all UK heliports to and from offshore installations on the UKCS. More than 6.5 million sectors were flown, taking nearly 3 million flying hours. During this time, seven fatal helicopter accidents claimed the lives of 94 offshore workers and flight crew.<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgasuk.co.uk_2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgasuk.co.uk_2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government data for the period 1995 to 2004 show that with the exception of rail, the yearly passenger casualty rate for offshore helicopter travel is much better than most forms of land-based passenger transport and of a similar order to travelling by car.<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgasuk.co.uk_2_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgasuk.co.uk_2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Offshore helicopter passengers are equipped for their journey with survival suits and other aids and undergo survival training. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_mariners'_safety"><span id="Other_mariners.27_safety"></span>Other mariners' safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other mariners' safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Fisheries Legacy Trust Company's (FLTC)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> main function is to help keep fishermen safe in UK waters. It does this by building a <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trust fund</a> (based on payments from oil and gas producers) which can be used to maintain comprehensive, up-to-date information on all seabed hazards related to oil and gas activities for as long as they remain, and to make this data available for use by fishing vessel plotters found on board in wheelhouses all around the <a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">UK coastline</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The industry's vision which guides the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental management">environmental management</a> process is to understand and manage environmental risks to achieve demonstrable no harm levels by 2020. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmospheric_emissions">Atmospheric emissions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Atmospheric emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UK oil and gas installations participate in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Emission_Trading_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Emission Trading Scheme">European Union Emission Trading Scheme</a> (EU ETS) which aims to reduce emissions of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and combat the threat of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere in three ways during production operations: combustion of fuel for <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">power generation</a>, flaring (a process used to burn off unusable waste gas or flammable gas and liquids for safety reasons) and direct process emissions. Over the years, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions" title="List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions">carbon dioxide emissions</a> in tonnes have steadily decreased with a 10% reduction in 2007 compared with 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgasuk.co.uk_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgasuk.co.uk-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007, 17 million tonnes of carbon dioxide were emitted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flaring">Flaring</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Flaring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_volume_gas_burner.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/High_volume_gas_burner.JPG/220px-High_volume_gas_burner.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/High_volume_gas_burner.JPG/330px-High_volume_gas_burner.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/High_volume_gas_burner.JPG/440px-High_volume_gas_burner.JPG 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Enclosed high-efficiency shale gas methane burner</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coryton_refinery_flare_stacks_and_Occidental_jetty_-_Mar_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coryton_refinery_flare_stacks_and_Occidental_jetty_-_Mar_1981.jpg/220px-Coryton_refinery_flare_stacks_and_Occidental_jetty_-_Mar_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coryton_refinery_flare_stacks_and_Occidental_jetty_-_Mar_1981.jpg/330px-Coryton_refinery_flare_stacks_and_Occidental_jetty_-_Mar_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Coryton_refinery_flare_stacks_and_Occidental_jetty_-_Mar_1981.jpg/440px-Coryton_refinery_flare_stacks_and_Occidental_jetty_-_Mar_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5040" data-file-height="3360" /></a><figcaption>Coryton refinery flare stacks and Occidental jetty - Mar 1981</figcaption></figure> <p>Open <a href="/wiki/Gas_flare" title="Gas flare">gas flares</a> for well tests are not permitted in the UK. <a href="/wiki/Gas_venting" title="Gas venting">Release of unburned gas</a> is also not permitted by the Environment Agency/SEPA.<sup id="cite_ref-air_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-air-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The low temperature of combustion in open flaring, and incomplete mixing of oxygen means that carbon in methane may not be burned, leading to a sooty smoke, and potential <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">VOC</a>/<a href="/wiki/BTEX" class="mw-redirect" title="BTEX">BTEX</a> contamination. Radon gas exists in very low concentrations in shale gas and in North Sea gas, but the levels predicted fall below any level of concern (300 microseiverts p.a.). </p><p>In exploration wells, where flow rates are expected to be 10 tonnes of gas per day, testing is licensed by the Environment Agency to 30 days, extendable to 90 days. Enclosed burners are available that will ensure low levels of light pollution, little noise, and 99+% combustion and destruction of VOCs/BTEX, at around 800 C.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Well testing is used to estimate the productivity of the well. In testing a production well, the test can be made by flowing into the production pipeline. This means that no gases would be lost, and flaring would not be necessary. This is known as a 'green completion'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_discharges">Marine discharges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Marine discharges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Discharges into the sea can occur either through accidental release (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spill</a>) or in the course of normal operations. In 2007, 59 tonnes of oil in total<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgasuk.co.uk_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgasuk.co.uk-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was accidentally released into the marine environment, which, in open sea, will have a negligible environmental impact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waste">Waste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Waste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Types of waste generated offshore vary and include <a href="/wiki/Drill_cuttings" title="Drill cuttings">drill cuttings</a> and powder, recovered oil, crude contaminated material, chemicals, drums, containers, sludges, tank washings, <a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">scrap metal</a> and segregated recyclables. The majority of wastes produced offshore are transferred onshore where the main routes of disposal are landfill, incineration, recycling and reuse. Drill cuttings are also re-injected into wells offshore. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Future_of_the_UKCS">Future of the UKCS</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Future of the UKCS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_2">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BP_Ravenspurn_North_offshore_installation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/BP_Ravenspurn_North_offshore_installation.jpg/220px-BP_Ravenspurn_North_offshore_installation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/BP_Ravenspurn_North_offshore_installation.jpg/330px-BP_Ravenspurn_North_offshore_installation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/BP_Ravenspurn_North_offshore_installation.jpg/440px-BP_Ravenspurn_North_offshore_installation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>BP Ravenspurn North offshore installation</figcaption></figure> <p>39 billion barrels (6.2<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) of oil and gas have been produced on the UKCS and up to 25 billion barrels (4.0<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) are left.<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgas.org.uk_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgas.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the UK could still be producing significant amounts of oil and gas for decades to come. It is estimated that in 2020, UK production could still meet 40%<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgas.org.uk_22-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgas.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the nation's demand for oil and gas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decommissioning">Decommissioning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Decommissioning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The principal legislation for decommissioning offshore infrastructure when production ceases is OSPAR Decision 98/3 on Disposal of Disused Offshore Installations. Under OSPAR legislation, only installations that fulfil certain criteria (on the grounds of safety and/or technical limitations) are eligible for derogation (that is, leaving the structure, or part of, in place on the seabed). All other installations must be totally removed from the seabed. During the next two decades, the industry will begin to decommission many of the installations that have been producing oil and gas for the past forty years. There are approximately 470 installations to be decommissioned, including very large ones with concrete sub-structures, small, large and very large steel platforms, and subsea and floating equipment, the vast majority of which will have to be totally removed to the shore for dismantling and disposal. Some 10,000 kilometres of pipelines, 15 onshore terminals and around 5,000 wells are also part of the infrastructure planned to be gradually phased out, although some, or parts, of the onshore terminals will remain because they are import points for gas pipelines from Norway and the Netherlands. Decommissioning is a complex process, representing a considerable challenge on many fronts and encompassing technical, economic, environmental, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">health and safety</a> issues. Expenditure is therefore projected to be £19 billion by 2030, rising to £23 billion by 2040, for existing facilities. New facilities could add another £2-3 billion to the decommissioning cost, raising the total to circa £25 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgas.org.uk_22-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgas.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shell_Leman_26A_offshore_installation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Shell_Leman_26A_offshore_installation.jpg/220px-Shell_Leman_26A_offshore_installation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Shell_Leman_26A_offshore_installation.jpg/330px-Shell_Leman_26A_offshore_installation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Shell_Leman_26A_offshore_installation.jpg/440px-Shell_Leman_26A_offshore_installation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Shell Leman 26A offshore installation</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exports_2">Exports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Exports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The export of oilfield goods and services developed by the UK over forty years are in demand around the world. In 2008, approximately £5 billion<sup id="cite_ref-oilandgas.org.uk_22-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oilandgas.org.uk-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was earned through such exports. As <a href="/wiki/World_energy_resources_and_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="World energy resources and consumption">energy demand</a> around the world grows, so too will the need for technology and expertise required to satisfy it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transfer_to_other_industries">Transfer to other industries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Transfer to other industries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marine technology, skills and expertise pioneered in oil and gas are important in the design, installation and maintenance of offshore <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a> and hence have found roles in the continuing evolution of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>. The industry has led the way in the development of drilling, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and geophysical technology. All three areas of expertise are used by scientists and engineers elsewhere, whether examining Antarctic <a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">ice core</a> samples, raising <a href="/wiki/Sunken_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunken ship">sunken ship</a> wrecks or studying the <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">ocean floor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carbon_capture_and_storage_(CCS)"><span id="Carbon_capture_and_storage_.28CCS.29"></span><a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a> (CCS)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Carbon capture and storage (CCS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To prevent carbon dioxide building up in the atmosphere it has been theorised that it can be captured and stored, such as the working CCS at the Sleipner field offshore Norway, among other examples. CCS is undertaken by combining three distinct processes: capturing the carbon dioxide at a <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power station</a> or other major <a href="/wiki/Industrial_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial process">industrial plant</a>, transporting it by pipeline or by tanker, and then storing it in geological formations. Some of the best natural repositories are depleted oil and gas fields, such as those in the North Sea. The oil and gas industry's knowledge of undersea geology, reservoir management and <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipeline transport</a> will play an important role in making this technology work effectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Act" title="Petroleum Act">Petroleum Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Act" title="Gas Act">Gas Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_and_gas_fields_of_the_North_Sea" title="List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea">List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onshore_oil_and_gas_fields_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Onshore oil and gas fields in the United Kingdom">Onshore oil and gas fields in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_terminals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Oil terminals in the United Kingdom">Oil terminals in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_refining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Petroleum refining in the United Kingdom">Petroleum refining in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_gas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Shale gas in the United Kingdom">Shale gas in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_fuel_supply_crisis" title="2021 United Kingdom fuel supply crisis">2021 United Kingdom fuel crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_land_law" title="English land law">English land law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_gas_industry" title="Isle of Man gas industry">Isle of Man gas industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93Ireland_natural_gas_interconnectors" title="United Kingdom–Ireland natural gas interconnectors">United Kingdom–Ireland natural gas interconnectors</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HiTemp+Technology&rft.atitle=Enclosed+gas+flares.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hitemptech.com%2Fenclosed.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOil+and+gas+industry+in+the+United+Kingdom" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oil_and_gas_industry_in_the_United_Kingdom&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Falkus, M. E. “The British Gas Industry before 1850.” <i>Economic History Review</i> 20#3 1967, pp. 494–508. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2593068">online</a></li> <li>Fouquet, Roger, and Peter JG Pearson. "A thousand years of energy use in the United Kingdom." <i>The Energy Journal</i> 19.4 (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaee.org/en/publications/download-instant.aspx?id=1292">online</a>.</li> <li>Fouquet, Roger, and Peter J.G. Pearson. "Seven centuries of energy services: The price and use of light in the United Kingdom (1300-2000)." <i>The energy journal</i> 27.1 (2006) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaee.org/en/publications/download-instant.aspx?id=2120">online</a>.</li> <li>Goodall, Francis. "Appliance trading activities of British gas utilities, 1875‐1935 1." <i>Economic History Review</i> 46.3 (1993): 543-557 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2598367">online</a>.</li> <li>Kander, Astrid, Paolo Malanima, and Paul Warde. <i>Power to the people: energy in Europe over the last five centuries</i> (Princeton University Press, 2015).</li> <li>Matthews, Derek. "Laissez-faire and the London gas industry in the nineteenth century: another look." <i>Economic History Review</i> (1986): 244-263 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2596152">online</a>.</li> <li>Matthews, Derek. "The technical transformation of the late nineteenth-century gas industry." <i>Journal of Economic History</i> (1987): 967-980 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2122040">online</a>.</li> <li>McGaughey, Ewan. <i>Principles of Enterprise Law: the Economic Constitution and Human Rights</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/law/corporate-law/principles-enterprise-law-economic-constitution-and-human-rights?format=PB">Cambridge UP 2022</a>) ch 11</li> <li>Millward, Robert, and Robert Ward. "The costs of public and private gas enterprises in late 19th century Britain." <i>Oxford Economic Papers</i> 39.4 (1987): 719–737. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2663103">online</a></li> <li>Shepherd, Mike. Oil Strike North Sea: A first-hand history of North Sea oil. Luath Press. 2015.</li> <li>Thorsheim, Peter. "The Paradox of Smokeless Fuels: Gas, Coke and the Environment in Britain, 1813-1949." <i>Environment and History</i> 8.4 (2002): 381–401. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pages.uncc.edu/peter-thorsheim/wp-content/uploads/sites/472/2015/11/2002-article.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Tomory, Leslie. "The environmental history of the early British gas industry, 1812–1830." <i>Environmental History</i> 17.1 (2012): 29-54 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Leslie_Tomory/publication/235770148_The_Environmental_History_of_the_Early_British_Gas_Industry_1812-1830/links/5aeb081445851588dd82a05c/The-Environmental-History-of-the-Early-British-Gas-Industry-1812-1830.pdf">online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal companies of the United Kingdom">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Natural_Resources_Corporation" title="Eurasian Natural Resources Corporation">ENRC</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/GCM_Resources" title="GCM Resources">GCM Resources</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Coal" title="UK Coal">UK Coal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_and_gas_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil and gas companies of the United Kingdom">Oil and <br />gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Exploration<br />and production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afren" title="Afren">Afren</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_Energy" title="Capricorn Energy">Capricorn Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dana_Petroleum" title="Dana Petroleum">Dana Petroleum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desire_Petroleum" title="Desire Petroleum">Desire Petroleum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Energy" title="Emerald Energy">Emerald Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnQuest" title="EnQuest">EnQuest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essar_Energy" title="Essar Energy">Essar Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbour_Energy" title="Harbour Energy">Harbour Energy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hardy_Oil_and_Gas" title="Hardy Oil and Gas">Hardy Oil and Gas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JKX_Oil_%26_Gas" title="JKX Oil & Gas">JKX Oil & Gas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Melrose_Resources" title="Melrose Resources">Melrose Resources</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophir_Energy" title="Ophir Energy">Ophir Energy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perenco" title="Perenco">Perenco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pharos_Energy" title="Pharos Energy">Pharos Energy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regal_Petroleum" title="Regal Petroleum">Regal Petroleum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rockhopper_Exploration" title="Rockhopper Exploration">Rockhopper Exploration</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Energy" title="Star Energy">Star Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenergy" title="Greenergy">Greenergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murco_Petroleum" title="Murco Petroleum">Murco Petroleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot_Group" title="Abbot Group">Abbot Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expro" title="Expro">Expro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_plc" title="Hunting plc">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qserv" title="Qserv">Qserv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weir_Group" title="Weir Group">Weir Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WesternGeco" title="WesternGeco">WesternGeco</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Electric power companies of the United Kingdom">Utilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Integrated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.ON_UK" title="E.ON UK">E.ON UK</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDF_Energy" title="EDF Energy">EDF Energy</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Npower_(United_Kingdom)" title="Npower (United Kingdom)">Npower</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower" title="ScottishPower">ScottishPower</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc" title="SSE plc">SSE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Generation<br />and supply</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drax_Group" title="Drax Group">Drax Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engie_Energy_International" title="Engie Energy International">Engie Energy International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Nuclear_Power" title="Horizon Nuclear Power">Horizon Nuclear Power</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renantis" title="Renantis">Renantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattenfall_UK" title="Vattenfall UK">Vattenfall UK</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Resources" title="Vedanta Resources">Vedanta Resources</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_supply" title="Energy supply">Supply</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100Green" title="100Green">100Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Energy" title="Bristol Energy">Bristol Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-op_Energy" title="Co-op Energy">Co-op Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecotricity" title="Ecotricity">Ecotricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESB_Group" title="ESB Group">ESB Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Energy" title="Good Energy">Good Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_Energy" title="Octopus Energy">Octopus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Energy" title="Opus Energy">Opus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outfox_the_Market" title="Outfox the Market">Outfox the Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OVO_Energy" title="OVO Energy">OVO Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Energy" title="Shell Energy">Shell Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies_Gas_%26_Power" title="TotalEnergies Gas & Power">TotalEnergies Gas & Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilita_Energy" title="Utilita Energy">Utilita Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_Warehouse" title="Utility Warehouse">Utility Warehouse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Distribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Distribution_network_operator" title="Distribution network operator">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_North_West" title="Electricity North West">Electricity North West</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Powergrid" title="Northern Powergrid">Northern Powergrid</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">SSE Power Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Power_Networks" title="UK Power Networks">UK Power Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Power_Distribution" title="Western Power Distribution">Western Power Distribution</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;">Gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadent_Gas" title="Cadent Gas">Cadent Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmus_Energy" title="Firmus Energy">Firmus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Gas_Networks" title="Northern Gas Networks">Northern Gas Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGN_(company)" title="SGN (company)">SGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_%26_West_Utilities" title="Wales & West Utilities">Wales & West Utilities</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSE_plc#Operations" title="SSE plc">Scottish Hydro Electric Transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ScottishPower#Energy_Networks" title="ScottishPower">SP Energy Networks</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggreko" title="Aggreko">Aggreko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/APX_Group" title="APX Group">APX Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_Power" title="Aquamarine Power">Aquamarine Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EnServe" title="EnServe">EnServe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-Gen_Power" title="Hi-Gen Power">Hi-Gen Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Group" title="Mark Group">Mark Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Downs_Deep_Geothermal_Power" title="United Downs Deep Geothermal Power">United Downs Deep Geothermal Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavegen" title="Wavegen">Wavegen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small>Companies with headquarters and/or registered office in the UK but no applicable energy operations within the country shown in <i>italics</i> <sup>1</sup>Ultimate parent company is not UK-based <sup>2</sup>Integrated in the United States, no generation or supply activities in the UK</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_sources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Energy sources</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">Coal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal Authority">Coal Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Coal-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mines_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal mines in the United Kingdom">Coal mines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining_regions_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Coal mining regions in the United Kingdom">Coal mining regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_UK_Coal_Producers" title="Confederation of UK Coal Producers">Confederation of UK Coal Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984%E2%80%931985_United_Kingdom_miners%27_strike" title="1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike">miners' strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-pit_coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Open-pit coal mining in the United Kingdom">Open-pit coal mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity sector in the United Kingdom">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Electricity_Producers" title="Association of Electricity Producers">Association of Electricity Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BritNed" title="BritNed">BritNed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Interconnector" title="East–West Interconnector">East–West Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_7" title="Economy 7">Economy 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_10" title="Economy 10">Economy 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_billing_in_the_UK" title="Electricity billing in the UK">Electricity billing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_switching_services_in_the_UK" title="Energy switching services in the UK">Energy switching services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_electricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Green electricity in the United Kingdom">Green electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_Trade_Master_Agreement" title="Grid Trade Master Agreement">Grid Trade Master Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridlink_Interconnector" title="Gridlink Interconnector">Gridlink Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HVDC_Cross-Channel" title="HVDC Cross-Channel">HVDC Cross-Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_to_England_Interconnector" title="Isle of Man to England Interconnector">Isle of Man to England Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyle_Interconnector" title="Moyle Interconnector">Moyle Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_(Great_Britain)" title="National Grid (Great Britain)">National Grid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_the_National_Grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Control of the National Grid">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_Reserve_Service" title="National Grid Reserve Service">Reserve Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Electricity_Trading_Arrangements" title="New Electricity Trading Arrangements">New Electricity Trading Arrangements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Link" title="North Sea Link">North Sea Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Power stations in the United Kingdom">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_UK_electricity_supply_industry" title="Timeline of the UK electricity supply industry">Timeline of the electricity supply industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">Nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Gas-cooled_Reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor">Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Nuclear_Forum" title="Franco-British Nuclear Forum">Franco-British Nuclear Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Nuclear_Laboratory" title="National Nuclear Laboratory">National Nuclear Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Liabilities_Fund" title="Nuclear Liabilities Fund">Nuclear Liabilities Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nuclear_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Nuclear power stations in the United Kingdom">Nuclear power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Nuclear_Regulation" title="Office for Nuclear Regulation">Office for Nuclear Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Atomic_Energy_Authority" title="United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority">United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oil and gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBL_Pipeline" title="BBL Pipeline">BBL Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash_for_Gas" title="Dash for Gas">Dash for Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forties_pipeline_system" title="Forties pipeline system">Forties pipeline system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_protests_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fuel protests in the United Kingdom">Fuel protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas infrastructure in the United Kingdom">Gas infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_Oil_Duty" title="Hydrocarbon Oil Duty">Hydrocarbon Oil Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transmission_System" title="National Transmission System">National Transmission System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas_fields_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas fields in the United Kingdom">Natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_gas-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Natural gas-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Natural gas-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_Transition_Authority" title="North Sea Transition Authority">North Sea Transition Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_Energies_UK" title="Offshore Energies UK">Offshore Energies UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_fields_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil fields of the United Kingdom">Oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil-fired power stations in the United Kingdom">Oil-fired power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_infrastructure_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Petroleum infrastructure in the United Kingdom">Oil infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oil_refineries_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Oil refineries in the United Kingdom">Oil refineries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Revenue_Tax" title="Petroleum Revenue Tax">Petroleum Revenue Tax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewables</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Biofuel in the United Kingdom">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biofuel_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Biofuel power stations in the United Kingdom">Biofuel power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNFCC" title="NNFCC">NNFCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Fuels_Agency" title="Renewable Fuels Agency">Renewable Fuels Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Transport_Fuel_Obligation" title="Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation">Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">Geothermal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geothermal_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Geothermal power stations in the United Kingdom">Geothermal power stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hydroelectric_power_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Hydroelectric power stations in the United Kingdom">Hydroelectric power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersey_Barrage" title="Mersey Barrage">Mersey Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severn_Barrage" title="Severn Barrage">Severn Barrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wave_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Wave farms in the United Kingdom">Wave farms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">Solar power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">Wind power</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Offshore wind power in the United Kingdom">Offshore wind power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of offshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of offshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_onshore_wind_farms_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of onshore wind farms in the United Kingdom">List of onshore wind farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Seas_Energy_Cooperation" title="North Seas Energy Cooperation">North Seas Energy Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Scotland" title="Wind power in Scotland">Wind power in Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Government_and_regulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government and regulation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Trust" title="Carbon Trust">Carbon Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenex" title="Cenex">Cenex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Committee" title="Climate Change Committee">Climate Change Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero" title="Department for Energy Security and Net Zero">Department for Energy Security and Net Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Environment,_Food_and_Rural_Affairs" title="Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs">Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Gas_and_Electricity_Markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Gas and Electricity Markets">Office of Gas and Electricity Markets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy policy of the United Kingdom">Legislation and<br />initiatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_Emission_Reduction_Target" title="Carbon Emission Reduction Target">Carbon Emission Reduction Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Act_2008" title="Climate Change Act 2008">Climate Change Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Agreement_(UK)" title="Climate Change Agreement (UK)">Climate Change Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_and_Sustainable_Energy_Act_2006" title="Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006">Climate Change and Sustainable Energy Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Levy" title="Climate Change Levy">Climate Change Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRC_Energy_Efficiency_Scheme" title="CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme">CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decarbonisation_measures_in_proposed_UK_electricity_market_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform">Decarbonisation measures in proposed UK electricity market reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_Energy_Certificate" title="Display Energy Certificate">Display Energy Certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Act_2013" title="Energy Act 2013">Energy Act 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_performance_certificate" title="Energy performance certificate">Energy performance certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Fuel_Levy" title="Fossil Fuel Levy">Fossil Fuel Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Carbon_Building_Programme" title="Low Carbon Building Programme">Low Carbon Building Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Fossil_Fuel_Obligation" title="Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation">Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planning_Act_2008" title="Planning Act 2008">Planning Act 2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Heat_Incentive" title="Renewable Heat Incentive">Renewable Heat Incentive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewables_Obligation_(United_Kingdom)" title="Renewables Obligation (United Kingdom)">Renewables Obligation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Climate_Change_Programme" title="United Kingdom Climate Change Programme">United Kingdom Climate Change Programme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-governmental_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-governmental organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Charities and<br />pressure groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashden_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashden Award">Ashden Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioregional" title="Bioregional">Bioregional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_Climate_Change" title="Campaign against Climate Change">Campaign against Climate Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Alternative_Technology" title="Centre for Alternative Technology">Centre for Alternative Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Action" title="National Energy Action">National Energy Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Climate_Chaos" title="Stop Climate Chaos">Stop Climate Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndall_Centre" title="Tyndall Centre">Tyndall Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Industry bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Decentralised_Energy" title="Association for Decentralised Energy">Association for Decentralised Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Institute" title="Energy Institute">Energy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Networks_Association_(United_Kingdom)" title="Energy Networks Association (United Kingdom)">Energy Networks Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Retail_Association" title="Energy Retail Association">Energy Retail Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Power_Forum" title="Green Power Forum">Green Power Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RenewableUK" title="RenewableUK">RenewableUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilities_Intermediaries_Association" title="Utilities Intermediaries Association">Utilities Intermediaries Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Renewable_Energy_Systems_Technology" title="Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology">Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Technologies_Institute" title="Energy Technologies Institute">Energy Technologies Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Met_Office_Hadley_Centre" title="Met Office Hadley Centre">Met Office Hadley Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narec" title="Narec">Narec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Depletion_Analysis_Centre" title="Oil Depletion Analysis Centre">Oil Depletion Analysis Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunbury_Research_Centre" title="Sunbury Research Centre">Sunbury Research Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Energy_Research_Centre" title="UK Energy Research Centre">UK Energy Research Centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy_conservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy conservation in the United Kingdom">Energy conservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height:1.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Conservation_of_Energy" title="Association for the Conservation of Energy">Association for the Conservation of Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Energy_Efficiency_Federation" title="British Energy Efficiency Federation">British Energy Efficiency Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_the_Door_campaign" title="Close the Door campaign">Close the Door campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_for_Sustainable_Homes" title="Code for Sustainable Homes">Code for Sustainable Homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Glazing_%26_Conservatory_Ombudsman_Scheme" title="Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme">Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EcoHomes" title="EcoHomes">EcoHomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_in_British_housing" title="Energy efficiency in British housing">Energy efficiency in British housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust" title="Energy Saving Trust">Energy Saving Trust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Saving_Trust_Recommended" title="Energy Saving Trust Recommended">Energy Saving Trust Recommended</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United Kingdom">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_loss_due_to_linear_thermal_bridging" title="Heat loss due to linear thermal bridging">HTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Home_Energy_Rating" title="National Home Energy Rating">National Home Energy Rating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Energy in the United 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