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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%9A%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> ウィキペディアについて </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B2%AC%E4%BA%8B%E9%A0%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> 免責事項 </a></li> </ul> </div><label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ja.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="20" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.25em;"> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="特別:検索"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia内を検索" aria-label="Wikipedia内を検索" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia内を検索 [f]" accesskey="f"> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> 検索 </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="利用者のナビゲーション"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">唐</h1> <div class="tagline"> 中国の歴代王朝 </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="言語" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> 言語 </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B0%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3&returnto=%E5%94%90&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> ウォッチリストに追加 </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> 編集 </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ja" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101346560">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{margin:0.5em 0;padding:3px 2em;background-color:transparent;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:90%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .hatnote>table{color:inherit}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .hatnote>table{color:inherit}}</style> <div class="hatnote dablink noprint"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:25px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Disambig_gray.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="曖昧さ回避"><img alt="曖昧さ回避" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168"></a></td> <td>「唐」のその他の用法については「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90_(%E6%9B%96%E6%98%A7%E3%81%95%E5%9B%9E%E9%81%BF)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="唐 (曖昧さ回避)">唐 (曖昧さ回避)</a>」をご覧ください。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101346560"> <div class="hatnote dablink noprint"> <table style="width:100%; background:transparent;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width:25px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Disambig_gray.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="曖昧さ回避"><img alt="曖昧さ回避" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168"></a></td> <td>「唐人」はこの項目へ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:%E3%83%AA%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:リダイレクト">転送</a>されています。佐賀市の字の唐人については「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90%E4%BA%BA_(%E4%BD%90%E8%B3%80%E5%B8%82)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="唐人 (佐賀市)">唐人 (佐賀市)</a>」をご覧ください。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101443328">.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry{clear:right;float:right;width:300px;margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry dt.infoboxCountryNameJa{font-size:1.36em;margin:0 0 0.13em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry dt.infoboxCountryName{font-size:1.13em;font-weight:normal;margin:0 0 0.13em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry dd.infoboxCountryDataA{margin:0;padding:0;border-color:#a2a9b1;border-width:1px;border-style:solid solid none solid}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry table.infoboxCountryPrevSucc{width:298px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:0.95em}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry table.infoboxCountryPrevSucc td{margin:0;padding:4px;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry td.infoboxCountryPrev{text-align:left;width:60px}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry 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dd{width:auto!important}.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry,.mw-parser-output dl/**/#infoboxCountry table{display:table}}</style> <dl id="infoboxCountry"> <dt class="infoboxCountryNameJa"> 唐 </dt> <dt class="infoboxCountryName"></dt> <dd class="infoboxCountryDataA"> <table class="infoboxCountryPrevSucc"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="infoboxCountryPrev"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9A%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="隋">←</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_None.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="隋"><img alt="隋" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/25px-Flag_of_None.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/38px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/50px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="150"></a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/618%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="618年">618年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/907%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="907年">907年</a></td> <td class="infoboxCountrySucc"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Flag_of_None.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="五代十国時代"><img alt="五代十国時代" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/25px-Flag_of_None.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/38px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/50px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="150"></a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五代十国時代">→</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> <dd class="infoboxCountryMap"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:%E5%94%90%E7%96%86%E5%8F%98%E8%BF%81.gif?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="唐の位置"><img alt="唐の位置" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%E5%94%90%E7%96%86%E5%8F%98%E8%BF%81.gif/250px-%E5%94%90%E7%96%86%E5%8F%98%E8%BF%81.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%25E5%2594%2590%25E7%2596%2586%25E5%258F%2598%25E8%25BF%2581.gif/375px-%25E5%2594%2590%25E7%2596%2586%25E5%258F%2598%25E8%25BF%2581.gif 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/%25E5%2594%2590%25E7%2596%2586%25E5%258F%2598%25E8%25BF%2581.gif/500px-%25E5%2594%2590%25E7%2596%2586%25E5%258F%2598%25E8%25BF%2581.gif 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="545"></a> 唐の領土の変遷 </dd> <dd class="infoboxCountryDataB"> <table border="1" frame="void" rules="all" cellspacing="0"> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="公用語">公用語</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="中古漢語">中古漢語</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宗教">宗教</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%84%92%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="儒教">儒教</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="仏教">仏教</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="道教">道教</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BE%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ゾロアスター教">ゾロアスター教</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="キリスト教">キリスト教</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マニ教">マニ教</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イスラム教">イスラム教</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="首都">首都</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AE%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長安">長安</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infoboxCountrySome" style="padding:0"> <dl> <dt class="infoboxCountryLeader"> </dt> </dl></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="infoboxCountrySome" style="padding:0"> <dl> <dt class="infoboxCountryLeader"> 皇帝 </dt> <dd> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>618年 - 626年</th> <td>高祖<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%B7%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李淵">李淵</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>904年 - 907年</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%93%80%E5%B8%9D_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="哀帝 (唐)">哀帝</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> <dt> 面積 </dt> <dd> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/653%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="653年">653年</a></th> <td>10,760,000<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AD%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="平方キロメートル">km²</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/668%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="668年">668年</a></th> <td>12,370,000km²</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/715%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="715年">715年</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2">[2]</a></th> <td>5,400,000km²</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> <dt> 人口 </dt> <dd> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/639%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="639年">639年</a></th> <td>12,371,700人</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/701%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="701年">701年</a></th> <td>37,140,000人</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/753%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="753年">753年</a></th> <td>53,701,370人</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/9%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="9世紀">9世紀</a></th> <td>約71,000,000人</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> <dt> 変遷 </dt> <dd> <table> <tbody> <tr> <th>建国</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/618%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="618年">618年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="突厥">突厥</a>を服属させる</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/630%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="630年">630年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="高句麗">高句麗</a>を滅ぼす</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/668%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="668年">668年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%89%87%E5%A4%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武則天">武則天</a>の簒奪（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武周">武周</a>）</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/690%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="690年">690年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/705%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="705年">705年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E6%B2%B3%E7%95%94%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="タラス河畔の戦い">タラス河畔の戦い</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/751%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="751年">751年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安史の乱">安史の乱</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/756%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="756年">756年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/763%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="763年">763年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%B7%A3%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黄巣の乱">黄巣の乱</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/874%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="874年">874年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/884%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="884年">884年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>滅亡、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五代十国時代">五代十国時代</a>へ</th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/907%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="907年">907年</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> </dl></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E8%B2%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="通貨">通貨</a></th> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E9%80%9A%E5%AE%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="開元通宝">開元通宝</a>など</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </dd> </dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r94202605">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style> <div class="side-box metadata side-box-right portal plainlinks noprint" style="background:#f6ffff; width:220px;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Portal.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="ポータル中国"><img alt="ポータル中国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/36px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/54px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/72px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32"></a> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:中国">ポータル 中国</a> </div> </div> </div> 唐（とう、<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r99057670">.mw-parser-output .pinyin{font-family:system-ui,"Helvetica Neue","Helvetica","Arial","Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .jyutping{font-family:"Helvetica Neue","Helvetica","Arial","Arial Unicode MS",sans-serif}</style><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="拼音">拼音</a>: Táng、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/618%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="618年">618年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/907%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="907年">907年</a>）は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国">中国</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="王朝">王朝</a>。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%B7%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李淵">李淵</a>が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9A%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="隋">隋</a>を滅ぼして建国した。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/7%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="7世紀">7世紀</a>の最盛期には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中央アジア">中央アジア</a>の砂漠地帯も支配する大<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="帝国">帝国</a>であり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中央アジア">中央アジア</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東南アジア">東南アジア</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%9D%B1%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北東アジア">北東アジア</a>諸国（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="朝鮮半島">朝鮮半島</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7_(%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="渤海 (国)">渤海</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="日本">日本</a>など）に政制・文化などの面で多大な影響を与えた。首都は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AE%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長安">長安</a>に置かれた。 <table style="width:158px; height:1000px; border-collapse:collapse; clear:right; float:right; border:1px solid #aaa; margin-left:5px; margin-bottom:5px; font-size:80%; text-align:center; line-height:120%; table-layout:fixed; white-space:nowrap;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="12" style="background:#efeeee;"> <div style="padding:3px;"> <big><big><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国の歴史">中国の歴史</a></big></big> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:History_of_China.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="中国歴史"><img alt="中国歴史" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/History_of_China.png" decoding="async" width="158" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="84"></a> <figcaption> 中国歴史 </figcaption> </figure></th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="background:#ffeeee;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E5%85%88%E5%8F%B2%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「中国の先史時代」 (存在しないページ)">先史時代</a>（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E5%258F%25B2%25E5%2589%258D%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596" class="extiw" title="zh:中国史前文化">中国語版</a>） <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「中国の中石器文化の一覧」 (存在しないページ)">中石器時代</a>（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E7%259F%25B3%25E5%2599%25A8%25E6%2596%2587%25E5%258C%2596%25E5%2588%2597%25E8%25A1%25A8" class="extiw" title="zh:中国中石器文化列表">中国語版</a>） <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国の新石器文化の一覧">新石器時代</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="height:50px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9A%87%E4%BA%94%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三皇五帝">三皇五帝</a> （<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="古国時代">古国時代</a>）</td> <td colspan="6" style="height:50px; background:#ffffff;padding:3px;">（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黄河文明">黄河文明</a>・ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%B1%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長江文明">長江文明</a>・ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%B2%B3%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼河文明">遼河文明</a>）</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:45px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%8F_(%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="夏 (三代)">夏</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:55px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="殷">殷</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:28px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="周">周</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%91%A8_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西周 (王朝)">西周</a>）</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="height:55px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;" rowspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="周">周</a> （<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東周">東周</a>）</td> <td colspan="8" style="height:30px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="春秋時代">春秋時代</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="height:25px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="戦国時代 (中国)">戦国時代</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:2px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="秦朝">秦</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:21px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢">漢</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="前漢">前漢</a>）</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:2px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="新">新</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:20px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢">漢</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後漢">後漢</a>）</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="height:6px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;">呉 （<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%89_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="呉 (三国)">孫呉</a>）</td> <td colspan="4" style="height:6px; background:#d1f8f7;padding:3px;">漢 （<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%9C%80%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="蜀漢">蜀漢</a>）</td> <td colspan="4" style="height:6px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;">魏 （<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AD%8F_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="魏 (三国)">曹魏</a>）</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:5px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%8B_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="晋 (王朝)">晋</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西晋">西晋</a>）</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="height:14px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%8B_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="晋 (王朝)">晋</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%99%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東晋">東晋</a>）</td> <td colspan="6" style="height:14px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E8%83%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五胡十六国時代">十六国</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="height:6px; background:#d1f8f7;padding:3px;">宋（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宋 (南朝)">劉宋</a>）</td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="6" style="height:9px; background:#f2d5d5;padding:3px;">魏（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%AD%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北魏">北魏</a>）</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="height:3px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;">斉（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%89_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="斉 (南朝)">南斉</a>）</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="height:3px; background:#eeeeff;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A2%81_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="梁 (南朝)">梁</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;">魏 (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%AD%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西魏">西魏</a>)</td> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;">魏 (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E9%AD%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="東魏">東魏</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%B3_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陳 (南朝)">陳</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#eeeeff;padding:3px;">梁 (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%A2%81_(%E5%8D%97%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後梁 (南朝)">後梁</a>)</td> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;">周 (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北周">北周</a>)</td> <td colspan="3" style="height:3px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;">斉 (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北斉">北斉</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:4px; background:#ffece1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9A%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="隋">隋</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="height:7px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;" rowspan="3"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">唐</a></td> <td colspan="8" style="height:7px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="height:2px; background:#ffffe1;padding:3px;">周（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武周">武周</a>）</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="height:20px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="height:7px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五代十国時代">五代十国</a></td> <td colspan="4" style="height:7px; background:#f2d5d5;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼">契丹</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="height:17px; background:#eeeeff;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宋 (王朝)">宋</a> （<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北宋">北宋</a>）</td> <td colspan="3" style="height:15px; background:#d1f8f7;padding:3px;" rowspan="2">夏 (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西夏">西夏</a>)</td> <td colspan="4" style="height:17px; background:#f2d5d5;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼">遼</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="height:15px; background:#eeeeff;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%8B_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宋 (王朝)">宋</a> （<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南宋">南宋</a>）</td> <td colspan="4" style="height:15px; background:#ffeec1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%91_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="金 (王朝)">金</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:10px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="元 (王朝)">元</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="height:28px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="明">明</a></td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="height:28px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;">元 (<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%85%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北元">北元</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="height:2px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;" rowspan="2">明 （<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南明">南明</a>）</td> <td colspan="2" style="height:2px; background:#f2d5d5;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A0%86_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="順 (王朝)">順</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:2px; background:#ffeec1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%87%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後金">後金</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="height:1px; background:#ffeec1;padding:3px;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:28px; background:#ffeec1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清">清</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:2px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="9" style="height:2px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD_(1912%E5%B9%B4-1949%E5%B9%B4)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華民国 (1912年-1949年)">中華民国</a></td> <td colspan="3" style="height:2px; background:#ffeec1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E6%B4%B2%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="満洲国">満洲国</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="12" style="height:1px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="height:7px; background:#e1ffe1;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華民国">中華 民国</a> （<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="台湾">台湾</a>） </td> <td colspan="8" style="height:7px; background:#ffe1ff;padding:3px;"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中華人民共和国">中華人民共和国</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r99966302">.mw-parser-output .hlist ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist li,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style> <div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template:中国の歴史"><abbr title="参照先のページを表示します。">表</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Template%E2%80%90%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Template‐ノート:中国の歴史"><abbr title="参照先のノートを表示します。">話</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DTemplate:%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E3%2581%25AE%25E6%25AD%25B4%25E5%258F%25B2%26action%3Dedit"><abbr title="参照先のページを編集します。">編</abbr></a></li> <li class="nv-hist"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DTemplate:%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%25E3%2581%25AE%25E6%25AD%25B4%25E5%258F%25B2%26action%3Dhistory"><abbr title="参照先のページの履歴を表示します。">歴</abbr></a></li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ja" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">目次</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2">1 歴史</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F">1.1 前期</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%BB%BA%E5%9B%BD">1.1.1 建国</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%B2%9E%E8%A6%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%B2%BB">1.1.2 貞観の治</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%AD%A6%E5%91%A8%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD">1.1.3 武周革命</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E3%81%AE%E6%B2%BB">1.1.4 開元の治</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1">1.1.5 安史の乱</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F">1.2 後期</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6%E3%81%AE%E5%B4%A9%E5%A3%8A">1.2.1 律令体制の崩壊</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%97%A9%E9%8E%AE%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E6%94%BB%E9%98%B2">1.2.2 藩鎮との攻防</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%9C%8B%E5%85%9A%E3%81%AE%E7%A6%8D%E3%83%BB%E5%AE%A6%E5%AE%98%E3%81%AE%E5%8F%B0%E9%A0%AD">1.2.3 朋党の禍・宦官の台頭</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%BC%9A%E6%98%8C%E3%81%AE%E5%BB%83%E4%BB%8F">1.2.4 会昌の廃仏</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%B9%B1%E3%81%AE%E7%B6%9A%E7%99%BA">1.2.5 乱の続発</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%BB%85%E4%BA%A1">1.2.6 滅亡</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB">2 政治</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6%E3%81%A8%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E5%B4%A9%E5%A3%8A">2.1 律令体制とその崩壊</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%AE%98%E5%88%B6">2.2 官制</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%AE%98%E5%93%81%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6">2.2.1 官品制度</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%AE%98%E5%88%B6">2.2.2 中央官制</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6">2.2.3 地方制度</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%A8%8E%E5%88%B6">2.3 税制</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%9D%87%E7%94%B0%E3%83%BB%E7%A7%9F%E8%AA%BF%E5%BD%B9">2.3.1 均田・租調役</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%B8%A1%E7%A8%8E%E6%B3%95">2.3.2 両税法</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%B0%82%E5%A3%B2%E5%88%B6">2.3.3 専売制</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%81%9D%E3%81%AE%E4%BB%96%E3%81%AE%E7%A8%8E">2.3.4 その他の税</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B">2.4 軍事</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6">2.4.1 兵制</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%BB%8D">2.4.2 中央軍</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%BB%8D%E3%83%BB%E8%BE%BA%E5%A2%83%E8%BB%8D">2.4.3 地方軍・辺境軍</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%8B%A2%E5%8A%9B">2.5 政治勢力</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%A7%91%E6%8C%99%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A%E3%81%A8%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F">2.5.1 科挙官僚と貴族</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%97%A9%E9%8E%AE">2.5.2 藩鎮</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%AE%A6%E5%AE%98">2.5.3 宦官</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E3%83%BB%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88">3 社会・経済</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%BE%B2%E6%9D%91%E3%83%BB%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD">3.1 農村・農業</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD%E3%83%BB%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82">3.2 商業・都市</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3">3.3 貨幣</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A%E3%83%BB%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93">3.4 交通・交易</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-39"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%85">3.4.1 国内</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%96">3.4.2 国外</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96">4 文化</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6">4.1 文学</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%88%9D%E5%94%90">4.1.1 初唐</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%9B%9B%E5%94%90">4.1.2 盛唐</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-45"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%B8%AD%E5%94%90">4.1.3 中唐</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-46"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%99%A9%E5%94%90">4.1.4 晩唐</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-47"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99">4.2 思想・宗教</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93">4.3 美術</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC">4.4 ギャラリー</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82">5 国際関係</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9">5.1 北方</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9">5.2 西方</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9">5.3 東方</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%94%90%E3%81%AE%E7%9A%87%E5%B8%9D%E3%81%A8%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B7">6 唐の皇帝と元号</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8">7 脚注</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%B3%A8%E9%87%88">7.1 注釈</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-57"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%87%BA%E5%85%B8">7.2 出典</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE">8 参考文献</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-59"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%B7%8F%E8%AB%96%E3%83%BB%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2">8.1 総論・歴史</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-60"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB_2">8.2 政治</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-61"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E3%83%BB%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88_2">8.3 社会・経済</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-62"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96_2">8.4 文化</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-63"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%96%A2%E4%BF%82_2">8.5 国際関係</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-64"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E9%96%A2%E9%80%A3%E9%A0%85%E7%9B%AE">9 関連項目</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-65"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF">10 外部リンク</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="歴史">歴史</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 歴史" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Tang_gao_zu.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tang_gao_zu.jpg/200px-Tang_gao_zu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="243" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="352"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 243px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tang_gao_zu.jpg/200px-Tang_gao_zu.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="243" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Tang_gao_zu.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 建国者李淵 </figcaption> </figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="前期">前期</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 前期" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="建国">建国</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 建国" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西晋">西晋</a>の滅亡以来、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中国">中国</a>は300年近くに渡る長い分裂時代が続いていたが北朝<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9A%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="隋">隋</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%B8%9D_(%E9%9A%8B)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="文帝 (隋)">文帝</a>により、589年に再統一が為された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996285-3">[3]</a>。文帝は内政面でも<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="律令">律令</a>の制定<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996285%E2%80%93287-4">[4]</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E5%85%AD%E9%83%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三省六部">三省六部</a>を頂点とする官制改革<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996287%E2%80%93289-5">[5]</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="郡">郡</a>を廃止して<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%9E%E7%9C%8C%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="州県制">州県制</a>を導入<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996288%E2%80%93289-6">[6]</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="科挙">科挙</a>制度の創設<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996289%E2%80%93290-7">[7]</a>など多数の改革を行った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005378-8">[8]</a>。 604年、文帝崩御に伴い文帝の次男の楊広（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%85%AC%E5%B8%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="煬帝">煬帝</a>）が後を継ぐ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996293-9">[9]</a>。煬帝は文帝時代から引き継いだ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="大運河">大運河</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E9%99%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="洛陽">洛陽</a>新城などの大規模土木工事を完成させた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996294%E2%80%93295-10">[10]</a>。さらに612年から3年連続で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="高句麗">高句麗</a>に対して三度の大規模な遠征を行うが、いずれも失敗に終わる（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E3%81%AE%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="隋の高句麗遠征">隋の高句麗遠征</a>）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200557%E2%80%9358-11">[11]</a>。その最中の613年に起きた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E7%8E%84%E6%84%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="楊玄感">楊玄感</a>の反乱をきっかけにして隋全体で反乱が勃発<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996299-12">[12]</a>、大小200の勢力が相争う内乱状態となった（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9A%8B%E6%9C%AB%E5%94%90%E5%88%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="隋末唐初">隋末唐初</a>）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996298-13">[13]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200558-14">[14]</a>。 国内の混乱が激しくなる中、北の東<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="突厥">突厥</a>に面する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B6%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="并州">太原</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%95%99%E5%AE%88%E5%AE%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="留守官">留守</a>とされていた唐国公<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%B7%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李淵">李淵</a>は617年に挙兵。対峙する突厥と和議を結び、短期間に首都大興城（長安）を陥落させることに成功。煬帝を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太上皇">太上皇帝</a>に祭り上げて、煬帝の孫で大興城の留守である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%81%AD%E5%B8%9D%E4%BE%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="恭帝侑">楊侑</a>を傀儡の皇帝に立てた（恭帝侑）、この時、煬帝は江都（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E5%B7%9E_(%E6%B1%9F%E8%98%87%E7%9C%81)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="揚州 (江蘇省)">揚州</a>）で現実から逃避して酒色に溺れる生活を送っていたが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199772-15">[15]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200567-16">[16]</a>、長安占拠の報によって煬帝の親衛隊の間に動揺が広がり、618年に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宇文化及">宇文化及</a>を頭としたクーデターにより煬帝は弑逆された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996311%E2%80%93312-17">[17]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199772-15">[15]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200567-16">[16]</a>。 同年、李淵は恭帝から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A6%85%E8%AD%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="禅譲">禅譲</a>を受けて即位。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%BE%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武徳">武徳</a>と元号を改め、唐を建国した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996312-18">[18]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199772-15">[15]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200567-16">[16]</a>。この時点で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E4%B8%96%E5%85%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="王世充">王世充</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AF%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="李密">李密</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AB%87%E5%BB%BA%E5%BE%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="竇建徳">竇建徳</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8A%89%E6%AD%A6%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="劉武周">劉武周</a>など各地に群雄が割拠していた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199766-19">[19]</a>。李淵（以下高祖とする）は長男の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BB%BA%E6%88%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李建成">李建成</a>を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%A4%AA%E5%AD%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="皇太子">皇太子</a>とし、次男の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E4%B8%96%E6%B0%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="李世民">李世民</a>を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E4%BB%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="尚書令">尚書令</a>として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199773-20">[20]</a>、各地の群雄討伐に向かわせた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996312-18">[18]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199774-21">[21]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200568-22">[22]</a>。620年から最大の敵である洛陽の王世充を攻めるが、河北の竇建徳が王世充の要請に応えて10万の援軍を送ってきた。李世民の奮戦によりこれを撃破<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996312-18">[18]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199774-21">[21]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200569-23">[23]</a>。唐は最大の軍事的危機を乗り越えた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996312-18">[18]</a>。 抜群の功績を挙げた李世民は皇太子である李建成および四男の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%83%E5%90%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李元吉">李元吉</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%9D%8E%E6%B7%B5%E4%B8%89%E7%94%B7-24">[注釈 1]</a>と後継の座を巡って対立するようになるが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996312-18">[18]</a>、高祖は曖昧な態度でことを決めることができなかった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200571-25">[24]</a>。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/626%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="626年">626年</a>、李世民は長安宮城の北門玄武門にて李建成と李元吉を殺し（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6%E9%96%80%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="玄武門の変">玄武門の変</a>）、さらに父の高祖に迫って譲位させ、自らが唐の二代皇帝となった（太宗）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996312-18">[18]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199777-26">[25]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="貞観の治">貞観の治</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 貞観の治" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:TangTaizong.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/TangTaizong.jpg/200px-TangTaizong.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="414" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="9717" data-file-height="20133"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 414px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/TangTaizong.jpg/200px-TangTaizong.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="414" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/TangTaizong.jpg/300px-TangTaizong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/TangTaizong.jpg/400px-TangTaizong.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 太宗李世民 </figcaption> </figure> 帝位を継いだ太宗は626年に東突厥と結んで最後まで抵抗していた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%94%E6%96%B9%E9%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="朔方郡">朔方郡</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%B8%AB%E9%83%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="梁師都">梁師都</a>を平定し、統一を果たした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996319-27">[26]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199779-28">[27]</a>。更に630年には突厥の内紛に乗じて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E9%9D%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李靖">李靖</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%8B%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李勣">李勣</a>を派遣してこれを滅ぼすことに成功。突厥の支配下にあった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%89%84%E5%8B%92?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鉄勒">鉄勒</a>諸部から天可汗（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="テングリ">テングリ</a>＝<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="カガン">カガン</a>）の称号を奉じられた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996326-29">[28]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200576-30">[29]</a>。647年にはこの地に燕然都護府をおいて鉄勒を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%BE%88%E7%B8%BB%E6%94%AF%E9%85%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="羈縻支配">羈縻支配</a>においた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996326-29">[28]</a>。635年には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%B0%B7%E6%B8%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="吐谷渾">吐谷渾</a>を破り、更に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="チベット">チベット</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="吐蕃">吐蕃</a>も支配下に入れた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996327-31">[30]</a>。ただし吐蕃には度々<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="公主">公主</a>を降嫁させるなど懐柔に努めなければならなかった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996327-31">[30]</a>。 内政面においては<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%BF%E7%8E%84%E9%BD%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="房玄齢">房玄齢</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E5%A6%82%E6%99%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="杜如晦">杜如晦</a>の皇子時代からの腹心に加え、李建成に仕えていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%BE%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="魏徴">魏徴</a>・李密の配下であった李勣など多数の人材を集めて政治に当たった。この結果、627年の時に米一斗が絹一匹と交換されていたのが、630年には米一斗が4・5銭まで下がり、一年間の死刑者数は29人しかおらず、（盗賊がいなくなったので）みな外扉を閉めないようになり、道中で支給があったので数千里を旅する者でも食料をもたないようになったといい、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%9E%E8%A6%B3%E3%81%AE%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貞観の治">貞観の治</a>と呼ばれる太平の時代とされた。この時代のことを記した『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%9E%E8%A6%B3%E6%94%BF%E8%A6%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貞観政要">貞観政要</a>』は後世に政治の手本として扱われた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996322-32">[31]</a>。しかし統一から間もないこの時点でそこまで国力を回復できたか疑問が多く、貞観の治の実態に対して史書や『貞観政要』の記述はかなりの潤色が疑われる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199780-33">[32]</a>。 太宗の政治も徐々に弛緩が見えるようになり、643年に魏徴が死ぬとその傾向に拍車がかかった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200580-34">[33]</a>。 642年、高句麗で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B3%89%E8%93%8B%E8%98%87%E6%96%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="泉蓋蘇文">泉蓋蘇文</a>がクーデターを起こし、唐から遼東郡王に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%8A%E5%B0%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="冊封">冊封</a>されていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A0%84%E7%95%99%E7%8E%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="栄留王">栄留王</a>を殺し、その弟の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%9D%E8%94%B5%E7%8E%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宝蔵王">宝蔵王</a>を王位につけた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996328-35">[34]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997101-36">[35]</a>。太宗はすぐに出兵を考えたが、一旦は取りやめる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997101-36">[35]</a>。しかし<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%BE%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="新羅">新羅</a>からの要請を受けて645年から三度（645年、647年、648年）にわたって高句麗遠征を行うが、いずれも失敗した（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90%E3%81%AE%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="唐の高句麗遠征">唐の高句麗遠征</a>）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996128-37">[36]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997101%E2%80%93102-38">[37]</a>。 三回目の高句麗遠征が終わった後の649年に太宗は崩御<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996321-39">[38]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997107-40">[39]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200582-41">[40]</a>。太宗の九男の晋王李治が三代皇帝<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="高宗 (唐)">高宗</a>となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996320%E2%80%93321-42">[41]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="武周革命">武周革命</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 武周革命" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 太宗と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AD%AB%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長孫皇后">長孫皇后</a>の間には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%89%BF%E4%B9%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李承乾">李承乾</a>（長男）・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%B3%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李泰">李泰</a>（四男）・李治（九男）の三人の男子がいた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996120-43">[42]</a>。最初に李承乾が皇太子に立てられたが、李承乾は成長するにつれ奇行が目立つようになり、最後には謀反の疑いにより廃された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996120-43">[42]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199788-44">[43]</a>。次いで太宗は学問に通じた李泰を皇太子にしようとしたが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996320-45">[44]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199788-44">[43]</a>、長孫皇后の兄の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AD%AB%E7%84%A1%E5%BF%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長孫無忌">長孫無忌</a>が凡庸な治を次代皇帝に推薦し、太宗もこれを入れて李治が後継に決まった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996320-45">[44]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199788-44">[43]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200582-41">[40]</a>。長孫無忌には凡庸な皇帝の後見役になることで権勢を振るうという意図があった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996320-45">[44]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200582-41">[40]</a>。 高宗の治世初期は長孫無忌・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A4%9A%E9%81%82%E8%89%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="褚遂良">褚遂良</a>・李勣などの元勲の補佐を受けて概ね平穏に過ぎた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996331-46">[45]</a>。ここに登場するのが武照、後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%89%87%E5%A4%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武則天">武則天</a>である。 武照は太宗の後宮で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8D%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「才人」 (存在しないページ)">才人</a>（唐<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%AE%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後宮">後宮</a>の階級の一つ。上から六番目）だったが、太宗の死と共に尼になり、改めて高宗の後宮に入って<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%84%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="昭儀">昭儀</a>となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996331%E2%80%93332-47">[46]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997111%E2%80%93112-48">[47]</a>。この時に高宗の皇后は王皇后であったが、武昭儀は策略によりこれを廃除して、自ら皇后となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996332-49">[48]</a>。皇后冊立に当たり、高宗は長孫無忌ら重臣に冊立の可否を問い、長孫無忌と褚遂良が反対・李勣が転向して賛成に回った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997114-115-50">[49]</a>。皇后となった武則天により長孫無忌・褚遂良は謀反の疑いをかけられて左遷、最後は辺境で死去した。宮廷を掌握した武則天は高宗に代わって実権を握り、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9E%82%E7%B0%BE%E3%81%AE%E6%94%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="垂簾の政">垂簾の政</a>を行い、武則天は高宗と並んで「二聖」と呼ばれた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997119-51">[50]</a>。 この時期の668年に李勣を総大将に4度目の高句麗遠征を行い、新羅との連合軍で高句麗を滅ぼすことに成功している<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996328%E2%80%93329-52">[51]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200584-53">[52]</a>。唐はここに安東都護府をおいて支配しようとしたが、後に新羅の圧力を受けて遼東まで後退を余儀なくされる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996329-54">[53]</a>。 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:%E6%AD%A6%E5%88%99%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E6%AD%A6%E5%88%99%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/200px-%E6%AD%A6%E5%88%99%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E6%AD%A6%E5%88%99%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/200px-%E6%AD%A6%E5%88%99%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%E6%AD%A6%E5%88%99%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg/300px-%E6%AD%A6%E5%88%99%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/%E6%AD%A6%E5%88%99%E5%A4%A9%E7%94%BB%E5%83%8F.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 武則天 </figcaption> </figure> 683年に高宗が死去すると武則天は高宗との間の子の李顕を帝位につけた（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中宗 (唐)">中宗</a>）が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996332-49">[48]</a>、わずか54日でこれを廃し、弟の李旦をこれに替えた（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9D%BF%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="睿宗 (唐)">睿宗</a>）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996332-49">[48]</a>。当然実権は武則天にあり、彼らは武則天が皇位に登るまでのつなぎに過ぎなかった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996332-49">[48]</a>。武則天に対する反乱も684年に起きた。李勣の孫の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%90%E6%95%AC%E6%A5%AD&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「徐敬業」 (存在しないページ)">李敬業</a>が起こしたもので、反乱軍の中に初唐を代表する詩人の一人<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A7%B1%E8%B3%93%E7%8E%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="駱賓王">駱賓王</a>がおり、駱賓王が書いた檄文を読んだ武則天はその文才に感心し、「このような才能のある者を流落させているのは宰相の責任だ」といったという<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997123-124-55">[54]</a>。 この反乱も程なく鎮圧され、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/690%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="690年">690年</a>に遂に武則天は帝位に登り、国号を周とした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996333-56">[55]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997128-57">[56]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200588-58">[57]</a>。中国史上唯一の女帝である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996333-56">[55]</a>。睿宗は皇嗣に格下げされて武の性を賜った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996333-56">[55]</a>。 武則天の政治は女性が皇帝になったこと、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A6%E6%89%BF%E5%97%A3&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「武承嗣」 (存在しないページ)">武承嗣</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E4%B8%89%E6%80%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武三思">武三思</a>ら武氏一族、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E6%87%90%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="薛懐義">薛懐義</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B5%E6%98%93%E4%B9%8B&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「張易之」 (存在しないページ)">張易之</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B5%E6%98%8C%E5%AE%97&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「張昌宗」 (存在しないページ)">張昌宗</a>兄弟など武則天の寵愛を受けた者たちなどが権力を握って専横したということ、酷吏を使って密告政治を行ったことなどで評判が悪い<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996334-59">[58]</a>。一方で武則天は当時はまだ有効に機能していなかった科挙<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996290-60">[59]</a>から人材を組み上げており、武則天により抜擢された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A7%9A%E5%B4%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="姚崇">姚崇</a>は後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="玄宗 (唐)">玄宗</a>時代に活躍し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E3%81%AE%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="開元の治">開元の治</a>を導いたと評される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997146-61">[60]</a>。また武周の15年はほぼ平穏な時代であり、この時代に唐は最大版図を実現している<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996333%E2%80%93334-62">[61]</a>。 老いた武則天の後継者として武承嗣たちは自らが後継になることを画策したが、武則天が最も信頼をおいていた重臣の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E4%BB%81%E5%82%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="狄仁傑">狄仁傑</a>はこれに強く反対<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996335-63">[62]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997132-64">[63]</a>。最終的に武則天の決断により廃されていた中宗が戻り、698年に皇太子に復された。更に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/705%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="705年">705年</a>、狄仁傑に推薦されて宰相となっていた張柬之は張易之・張昌宗兄弟を斬殺し、ついには病床の武則天に迫って彼女を退位に追い込み、中宗を即位させ、唐が復活した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996335-63">[62]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997132-64">[63]</a>。同年に武則天は死去<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996339-65">[64]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997132-64">[63]</a>。 武則天死後、中宗の皇后<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9F%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E_(%E5%94%90%E4%B8%AD%E5%AE%97)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="韋皇后 (唐中宗)">韋氏</a>が第二の武則天にならんと政治に容喙するようになった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996339-65">[64]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997135-66">[65]</a>。710年に韋后とその娘<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%A5%BD%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安楽公主">安楽公主</a>は中宗を毒殺<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996340-67">[66]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997136-68">[67]</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%A4%E5%B8%9D_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="殤帝 (唐)">殤帝</a>を傀儡とした後自らが帝位に登らんと画策したが、睿宗の三男の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="玄宗 (唐)">李隆基</a>と武則天の娘の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%B9%B3%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太平公主">太平公主</a>によるクーデターにより韋后と安楽公主は誅殺され、睿宗が再び即位した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996340-67">[66]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997136-68">[67]</a>。その後、今度は李隆基と太平公主による争いが起こる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996343-69">[68]</a>。 2人の皇后の姓を取って7世紀後半から8世紀前半にかけて後宮から発生した政乱を「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E9%9F%8B%E3%81%AE%E7%A6%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武韋の禍">武韋の禍</a>」と呼ぶ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200590-70">[69]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="開元の治">開元の治</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 開元の治" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Tang_XianZong.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tang_XianZong.jpg/200px-Tang_XianZong.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="436"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 254px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tang_XianZong.jpg/200px-Tang_XianZong.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Tang_XianZong.jpg/300px-Tang_XianZong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Tang_XianZong.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 玄宗 </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Tang_Dynasty_in_the_8th_century_ja.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tang_Dynasty_in_the_8th_century_ja.svg/400px-Tang_Dynasty_in_the_8th_century_ja.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="282" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1418"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 282px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tang_Dynasty_in_the_8th_century_ja.svg/400px-Tang_Dynasty_in_the_8th_century_ja.svg.png" data-width="400" data-height="282" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tang_Dynasty_in_the_8th_century_ja.svg/600px-Tang_Dynasty_in_the_8th_century_ja.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tang_Dynasty_in_the_8th_century_ja.svg/800px-Tang_Dynasty_in_the_8th_century_ja.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 8世紀前半の唐 </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/712%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="712年">712年</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="先天 (唐)">先天</a>元年）、李隆基は睿宗から譲位され即位した（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="玄宗 (唐)">玄宗</a>）。翌年に太平公主を処刑して実権を掌握した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996344-71">[70]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997143-72">[71]</a>。 親政を始めた玄宗は前述の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A7%9A%E5%B4%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="姚崇">姚崇</a>を抜擢して宰相とした。これに答えて姚崇は「宦官を政治に介入させないこと」「皇帝に親しい臣が不正を行うのをとりしまること」「外戚に政治介入させないこと」などを提言し、玄宗もこれを受け入れて政治に取り組んだ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996345-73">[72]</a>。姚崇のあとを受けた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E7%92%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宋璟">宋璟</a>も姚崇の方針を受け継いで政治改革を進めていった。姚崇と宋璟は貞観の房（玄齢）・杜（如晦）に対して姚・宋と称される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996345-73">[72]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997146-61">[60]</a>。この治世により太宗の時に戸数が300万に満たなかったのが、726年（開元十四年）には戸数は760万あまりとなり、人口も4千万を超えた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997147-74">[73]</a>。穀物価格も低価で、兵士は武器を扱うことがなく、道に物が落ちていても拾う者はいなかったという<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997147-148-75">[74]</a>。この時代を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E3%81%AE%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="開元の治">開元の治</a>とよび、唐の極盛期とされる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005379%E2%80%93380-76">[75]</a>。文化的にも<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E7%94%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="杜甫">杜甫</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%99%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李白">李白</a>の漢詩を代表する詩人たちが登場し、最盛期を迎えた。 ただしその裏では唐の根本である律令体制の崩壊が始まっていた。律令体制では民を本籍地で登録し、それを元に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E5%BA%B8%E8%AA%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="租庸調">租庸調</a>・役（労役・兵役）を課すことになっていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996394-77">[76]</a>。しかし負担に耐えかねて本籍地から逃亡する民が増えた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996394-77">[76]</a>。これを<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%83%E6%88%B8&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「逃戸」 (存在しないページ)">逃戸</a>と呼ぶ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997244-78">[77]</a>。この現象は武則天時代から問題になっていたが、その後も増え続けていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996395-79">[78]</a>。これに対しての政策が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E6%96%87%E8%9E%8D&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「宇文融」 (存在しないページ)">宇文融</a>によって出された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%AC%E6%88%B8%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「括戸政策」 (存在しないページ)">括戸政策</a>である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996395-79">[78]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997244-78">[77]</a>。全国的に逃戸を調査し、逃戸を逃亡先の戸籍に新たに登録し（これを客戸という）、再び国家の支配下に組み入れようとしたものである。721年から724年にかけて行われた結果、80万余りの戸が新たに登録された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996395-79">[78]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997244-78">[77]</a>。 またもう一つの変化が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節度使">節度使</a>の設置である。上述の理由により兵制である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="府兵制">府兵制</a>もまた破綻しており<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996447-80">[79]</a>、国防のために睿宗時代の710年に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%80%E8%8C%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="亀茲">亀茲</a>に安西節度使を設置したのを初めとして、721年までに10の節度使が置かれていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996449-81">[80]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997161%E2%80%93162-82">[81]</a>。 さて宇文融は北周帝室に祖を持つ貴族であり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E8%94%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="恩蔭">恩蔭</a>（官僚が自分の子を官僚にする権利）の出身者である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200592-83">[82]</a>。姚崇・宋璟の後、科挙出身者である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E8%AA%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="張説">張説</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E4%B9%9D%E9%BD%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="張九齢">張九齢</a>らが宰相となったが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996395-79">[78]</a>、次第に政界では貴族出身者が権力を握るようになる。宇文融の他に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%B4%E8%80%80%E5%8D%BF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「裴耀卿」 (存在しないページ)">裴耀卿</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="大運河">大運河</a>の運用を改善して漕運改革を行い、首都長安の食糧事情を大きく改善する功績を挙げた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996346-84">[83]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997158-85">[84]</a>。これらは実務に長けた貴族出身官僚であり、この流れを受けて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%9E%97%E7%94%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李林甫">李林甫</a>が登場する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996346-84">[83]</a>。 李林甫は高祖の祖父の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%99%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李虎">李虎</a>の末裔で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996347-86">[85]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997156-87">[86]</a>、734年から752年に没するまでの19年間宰相の地位にあった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996347-86">[85]</a>。李林甫の政策として租庸などの運搬の際の煩雑な書類を簡素にしたというものがある<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997158-85">[84]</a>。実務には長けていたが、「口に蜜あり、腹に剣あり」と呼ばれた性格で、玄宗やその寵妃たち・側近の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="高力士">高力士</a>らに上手く取り入る一方で、自分に対抗する政敵を策謀を持って排除し自らの地位保全に熱心であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996347-86">[85]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997162-88">[87]</a>。 この姿勢の一環として行われたのが、節度使に異民族を採用するという政策である。節度使のうち、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E9%87%8C%E3%81%AE%E9%95%B7%E5%9F%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="万里の長城">長城</a>の内側の節度使はそれまでは高級文官が就任するのが常であったが、李林甫はこれに異民族出身の蕃将を任命するようにした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996347-86">[85]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997161-89">[88]</a>。節度使が宰相への出世コースになっていたのを潰す意図があったとされる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996347-86">[85]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997161-89">[88]</a>。このことが後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%A6%84%E5%B1%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安禄山">安禄山</a>台頭に繋がったといえる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996347-86">[85]</a>。 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_(%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%A0%8C%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%97).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%A0%8C%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%97%29.jpg/300px-Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%A0%8C%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%97%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="901"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 260px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%A0%8C%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%97%29.jpg/300px-Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%A0%8C%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%97%29.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="260" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%A0%8C%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%97%29.jpg/450px-Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%A0%8C%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%97%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%A0%8C%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%97%29.jpg/600px-Pao-Shan_Tomb_Wall-Painting_of_Liao_Dynasty_%28%E5%AF%B3%E5%B1%B1%E9%81%BC%E5%A2%93%E5%A3%81%E7%95%AB%EF%BC%9A%E9%A0%8C%E7%B6%93%E5%9C%97%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 楊貴妃 </figcaption> </figure> 玄宗は太子時代の妃であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%9A%87%E5%90%8E_(%E5%94%90%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="王皇后 (唐玄宗)">王氏</a>を皇后としていたが、子が無く寵愛が離れた。代わって武則天の一族である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%81%B5%E5%A6%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武恵妃">武恵妃</a>を寵愛し、その子である第十八子の寿王<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%91%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李瑁">李瑁</a>を太子に立てたいと思っていたが、武氏の一族であることから群臣の反対にあい<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996348-90">[89]</a>、最終的に高力士の勧めに従って忠王李璵（後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B2%9B%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="粛宗 (唐)">粛宗</a>）を太子に立てていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997155-91">[90]</a>。この寿王李瑁の妃の一人であったのが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E8%B2%B4%E5%A6%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="楊貴妃">楊貴妃</a>である。 一旦道士になった後に、745年に改めて後宮に入った楊貴妃を玄宗は溺愛した。その様は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%85%E6%98%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="白居易">白居易</a>の『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%81%A8%E6%AD%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長恨歌">長恨歌</a>』に歌われている。その中に「此れ従り君主は早く朝せられず」とあるように玄宗は政治に倦み、李林甫らに任せきりになっていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997165%E2%80%93166-92">[91]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="安史の乱">安史の乱</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 安史の乱" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 楊貴妃を愛する玄宗はその一族も引き立てた。その中の一人が楊貴妃の又従兄弟の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E5%9B%BD%E5%BF%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="楊国忠">楊国忠</a>である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996349-93">[92]</a>。元は酒と博打で身を持ち崩した一族の鼻つまみものであったが、楊貴妃のおかげで官界に入った後は財務関係の実務で功績を挙げて出世を続け、750年には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="御史大夫">御史大夫</a>兼<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E5%85%86%E5%B0%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="京兆尹">京兆尹</a>に、更に752年に李林甫が死去すると遂に宰相となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996349-93">[92]</a>。 楊国忠と権力を争ったのが安禄山である。安禄山は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%89%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ソグド人">ソグド人</a>の父と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="突厥">突厥</a>の母の間に生まれた雑胡（混血の異民族）であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996353-94">[93]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997294-95">[94]</a>。范陽節度使の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%AE%88%E7%8F%AA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="張守珪">張守珪</a>に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E6%80%9D%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="史思明">史思明</a>と共に登用されてその<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BB%AE%E5%AD%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="仮子">仮子</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E4%BB%AE%E7%88%B6%E5%AD%90-98">[注釈 2]</a>となって戦功を挙げて、742年に平盧節度使に任じられた。更に744年に范陽節度使・751年に河東節度使を兼任して、その総兵力は18万を超える膨大なものとなった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996353-94">[93]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997299-99">[97]</a>。このような大出世を遂げた要因の一つが玄宗・楊貴妃に取り入ったことにある<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996353-94">[93]</a>。安禄山は玄宗からその大きな腹の中には何が詰まっているのかと問われた時に「ただ赤心（忠誠）のみが詰まっています」と答えた、あるいは自ら願って楊貴妃の養児となって錦繍の産着を着て玄宗と楊貴妃を喜ばせたなどというエピソードが残る<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997298-100">[98]</a>。 <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:An_Lu_Shan.jpeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/An_Lu_Shan.jpeg/200px-An_Lu_Shan.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="394"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 237px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/An_Lu_Shan.jpeg/200px-An_Lu_Shan.jpeg" data-width="200" data-height="237" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/An_Lu_Shan.jpeg/300px-An_Lu_Shan.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/An_Lu_Shan.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 安禄山 </figcaption> </figure> 楊国忠と安禄山は対立し、互いに相手を追い落とさんとするが、常に玄宗のそばにいる楊国忠がこの争いでは有利であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996354-101">[99]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997301%E2%80%93302-102">[100]</a>。危機感を感じた安禄山は「君側の奸楊国忠を除く」という名分を立てて遂に挙兵した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996354-101">[99]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997302-103">[101]</a>。この反乱は安禄山とその部下史思明の名を取って<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安史の乱">安史の乱</a>と呼ばれる。 755年の11月に根拠地の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="幽州">幽州</a>（范陽郡）から兵力15万と8千騎を持って出陣した安禄山軍は破竹の勢いで勝ち進み、同年12月には洛陽を陥落させ、翌年の1月1日に皇帝に即位、国号を大燕と称した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996355%E2%80%93356-104">[102]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997304-105">[103]</a>。更に同年6月には首都長安の東・関中の入り口に当たる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BD%BC%E9%96%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="潼関">潼関</a>を陥落させる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996356-106">[104]</a>。この報に狼狽した唐政府は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%9C%80%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="蜀州">蜀</a>への避難を決める。避難の途中の馬嵬においてこの事態に怒った兵士たちにより楊国忠が殺され、楊貴妃も自殺させられている<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997304-105">[103]</a>。皇太子李亨（李璵から改名している）は途中で玄宗と別行動を取って、朔方節度使<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E5%AD%90%E5%84%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="郭子儀">郭子儀</a>の元に向かい、兵士を鼓舞するために玄宗の許可無く、皇帝に即位した（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B2%9B%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="粛宗 (唐)">粛宗</a>）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996356-106">[104]</a>。 安禄山は757年に子の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%85%B6%E7%B7%92?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安慶緒">安慶緒</a>に殺され、その後を継いだ史思明も761年にこれも子の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E6%9C%9D%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="史朝義">史朝義</a>に殺される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996356-106">[104]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997305-107">[105]</a>。郭子儀率いる軍は回紇の支援を得て757年に長安、762年に洛陽を奪還。翌763年に史朝義が部下に殺され、ここに安史の乱は終結した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996356-106">[104]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997306-108">[106]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="後期">後期</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 後期" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="律令体制の崩壊">律令体制の崩壊</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 律令体制の崩壊" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 何とか乱を収めた唐であったが、そのダメージは非常に大きかった。防衛体制の緩みをつかれて吐蕃に長安を一時期占領されるという事態が起きている<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996357-109">[107]</a>。また反乱軍の将を寝返らせるために節度使の職を持って勧誘した。これが後に河北三鎮と呼ばれ、中央の意向を無視した半独立勢力となり、歴代政府の懸念事項となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996357-109">[107]</a>。乱により荒れ果てた華北では多数の流民が生じ、755年に890万戸を数えたのが764年には293万戸までに激減している<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996357-109">[107]</a>。 逃戸の増大により均田租庸調制・府兵制の両制度は機能しなくなり、周辺民族の活発化により羈縻政策もまた破綻。これらの事態は開元の治以前から進行していたが、安史の乱によりはっきりとこの事態に対する新たな対応策が必要となっていた。これに対するのが律令には存在しない使職という新たな役職である。最初は地方の観察を後に地方の最高行政官となる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A6%B3%E5%AF%9F%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="観察使">観察使</a>・税を司る<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「度支使」 (存在しないページ)">度支使</a>・漕運を司る<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%A2%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「転運使」 (存在しないページ)">転運使</a>・専売制を司る<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A1%A9%E9%89%84%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="塩鉄使">塩鉄使</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996445-447-110">[108]</a>などがあり、いずれも非常に重要な役割を果たした。特に758年に開始された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459-111">[109]</a>塩の専売は大きな利益を上げて、以後の唐の財政に不可欠のものとなった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996446-112">[110]</a>。ゆえに塩鉄使の地位は非常に重要視され、宰相に準ずる職となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996447-80">[79]</a>。しかし専売に対して密売の私塩が止まず、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%A9%E8%B3%8A&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「塩賊」 (存在しないページ)">塩賊</a>と呼ばれる私塩業者が各地で活動した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996460-461-113">[111]</a>。 前述の節度使も使職の一つであり、安史の乱以後に節度使は観察使を兼職するようになり、それまでの軍事権に加えて行政権も握るようになった。江南では節度使は置かれず観察使が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B2%E7%A6%A6%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「防禦使」 (存在しないページ)">防禦使</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%8C%E7%95%A5%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「経略使」 (存在しないページ)">経略使</a>などの軍事職を兼任してこちらも軍事・行政を司るようになった。これらを総称して<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%97%A9%E9%8E%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="藩鎮">藩鎮</a>と呼ぶ。首都長安と副都洛陽が所属する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E5%85%86%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="京兆府">京兆府</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="河南府">河南府</a>を除き、全国に40-50ほどの藩鎮が置かれた。京兆府と河南府以外の土地は全ていずれかの藩鎮の勢力圏となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996449-81">[80]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997343-114">[112]</a>。先に挙げた河北三鎮のような中央の意向を無視するような藩鎮を反則藩鎮と呼ぶ（逆に従順な藩鎮を順地という）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996449-81">[80]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997350-115">[113]</a>。これら反則藩鎮は領内において勝手に税を取り立て<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996454-116">[114]</a>、さらに中央に納めるべき<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%BE%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="上供">上供</a>も怠ることが多かった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996455-117">[115]</a>。 また逃戸・客戸の増大により租庸調の収入は激減し、それを埋めるために<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E8%8B%97%E9%8A%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="青苗銭">青苗銭</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B8%E7%A8%8E&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「戸税」 (存在しないページ)">戸税</a>などの税が徴収されるようになる。農民の負担はますます重くなり、農民の没落・逃戸の増大に繋がるという悪循環に陥っていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996454-116">[114]</a>。これら複雑化した税制を一本化したものが780年に宰相の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E7%82%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="楊炎">楊炎</a>の権限によって実施された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%A1%E7%A8%8E%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="両税法">両税法</a>である。両税法では夏税（6月納期）として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ムギ">ムギ</a>・秋税（11月納期）に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アワ">アワ</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="コメ">コメ</a>を税として取り立て<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996489-118">[116]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997333-119">[117]</a>、それ以外の税を禁止した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996489-118">[116]</a>。藩鎮・地方官が勝手な名目で税を取り立てることを防ぐ意味もあった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996489-118">[116]</a>。そして均田租庸調が民一人一人を対象とするのに対して、戸を対象とし、その資産を計って税額を決める<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996489%E2%80%93490-120">[118]</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%8A%85%E9%8A%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="銅銭">銅銭</a>での納税が原則とされた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996490-121">[119]</a>。 両税法の実施により唐は均田制を自ら否定したことになり<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996490-121">[119]</a>、それまで規制していた大土地所有を事実上公認したことになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996489-118">[116]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996499-122">[120]</a>。この後は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8D%98%E5%9C%92?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="荘園">荘園</a>が拡大していくことになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996499-122">[120]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="藩鎮との攻防">藩鎮との攻防</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 藩鎮との攻防" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Tang_Xianzong.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tang_Xianzong.jpg/200px-Tang_Xianzong.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="279" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="475"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 279px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tang_Xianzong.jpg/200px-Tang_Xianzong.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="279" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Tang_Xianzong.jpg/300px-Tang_Xianzong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Tang_Xianzong.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 憲宗 </figcaption> </figure> 770年ごろになると安史軍から投降して節度使になった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%87%90%E4%BB%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李懐仙">李懐仙</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%9B%E5%B5%A9&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「薛嵩」 (存在しないページ)">薛嵩</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E6%89%BF%E5%97%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="田承嗣">田承嗣</a>らが相次いで死去する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996456-123">[121]</a>。藩鎮側は節度使の世襲を望んだが、唐政府は新任の節度使の赴任と藩鎮の兵力削減を言い渡した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996456-123">[121]</a>。両税法が実施されたことを切っ掛けに、781年に河北三鎮（盧龍・天雄・成徳）を中心に7の藩鎮が唐に対して反乱を起こした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996456-123">[121]</a>。反乱軍により長安を落とされ、時の皇帝<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%B3%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="徳宗 (唐)">徳宗</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="梁州">梁州</a>に避難した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996457-124">[122]</a>。のちに長安は回復するものの藩鎮の罪を問うことはできず、赦免せざるを得なかった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996457-124">[122]</a>。 805年に新たに即位した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="憲宗 (唐)">憲宗</a>はこの事態に断固たる態度で臨んだ。両税法の実施により財政に余裕ができたことで<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E8%BB%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="禁軍">禁軍</a>である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%AD%96%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「神策軍」 (存在しないページ)">神策軍</a>を大幅に強化し、兵力15万を数えるまでになった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996457-124">[122]</a>。この兵力を元に806年から次々と藩鎮を征伐し、819年から821年にかけて河北三鎮を順地化することに成功した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996457%E2%80%93459-125">[123]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%97-127">[注釈 3]</a>。 これと並行して、それまで藩鎮内の属州の兵力を全て節度使が指揮していたのものを属州の兵は属州の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="刺史">刺史</a>が統括するものとした。また属州の税収は州県の取り分（留県・留州）を取った後は節度使の費用を取った（留使）後に中央へと送られていた（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%BE%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="上供">上供</a>）ものを県から直接上供することにした。これらの政策により節度使の持つ兵力・財力は大幅に削減されることになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459-111">[109]</a>。更に節度使には中央から派遣した官僚を就けることとし、その任期も3年ほどと短くした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459-111">[109]</a>。また節度使の監察を行うために<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%A6%E5%AE%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宦官">宦官</a>を監軍として付けることにした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459-111">[109]</a>。 このようにして憲宗は藩鎮の抑圧・中央集権の回復に成功した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459-111">[109]</a>。これにより憲宗は中興の英主と讃えられる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459-111">[109]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005118-126">[124]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="朋党の禍・宦官の台頭">朋党の禍・宦官の台頭</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 朋党の禍・宦官の台頭" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> この頃になると<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="科挙">科挙</a>、特に進士科出身の官僚は官界での勢力を拡大し、旧来の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貴族 (中国)">貴族</a>勢力と拮抗するまでになった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996472-128">[125]</a>。また貴族の子弟たちの中でも<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E5%AD%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="任子">任子</a>ではなく、科挙受験の道を選ぶ者も増えていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996471-129">[126]</a>。科挙出身者はその年の試験の責任者と受験者たちの間で座主門生と称する縦の、同期の合格者同士で横の、それぞれ人間関係を構築していた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996471-129">[126]</a>。この関係性を元に官界でも派閥が作られるようになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996471-129">[126]</a>。 この延長線上に起きたのが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%9D%8E%E3%81%AE%E5%85%9A%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="牛李の党争">牛李の党争</a>である。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E5%83%A7%E5%AD%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="牛僧孺">牛僧孺</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%97%E9%96%94&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「李宗閔」 (存在しないページ)">李宗閔</a>ら進士出身の党と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BE%B3%E8%A3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李徳裕">李徳裕</a>の貴族層の党が820年から以後40年に渡って政界で激しく争い、負けた方の派閥の人間は全て失脚して左遷・争いが逆転すると同じことをやり返すという状態になる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996473-130">[127]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E7%89%9B%E6%9D%8E%E3%81%AE%E5%85%9A%E4%BA%89-131">[注釈 4]</a>。このことを<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="文宗 (唐)">文宗</a>（第17代皇帝、穆宗の2代後）は「河北の賊を去るのは難しくないが、朋党の争いを収めるのは難しい」と嘆いた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996473-130">[127]</a>。 文宗の頭を悩ませたもう一つの問題が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%A6%E5%AE%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宦官">宦官</a>である。藩鎮討伐に使われた神策軍の司令官は宦官が就くことになっており<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996473-130">[127]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997370-132">[128]</a>、宦官はこれにより大きな軍事力を握ることになった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996473-130">[127]</a>。また藩鎮に付けられた監軍はこれも宦官が務めたが、文官の節度使は任期が終わる際に勤務実績を良く報告してもらうために監軍に賄賂を送るようになった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475-133">[129]</a>。これにより中央官僚の人事にも権限を持つようになった宦官は、遂には皇帝の廃立すら決めるようになった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475-133">[129]</a>。第12代穆宗から第19代<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="昭宗 (唐)">昭宗</a>までの間で第13代<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%95%AC%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="敬宗 (唐)">敬宗</a>を除く7人は全て宦官に擁立されたものである<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475-133">[129]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997392-134">[130]</a>。先述の党争においても宦官の権力を利用して政敵を排除している<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475%E2%80%93476-135">[131]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997392-134">[130]</a>。 文宗は宦官排除を目論んで計画を立てる。それは宮中に甘露が降ったという嘘を上奏させ、宦官たちが集まったところで一気に誅滅してしまおうという計画であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475-133">[129]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997393-136">[132]</a>。しかし直前で計画が宦官側に露見して失敗。文宗の立場はますます弱いものとなり、「朕は家奴（宦官）に制されている」と嘆いた（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%98%E9%9C%B2%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="甘露の変">甘露の変</a>）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997393-136">[132]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="会昌の廃仏">会昌の廃仏</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 会昌の廃仏" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Tang_Wuzong.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tang_Wuzong.jpg/200px-Tang_Wuzong.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="310" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="776"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 310px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tang_Wuzong.jpg/200px-Tang_Wuzong.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="310" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tang_Wuzong.jpg/300px-Tang_Wuzong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tang_Wuzong.jpg/400px-Tang_Wuzong.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 武宗 </figcaption> </figure> 文宗を継いだ弟の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武宗 (唐)">武宗</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="道教">道教</a>を崇拝すること厚く<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996528-137">[133]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997404-138">[134]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005286-139">[135]</a>、道教側の要請もあり<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005286-139">[135]</a>、廃仏（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E6%98%8C%E3%81%AE%E5%BB%83%E4%BB%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="会昌の廃仏">会昌の廃仏</a>）を行った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996528-137">[133]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997402-140">[136]</a>。まず845年から始まった廃仏により、還俗させられた僧尼が26万人余り・廃棄寺院4600・仏具や仏像は鋳潰されて銅銭などになった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996529-141">[137]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997403-142">[138]</a>。寺院は長安・洛陽に4、各州に1とし<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996529-141">[137]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997403-142">[138]</a>、それぞれに30から50の僧侶が所属するのみとした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996529-141">[137]</a>。これによって仏教界は大打撃を受けた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997403-142">[138]</a>。後世に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%AD%A6%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%97%E3%81%AE%E5%BB%83%E4%BB%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="三武一宗の廃仏">三武一宗の廃仏</a>と言われるうちの3番目である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996527%E2%80%93528-143">[139]</a>。この廃仏は単に道教に傾倒した武宗と道教側の策謀によるものだけではない<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005286-139">[135]</a>。同時期に祆教・摩尼教・景教（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%B7%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="唐代三夷教">唐代三夷教</a>）も弾圧されているように、唐の国際性が薄れて一種の民族主義的なものが前面に出てきたことにもよる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997403%E2%80%93404-144">[140]</a>。 846年に武宗が死去し、後を継いだ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宣宗 (唐)">宣宗</a>により廃仏は終わった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996529-141">[137]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="乱の続発">乱の続発</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 乱の続発" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 牛李の党争が終わった10年ほどの後の858年に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%B5%E6%BD%9C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「張潜」 (存在しないページ)">張潜</a>という官僚が藩鎮で行われていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A8%E4%BD%99&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「羨余」 (存在しないページ)">羨余</a>という行為について非難する上奏文を出した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996462-145">[141]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997410-146">[142]</a>。羨余とは藩鎮が税を徴収した後、藩鎮の費用と上供分を除いて余った分のことを指し、それを倉庫にためた後に進奉といって正規の上供分とは別に中央に送った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997410-146">[142]</a>。この行為を政府は盛んに奨励し<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996463-147">[143]</a>、進奉の額が節度使の勤務評価の基準ともなっていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997411-148">[144]</a>。その出所はといえば民からの苛斂誅求に他ならず、民を大いに苦しめることとなった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996465-149">[145]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997411-148">[144]</a>。これに対しての批判が先に挙げた張潜であるが、増大する経費を賄うには政府は進奉に頼らざるを得なくなっていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997411-148">[144]</a>。 また民を搾り取るだけでは足らず、兵士の人員の削減・給料のピンハネなども行われた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996462-145">[141]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997411-148">[144]</a>。このような節度使に対して兵士たちは不満を抱き、節度使・観察使を追い出す兵乱が続発する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996462-145">[141]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997413-150">[146]</a>。これら兵乱に刺激を受けて起きたのが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A3%98%E7%94%AB%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="裘甫の乱">裘甫の乱</a>である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996465-149">[145]</a>。 859年にわずか100人を率いて蜂起した裘甫は浙東藩鎮の海岸部<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E5%B1%B1%E7%9C%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="象山県">象山県</a>次いで<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%A1%E7%9C%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「剡県」 (存在しないページ)">剡県</a>を攻略、近くの海賊や盗賊・無頼の徒を集め、3万という大軍に膨れ上がった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996465%E2%80%93466-151">[147]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997420-152">[148]</a>。その後浙東を転戦したが、政府は安南討伐に功を挙げた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「王式」 (存在しないページ)">王式</a>を派遣し<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997422-153">[149]</a>、ウイグルや<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="吐蕃">吐蕃</a>の精兵も投入し、翌860年に鎮圧した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996466-154">[150]</a>。続けて868年、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%A9%94?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南詔">南詔</a>に対する防衛のために<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A1%82%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="桂州">桂州</a>に山東で集められた兵士の部隊が派遣されていたが、いつまでたっても交代の兵は来ず、前述のような給料のピンハネもあり、不満を爆発させて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%BE%90%E5%8B%9B&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「龐勛」 (存在しないページ)">龐勛</a>を指導者として反乱を起こした（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BE%90%E5%8B%9B%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="龐勛の乱">龐勛の乱</a>）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996468-155">[151]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997425%E2%80%93426-156">[152]</a>。龐勛軍はまず故郷である山東の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%90%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="徐州">徐州</a>へと帰還し、失職兵士や没落農民、各種の賊を入れて一気に大勢力となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996468-155">[151]</a>。さらにこの乱の特徴として貧農ばかりではなく地主層もこの乱に参加したことが挙げられる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996468-155">[151]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997427-157">[153]</a>。ここにいたってこの乱は当初の兵乱から農民反乱の様相を呈することとなった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997427-157">[153]</a>。しかし雑多な寄せ集めの軍ゆえに内部の統制が取れなくなり<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996468-155">[151]</a>、また龐勛の方針も、唐に対して節度使の職を求めたりなど一定しなかった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996470-158">[154]</a>。のでますます内部が乱れた。これに対して唐は7万の軍と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="突厥">突厥</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%99%80%E6%97%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="沙陀族">沙陀族</a>の精兵騎兵3000を投入し、869年にこれを鎮圧した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005133-159">[155]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E6%9C%B1%E9%82%AA%E8%B5%A4%E5%BF%83-162">[注釈 5]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="滅亡">滅亡</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 滅亡" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Emperor_Taizu_of_Later_Liang_Zhu_Wen.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Emperor_Taizu_of_Later_Liang_Zhu_Wen.jpg/200px-Emperor_Taizu_of_Later_Liang_Zhu_Wen.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Emperor_Taizu_of_Later_Liang_Zhu_Wen.jpg/200px-Emperor_Taizu_of_Later_Liang_Zhu_Wen.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Emperor_Taizu_of_Later_Liang_Zhu_Wen.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 朱全忠 </figcaption> </figure> 裘甫の乱・龐勛の乱に続いて起きたのが、これら反乱の最大にして最後の大爆発である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%B7%A3%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黄巣の乱">黄巣の乱</a>である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996476-163">[158]</a>。870年くらいから唐には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%B1%E9%AD%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="旱魃">旱魃</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%9D%97%E5%AE%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="蝗害">蝗害</a>などの天災が頻発していたが、唐の地方・中央政府はこれに対して無策であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996477-164">[159]</a>。この時の蝗害は長安周辺にまで及んだが、京兆尹が時の皇帝<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%83%96%E5%AE%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="僖宗">僖宗</a>に出した被害報告が「イナゴは穀物を食べず、みなイバラを抱いて死せり」というでたらめなものであった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996477-164">[159]</a>。 このような状態に対して874年（あるいは875年）に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BF%AE%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="濮州">濮州</a>の塩賊の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E4%BB%99%E8%8A%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="王仙芝">王仙芝</a>が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BB%91%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="滑州">滑州</a>で挙兵、これに同じく<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9B%B9%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="曹州">曹州</a>の塩賊の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%B7%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黄巣">黄巣</a>が呼応したことで「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%B7%A3%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黄巣の乱">黄巣の乱</a>」が始まった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996477-164">[159]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997436-165">[160]</a>。（詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%B7%A3%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黄巣の乱">黄巣の乱</a>」を参照） この反乱集団には没落農民・失業兵士・塩賊・茶賊<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E8%8C%B6%E8%B3%8A-167">[注釈 6]</a>・大道芸人など多岐にわたる人間が加わった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996478-168">[162]</a>。これらの軍団は特定の根拠地は持たず、山東・河南・安徽を略奪しては移動という行動を繰り返した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996478-168">[162]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997437-169">[163]</a>。唐政府はこれに対して王仙芝に禁軍の下級将校のポストを用意して懐柔しようとしたが、黄巣には何ら音沙汰がなかったため黄巣は強く反発した。これを機に黄巣と王仙芝は別行動を取ることになった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996480-170">[164]</a>。 878年、王仙芝は唐軍の前に敗死した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996480-170">[164]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997438-171">[165]</a>。黄巣軍は江南・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E5%B7%9E_(%E5%BA%83%E6%9D%B1%E7%9C%81)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="広州 (広東省)">広州</a>に入って唐に対して節度使の職を要求するが、唐はこれを却下した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996480-170">[164]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997438-171">[165]</a>。怒った黄巣は広州に対して徹底的に略奪と破壊を行った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996480-170">[164]</a>。 しかし南方の気候になれない黄巣軍には病人が続出し、黄巣は北へ戻ることにした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997439-172">[166]</a>。 880年、黄巣軍は洛陽南の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B1%9D%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="汝州">汝州</a>に入り、ここで黄巣は自ら天補平均大将軍を名乗る<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996481-173">[167]</a>。同年の秋に洛陽を陥落させる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996481-173">[167]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997441-174">[168]</a>。さらに黄巣軍は長安に向かって進軍し、同年冬に長安を占領した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996482-175">[169]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997441%E2%80%93442-176">[170]</a>。黄巣は長安で皇帝に即位し、国号を「大斉」とし、金統と改元した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996482-175">[169]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997442-177">[171]</a>。しかし長安に入場した黄巣軍には深刻な食糧問題が生じた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996483-178">[172]</a>。元々長安の食料事情は非常に悪く、江南からの輸送があって初めて成り立っていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996346-84">[83]</a>。長安を根拠として手に入れた黄巣軍だったが、他の藩鎮勢力により包囲され、食料の供給が困難となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996483-178">[172]</a>。長安周辺では過酷な収奪が行われ、穀物価格は普段の1000倍となり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="食人">食人</a>が横行した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996483-178">[172]</a>。 882年、黄巣軍の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="同州">同州</a>防御使であった朱温（後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%A8%E5%BF%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="朱全忠">朱全忠</a>）は黄巣軍に見切りを付け、黄巣を裏切り、唐の官軍に投降した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996483-178">[172]</a>。さらに突厥沙陀族出身の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%8B%E7%94%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李克用">李克用</a>が大軍を率いて黄巣討伐に参加した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996483-178">[172]</a>。 883年、黄巣軍は李克用軍を中核とする唐軍に大敗した。その後、黄巣は河南へと逃げるが李克用の追撃を受けて884年に自殺した。こうして、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%B7%A3%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黄巣の乱">黄巣の乱</a>」は終結した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996484-179">[173]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997447-180">[174]</a>。 黄巣の乱は終結したが、最早この時点で唐政府には全国を統治する能力は失われており、朱全忠・李克用ら藩鎮軍閥勢力は唐より自立。唐は一地方政権へと成りさがってしまった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997452%E2%80%93453-181">[175]</a>。この割拠状態で唐の宮廷では宦官・官僚らが権力争いを続けていた。しかしそれまでの権力争いと違って、それぞれの後ろには各軍閥勢力がいた。軍閥は皇帝を手中にすることでその権威を借りて号令する目論見があった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996485-182">[176]</a>。この勢力争いに勝利したのが朱全忠であった。朱全忠はライバル李克用を抑え込むことに成功し、鳳翔節度使<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%8C%82%E8%B2%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李茂貞">李茂貞</a>を滅ぼして皇帝<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="昭宗 (唐)">昭宗</a>を自らの根拠地である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B1%B4%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="汴州">汴州</a>に近い洛陽へと連れ出した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996485-182">[176]</a>。 そして907年。朱全忠は唐の最後の皇帝<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%93%80%E5%B8%9D_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="哀帝 (唐)">哀帝</a>から禅譲を受けて皇帝に即位。国号を「梁」（後世からは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%A2%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後梁">後梁</a>と呼ばれる）とした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996486-183">[177]</a>。ここに300年近くに渡った唐王朝の歴史は終わりを告げた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005137-184">[178]</a>。しかしこの時点で後梁の支配地域は河南や山東などごく一部の領域に過ぎず<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%95%E6%A2%85%E5%8E%9F%E6%BA%9D%E5%8F%A3%E6%A3%AE%E7%94%B0199712-185">[179]</a>、これから宋が再び統一するまでの約70年間、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五代十国時代">五代十国時代</a>と呼ばれる分裂時代となる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%95%E6%A2%85%E5%8E%9F%E6%BA%9D%E5%8F%A3%E6%A3%AE%E7%94%B019973%E2%80%934-186">[180]</a>。 </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="政治">政治</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 政治" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="律令体制とその崩壊">律令体制とその崩壊</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 律令体制とその崩壊" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="律令">律令</a>は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西晋">西晋</a>で作られた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%B0%E5%A7%8B%E5%BE%8B%E4%BB%A4&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「泰始律令」 (存在しないページ)">泰始律令</a>以来、何度か改変が重ねられ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9A%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="隋">隋</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E5%A0%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="楊堅">文帝</a>の時に「開皇律令」が編纂されていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996365-187">[181]</a>。唐もそれを受け継いで、何度か修正を加えつつ運用していた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996365%E2%80%93366-188">[182]</a>。律は刑法、令は行政法であり、これを補足するものとして格式がある。律令に該当しない事例を処理する為の詔勅のうち、法として新たに加わるものが格で、式は律令を運用する上での細則である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996366-189">[183]</a>。 後述する官制・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="府兵制">府兵制</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E7%94%B0%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="均田制">均田制</a>なども全て律令の規定するところである<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997187-190">[184]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997194%E2%80%93195-191">[185]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997201%E2%80%93202-192">[186]</a>。 唐の律令は何度か改変され、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="玄宗 (唐)">玄宗</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="開元">開元</a>二十五年（737年）に完成を見る<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996487-193">[187]</a>。この律令は開元二十五年律令と呼ばれ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996366-189">[183]</a>、後世に唐代律令の典範とされた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996487-193">[187]</a>。しかしこの時点で既に現実社会と律令体制の間に乖離が生じおり、この間を埋めるのが皇帝の意思たる詔勅およびそこから法となった格が重要視されるようになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996366-189">[183]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996487-193">[187]</a>。唐代においてはあくまで皇帝の意思が律令に優先するが、あくまで律令が根本であり、皇帝であっても恣意的に律令を覆すことは批判の対象であった。これが隋唐の律令支配の特徴とされる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996366-189">[183]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997182-194">[188]</a>。 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安史の乱">安史の乱</a>を契機として唐の律令体制は急速にその力を失い、現実社会に対応するために律令に無い<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%A1%E7%A8%8E%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="両税法">両税法</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%BF%E8%81%B7&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「使職」 (存在しないページ)">使職</a>などの制度が設けられることになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996487-193">[187]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="官制">官制</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 官制" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="官品制度">官品制度</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 官品制度" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 唐の官僚は正一品から従九品下までの、一品から四品は正・従に分けられ、五品から九品までは正・従・上・下に分けられた計30階位に分けられており<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996368-195">[189]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005144-196">[190]</a>、ここまでを「流内官」と呼び、この下を「流外官」という<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005144-196">[190]</a>。 これら官僚に付与される肩書には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E5%AE%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="散官">散官</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="職事官">職事官</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%B2%E5%AE%98&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「勲官」 (存在しないページ)">勲官</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「爵」 (存在しないページ)">爵</a>の四種類がある<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996368-195">[189]</a>。この内、職事官が実際の職務を表すものであり<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996368-195">[189]</a>、散官は実務を伴わずその人物がどの品階にいるかということを示すものである<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005144-196">[190]</a>。散官の官品と職事官の官品とは一致するのが原則であったが、散官よりも官品の高い職事官に就く場合は職事官の職名の頭に「守」の字、逆の場合は「行」の字を付けて区別されていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996369-197">[191]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005144%E2%80%93146-198">[192]</a>。 勲官は軍功によって付与される恩典で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996369-197">[191]</a>、爵は皇族や高い功績を挙げた功臣に与えられるものである<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996369-197">[191]</a>。 これら官人に与えられる特権として、九品以上の流内官は本人の課役が免除され、五品以上は同居親族の課役が免除の上、官人永業田の給付、散官に応じて、「蔭」や「任子」という子孫が官人になる資格を与えられた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996369-197">[191]</a>。また罪を犯した場合であっても最も重い<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="死刑">死刑</a>でなければ銅を納めることで免れることができた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996369-197">[191]</a>。 官人になるためには、前述の「蔭」で任用されるか、あるいは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="科挙">科挙</a>に合格することが必要となる。しかし当時はまだ科挙出身者は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%94%AD&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「蔭」 (存在しないページ)">蔭</a>出身者に対して大きな不利を背負わされていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996371-199">[193]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="中央官制">中央官制</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 中央官制" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 律令制下の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="官制">官制</a>は三省を頂点とする。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中書省">中書省</a>が詔勅（皇帝の命令）の起草、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%80%E4%B8%8B%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="門下省">門下省</a>がその審議を行ない、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="尚書省">尚書省</a>が配下の六部（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E9%83%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="礼部">礼部</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8F%E9%83%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="吏部">吏部</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%B8%E9%83%A8_(%E5%85%AD%E9%83%A8)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="戸部 (六部)">戸部</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%B5%E9%83%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="兵部">兵部</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%88%91%E9%83%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="刑部">刑部</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E9%83%A8_(%E5%85%AD%E9%83%A8)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="工部 (六部)">工部</a>）を通して詔勅を実行する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996375-200">[194]</a>。門下省の長官は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BE%8D%E4%B8%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="侍中">侍中</a>（2名）、中書省の長官は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E4%BB%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中書令">中書令</a>（2名）、尚書省の長官は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E4%BB%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="尚書令">尚書令</a>であるが、尚書令は皇子時代の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太宗 (唐)">太宗</a>が務めていた時期があったため、唐を通じて欠員とされ、副長官の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%83%95%E5%B0%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="僕射">僕射</a>（ぼくや、左右1名ずつ）が実質上の長官であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996376-201">[195]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005146%E2%80%93147-202">[196]</a>。 これら六名の長官が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宰相">宰相</a>職とされ、重要政策は宰相の合議によって決定された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996376-201">[195]</a>。後に皇帝の命によって新たに<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E6%9C%9D%E6%94%BF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「参与朝政」 (存在しないページ)">参与朝政</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E9%96%80%E4%B8%8B%E4%B8%89%E5%93%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="同中書門下三品">同中書門下三品</a>などの肩書で参加する例が増え<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996376-201">[195]</a>、逆に僕射が宰相会議のメンバーから外れた。この宰相会議は最初門下省内の聖事堂で行われていたが、後に中書省に移り、中書門下と改称した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996376-201">[195]</a>。 尚書六部の下には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢">漢</a>代以来の実務機関である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%AF%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="九寺">九寺</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%9B%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五監">五監</a>があり、庶務を担当した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996376-201">[195]</a>。 また三省とは別に宮中の文書を扱う<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E6%9B%B8%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="秘書省">秘書省</a>・皇帝の衣食などを取り扱う<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%BF%E4%B8%AD%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="殿中省">殿中省</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%AE%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後宮">後宮</a>の管理を行う<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E4%BE%8D%E7%9C%81&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「内侍省」 (存在しないページ)">内侍省</a>があり、合わせて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AD%E7%9C%81&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「六省」 (存在しないページ)">六省</a>と呼ばれる。他に監察機関として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="御史台">御史台</a>があり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E5%83%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="官僚">官僚</a>たちの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%A3%E5%AF%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="監察">監察</a>を行なった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996376-201">[195]</a>。 8世紀中葉以降、旧来の官制に綻びが見られる状態に対応するために律令で規定されない新たな官職が設けられるようになった。これらの新たな官を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%BF%E8%81%B7&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「使職」 (存在しないページ)">使職</a>という<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996444%E2%80%93448-203">[197]</a>。主なものに<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="州">州</a>の監察を行う<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A6%B3%E5%AF%9F%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="観察使">観察使</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996444-204">[198]</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%82%E5%A3%B2%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="専売制">専売制</a>を司る<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A1%A9%E9%89%84%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="塩鉄使">塩鉄使</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996445-205">[199]</a>、税および出納を司る<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%AF%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「度支使」 (存在しないページ)">度支使</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996444-204">[198]</a>・物資の運送を司る<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%A2%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「転運使」 (存在しないページ)">転運使</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996444%E2%80%93445-206">[200]</a>などがある。 度支使は元来財政を担当した戸部尚書を上回る権限を持ち<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996444-204">[198]</a>、塩鉄使はその財政上の重要さから宰相に準ずる職となる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996447-80">[79]</a>。 またそれまで<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中書省">中書省</a>の中書舎人が行なっていた詔勅の起草の内、朝廷ではなく皇室の発するものは玄宗が設置した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%BF%B0%E6%9E%97%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="翰林学士">翰林学士</a>が行う事となった。これら翰林学士はいわば皇帝の秘書官であり。宰相に継ぐ大きな権限を持つことになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996488-207">[201]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="地方制度">地方制度</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 地方制度" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%9E%E7%9C%8C%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="州県制">州県制</a>」も参照 </div> 唐では隋から引き継いで<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B7%9E%E7%9C%8C%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="州県制">州県制</a>を採った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996377-208">[202]</a>。州の下に数県が所属し、州は全国で約350、県は全国でおよそ1550あった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996377-208">[202]</a>。特別な州として府があり、唐初には首都長安・副都洛陽が所属する京兆府と河南府、唐の故地である太原府があったが、安史の乱以降は徐々に増やされて唐末には10あった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996377-208">[202]</a>。また重要拠点に置かれる州を都督府と呼び、長官は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="都督">都督</a>。規模によって大中小の三等に分けられる。通常の州の長官は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="刺史">刺史</a>であり、戸数によってこちらも上中下の三等に分けられる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996377-208">[202]</a>。州の下に県があり、こちらも戸数によって上・中・中下・下の四等に分けられる。また府に属する県のうち城内にある県は京、城外にある県は畿と呼ばれた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996378-209">[203]</a>。 県の下の行政単位が、郷と里（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%83%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="郷里制">郷里制</a>）である。100戸をまとめて里として里正を起き、5里をまとめて郷とする（郷正は一時期を除いて置かれなかった）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996378-209">[203]</a>。里正は里の者から選ばれ、戸籍の作成・勧農・里内の不正の監視・労役の割付などにあたった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996378-379-210">[204]</a>。また都市には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%8A%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「坊制」 (存在しないページ)">坊</a>ごとに坊正が置かれ、聚落には100戸ごとに村正が置かれた（100戸以下の場合は一人、以上なら複数となる）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996379-211">[205]</a>。 更に州の上に道があり、太宗の時に全国を10の道に分けた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996381-212">[206]</a>。元々、道はその下にある州県の行政を観察するために設けられた単位であり、観風俗使・宣労使などの名前を持った臨時の役職が派遣されていた。武后期に各道ごとに<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8C%89%E5%AF%9F%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="按察使">按察使</a>などの役職が監察に当たり、玄宗期の711年には按察使の職を州の長官たる刺史等が兼任するようになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996381-212">[206]</a>。更に玄宗の734年に15道に再編成した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996381-212">[206]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005150-213">[207]</a>。それに伴って各道の刺史の中から一人を選んで<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8E%A1%E8%A8%AA%E5%87%A6%E7%BD%AE%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="採訪処置使">採訪処置使</a>としてそれぞれの道の治所に駐在させた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996381-212">[206]</a>。ここに至って道は州の上の行政単位となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996381-212">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:742_Tang_15Circuit.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/742_Tang_15Circuit.png/600px-742_Tang_15Circuit.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="510" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 600px;height: 510px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/742_Tang_15Circuit.png/600px-742_Tang_15Circuit.png" data-width="600" data-height="510" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/742_Tang_15Circuit.png/900px-742_Tang_15Circuit.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/742_Tang_15Circuit.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 15道図 </figcaption> </figure> <ol> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%AC%E7%95%BF%E9%81%93_(%E5%94%90)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「京畿道 (唐)」 (存在しないページ)">京畿道</a>、治所<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AE%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長安">長安</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%A2%E5%86%85%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「関内道」 (存在しないページ)">関内道</a>、治所長安</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%83%BD%E7%95%BF%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「都畿道」 (存在しないページ)">都畿道</a>，治所<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E9%99%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="洛陽">洛陽</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「河南道」 (存在しないページ)">河南道</a>，治所<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B1%B4%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="汴州">汴州</a>（現<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%B0%81%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="開封市">開封市</a>）</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E6%9D%B1%E9%81%93_(%E5%94%90)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「河東道 (唐)」 (存在しないページ)">河東道</a>，治所<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="蒲州">蒲州</a>（現<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%B8%88%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="永済市">永済市</a>）</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E9%81%93_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="河北道 (唐)">河北道</a>，治所<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="魏州">魏州</a>（現<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="河北省">河北省</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%90%8D%E7%9C%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大名県">大名県</a>東北）</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%B1%E5%8D%97%E8%A5%BF%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「山南西道」 (存在しないページ)">山南西道</a>，治所<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A2%81%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="梁州">梁州</a>（現<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E4%B8%AD%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢中市">漢中市</a>）</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%B1%E5%8D%97%E6%9D%B1%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「山南東道」 (存在しないページ)">山南東道</a>，治所<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%84%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="襄州">襄州</a>（現<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%84%E9%99%BD%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="襄陽市">襄陽市</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%84%E5%B7%9E%E5%8C%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="襄州区">襄州区</a>）</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B7%AE%E5%8D%97%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「淮南道」 (存在しないページ)">淮南道</a>，治所<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="揚州">揚州</a>（現<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="揚州市">揚州市</a>）</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97%E6%9D%B1%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「江南東道」 (存在しないページ)">江南東道</a>，治所<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="蘇州">蘇州</a>（現<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%98%87%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="蘇州市">蘇州市</a>）</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%9F%E5%8D%97%E8%A5%BF%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「江南西道」 (存在しないページ)">江南西道</a>，治所<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B4%AA%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="洪州">洪州</a>（現<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="江西省">江西省</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%98%8C%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南昌市">南昌市</a>）</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%94%E4%B8%AD%E9%81%93_(%E5%94%90)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「黔中道 (唐)」 (存在しないページ)">黔中道</a>，治所<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%94%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黔州">黔州</a>（現<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%85%B6%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="重慶市">重慶市</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BD%AD%E6%B0%B4%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AA%E6%97%8F%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E6%97%8F%E8%87%AA%E6%B2%BB%E7%9C%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="彭水ミャオ族トゥチャ族自治県">彭水ミャオ族トゥチャ族自治県</a>）</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%B4%E5%8F%B3%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「隴右道」 (存在しないページ)">隴右道</a>，治所<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%84%AF%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鄯州">鄯州</a>（現<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%9D%B1%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="海東市">海東市</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A5%BD%E9%83%BD%E7%9C%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="楽都県">楽都県</a>）</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%A3%E5%8D%97%E9%81%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「剣南道」 (存在しないページ)">剣南道</a>、治<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%8A%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="益州">益州</a>（現<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%90%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="成都市">成都市</a>）</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97%E9%81%93_(%E5%94%90)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「嶺南道 (唐)」 (存在しないページ)">嶺南道</a>、治<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="広州">広州</a>（現<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E5%B7%9E%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="広州市">広州市</a>）</li> </ol> 採訪処置使が後の安史の乱後に観察処置使（略して<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A6%B3%E5%AF%9F%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="観察使">観察使</a>）と名を変えて、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節度使">節度使</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B2%E5%BE%A1%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「防御使」 (存在しないページ)">防御使</a>などの軍事職と観察使を兼任することで<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%97%A9%E9%8E%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="藩鎮">藩鎮</a>となる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996449-81">[80]</a>。これにより唐の地方体制はそれまでの中央→州→県という3段階から中央→藩鎮→州→県という4段階へと変化したと言える<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997346-214">[208]</a>。ただし観察使の職掌範囲（＝藩鎮の勢力範囲）は数州くらいと15道よりも狭く、藩道と呼んで区別する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996548-215">[209]</a>。村落の方でも里正・村正などの政府によって置かれた役人の力は衰え、代わって村の有力地主層が村長・村耆などの名前で村の行政を司るようになった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996502-216">[210]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="税制">税制</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 税制" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="均田・租調役">均田・租調役</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 均田・租調役" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E7%94%B0%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="均田制">均田制</a>」および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E5%BA%B8%E8%AA%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="租庸調">租庸調</a>」を参照 </div> 均田制は全国の丁男（21歳から59歳までの男性）及び中男（18歳以上の男性）一人につき、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E6%A5%AD%E7%94%B0&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「永業田」 (存在しないページ)">永業田</a>が20<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%95%9D_(%E5%8D%98%E4%BD%8D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="畝 (単位)">畝</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%86%E7%94%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="口分田">口分田</a>が80畝まで支給される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996385%E2%80%93386-217">[211]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997195-218">[212]</a>。永業田は世襲が認められる田地で、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="クワ">クワ</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%84%E3%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ナツメ">ナツメ</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ニレ">ニレ</a>を植えることが義務付けられる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997195-218">[212]</a>。口分田は穀物を育てる田地で60歳になるあるいは死亡した場合は返還しなければならない<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996385%E2%80%93386-217">[211]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997195%E2%80%93196-219">[213]</a>。なお人口に対して田地が少なく十分な給付が出来ない土地（これを狭郷と呼び、対して普通の所を寛郷と呼ぶ）では規定の半額が支給される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997196-220">[214]</a>。また官職にある者は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%81%B7%E5%88%86%E7%94%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="職分田">職分田</a>が与えられる（これは辞職した時に返却する）。その他にも丁男がいない戸、商工業者、僧侶・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%A3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="道士">道士</a>などの特別な戸に対してもそれぞれ支給量が決められている<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996385-221">[215]</a>。 これに対して、農民は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%9F%E5%BA%B8%E8%AA%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="租庸調">租庸調</a>と呼ばれる税を納める義務を負う。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="租">租</a>は粟（穀物）2<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9F%B3_(%E5%8D%98%E4%BD%8D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="石 (単位)">石</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AA%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="調">調</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B5%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="絹">絹</a>2<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="丈">丈</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B6%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="綿">綿</a>3<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="両">両</a>（または布2.5丈と麻3斤）を収める。年間20日の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8A%B4%E5%BD%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="労役">労役</a>の義務があり、これを免除して貰うために納める税を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="庸">庸</a>と呼び、労役1日に対し絹3<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="尺">尺</a>あるいは布3.75尺を収める。これに加えて雑徭という臨時的に徴される力役がある（雑徭に関しては諸説あり、ここでは詳細は省く）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996388-222">[216]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997200%E2%80%93201-223">[217]</a>。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="府兵制">府兵制</a>は軍府という軍組織に所属する民に対して租調役を免除する代わりに兵役を課す（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6">#兵制</a>で後述）。 以上が理念的な均田制であるが、給付・返還の実態については諸説ある所であり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="第二次世界大戦">戦前</a>は均田制は土地所有の制限を定めたものであり、土地の返還は行われていなかったとする見解もあった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996390-392-224">[218]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997196-198-225">[219]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A41994131%E2%80%93132-226">[220]</a>。しかし新史料の発見により、少なくとも部分的には給付・返還が行われていたと考えられている<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996390-392-224">[218]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A41994134%E2%80%93135-227">[221]</a>。 男丁を基準に給付と課税が行われるのであるからその運用には戸内の男丁の数を把握する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%B8%E7%B1%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="戸籍">戸籍</a>が必要である。唐では戸籍が三年に一回作られ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996389-228">[222]</a>、戸の資産ごとに上上・上中・上下・中上…、下中・下下と分ける九等（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B8%E7%AD%89%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「戸等制」 (存在しないページ)">戸等制</a>）に分けられた。ただし戸等によって租庸調の額は変化せず、役や受田の順番などによって負担の均一が図られた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996389-228">[222]</a>。 しかし武則天期から天災や異民族の侵入、あるいは大土地所有者の増加などにより本籍地から逃亡する民（逃戸）が増え始めた。逃戸が逃亡先で定住したものを客戸と呼ぶ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996394-77">[76]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997244%E2%80%93245-229">[223]</a>。逃戸が増えるとその分の税収が減ることになる。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="玄宗 (唐)">玄宗</a>期には更にこの傾向は進み、何らかの対策が必要とされた。その一つが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E6%96%87%E8%9E%8D&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「宇文融」 (存在しないページ)">宇文融</a>の発案で行なった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%AC%E6%88%B8%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「括戸政策」 (存在しないページ)">括戸政策</a>である。客戸を逃亡先の土地で戸籍に登録するこの政策により八十余万戸が新たに登録されたという<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996394%E2%80%93395-230">[224]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997153-231">[225]</a>。 しかし大土地所有の進行・村落での階層分化などの社会変化傾向は変わらず、更に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安史の乱">安史の乱</a>終結後に各地に配された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%97%A9%E9%8E%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="藩鎮">藩鎮</a>勢力は租庸調とは別の税を勝手に取り立てて自分たちの収入としていた。もはやここに至って均田制・租調役制は完全に行き詰まったといえる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996489-118">[116]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997313-232">[226]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="両税法">両税法</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 両税法" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%A1%E7%A8%8E%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="両税法">両税法</a>」を参照 </div> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/780%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="780年">780年</a>、宰相<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E7%82%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="楊炎">楊炎</a>により租庸調に変わる新たな税制<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%A1%E7%A8%8E%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="両税法">両税法</a>が上申された。両税法の主な特徴は以下の通り<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996489-118">[116]</a>。 <ol> <li>両税への一本化。 <ul> <li>以前から租庸調とは別に戸に課税する戸税・土地に課税する地税・同じく土地に課税する青苗銭などの税金があったがこれを全廃する。既述のような藩鎮の勝手な徴収を防ぐ意味もあった。</li> </ul></li> <li>6月に麦を納める夏税、11月に粟・稲を納める秋税の二回徴収とする。これが両税の名の由来である。 <ul> <li>当時華北では麦の栽培と粉食が一般的になり、麦と粟の二年三毛作が行われていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996492-233">[227]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997329%E2%80%93330-234">[228]</a>。</li> </ul></li> <li>戸を対象に課税し、資産の多寡によって税額が変わる。 <ul> <li>それまでの丁男を等質と見なす考えを捨て、戸ごとに財産を計って課税額を決める。</li> </ul></li> <li>量入制出から量出制入への移行。 <ul> <li>まず必要な予算を先に決め、両税以外の歳入を全て計算。予算に足りない分を両税の税額とした。</li> </ul></li> <li>資産計算・納税共に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%8A%85%E9%8A%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="銅銭">銭</a>が原則。 <ul> <li>当時農村でも銅銭が普及しつつあり、それに対応するもの。ただし現物による折納も認める。</li> </ul></li> <li>主戸・客戸の区別の撤廃。 <ul> <li>主戸・客戸の区別なく土地を所有するならば全てに課税する。逆に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BD%83%E6%88%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="佃戸">佃戸</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-235">[注釈 7]</a>などには課税されない。</li> </ul></li> </ol> 両税法の施行は均田制下での土地所有制限を自ら否定したに等しく、これ以降の唐では大土地所有が更に加速することになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996489-118">[116]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997333-119">[117]</a>。ただし形式的には唐滅亡まで均田制・租庸調制は続いた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996489-118">[116]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="専売制">専売制</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 専売制" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 両税法より前の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/758%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="758年">758年</a>に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A1%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="塩">塩</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%82%E5%A3%B2%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="専売制">専売制</a>を実施した。専売の統括をする役職が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A1%A9%E9%89%84%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="塩鉄使">塩鉄使</a>である。基本的に中国では塩の産地が少なく、産地を集中的に監視下に置きやすいという環境があった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996495-236">[229]</a>。産地の種類によって海塩・池塩・井塩・土塩に分けられる。それぞれ海水の塩・塩湖の塩・塩分が多い地下水の塩・塩分が多い土を精製した塩である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996495-236">[229]</a>。各地の塩産地には製塩業者が集められて登録を受け、できた塩は登録された塩商人に売り、外部へ塩が流出しないように監視された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997322-237">[230]</a>。 専売制によってかけられる税は莫大で、専売制実施前に1斗が銭10文であったのが実施後には110文になり<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996460-238">[231]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997322%E2%80%93323-239">[232]</a>、更に値上げされて唐を通じて250文から300文、もっとも高い時で370文にもなった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997322%E2%80%93323-239">[232]</a>。そのため貧しくて塩が買えず淡色という味気ない食事しか出来ない者もいたという<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997323-240">[233]</a>。 このような高額の官塩に対して私塩と呼ばれる密売塩が出回ることになる。塩製造には厳しい監視が付けられており、私塩の出所は官塩からの横流しが大半を占めていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996460-238">[231]</a>。私塩に対して唐は厳しい取り締まりを行なったが、私塩業者の方も対抗して武装し、内部での結束を高めるために宗教的な掟を定めるなどしていた。これが後の中国の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E5%AF%86%E7%B5%90%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="秘密結社">秘密結社</a>のルーツとなったとされる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996460%E2%80%93461-241">[234]</a>。このような私塩集団を塩賊と呼び、唐を実質的に滅ぼした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%B7%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黄巣">黄巣</a>らもまた塩賊出身であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996477-164">[159]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997436-165">[160]</a>。 また茶葉にもはじめの793年に価格の10分の1、821年に増額して5割、835年に更に増税される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997430%E2%80%93431-242">[235]</a>。と塩に比べればまだ安いものの高額な税がかけられ、塩と同じように茶賊と呼ばれる集団が活動した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996460%E2%80%93461-241">[234]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="その他の税">その他の税</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: その他の税" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 商工業に対して、関所などの通行税や市に登録した商人に対する市租などを取っていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997334-243">[236]</a>。両税法では店構えや家屋などを元に算出した資産額によって課税し、行商人に対しては運搬する商品の30分の1の額を取った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997334-243">[236]</a>（翌年に10分の1に増額<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997337-244">[237]</a>。）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="軍事">軍事</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 軍事" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="兵制">兵制</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 兵制" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="府兵制">府兵制</a>」を参照 </div> 唐初の兵制は隋から引き継いだ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="府兵制">府兵制</a>である。府兵制では全国に折衝府という組織を置く<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996404-245">[238]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997202-246">[239]</a>。折衝府には地域の農民が登録され、租庸調を免除される代わりに兵役の義務を負う。 府兵の兵役の内容は主に、衛士と呼ばれる首都勤務と、防人と呼ばれる国境警備があった。衛士は府兵は5ヶ月に1回、京師に1ヶ月番上する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996405-247">[240]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997204-248">[241]</a>。辺境には鎮・戍という防衛組織があり、府兵は生涯のうちに一度、3年間を防人として努めなければならなかった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996405-247">[240]</a>。また京師の番上や国境警備に出ていない場合に州県へと番上して警備や様々な<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「色役」 (存在しないページ)">色役</a>を行った。またそれ以外の時に年三度の訓練を行った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996405-247">[240]</a>。なお衛士・防人共に武器・防具及び駐在中の食料などは全て府兵自身の負担であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997259-249">[242]</a>。 折衝府は全国に約600が存在しており、そのうちの400程が長安・洛陽周辺に集中していた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996405-247">[240]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997202-246">[239]</a>。所属する兵員によって上中下があり、元は上が1000・中が800・下が600であったが、後の武則天の時に増員されて上が1200・中が1000・下が800となっている<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996405-247">[240]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997-250">[243]</a>。600×1000＝60万が唐の常備兵力ということになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996406-251">[244]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997202-246">[239]</a>。60万の内、10万が衛士・10万が防人に使われており、遠征等に動かせる兵力は40万以下であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996406-251">[244]</a>。国外遠征などでより兵が必要な場合は臨時の徴兵が行われる。これは兵募と呼ばれるが強制的なもので、折衝府がある無しに関係なく行われた。ただし府兵が全て自弁であったのに対して、兵募の諸物資は官給であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996406-251">[244]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997203-252">[245]</a>。 しかし衛士・防人共にその負担は非常に重いものがあり<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996408-253">[246]</a>、兵役拒否などにより府兵制は早期に立ち行かなくなった。首都防衛については北衙禁軍<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996409-254">[247]</a>、辺境防衛についても<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/737%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="737年">737年</a>に辺境の軍鎮に長期にわたって駐屯する長征健児制が出来る。これらの兵士には国から衣食住が支給され、家族と共に住む場合には田宅も支給された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996407-255">[248]</a>。また従来の鎮戍にも府兵ではなく兵募が務めるようになった。これを丁防・防丁と呼ぶ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996407-255">[248]</a>。 このような変化により、有名無実の存在となった折衝府は749年に廃止され、府兵制は消滅した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996407-255">[248]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="中央軍">中央軍</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 中央軍" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 唐政府の中央軍である禁軍として、「南衙」と呼ばれる国の正規軍と「北衙」と呼ばれる皇帝親軍の二元化した軍隊が存在した。南衙禁軍は長安城内に駐屯し、ここに務める兵力は府兵が担いこれを衛士といった。長安には府兵が属する組織として十二衛府六率府があり、十二衛（左右衛・左右驍衛・左右威衛・左右両軍衛）は各4-50の折衝府を管理し、皇帝の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%84%80%E4%BB%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="儀仗">儀仗</a>や宿衛、皇族や各官庁の警護にあたった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996404-245">[238]</a>。六率府（左右衛率府・左右司禦率府・左右清道率府）には各3-6の折衝府を管理し、皇太子の宿衛儀仗にあたった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996404%E2%80%93405-256">[249]</a>。南衙禁軍は、府兵制度の衰退とともに兵力の確保が困難になり、京師周辺の下等戸から優先して徴兵する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%8D%E9%A8%8E%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「彍騎制」 (存在しないページ)">彍騎制</a>を行って兵力を確保しようとしたが、こちらも早期に頓挫。京師警備の任務も北衙禁軍が担うこととなった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996405-247">[240]</a>。 北衙禁軍は、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%B7%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李淵">高祖</a>のときの元従禁軍を元とし<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997271-257">[250]</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太宗 (唐)">太宗</a>の638年（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%9E%E8%A6%B3_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貞観 (唐)">貞観</a>十二年）に老齢化した彼らに代わって二等戸以上から選抜して飛騎と呼んで皇帝親衛軍とし、更に飛騎の中から選抜して百騎とした。飛騎の駐屯地は長安宮城北の玄武門の左右にあったので北衙と呼ばれる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996408-409-258">[251]</a>。この時点での北衙の兵力は南衙に比べれば微々たるものであったが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="高宗 (唐)">高宗</a>の662年（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%9C%94?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="龍朔">龍朔</a>二年）に左右羽林軍として独立した軍となる。更に百騎が689年に千騎・705年に万騎と改称されてその都度増員され、玄宗の738年（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="開元">開元</a>二重六年）に万騎が左右龍武軍として独立、北衙は四軍となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996409-254">[247]</a>。 安史の乱の際に、本来の北衙禁軍である羽林軍は壊滅しており、これに代わって禁軍の中核となったのが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%AD%96%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「神策軍」 (存在しないページ)">神策軍</a>である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996457-124">[122]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997370-132">[128]</a>。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="憲宗 (唐)">憲宗</a>のときにこの神策軍を大幅に拡充して15万を数えるようになり、この兵力を基に反則藩鎮の順地化に成功した（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%97%A9%E9%8E%AE%E3%81%A8%E3%81%AE%E6%94%BB%E9%98%B2">#藩鎮との攻防</a>で先述）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996457-459-259">[252]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997371-374-260">[253]</a>。しかしこの神策軍の拡充の費用に当てられたのが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%B9%B1%E3%81%AE%E7%B6%9A%E7%99%BA">先述</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%A8%E4%BD%99&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「羨余」 (存在しないページ)">羨余</a>であり、民衆を大いに苦しめることとなった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996463-147">[143]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997371-261">[254]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="地方軍・辺境軍">地方軍・辺境軍</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 地方軍・辺境軍" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 唐初では辺境防衛には、先述した「鎮」や「戍」という拠点が置かれ、ここに府兵が防人として配置され、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="都護府">都護府</a>が統括した。鎮に配置された兵は500人以下、戍には50人以下であり、鎮戍は太宗時代は千ほど置かれ、総兵力は10万人程度であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997274-262">[255]</a>。羈縻政策が破綻するにつれ、鎮戍制では対応が不可能となり、異民族の攻撃によって境界線は後退した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996406-251">[244]</a>。そのため、高宗時代頃から、鎮戍とは別に軍鎮という新たな軍組織が置かれるようになる。こちらも最初は都護府の管轄に置かれていたが、後に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節度使">節度使</a>がこの役割を担うようになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996406-251">[244]</a>。710年に安西節度使が置かれたのを初めとして、721年までに10の節度使が置かれた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996449-81">[80]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997286-287-263">[256]</a>。 また地方の治安維持として団錬兵・団結兵と呼ばれる新しい兵種が生まれる。元は武則天時代に設置された武騎団という組織が始まりで、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="契丹">契丹</a>の反乱に対処するためのものだった。これが玄宗期に団練兵と呼ばれるようになる。団練兵の兵員はその地方の農民が徴兵されるもので、彼らは普段は農業に従事し、農閑期には訓練を施された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996406-251">[244]</a>。団錬兵の指揮官として団錬使という使職が設けられたが、後に州刺史がこれを兼任するようになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997263%E2%80%93264-264">[257]</a>。また、都市には城謗という徴兵による治安維持の兵が置かれた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997264-265">[258]</a>。 安史の乱後は長安・洛陽周辺部を除いた地方はほぼ全てが節度使率いる藩鎮の支配下に入ることとなる。その組織構造については<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E8%97%A9%E9%8E%AE">#藩鎮</a>を参照。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="政治勢力">政治勢力</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 政治勢力" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="科挙官僚と貴族">科挙官僚と貴族</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 科挙官僚と貴族" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="科挙">科挙</a>」および「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貴族 (中国)">貴族 (中国)</a>」も参照 </div> 初唐に権力を握ったのは皇室の李氏を含め関隴の地域を基盤とした貴族集団であり、この集団のことを関隴貴族集団と呼ぶ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996308%E2%80%93309-266">[259]</a>。関は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%A2%E4%B8%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="関中">関中</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%9D%E8%A5%BF%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陝西省">陝西省</a>）、隴は現在の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%98%E7%B2%9B%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="甘粛省">甘粛省</a>東部のことである<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996309-267">[260]</a>。関隴集団は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%B7%9D%E9%8E%AE%E8%BB%8D%E9%96%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武川鎮軍閥">武川鎮軍閥</a>とも呼ばれ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%91%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北周">北周</a>以来の支配者集団が貴族化したものである<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996308%E2%80%93310-268">[261]</a>。 関隴集団以外の貴族として漢以来の長い伝統を持つ山東貴族があり、影響力には乏しいが社会的な名望は関隴系よりも上だった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996324-269">[262]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%AE%E5%B4%8E199783-270">[263]</a>。太宗は貴族を九等に格付けした『氏族志』の編纂を命じたが、はじめ山東貴族の崔氏が第一等、皇室の李氏が第三等とされていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996324-269">[262]</a>。これに怒った太宗は作り直しを命じ、皇室の李氏を第一等・外戚の長孫氏や独孤氏などを第二等、崔氏を三等とした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996324-269">[262]</a>。 五品以上の官品を持つ者（ないし皇族・姻戚）にはその子弟が無条件で官品を得られる権利があった。これを資蔭といい、これによって官僚になった者を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E5%AD%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="任子">任子</a>と呼ぶ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996369-197">[191]</a>。例えば最高の一品官の子であれば正七品上が与えられる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996369-197">[191]</a>。一方、隋から受け継いだ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="科挙">科挙</a>も実施されていたものの、科挙では最高でも正八品上から任官することになり、資蔭によって与えられる地位よりも低い位置で任官するのが常であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996372-271">[264]</a>。更に試験に合格したとしてもすぐに任官できるわけではなく、尚書<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8F%E9%83%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="吏部">吏部</a>で行われる身・言・書・判<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E8%BA%AB%E3%83%BB%E8%A8%80%E3%83%BB%E6%9B%B8%E3%83%BB%E5%88%A4-273">[注釈 8]</a>という人物審査に合格して初めて任官することが出来た<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996452-272">[265]</a>。この人物審査は貴族的な立ち居振る舞いを求める物であり、科挙の制度の中に貴族の既得権益を守る意図があった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996452-272">[265]</a>。 武則天は権力奪取の過程において<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AD%AB%E7%84%A1%E5%BF%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長孫無忌">長孫無忌</a>などの関隴貴族および伝統的な門閥貴族と対立し、これに対抗するために科挙官僚を優遇して積極的に引き上げた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996334%E2%80%93335-274">[266]</a>。後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="玄宗 (唐)">玄宗</a>治世の前半に科挙官僚が中心になって<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E3%81%AE%E6%B2%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="開元の治">開元の治</a>を導いた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996345-73">[72]</a>。玄宗後半になると関隴系が息を吹きかえし、再び政治上の主導権を握るようになった。その代表と言えるのが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%BB%E6%88%B8%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「活戸政策」 (存在しないページ)">活戸政策</a>を主導した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E6%96%87%E8%9E%8D&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「宇文融」 (存在しないページ)">宇文融</a>であり、その後に19年の長きにわたって宰相の地位にあった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%9E%97%E7%94%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李林甫">李林甫</a>である。李林甫によって関隴系の優位は確固たるものとなる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996346-84">[83]</a>。 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安史の乱">安史の乱</a>の後になると科挙合格者に対する社会的声望が高まり、任子の資格を持つものであっても科挙を受けるものが出てくる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996471-129">[126]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997389-275">[267]</a>。9世紀に入ることになると科挙官僚の勢力は貴族勢力と伍するほどになっていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996472-128">[125]</a>。 そのような中で起きたのが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%9D%8E%E3%81%AE%E5%85%9A%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="牛李の党争">牛李の党争</a>である。任子出身の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%BE%B3%E8%A3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李徳裕">李徳裕</a>と科挙出身の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E5%83%A7%E5%AD%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="牛僧孺">牛僧孺</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%97%E9%96%94&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「李宗閔」 (存在しないページ)">李宗閔</a>の両派閥が鋭く対立した（この党争の捉え方に対して種々の意見・議論がある。その内容については<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%9D%8E%E3%81%AE%E5%85%9A%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="牛李の党争">牛李の党争</a>の項目を参照）。 その後の乱の続発・藩鎮勢力の復権などの情勢の変化の中で貴族の勢力は大きく衰退し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五代十国時代">五代</a>から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北宋">宋</a>に至る中で貴族勢力は完全に滅びたと考えられる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996474-276">[268]</a>。そして宋では科挙に合格して官僚資格を得た新興地主層が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="士大夫">士大夫</a>と呼ばれる新たな支配者集団を形成することとなる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%95%E6%A2%85%E5%8E%9F%E6%BA%9D%E5%8F%A3%E6%A3%AE%E7%94%B01997117-277">[269]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="藩鎮">藩鎮</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 藩鎮" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%97%A9%E9%8E%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="藩鎮">藩鎮</a>」を参照 </div> 府兵制が逃戸の増大・兵役拒否などによって立ち行かなくなった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996447-80">[79]</a>ことにより、それまでの徴兵制から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%9F%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「募兵制」 (存在しないページ)">募兵制</a>に変更せざるを得なくなった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996447-80">[79]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997283-278">[270]</a>。またそれ以前から周辺民族の活動が活発化し、辺境防衛の強化が求められていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996447-80">[79]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997285-279">[271]</a>。 この頃の地方防衛では軍・城・守捉・鎮と呼ばれる軍事組織を各地に配置していた。これらをまとめて軍鎮と呼ぶ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996406-251">[244]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997278-280">[272]</a>。軍鎮の長官を軍使といい、軍鎮1つあたり平均して1万、総兵力60万と号していた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996466-154">[150]</a>。これら軍鎮の統括は当初は都護府が行っていたが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996406-251">[244]</a>、後にこれをまとめるために置かれたのが藩鎮であり、その長が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節度使">節度使</a>である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996447-80">[79]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997285-279">[271]</a>。 710年に安西節度使が置かれたのを初めとして、721年までに10の節度使が置かれた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996449-81">[80]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997286-287-263">[256]</a>。この10の節度使の総兵力は49万・軍馬数は7-8万となり<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996448-281">[273]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997288-282">[274]</a>となり、唐の中央軍の兵力を大きく上回っていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997288-282">[274]</a>。この10の節度使のうち、安西（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%80%E8%8C%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="亀茲">亀茲</a>）・北庭（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%AD%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="庭州">庭州</a>）・平盧（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%96%B6%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="営州">営州</a>）の3つが万里の長城の外にある長城外節度使であり、他7つが長城内節度使である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996448-281">[273]</a>。長城外節度使には軍人や蕃将（異民族の将軍）が任命され、長城内節度使にはもっぱら高級文官が就いた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996448-281">[273]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997288%E2%80%93289-283">[275]</a>。長城内節度使は宰相へのエリートコースとされ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996448-281">[273]</a>、玄宗即位から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%9E%97%E7%94%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李林甫">李林甫</a>登場までの25人の宰相の内、節度使から宰相になった者が14人いる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997292-284">[276]</a>。李林甫がこのコースを潰すために長城内節度使にも軍人・蕃将を任命するようにし、それが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%A6%84%E5%B1%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安禄山">安禄山</a>の出世・さらに結果として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安史の乱">安史の乱</a>に繋がることになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996448-281">[273]</a>。 安史の乱を平定するに当たり、それまで設置していなかった内地にも藩鎮を設置するようになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996448-281">[273]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997343-114">[112]</a>。また安史軍の幹部であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%9D%E8%87%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李宝臣">李宝臣</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%87%90%E4%BB%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李懐仙">李懐仙</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%B0%E6%89%BF%E5%97%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="田承嗣">田承嗣</a>の三人をそれぞれ成徳軍・盧龍軍・天雄軍の節度使に封じることで懐柔し、乱を収めた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996450-285">[277]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997348-286">[278]</a>。こうして9世紀半ばには全国に4-50の藩鎮が置かれ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996449-81">[80]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997343-114">[112]</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AE%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長安">長安</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E9%99%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="洛陽">洛陽</a>の二都が所属する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E5%85%86%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="京兆府">京兆府</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="河南府">河南府</a>を除くすべての地域がいずれかの藩鎮の支配地域となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996449-81">[80]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997343-114">[112]</a>。 藩鎮はそれまでは軍権だけを持つものであったが、乱後は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A6%B3%E5%AF%9F%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="観察使">観察使</a>を兼任することで行政権も握るようになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996449-81">[80]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997345-287">[279]</a>。江南地域では節度使は置かれず、観察使が防御使などの軍事職を兼任することでこちらも行政・軍事権を握った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996449-81">[80]</a>。これにより唐の地方体制はそれまでの中央→州→県という3段階から中央→藩鎮→州→県という4段階へと変化したと言える<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997346-214">[208]</a>。 藩鎮の内、唐政府に対して反抗的な藩鎮を反則（藩鎮、の地）、対して比較的従順な藩鎮を順地と呼んだ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996449-81">[80]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997350-115">[113]</a>。先に挙げた成徳・盧龍・天雄の3者が反則の典型で、これを<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E4%B8%89%E9%8E%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="河北三鎮">河北三鎮</a>と呼ぶ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996450-285">[277]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997350-115">[113]</a>。反則藩鎮では政府に収めるべき上供も送られないことが多く、領内での徴税・官吏や兵士の任命などを勝手に行い、半独立した状態となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996450-285">[277]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997350-115">[113]</a>。 藩鎮の領内の内、節度使の府（幕府）である使府が置かれている州を使府州（または会府）といい<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996451-288">[280]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997345-287">[279]</a>、節度使自身がこの州の長官たる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="刺史">刺史</a>を兼ねる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997345-287">[279]</a>。そしてここに常駐している軍を牙軍・牙中軍といい、藩鎮兵力の中核をなす<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996451-288">[280]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997361-289">[281]</a>。また領内の要所に軍鎮が配置されて守備にあたる。これを外鎮軍・牙外軍という<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996451-288">[280]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997361-289">[281]</a>。藩鎮は平均して5-6州をその領内に持つが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997345-287">[279]</a>、使府州以外の州は巡属州（または支郡）などと呼ばれ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996451-288">[280]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997346-214">[208]</a>、それぞれの州刺史が防御使などの軍事職を兼任して州ごとに軍を持って治安維持に当たる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996451-288">[280]</a>。これらの兵士は全て傭兵であり、官費で養われる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996451-288">[280]</a>。またこれらとは別に家兵などと呼ばれる節度使の私軍を抱えることが多い<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996451-288">[280]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997362-290">[282]</a>。これら家兵は節度使と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BB%AE%E7%88%B6%E5%AD%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="仮父子">仮父子</a>関係<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E4%BB%AE%E7%88%B6%E5%AD%90-98">[注釈 2]</a>を結ぶことで個人的紐帯を強くした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996451-288">[280]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997362-290">[282]</a>。 藩鎮の中核を為す支配機関が使院と呼ばれる機関で、ここに所属する官を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%95%E8%81%B7%E5%AE%98&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「幕職官」 (存在しないページ)">幕職官</a>という<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996452-272">[265]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997346-214">[208]</a>。この幕職官は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%9F%E5%8F%AC&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「辟召」 (存在しないページ)">辟召</a>により、藩鎮が独自に任命し、中央はそれを後で追認するだけであった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996452-272">[265]</a>。この幕職官の主な供給源となったのが科挙落第者である。科挙に合格することは非常に困難であり、毎年数百人の落第者が生まれていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996452-272">[265]</a>。落第者とはいえ知識人であり、有用な人材である彼らを辟召によって藩鎮が吸収していった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996452%E2%80%93453-291">[283]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997386-387-292">[284]</a>。 このような構造を持つ藩鎮だが、その長たる藩帥（節度使・観察使）の地位は必ずしも安定したものではなかった。牙軍の兵士は自らの待遇問題に敏感で、これが十分ではない場合は不満を抱いて兵乱を起こすこともあった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997360-293">[285]</a>。最悪の場合は藩帥を追放・殺害してすげ替えるといった事態に発展する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996451-288">[280]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997360-293">[285]</a>。前述の家兵も、反抗的な牙軍に対して自衛のために個人的忠誠心の強い部隊が必要とされたものである<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996451-288">[280]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997362-290">[282]</a>。 820年に即位した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="憲宗 (唐)">憲宗</a>は各反則藩鎮を武力で討伐してこれらを順地とすることに成功した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996457%E2%80%93459-125">[123]</a>。これと並行して順属州の兵権と税収を節度使から取り上げ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459-111">[109]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997374%E2%80%93376-294">[286]</a>、さらに節度使を中央から派遣される高級文官が就くこととし<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459-111">[109]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997379-295">[287]</a>、任期も数年で交代するようにした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459-111">[109]</a>。これにより藩鎮の勢力は大幅に減少し、唐はある程度中央集権を回復することに成功した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459-111">[109]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997379-295">[287]</a>。ただし河北三鎮は一旦順地化した後に再び反則となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459-111">[109]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997379-295">[287]</a>。 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%B7%A3%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黄巣の乱">黄巣の乱</a>が起きると乱の中で成り上がってきた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%A8%E5%BF%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="朱全忠">朱全忠</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%8B%E7%94%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李克用">李克用</a>らが節度使の職を帯びて、藩鎮勢力が再び形成される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997450-451-296">[288]</a>。しかしこの唐末の藩鎮とかつての反則藩鎮とは決定的に違う部分がある。反則藩鎮は財政基盤が弱く、大量の兵士を養うためには中央からの官費が不可欠であって、唐に対して反抗的ではあっても唐と分離して存続できない存在であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996451-288">[280]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997451-297">[289]</a>。これに対して黄巣の乱後の唐は一地方政権に堕しており<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997452%E2%80%93453-181">[175]</a>、藩鎮は完全に自立した存在となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997451%E2%80%93452-298">[290]</a>。 藩鎮間の抗争と統合が行われ、唐も907年に滅ぼされる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996484-179">[173]</a>。この後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五代十国時代">五代</a>政権の創業者はほとんどが節度使から皇帝となっており<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%95%E6%A2%85%E5%8E%9F%E6%BA%9D%E5%8F%A3%E6%A3%AE%E7%94%B0199725-299">[291]</a>、五代政権自体が唐の藩鎮の性格を色濃く受け継いだものと言える<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%95%E6%A2%85%E5%8E%9F%E6%BA%9D%E5%8F%A3%E6%A3%AE%E7%94%B019976-300">[292]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%95%E6%A2%85%E5%8E%9F%E6%BA%9D%E5%8F%A3%E6%A3%AE%E7%94%B0199725-299">[291]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="宦官">宦官</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 宦官" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 唐は歴代王朝の中でも<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後漢">後漢</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="明">明</a>と並んで<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%A6%E5%AE%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宦官">宦官</a>悪の顕著な時代とされている<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996474-276">[268]</a>。 六省の一つ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E4%BE%8D%E7%9C%81&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「内侍省」 (存在しないページ)">内侍省</a>が後宮の管理を行う部署である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996376-201">[195]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997148-301">[293]</a>。長官は内侍監（正三品）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997149-302">[294]</a>。 唐において最初に権勢を揮った宦官は玄宗時代の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%9B%E5%A3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="高力士">高力士</a>である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475-133">[129]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997-250">[243]</a>。高力士は皇太子時代から玄宗に仕え、太平公主討伐などに功績を挙げて、玄宗の信頼を勝ち取るに至った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997149-302">[294]</a>。玄宗が皇太子を立てる際に高力士は忠王李璵（後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B2%9B%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="粛宗 (唐)">粛宗</a>）を推薦し、玄宗はこの意見に従っている<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997155-91">[90]</a>。このように玄宗からの信頼は非常に厚いものがあったが、玄宗退位後に粛宗を補佐して権勢を握ったこれも宦官の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%BC%94%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李輔国">李輔国</a>から誣告を受けて失脚している<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997149%E2%80%93150-303">[295]</a>。 高力士までは宦官はあくまで皇帝の影の存在だったが、先に挙げた李輔国のころから宦官が表舞台に現れてくるようになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475-133">[129]</a>。さらに<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="代宗 (唐)">代宗</a>のときの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%A8%8B%E5%85%83%E6%8C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「程元振」 (存在しないページ)">程元振</a>などを経て、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%AD%96%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「神策軍」 (存在しないページ)">神策軍</a>を擁した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E9%AD%9A%E6%9C%9D%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「魚朝恩」 (存在しないページ)">魚朝恩</a>の台頭以後、宦官の存在は唐の中で大きな位置を占めるようになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005121-304">[296]</a>。安史の乱により唐の南北<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E8%BB%8D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="禁軍">禁軍</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E8%BB%8D">中央軍</a>を参照）は壊滅しており<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475-133">[129]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997370-132">[128]</a>、これに代わって神策軍を代表とする北衙禁軍が再構成される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475-133">[129]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997370-132">[128]</a>。神策軍の司令官には代々宦官が任じられることになり<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996495-236">[229]</a>、宦官勢力が大きな兵力を握ることとなった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996495-236">[229]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997370-132">[128]</a>。この北衙禁軍により唐は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%97%A9%E9%8E%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="藩鎮">藩鎮</a>勢力の討伐に成功し、このことで宦官の勢力は増大する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996495-236">[229]</a>。さらに藩鎮に対して宦官が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%A3%E8%BB%8D&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「監軍」 (存在しないページ)">監軍</a>として監察に当たるようになり<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475-133">[129]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997391-305">[297]</a>、また新たに設置された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9E%A2%E5%AF%86%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="枢密使">枢密使</a>が宦官の任命されて皇帝と宰相との連絡役とされる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997391-305">[297]</a>など、もはや宦官は宮中の中だけの存在ではなくなった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997391-305">[297]</a>。 ここに至って宦官は皇帝の廃立すら決めるようになった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475-133">[129]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997392-134">[130]</a>。12代<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="穆宗 (唐)">穆宗</a>から19代<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="昭宗 (唐)">昭宗</a>までの8人の皇帝のうち宦官に擁立されなかったのは13代<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%95%AC%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="敬宗 (唐)">敬宗</a>だけであり、その敬宗も在位2年で宦官に殺されている<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475-133">[129]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997392-134">[130]</a>。皇帝を擁立した宦官は定策国老と呼ばれ、擁立された皇帝は門生天子（皇帝を科挙の受験者に見立てている）とまで呼ばれた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997392-134">[130]</a>。この状態に対して14代<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="文宗 (唐)">文宗</a>は宦官を誅滅しようとし、宰相<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%8E%E8%A8%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「李訓」 (存在しないページ)">李訓</a>・鳳翔節度使の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E6%B3%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鄭注">鄭注</a>と共に宦官殺害の策を練る。835年に「甘露が降るという瑞兆があった」という偽りを報告し、これを口実として宦官を集めて一気に殺害する計画を立てた。しかし直前に情報が宦官側に漏れて計画は失敗、李訓らは殺される。これを<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%98%E9%9C%B2%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="甘露の変">甘露の変</a>と呼ぶ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475-133">[129]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997393-136">[132]</a>。 強大な権力を持つ宦官に対して、官僚側も接近し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%9D%8E%E3%81%AE%E5%85%9A%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="牛李の党争">牛李の党争</a>の際には双方の党が宦官の力を借りて政敵を追い落としている<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475%E2%80%93476-135">[131]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997392%E2%80%93393-306">[298]</a>。 このように権勢を振るった宦官であったが、その権勢の源はあくまで皇帝にあり、皇帝と離れては権勢を保ち得ない存在であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996476-163">[158]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997392-134">[130]</a>。黄巣の乱の後、唐が大幅にその力を減じ、一地方政権となった後でも官僚・宦官等による宮廷内での権力争いは続けられていたが、それも藩鎮軍閥勢力による代理戦争に過ぎず<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996485-182">[176]</a>、現実になんら影響を及ぼすものではなかった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997461-307">[299]</a>。 903年、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%85%A8%E5%BF%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="朱全忠">朱全忠</a>は宮中にて数百人の宦官を皆殺しにした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996485-182">[176]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005137-184">[178]</a>。中央における有利を確立した朱全忠にとってはもはや宦官に利用価値は残っていなかった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996486-183">[177]</a>。そして4年後の907年に唐自体が滅亡することとなる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996486-183">[177]</a>。 </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="社会・経済">社会・経済</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 社会・経済" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> ※唐代の単位については以下の通り。1<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A0%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="頃">頃</a>=100<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%95%9D_(%E5%8D%98%E4%BD%8D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="畝 (単位)">畝</a>≒5.22<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB_(%E5%8D%98%E4%BD%8D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アール (単位)">アール</a>。10斗=1石=59.4リットル。10尺=1丈=3.11m。1両=42.5 - 40g。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="農村・農業">農村・農業</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 農村・農業" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%9D%87%E7%94%B0%E5%88%B6">#均田制</a>および<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6">#地方制度</a>で先述したように、唐代の農民は丁男（21歳から59歳までの男性）と中男（18歳以上の男性）一人に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B8%E6%A5%AD%E7%94%B0&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「永業田」 (存在しないページ)">永業田</a>が20<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%95%9D_(%E5%8D%98%E4%BD%8D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="畝 (単位)">畝</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E5%88%86%E7%94%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="口分田">口分田</a>が80畝まで支給される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996385%E2%80%93386-217">[211]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997195-218">[212]</a>。永業田は世襲が認められ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997195-218">[212]</a>、口分田は60歳になるあるいは死亡した場合は返還しなければならない<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996385%E2%80%93386-217">[211]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997195%E2%80%93196-219">[213]</a>。これに対して<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="租">租</a>は粟（穀物）2<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9F%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="石">石</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AA%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="調">調</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B5%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="絹">絹</a>2<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="丈">丈</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B6%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="綿">綿</a>3<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="両">両</a>（または布2.5丈と麻3斤）を納め、年間20日の労役の義務を負う。永業田は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="クワ">クワ</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ニレ">ニレ</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%84%E3%83%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ナツメ">ナツメ</a>などの果樹を植えるための土地であり、口分田で穀物を育てる。唐初の主力穀物は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アワ">アワ</a>であり、租として納めるのがアワなのもそれ故である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997327%E2%80%93328-308">[300]</a>。これら農村に対する行政単位が郷と里（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%83%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="郷里制">郷里制</a>）である。100戸をまとめて里として里正を起き、5里をまとめて郷とする（郷正は一時期を除いて置かれなかった）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996378-209">[203]</a>。里正は里の者から選ばれ、戸籍の作成・勧農・里内の不正の監視・労役の割付などにあたった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996378-379-210">[204]</a>。また村の中の100戸ごとに村正が置かれた（100戸以下の場合は一人、以上なら複数となる）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996379-211">[205]</a>。 これが唐初を過ぎると<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B2%89%E9%A3%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="粉食">粉食</a>の習慣が一般的になり、より粉食に向いた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%82%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ムギ">ムギ</a>が盛んに栽培されるようになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997328-309">[301]</a>。各地の荘園では<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A2%BE%E7%A3%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="碾磑">碾磑</a>（水力を利用した石臼）が設けられ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997328-309">[301]</a>、荘園での製粉に加えて民間にも貸し出されて、その借賃が荘園の大きな収入となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996500-310">[302]</a>。これら碾磑に使われる水は灌漑用水から引かれたので水利を阻害し、一般農民からの訴えにより政府は碾磑を撤去するようにしたが、撤去後にすぐに再建されたために効果はなかった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996500-310">[302]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997328%E2%80%93329-311">[303]</a>。更に華北ではムギ栽培の普及とともに早熟のアワとムギを組み合わせた二年三毛作が成立する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996492-233">[227]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997329-312">[304]</a>。 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%A1%E7%A8%8E%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="両税法">両税法</a>がムギとアワ（ないし稲）を徴税対象としているのもこのような状況に対応したものであり、また均田制の崩壊と両税法の施行により大土地所有が公認されたことで荘園が増大した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996499-122">[120]</a>。唐代の荘園は100<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A0%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="頃">頃</a>ぐらいを上限、4、5頃を下限とした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996-313">[305]</a>。荘園の形態としては一箇所に集中して存在するものと、他家の土地に混在して存在するものがあり、唐後期になるに従って後者の例が増える<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996499-122">[120]</a>。これら荘園を耕す労働力は傭客（良民が契約して耕作に預かる者）・憧僕（荘園主所有の私賤民）と呼ばれる人々が担う<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996499-122">[120]</a>。また小作に出されることも多く、荘戸・荘客（後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BD%83%E6%88%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="佃戸">佃戸</a>）と呼ばれる小作人がこれを耕作した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996500-310">[302]</a>。 村落内の秩序構造も変化した。前述したように里正・村正は実質的な権限を失い、代わって村落の有力者が村長などと呼ばれて実質的な指導者となり、村落の自治組織の上に州県がのる形となった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996501-502-314">[306]</a>。また村とは別に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="社">社</a>という自治組織があった。社は元々土地神を信仰する地域集団を指す言葉であるが、唐代においては仏教を中心とした社の他に民衆の間での特に宗教目的ではない社（社邑）も存在した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996502-216">[210]</a>。社内部でのとりきめを社条といい、慶弔事や災害に対しての相互援助などが定められた。特に葬式に際しての援助・香典が盛んに行われ、これらの事項を連絡するために『社司転帖』という回覧板が回された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996502-216">[210]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997227-315">[307]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="商業・都市">商業・都市</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 商業・都市" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 唐代の都市は外側を全て城壁で囲み、内部も坊墻と呼ばれる壁によって坊という区画に分けられた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996504-316">[308]</a>。坊は首都長安で108（後述する東市と西市を含めて110）あり<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997209-317">[309]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005209-318">[310]</a>、坊の大きさは南北500から600m弱。東西で565mから1100m強<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997209%E2%80%93210-319">[311]</a>。各坊には坊門があり、朝4時に開けられ夕方日没とともにに閉じられ、時間外の坊外への外出は禁じられた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996504-316">[308]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997210-320">[312]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005209-318">[310]</a>。また「市」と呼ばれる箇所があり、唐前半期では基本的にこの市の中でしか商業活動は認められていなかった。「市」も坊と同じく墻壁と市門によって区画され、時間外の商業は禁止だった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005215-321">[313]</a>。「市」はその他の坊と違って井の字の形をしており（これが市井という言葉の語源となったとも言われる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997214-322">[314]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005215-321">[313]</a>）、井の字の中心に「市」を統括する市署が、その隣に平準署という役所があった。商人は行商を行う客商と店（肆舗）を構える「座賈（ざこ）」に分けられ、市署にて市籍に登録されて管理された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996504-316">[308]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005215%E2%80%93216-323">[315]</a>。長安には東市・西市、洛陽には南市北市と西市があり、それ以外でも州や県の機関がある場所に市署が設けられた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005213-324">[316]</a>。市内部には商人の各店舗（肆舗）の他に客商のための倉庫として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%82%B8%E5%BA%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="邸店">邸店</a>があった（邸店は飲食・宿泊施設も兼ねた）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996504-316">[308]</a>。市の中の店は扱う商品によって一箇所にまとめられた。これを<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A1%8C_(%E5%90%8C%E6%A5%AD%E7%B5%84%E5%90%88)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="行 (同業組合)">行</a>と呼び、絹行（呉服）、薬行、肉行、金銀行・銀行（金銀細工）、覊轡行（しゅうひこう、馬具）、衣行（仕立て屋）、秤行などの多種多様の行があった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997330%E2%80%93331-325">[317]</a>。 商業活動の活発化とともにこれらも大きく変化を見せる。決められた「市」以外の場所にも店が進出するようになり、禁じられていた夜間営業も行われるようになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996504-316">[308]</a>。坊の方でも坊墻が壊されて街路に出入りし、坊門の開閉も厳密に守られないようになっていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996504-316">[308]</a>。地方の農村においても交通の要衝などには「草市」と呼ばれる商業地域が誕生するようになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997331-326">[318]</a>。このような状態で市署の存在は有名無実のものとなり、縮小廃止への道を進むこととなる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996504-316">[308]</a>。また行もそれまでの同業種の店舗が連なる形式から同業組合いわゆる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ギルド">ギルド</a>へと変化した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997331-326">[318]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="貨幣">貨幣</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 貨幣" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <div class="rellink" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 2em; font-size: 90%;" role="note"> →詳細は「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E9%80%9A%E5%AE%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="開元通宝">開元通宝</a>」を参照 </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:100_Tang_Kaiyuan_Coins.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/100_Tang_Kaiyuan_Coins.jpg/200px-100_Tang_Kaiyuan_Coins.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/100_Tang_Kaiyuan_Coins.jpg/200px-100_Tang_Kaiyuan_Coins.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/100_Tang_Kaiyuan_Coins.jpg/300px-100_Tang_Kaiyuan_Coins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/100_Tang_Kaiyuan_Coins.jpg/400px-100_Tang_Kaiyuan_Coins.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 開元通宝 </figcaption> </figure> 漢代以来700年以上の長きに渡って<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E9%8A%96%E9%8A%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五銖銭">五銖銭</a>が使われていたが、唐建国4年後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/621%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="621年">621年</a>に新たな<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%8A%85%E9%8A%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="銅銭">銅銭</a>である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E9%80%9A%E5%AE%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="開元通宝">開元通宝</a>を発行した。この開元通宝は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五代十国時代">五代</a>までの340年間に通行した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%AE%E6%BE%A42007144-327">[319]</a>。なおこの銅銭のことは開通元宝と読むという説もあり、どちらが正しいかは現在でも確定していない<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%AE%E6%BE%A42007145-328">[320]</a>。1文の重さは2銖4参≒4g。10文=1両、1000文=1貫となる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%AE%E6%BE%A42007146-329">[321]</a>。唐の間に開元通宝以外の高額面銅銭が何度か発行されたが、いずれも定着はしていない。 唐政府による正式な銅銭（官銭）に対して民間で勝手に鋳造する私鋳銭が横行した。政府は私鋳は死罪として厳しく取り締まったが、それにもかかわらず唐代の私鋳は歴代でも最も激しいとされる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%AE%E6%BE%A42007147-330">[322]</a>。723年には銅錫の売買と銅器の製造を禁止する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%8A%85%E7%A6%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="銅禁">銅禁</a>令を出して私鋳業者が原料の銅を入手することを困難にした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%AE%E6%BE%A42007149-331">[323]</a>。私鋳銭の中でも官銭の2銖4参に近い重量を持つ良銭もあれば、銅を少なくした悪銭もある。政府は良銭であれば通行することを認め、悪銭を取り締まった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%AE%E6%BE%A42007150-332">[324]</a>。 安史の乱以降、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6">#兵制</a>が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%9C%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="府兵制">府兵制</a>から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%9F%E5%85%B5%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「募兵制」 (存在しないページ)">募兵制</a>へと移行したことで、軍事支出が大幅に増加したこと・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%A1%E7%A8%8E%E6%B3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="両税法">両税法</a>の導入により納税が銅銭を基本とすることとなったことなどから銅銭の需要が激増し、銅銭の不足をもたらした（これを<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%8A%AD%E8%8D%92?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="銭荒">銭荒</a>と呼ぶ）。これにより銅の価格は高騰し、銅銭を鋳潰して銅として売る行為（私銷）が増えた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%AE%E6%BE%A42007155-333">[325]</a>。こうなると私鋳銭で良銭を作ることは難しくなり、悪銭が増えて横行することとなる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%AE%E6%BE%A42007155-333">[325]</a>。政府も私銷や積銭（銅銭を溜め込むこと）の禁止などで銅銭不足に対応しようとしたが、原料の銅不足はいかんともしがたかった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%AE%E6%BE%A42007166-334">[326]</a>。これが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E6%98%8C%E3%81%AE%E5%BB%83%E4%BB%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="会昌の廃仏">会昌の廃仏</a>により、各地の仏像を鋳潰したことでそれを原料とした銅銭が大量に発行された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%AE%E6%BE%A42007166-334">[326]</a>。 ただし当時の貨幣としては銅銭以外に絹などの現物貨幣が使われていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E4%B8%B8%E6%A9%8B2013108-335">[327]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E4%B8%B8%E6%A9%8B2013117-336">[328]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="交通・交易">交通・交易</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 交通・交易" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="国内">国内</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 国内" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢">漢</a>代までは江南は後進地であり、中原の経済に大きな影響を与えるようなものではなかった。これが六朝時代を通じて開発が進み、飛躍的な発展を遂げた。さらに<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="大運河">大運河</a>の完成により、華北と江南の経済が結びついた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E4%B8%B8%E6%A9%8B2013106-337">[329]</a>。当初中国の物流は西（四川・陝西）と東（江南・河北・華南）に分断されており、2つが洛陽と長安間の道を通じてか細く繋がっているに過ぎなかった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E4%B8%B8%E6%A9%8B2013108-335">[327]</a>。そのため首都長安では100万と謳われた人口を支えることが出来ず、朝廷ごと洛陽に引っ越して食を確保する「東都就食」という行為が頻繁に行われた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E4%B8%B8%E6%A9%8B2013108-335">[327]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996a346-338">[330]</a>。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%A3%B4%E8%80%80%E5%8D%BF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「裴耀卿」 (存在しないページ)">裴耀卿</a>は733年に大規模な漕運改革を行い、南から洛陽・長安へ食料供給するシステムを作り上げることに成功する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996a446-339">[331]</a>。これら漕運を統括するために設置されたのが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%BB%A2%E9%81%8B%E4%BD%BF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「転運使」 (存在しないページ)">転運使</a>である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996a445-340">[332]</a>。以前は南から北へ運送できる穀物の量はせいぜい10～20万石であったのが、改革以降は毎年200万石の穀物を送ることができるようになった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996a446-339">[331]</a>。 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安史の乱">安史の乱</a>後に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%B0%82%E5%A3%B2%E5%88%B6">#専売制</a>が始まると、その運送においても大運河が大きな役割を果たす<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E9%87%91%E5%AD%901996493-341">[333]</a>。それに伴い乱の影響で機能不全に陥っていた大運河の再整備が行われ、塩の販売利益がそれに当てられた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%A3%AE%E9%83%A82023216-342">[334]</a>。塩専売を司る塩鉄使と密接な関係を持つ転運使は両者が兼任されるようになり、宰相に次ぐ重要ポストとされた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996a447-343">[335]</a>。この時の財政関連として塩鉄転運使の他に六分の一つ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%88%B8%E9%83%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="戸部">戸部</a>と財政全般を司る<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%AF&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「度支」 (存在しないページ)">度支</a>があり、度支が陝西・山西・四川の唐西部を塩鉄転運使が河北・河南・山東・江南の唐東部を管轄するようになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E4%B8%B8%E6%A9%8B2013115-344">[336]</a>。 安史の乱以後の北方民族との戦闘に必要な諸経費・物資を専売制の利益・江南からの富（と関中における屯田・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%B3%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="和糴">和糴</a>）で支える南北分業体制が整えられたのである<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E4%B8%B8%E6%A9%8B2013115-344">[336]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="国外">国外</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 国外" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 当時の国外交易には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E8%B2%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="朝貢">朝貢</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="互市">互市</a>の2つの形式がある。朝貢は国外からの使節が貢物として持ってきたものに対して絹製品を中心とした回賜品が与えられる形態で、互市は辺境の特定の場所に限って交易が認められた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E9%87%91%E5%AD%901996b508-345">[337]</a>。 西方および北方とは主に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ウマ">馬</a>を輸入し、絹で贖う<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B9%E9%A6%AC%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「絹馬交易」 (存在しないページ)">絹馬交易</a>が行われた。安史の乱以後は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="ウイグル帝国">ウイグル帝国</a>と取引が行われた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E9%87%91%E5%AD%901996b508-345">[337]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-%E7%B5%B9%E9%A6%AC%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6-347">[注釈 9]</a>。この北方・西方との交流に大きな役割を果たしたのが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%82%B0%E3%83%89%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ソグド人">ソグド人</a>商人たちである<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E4%B8%B8%E6%A9%8B2013107-348">[339]</a>。彼らが構築したネットワークは民間交易だけではなく、軍需物資の運搬などの公的業務も請け負った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E4%B8%B8%E6%A9%8B2013107-348">[339]</a>。 南の東南アジア諸国とは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「南海交易」 (存在しないページ)">南海交易</a>が行われた。拠点となったのが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="広州">広州</a>で、ここに<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E8%88%B6%E5%8F%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="市舶司">市舶司</a>が置かれて積み荷の検閲・課税・管理などが行われた。主な輸入品は香料・染料・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="タイマイ">タイマイ</a>などである<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E9%87%91%E5%AD%901996b510-349">[340]</a>。安史の乱以降はシルクロードが吐蕃の占領により途絶してしまい、南海交易の重要度は増した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996b481-350">[341]</a>。また多数のイスラム商人が来て商売を行い、広州は大いに繁栄する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996b481-350">[341]</a>。しかし<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%B7%A3%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黄巣の乱">黄巣の乱</a>の際に甚大な被害を受けて交易港としての機能を喪失し、回復までに数十年の時を要した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996b481-350">[341]</a>。 東の日本・新羅・渤海とも朝貢貿易が行われ、人参や工芸品が献上された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E9%87%91%E5%AD%901996b510-349">[340]</a>。 </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="文化">文化</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 文化" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="文学">文学</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 文学" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 唐は歴代でも<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%A9%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢詩">漢詩</a>の黄金時代とされる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005119-351">[342]</a>。唐の文化を初唐・盛唐・中唐・晩唐に区分することが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南宋">南宋</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8E%B3%E7%BE%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="厳羽">厳羽</a>が提唱して以来、一般化している<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005119-351">[342]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a427-352">[343]</a>。散文は盛唐までは漢詩の影に隠れて目立たない存在であったが、中唐に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%84%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="韓愈">韓愈</a>らが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="古文復興運動">古文復興運動</a>が起こして注目を集めた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996427-353">[344]</a>。同じく中唐以降に小説や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%AC%9B%E5%94%B1&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「講唱」 (存在しないページ)">講唱</a>などの通俗文学も発展を遂げた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a427-352">[343]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="初唐">初唐</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 初唐" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 初唐は建国直後から玄宗即位までの618年から712年までの期間である。この時期に六朝からの流れを受けて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BD%93%E8%A9%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="近体詩">近体詩</a>（五言・七言、絶句・律詩）の規則・形式が確立した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005119-351">[342]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996427-353">[344]</a>。 建国直後の詩人として名が挙がるのが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E5%BE%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="魏徴">魏徴</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%8B%E7%A9%8D&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「王積」 (存在しないページ)">王積</a>である。魏徴は太宗の諫臣として名高く、詩人としては豪快な詩風で代表作「述懐」は『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90%E8%A9%A9%E9%81%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="唐詩選">唐詩選</a>』の巻頭を飾る<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005121-354">[345]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997231-355">[346]</a>。王積は官界で栄達せず隠退し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E6%B7%B5%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陶淵明">陶淵明</a>風の素朴な隠士としての生活を詠んだ詩が特徴<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005123-356">[347]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997231-355">[346]</a>。太宗本人も詩や書など文化面においても高い評価を受ける人物であり、文学の士を幕下に多く置いた。その中のひとりが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%AE%98%E5%84%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="上官儀">上官儀</a>であり、上官体と呼ばれる詩風で朝廷を風靡した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005127-357">[348]</a>。 初唐の代表的詩人とされるのが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%8B%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="王勃">王勃</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A5%8A%E7%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="楊炯">楊炯</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E7%85%A7%E9%84%B0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="盧照鄰">盧照鄰</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A7%B1%E8%B3%93%E7%8E%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="駱賓王">駱賓王</a>の四人で、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%9D%E5%94%90%E5%9B%9B%E5%82%91&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「初唐四傑」 (存在しないページ)">初唐四傑</a>と称される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005127-357">[348]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996427-353">[344]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997231-355">[346]</a>。いずれも<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="高宗 (唐)">高宗</a>期に活躍した詩人で、四人とも官界に入るも不遇だったという共通点があり<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005127%E2%80%93128-358">[349]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997231%E2%80%93232-359">[350]</a>、その影響から彼らの詩には<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%85%A7%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="自照文学">自照</a>の傾向が強い<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005128-360">[351]</a>。 その後の武則天は積極的に文化を称揚し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="科挙">科挙</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%A3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="進士">進士</a>科に詩を必須のものとしたことで唐詩の隆盛を導いたと評される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997232-361">[352]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005339-362">[353]</a>。武則天期の代表詩人として「沈宋」と称される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%88%E4%BD%BA%E6%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="沈佺期">沈佺期</a>と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E4%B9%8B%E5%95%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宋之問">宋之問</a>がいる。沈は七言律詩、宋は五言律詩を得意とした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997233-363">[354]</a>。 これら南朝から受け継いだ技巧的な詩風に対して、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%B3%E5%AD%90%E6%98%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陳子昂">陳子昂</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BC%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="漢">漢</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AD%8F_(%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="魏 (三国)">魏</a>の詩風に学んで質実剛健な詩を作り、盛唐の詩へ影響を与えた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005137-364">[355]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996427-353">[344]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="盛唐">盛唐</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 盛唐" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 盛唐は玄宗が即位した712年から退位させられた玄宗が死去する762年までの期間である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005141-365">[356]</a>。この時代を代表するのは何と言っても<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E7%99%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李白">李白</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E7%94%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="杜甫">杜甫</a>であり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E6%B5%A9%E7%84%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="孟浩然">孟浩然</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%B6%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="王維">王維</a>がそれに次ぐ。 李白は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西域">西域</a>出身で子供の頃に蜀に移住。若き日は江南を旅し、40代になってから一度仕官したものの朝廷の気風と合わず、官界を追放される。その後はまた旅をして最後は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BD%93%E5%A1%97%E7%9C%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="当塗県">当塗</a>にて病死した。伝説では舟遊びの最中に酔って水面に写った月を取ろうとして転落し、溺死したという<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005159%E2%80%93165-366">[357]</a>。その詩の特徴は豪快で明るく、流動感に溢れ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005166-367">[358]</a>、詩仙と称される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a427-352">[343]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997237-368">[359]</a>。 <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2">峨眉山月歌<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-369">[注釈 10]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th>原文</th> <th>書き下し</th> </tr> <tr> <td>峨眉山月半輪秋</td> <td>峨眉山月　半輪の秋</td> </tr> <tr> <td>影入平羌江水流</td> <td>影は平羌江水に入って流る</td> </tr> <tr> <td>夜発清溪向三峡</td> <td>夜　清溪を発っして三峡に向ふ　</td> </tr> <tr> <td>思君不見下渝州　</td> <td>君を思へども見ず　渝州に下る</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 　 杜甫は河南省鞏県（現<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9E%8F%E7%BE%A9%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鞏義市">鞏義市</a>）の生まれで、その遠祖は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西晋">西晋</a>の将軍<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E9%A0%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="杜預">杜預</a>である。24歳のときに<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8C%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="科挙">科挙</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%80%B2%E5%A3%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="進士">進士</a>科を受験するが落第。以後も官位を得るために活動するもなかなか上手く行かず、44歳のときにようやく士官が叶うが直後に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%B2%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安史の乱">安史の乱</a>が勃発。以後、粛宗の元で一時的に官職を得るも乱の激化により家族を連れて各地を転々として最後は船の上で没した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005171%E2%80%93175-370">[360]</a>。その詩は社会や自身を直視した現実的な姿勢が特徴である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005175-371">[361]</a>。 <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2">貧交行<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-372">[注釈 11]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th>原文</th> <th>書き下し</th> </tr> <tr> <td>翻手作雲覆手雨</td> <td>手を翻せば雲と作り　手を覆せば雨</td> </tr> <tr> <td>紛紛軽薄何須数</td> <td>紛紛たる軽薄　何ぞ数ふるを須いん</td> </tr> <tr> <td>君不見管鮑貧時交</td> <td>君見ずや　<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AE%A1%E9%AE%91%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%A4%E3%82%8F%E3%82%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="管鮑の交わり">管鮑</a>貧時の交はりを</td> </tr> <tr> <td>此道今人棄如土</td> <td>此道　今人　棄てて土の如し</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 孟浩然は襄陽（現<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%84%E9%99%BD%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="襄陽市">襄陽市</a>）の人で科挙に落第して、各地を放浪・隠逸生活に入った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005148%E2%80%93149-373">[362]</a>。その生活を詠んだ「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E6%9A%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="春暁">春暁</a>」が特に有名。しかし孟浩然は官途が絶たれたことに失意を感じていたようであり、隠逸生活を楽しんでいた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E6%B7%B5%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="陶淵明">陶淵明</a>に対して、孟浩然は失意・孤独・寂寥感を感じさせる詩が特徴的である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005152-374">[363]</a>。 <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E6%9B%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="春曉">春曉</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-375">[注釈 12]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th>原文</th> <th>書き下し</th> </tr> <tr> <td>春眠不覺曉</td> <td>春眠　曉を覺ず</td> </tr> <tr> <td>處處聞啼鳥</td> <td>処々　啼鳥を聞く</td> </tr> <tr> <td>夜來風雨聲</td> <td>夜來　風雨の声</td> </tr> <tr> <td>花落知多少</td> <td>花落つること知る多少</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 　 王維は当時の名門貴族・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%8E%9F%E7%8E%8B%E6%B0%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="太原王氏">太原王氏</a>の出身で若き頃より才能を発揮して社交界の寵児となった。21歳のときに科挙に及第して官僚の地位を得ると地方に転出した後に中央へと戻って朝廷詩人として名声を得た。しかし安史の乱が勃発すると捕らえられて反乱軍の官に就かされ、乱終結後にこのことを罪に問われて降格されるが、その後は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E6%9B%B8%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="尚書省">尚書</a>右丞まで登る<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005152%E2%80%93156-376">[364]</a>。王維は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%A9%A9&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「自然詩」 (存在しないページ)">自然詩</a>を得意とする。 <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2">竹里館<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-377">[注釈 13]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th>原文</th> <th>書き下し</th> </tr> <tr> <td>独坐幽篁裏</td> <td>独り坐す　幽篁の裏</td> </tr> <tr> <td>弾琴復長嘯</td> <td>弾琴　復た長嘯</td> </tr> <tr> <td>深林人不知</td> <td>深林　人を不らず</td> </tr> <tr> <td>明月来相照</td> <td>明月　来って相照らす</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 　 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="中唐">中唐</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 中唐" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 中唐は安史の乱終結の763年から840年までの期間である。この時代を代表する詩人が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%B1%85%E6%98%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="白居易">白居易</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%A8%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="元稹">元稹</a>である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996b529-378">[365]</a>。 白居易は15の頃から詩作と勉学に励み、29歳のときに科挙進士に合格、中央で官歴を積んだ。しかし44歳のときに左遷されて地方へ転出、以後は地方官を歴任し、引退後は洛陽で隠居生活に入った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005195%E2%80%93196-379">[366]</a>。このような経緯から若き日は政治・社会批判を行った詩（諷喩詩）を多く詠み、左遷以後は世俗を超越し身近な生活を描いた詩（閑適詩）を詠んだ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005197-380">[367]</a>。代表作には「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E6%A5%BD%E5%BA%9C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「新楽府」 (存在しないページ)">新楽府</a>」・「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%81%A8%E6%AD%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長恨歌">長恨歌</a>」など。 <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2">閑遊に勉む<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-381">[注釈 14]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th>原文</th> <th>書き下し</th> </tr> <tr> <td>天時人事常多故</td> <td>天時人事　常に故多し</td> </tr> <tr> <td>一歳春能幾處遊</td> <td>一歳　春能く幾処にか遊ぶ</td> </tr> <tr> <td>不是塵埃便風雨</td> <td>是れ塵埃ならざれば便ち風雨</td> </tr> <tr> <td>若非疾病即悲愁</td> <td>若し疾病に非ざれば即ち悲愁</td> </tr> <tr> <td>貧窮心苦多無興</td> <td>貧窮なれば心苦しくして多く興無く</td> </tr> <tr> <td>富貴身忙不自由</td> <td>富貴なれば身忙がしくして自由ならず</td> </tr> <tr> <td>唯有分司官恰好</td> <td>唯だ分司の　官の恰かも好しき有り</td> </tr> <tr> <td>閑遊雖老未能休</td> <td>閑遊老いたりと雖も未だ休む能はず</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 元稹は白居易の同期生で、生涯に渡って友情が続き、その友情は元白の交わりと呼ばれる。官は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%AD%E6%9B%B8%E9%96%80%E4%B8%8B%E5%B9%B3%E7%AB%A0%E4%BA%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="同中書門下平章事">同中書門下平章事</a>にまで登ったが、剛直な性格によりしばしば左遷された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005206-382">[368]</a>。詩風は白居易と共通するものがあり、2人の詩風を<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%83%E5%92%8C%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「元和体」 (存在しないページ)">元和体</a>と呼ぶ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005205%E2%80%93206-383">[369]</a>。 <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2">聞楽天授江州司馬<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-384">[注釈 15]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th>原文</th> <th>書き下し</th> </tr> <tr> <td>残灯無焔影幢幢</td> <td>残灯　焔無くして影幢幢</td> </tr> <tr> <td>此夕聞君謫九江</td> <td>此の夕べ　君が九江に謫せられしを聞く</td> </tr> <tr> <td>垂死病中驚坐起</td> <td>垂死の病中　驚いて坐起すれば</td> </tr> <tr> <td>暗風吹雨入寒窓　　</td> <td>暗風　雨を吹いて寒窓に入る</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> またこの時期に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%84%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="韓愈">韓愈</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E5%AE%97%E5%85%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="柳宗元">柳宗元</a>が中心となって<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="古文復興運動">古文復興運動</a>が行われた。六朝時代からの対句と装飾に重きを置いた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A7%A2%E6%96%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="駢文">駢文</a>（四六駢儷体）を排除し、『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="史記">史記</a>』を模範とした文章に回帰することを目指す運動で、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北宋">北宋</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E9%99%BD%E8%84%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="欧陽脩">欧陽脩</a>を経て文壇を支配するようになり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="清">清</a>末までその状態が続いた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996b529-378">[365]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="晩唐">晩唐</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=46&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 晩唐" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 晩唐は840年から唐が滅亡する907年までの期間である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005229-385">[370]</a>。この時期を代表する詩人として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E7%89%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="杜牧">杜牧</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%95%86%E9%9A%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李商隠">李商隠</a>らが挙がる。 杜牧は親族から宰相を出す名門の出身で、自らも26歳で進士に合格。職務に励むが、剛直な性格から上から疎まれることもあった。その後、弟ら親類を養うために志願して収入の良い地方官を歴任し、49歳のときに中央に呼び戻されるが翌年に病没した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005231-386">[371]</a>。詩風は軽妙洒脱<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005232-233-387">[372]</a>。 <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2">遣懐<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-388">[注釈 16]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th>原文</th> <th>書き下し</th> </tr> <tr> <td>落魄江湖載酒行</td> <td>江湖に落魄して酒を載せて行く、</td> </tr> <tr> <td>楚腰繊細掌中輕</td> <td>楚腰繊細　掌中に輕し。</td> </tr> <tr> <td>十年一覺揚州夢</td> <td>十年一たび覚む揚州の夢、</td> </tr> <tr> <td>贏得青楼薄倖名</td> <td>贏ち得たり青楼薄倖の名。</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> 李商隠は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%87%90%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="懐州">懐州</a>河内県（現在の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="河南省">河南省</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E4%BD%9C%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="焦作市">焦作市</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%81%E9%99%BD%E5%B8%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="沁陽市">沁陽市</a>）の人。典故を並べた華麗かつ難解な詩が特徴。詩作のときに書物を多数並べていたので、「<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8D%BA%E7%A5%AD%E9%AD%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="獺祭魚">獺祭魚</a>」と呼ばれた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005235-389">[373]</a>。 <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="2">登樂遊原<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-390">[注釈 17]</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th>原文</th> <th>書き下し</th> </tr> <tr> <td>向晩意不適</td> <td>晩に向意適はず</td> </tr> <tr> <td>驅車登古原</td> <td>車駆りて古原に登る</td> </tr> <tr> <td>夕陽無限好</td> <td>夕陽　無限に好し</td> </tr> <tr> <td>只是近黄昏</td> <td>只だ是れ黄昏に近し</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="思想・宗教">思想・宗教</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=47&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 思想・宗教" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 唐代は歴代でも<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83_(%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="元 (王朝)">元</a>時代に次いで、儒教不遇の時代とされる。 唐初に太宗の命により『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%B5%8C%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五経正義">五経正義</a>』が編纂されて五教（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E6%98%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="周易">周易</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E7%B5%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="詩経">詩経</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E7%B5%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="書経">書経</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%BC%E8%A8%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="礼記">礼記</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%A5%E7%A7%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="春秋">春秋</a>）の解釈が一つに統一され、科挙<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8D%E7%B5%8C&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「名経」 (存在しないページ)">名経</a>科にてこの「正義」の解釈を憶えることが必須となった。しかし『正義』の編纂により、儒教思想の固定化を招き、自由な思想発達は主に宗教界、特に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BB%8F%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="仏教">仏教</a>に発揮されることになった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a423-391">[374]</a>。 当時の仏教の主な宗派として<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E9%9A%8E%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三階教">三階教</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%8E%B3%E5%AE%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="華厳宗">華厳宗</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="禅宗">禅宗</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B5%84%E5%9C%9F%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="浄土教">浄土教</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%8F%B0%E5%AE%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天台宗">天台宗</a>などが挙げられる。ただし三階教は後に弾圧された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a423%E2%80%93425-392">[375]</a>。また<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>が齎した大量の梵字仏典、さらに（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%B3%A9%E6%91%A9%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鳩摩羅什">鳩摩羅什</a>らに対して）「新訳」と称される漢訳仏典は仏教学に新たな進展を齎した。唐室李氏は李耳（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="老子">老子</a>）をその遠祖とすると称していたので<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="道教">道教</a>に対して「道先仏後」というような手厚い保護をした。特に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="玄宗 (唐)">玄宗</a>は道教に対して傾倒し、『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90_(%E6%9B%B8%E7%89%A9)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="老子 (書物)">老子道徳経</a>』に自ら注釈を付けている。ただし唐室の保護にもかかわらず道教の勢力は仏教の勢力には及ばなかった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a426-393">[376]</a>。それ以外にも<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BE%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ゾロアスター教">ゾロアスター教</a>（祆教）・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E6%B4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ネストリウス派">ネストリウス派</a>（景教）・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マニ教">マニ教</a>（明経）の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%89%E5%A4%B7%E6%95%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="唐代三夷教">唐代三夷教</a>と称される宗教が唐の下で存在していた。ただこれら三夷教は唐に住んでいた外国人に信仰されていたものであり、中国には広がらなかった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a416-394">[377]</a>。 玄宗に次いで道教に傾倒していたと評される<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武宗 (唐)">武宗</a>は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E6%98%8C%E3%81%AE%E5%BB%83%E4%BB%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="会昌の廃仏">会昌の廃仏</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%AD%A6%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%97%E3%81%AE%E6%B3%95%E9%9B%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="三武一宗の法難">三武一宗の法難</a>の第三）と呼ばれる反仏教運動を起こした。首都長安にあった多数の仏教寺院を廃してのみにし、各都市においてもこれに準じて最低限の仏寺・僧・尼だけを置き、それ以外は廃・還俗させた。これに伴い前述の三夷教も排撃されて姿を消した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a526-395">[378]</a>。 廃仏は武宗の死とともに終了したが、これと前後して<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%84%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="韓愈">韓愈</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9F%B3%E5%AE%97%E5%85%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="柳宗元">柳宗元</a>による<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="古文復興運動">古文復興運動</a>、および「新儒教」の開発が進められた。それまでの経典の字句解釈・暗記を主とした儒教から経典を基に自らの思想を大胆に主張する全く新しい儒教が試みられた。この時点での新儒教はまだまだ未熟なものであったが、その後に与えた影響は大きく、宋代になって<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="道学">道学</a>へと大成されることになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996b523-525-396">[379]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="美術">美術</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=48&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 美術" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Longmen_lu_she_na.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Longmen_lu_she_na.jpg/220px-Longmen_lu_she_na.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Longmen_lu_she_na.jpg/220px-Longmen_lu_she_na.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Longmen_lu_she_na.jpg/330px-Longmen_lu_she_na.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Longmen_lu_she_na.jpg/440px-Longmen_lu_she_na.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 龍門石窟 </figcaption> </figure> 唐代では各地の石窟寺院で盛んに造像や壁画が行われた。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="敦煌">敦煌</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%AB%98%E7%AA%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="莫高窟">莫高窟</a>では（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="吐蕃">吐蕃</a>支配時を含めて）220ほどの窟が唐代に作られたものと推定されている（初唐40・盛唐80<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a437-397">[380]</a>・吐蕃40・晩唐60<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996b540%E2%80%93541-398">[381]</a>）。洛陽に近い<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E9%96%80%E7%9F%B3%E7%AA%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="龍門石窟">龍門石窟</a>でも盛んに造像が進められ、高宗期の672年から675年にかけて本尊<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E9%81%AE%E9%82%A3%E4%BB%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="盧遮那仏">盧遮那仏</a>を始めとした9体が象像された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a437-397">[380]</a>。 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E9%81%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="書道">書</a>の分野では太宗が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%BE%B2%E4%B9%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="王羲之">王羲之</a>に傾倒したことが有名だが、その影響で王羲之流の均整の取れた書体が好まれて、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E9%99%BD%E8%A9%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="欧陽詢">欧陽詢</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%99%9E%E4%B8%96%E5%8D%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="虞世南">虞世南</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A4%9A%E9%81%82%E8%89%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="褚遂良">褚遂良</a>が初唐の三大家と呼ばれる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%BA%90%E5%B7%9D2002123-399">[382]</a>。しかしあまりに王羲之風一辺倒になりすぎた弊害を打破すべく、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%8B%82%E8%8D%89%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「狂草体」 (存在しないページ)">狂草体</a>と呼ばれる奔放な草書を得意としたグループが誕生した。代表的な人物に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B3%80%E7%9F%A5%E7%AB%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="賀知章">賀知章</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E6%97%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="張旭">張旭</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%87%90%E7%B4%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="懐素">懐素</a>などがいる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%BA%90%E5%B7%9D2002132-400">[383]</a>。褚遂良以後の唐の書道界は一時衰微するが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A1%94%E7%9C%9F%E5%8D%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="顔真卿">顔真卿</a>の登場により中興の時を迎える<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%BA%90%E5%B7%9D2002127-401">[384]</a>。 絵画の分野では<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%BB%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%AC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="閻立本">閻立本</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%91%89%E9%81%93%E7%8E%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="呉道玄">呉道玄</a>らの名前が挙がる。両者ともに真筆は現存していない。閻立本は北宋代の模写『歴代帝王図巻』が残るが、呉道玄には模写も残っていない<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a439-402">[385]</a>。山水画もまた発展し、後に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%97%E7%94%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="北宗画">北宗画</a>の祖とされることになる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%80%9D%E8%A8%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李思訓">李思訓</a>、南宗画の始まりとされる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E7%B6%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="王維">王維</a>がいる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996b439-403">[386]</a>。さらに<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BC%B5%E5%BD%A6%E9%81%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="張彦遠">張彦遠</a>によって著された『<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%B4%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E7%94%BB%E8%A8%98?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="歴代名画記">歴代名画記</a>』はその時点までの中国絵画史を総括したものとしてその存在意義を多角評価されている<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996b543-404">[387]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="ギャラリー">ギャラリー</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=49&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: ギャラリー" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> コモンズの<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Art_of_the_Tang_Dynasty" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Art of the Tang Dynasty">唐代の美術</a>のカテゴリも参照。 <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Westerner_on_a_camel.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="唐三彩"> <noscript> <img alt="唐三彩" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Westerner_on_a_camel.jpg/90px-Westerner_on_a_camel.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Westerner_on_a_camel.jpg/90px-Westerner_on_a_camel.jpg" data-alt="唐三彩" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Westerner_on_a_camel.jpg/135px-Westerner_on_a_camel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Westerner_on_a_camel.jpg/180px-Westerner_on_a_camel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 唐三彩 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Tang_horse.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="唐三彩"> <noscript> <img alt="唐三彩" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tang_horse.jpg/120px-Tang_horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="336"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 99px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tang_horse.jpg/120px-Tang_horse.jpg" data-alt="唐三彩" data-width="120" data-height="99" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tang_horse.jpg/180px-Tang_horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tang_horse.jpg/240px-Tang_horse.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 唐三彩 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_pottery_horse,_detail_1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="唐三彩"> <noscript> <img alt="唐三彩" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_pottery_horse%2C_detail_1.jpg/96px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_pottery_horse%2C_detail_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_pottery_horse%2C_detail_1.jpg/96px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_pottery_horse%2C_detail_1.jpg" data-alt="唐三彩" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_pottery_horse%2C_detail_1.jpg/144px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_pottery_horse%2C_detail_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_pottery_horse%2C_detail_1.jpg/192px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_pottery_horse%2C_detail_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 唐三彩 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Plat_%C3%A0_offrandes_Chine_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2418_1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="唐三彩"> <noscript> <img alt="唐三彩" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plat_%C3%A0_offrandes_Chine_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2418_1.jpg/120px-Plat_%C3%A0_offrandes_Chine_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2418_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1585"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 112px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plat_%C3%A0_offrandes_Chine_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2418_1.jpg/120px-Plat_%C3%A0_offrandes_Chine_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2418_1.jpg" data-alt="唐三彩" data-width="120" data-height="112" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plat_%C3%A0_offrandes_Chine_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2418_1.jpg/180px-Plat_%C3%A0_offrandes_Chine_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2418_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Plat_%C3%A0_offrandes_Chine_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2418_1.jpg/240px-Plat_%C3%A0_offrandes_Chine_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2418_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 唐三彩 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_tri-coloured_figure_of_a_civil_official.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="文官の唐三彩"> <noscript> <img alt="文官の唐三彩" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_tri-coloured_figure_of_a_civil_official.jpg/72px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_tri-coloured_figure_of_a_civil_official.jpg" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1500"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 72px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_tri-coloured_figure_of_a_civil_official.jpg/72px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_tri-coloured_figure_of_a_civil_official.jpg" data-alt="文官の唐三彩" data-width="72" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_tri-coloured_figure_of_a_civil_official.jpg/108px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_tri-coloured_figure_of_a_civil_official.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_tri-coloured_figure_of_a_civil_official.jpg/144px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_tri-coloured_figure_of_a_civil_official.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 文官の唐三彩 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Gilt_silver_eared_cup.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="花をモチーフにした金箔の銀茶わん"> <noscript> <img alt="花をモチーフにした金箔の銀茶わん" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gilt_silver_eared_cup.jpg/120px-Gilt_silver_eared_cup.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="410"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 81px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gilt_silver_eared_cup.jpg/120px-Gilt_silver_eared_cup.jpg" data-alt="花をモチーフにした金箔の銀茶わん" data-width="120" data-height="81" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gilt_silver_eared_cup.jpg/180px-Gilt_silver_eared_cup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Gilt_silver_eared_cup.jpg/240px-Gilt_silver_eared_cup.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 花をモチーフにした金箔の銀茶わん </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Gilt_silver_jar_with_pattern_of_dancing_horses.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="馬をモチーフにした金箔の銀つぼ"> <noscript> <img alt="馬をモチーフにした金箔の銀つぼ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gilt_silver_jar_with_pattern_of_dancing_horses.jpg/90px-Gilt_silver_jar_with_pattern_of_dancing_horses.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gilt_silver_jar_with_pattern_of_dancing_horses.jpg/90px-Gilt_silver_jar_with_pattern_of_dancing_horses.jpg" data-alt="馬をモチーフにした金箔の銀つぼ" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gilt_silver_jar_with_pattern_of_dancing_horses.jpg/135px-Gilt_silver_jar_with_pattern_of_dancing_horses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Gilt_silver_jar_with_pattern_of_dancing_horses.jpg/180px-Gilt_silver_jar_with_pattern_of_dancing_horses.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 馬をモチーフにした金箔の銀つぼ </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Spring_Outing_of_the_Tang_Court.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="唐宮廷の絵画"> <noscript> <img alt="唐宮廷の絵画" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Spring_Outing_of_the_Tang_Court.jpg/120px-Spring_Outing_of_the_Tang_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="521"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 62px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Spring_Outing_of_the_Tang_Court.jpg/120px-Spring_Outing_of_the_Tang_Court.jpg" data-alt="唐宮廷の絵画" data-width="120" data-height="62" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Spring_Outing_of_the_Tang_Court.jpg/180px-Spring_Outing_of_the_Tang_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Spring_Outing_of_the_Tang_Court.jpg/240px-Spring_Outing_of_the_Tang_Court.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 唐宮廷の絵画 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:A_palace_concert.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="唐宮廷の絵画"> <noscript> <img alt="唐宮廷の絵画" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_palace_concert.jpg/120px-A_palace_concert.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2714" data-file-height="1904"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 84px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_palace_concert.jpg/120px-A_palace_concert.jpg" data-alt="唐宮廷の絵画" data-width="120" data-height="84" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_palace_concert.jpg/180px-A_palace_concert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_palace_concert.jpg/240px-A_palace_concert.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 唐宮廷の絵画 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Palefrenier_menant_deux_chevaux_par_Han_Gan.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="韓幹による鞍馬画"> <noscript> <img alt="韓幹による鞍馬画" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Palefrenier_menant_deux_chevaux_par_Han_Gan.jpg/120px-Palefrenier_menant_deux_chevaux_par_Han_Gan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1959" data-file-height="1636"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Palefrenier_menant_deux_chevaux_par_Han_Gan.jpg/120px-Palefrenier_menant_deux_chevaux_par_Han_Gan.jpg" data-alt="韓幹による鞍馬画" data-width="120" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Palefrenier_menant_deux_chevaux_par_Han_Gan.jpg/180px-Palefrenier_menant_deux_chevaux_par_Han_Gan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Palefrenier_menant_deux_chevaux_par_Han_Gan.jpg/240px-Palefrenier_menant_deux_chevaux_par_Han_Gan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%B9%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="韓幹">韓幹</a>による鞍馬画 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Emperor_Taizongs_horses_by_Yan_Liben.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="兵士と馬のレリーフ"> <noscript> <img alt="兵士と馬のレリーフ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emperor_Taizongs_horses_by_Yan_Liben.jpg/120px-Emperor_Taizongs_horses_by_Yan_Liben.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="623"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 105px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emperor_Taizongs_horses_by_Yan_Liben.jpg/120px-Emperor_Taizongs_horses_by_Yan_Liben.jpg" data-alt="兵士と馬のレリーフ" data-width="120" data-height="105" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emperor_Taizongs_horses_by_Yan_Liben.jpg/180px-Emperor_Taizongs_horses_by_Yan_Liben.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Emperor_Taizongs_horses_by_Yan_Liben.jpg/240px-Emperor_Taizongs_horses_by_Yan_Liben.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 兵士と馬のレリーフ </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Wild_goose_pagoda_xian_china.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="長安の大雁塔"> <noscript> <img alt="長安の大雁塔" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Wild_goose_pagoda_xian_china.jpg/89px-Wild_goose_pagoda_xian_china.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1479" data-file-height="2000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 89px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Wild_goose_pagoda_xian_china.jpg/89px-Wild_goose_pagoda_xian_china.jpg" data-alt="長安の大雁塔" data-width="89" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Wild_goose_pagoda_xian_china.jpg/133px-Wild_goose_pagoda_xian_china.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Wild_goose_pagoda_xian_china.jpg/177px-Wild_goose_pagoda_xian_china.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 長安の大雁塔 </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="四川省楽山市の楽山大仏"> <noscript> <img alt="四川省楽山市の楽山大仏" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG/120px-Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG/120px-Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG" data-alt="四川省楽山市の楽山大仏" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG/180px-Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG/240px-Leshan_Buddha_Statue_View.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> 四川省楽山市の楽山大仏 </div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="国際関係">国際関係</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=50&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 国際関係" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png/600px-%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="426" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="1245"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 600px;height: 426px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png/600px-%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png" data-width="600" data-height="426" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png/900px-%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png/1200px-%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E7%96%86%E5%9F%9F%EF%BC%88%E7%B9%81%EF%BC%89.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 唐領域図 </figcaption> </figure> 唐の最大領域は高宗期の660年代で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996331-46">[45]</a>、直接統治地域は東西が朝鮮北部から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%B1%B1%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天山山脈">天山山脈</a>のオアシス地帯まで、南北は外モンゴルからベトナム中部までの領域である。しかし周辺区域でも異民族の自治による間接支配を執っている。 唐の北方異民族支配は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%BE%88%E7%B8%BB%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="羈縻政策">羈縻支配</a>と呼ばれる。異民族の支配地に唐の直接統治機関である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="都督府">都督府</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%BE%88%E7%B8%BB%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="羈縻州">羈縻州</a>を設置し、その長官たる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E7%9D%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="都督">都督</a>や<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%88%BA%E5%8F%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="刺史">刺史</a>にその地の異民族の長を任命してその部族の自治権を認めるものである<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996326%E2%80%93327-405">[388]</a>。 都督府・羈縻州の上に立って管轄するのが都護府であり、辺境に6の都護府が置かれた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996329-54">[53]</a>。 <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="安西都護府">安西都護府</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/640%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="640年">640年</a>設置。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="シルクロード">シルクロード</a>の天山南路の守備。</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8C%97%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="安北都護府">安北都護府</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/647%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="647年">647年</a>設置。外<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="モンゴル">モンゴル</a>支配。</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E4%BA%8E%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="単于都護府">単于都護府</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/650%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="650年">650年</a>設置。内モンゴル支配。</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安東都護府">安東都護府</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/668%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="668年">668年</a>設置。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="朝鮮">朝鮮</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="満州">満州</a>支配。</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8D%97%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安南都護府">安南都護府</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/679%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="679年">679年</a>設置。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%88%E3%83%8A%E3%83%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ベトナム">ベトナム</a>・その他の南海諸国支配。</li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%BA%AD%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="北庭都護府">北庭都護府</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/701%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="701年">701年</a>設置。天山北路の守備。</li> </ul> 盛唐までの唐は外国の文化に対して寛容であり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="高句麗">高句麗</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E4%BB%99%E8%8A%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="高仙芝">高仙芝</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E6%B8%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="百済">百済</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E6%AD%AF%E5%B8%B8%E4%B9%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黒歯常之">黒歯常之</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="日本人">日本人</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%80%8D%E4%BB%B2%E9%BA%BB%E5%91%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="阿倍仲麻呂">阿倍仲麻呂</a>や雑胡（異民族の混血）の安禄山のように外国人が政府の官職を受けて活躍していた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997294-95">[94]</a>。 安史の乱以降は都護府による辺境経営が縮小し、唐の異民族政策は一気に緩んだ。このため唐は辺境へ藩鎮の配置を進め、羈縻支配を改めていったが、吐蕃により唐の西北国境は不安定となる。9世紀にはウイグルや吐蕃も衰退に向かうが、唐にはもはや周辺諸国に干渉する力は残っていなかった。また、唐の衰退は東方の諸国においても動揺を与え、唐の滅亡から30年経たないうちに渤海・新羅が相次いで滅亡・日本においても律令体制が動揺することとなる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996331-46">[45]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-407">[注釈 18]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="北方">北方</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=51&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 北方" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/6%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="6世紀">6世紀</a>に巨大帝国を築いた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="突厥">突厥</a>は隋の時代に東西に分裂していたが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996302-408">[390]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199760-409">[391]</a>、それでもなお巨大な力を有しており、唐建国時に突厥から兵を借りているようにこの時期には明らかに突厥の力のほうが上であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996317-410">[392]</a>。太宗即位の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/626%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="626年">626年</a>には長安のすぐ傍まで迫られて和約を結んでいる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996317-410">[392]</a>。 しかし唐が統一を果たした<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/628%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="628年">628年</a>以降に攻勢に転じ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/630%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="630年">630年</a>には突厥から<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%89%84%E5%8B%92?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鉄勒">鉄勒</a>が離反したことに乗じて東突厥を滅ぼすことに成功した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996317-410">[392]</a>。突厥の後に台頭した鉄勒部族の一つ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E5%BB%B6%E9%99%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="薛延陀">薛延陀</a>も<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/646%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="646年">646年</a>に制圧し、翌年に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8C%97%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="安北都護府">安北都護府</a>（もしくは燕然都護府）・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%98%E4%BA%8E%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="単于都護府">単于都護府</a>を設置した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996326%E2%80%93327-405">[388]</a>。太宗は鉄勒を初めとする諸部族から天可汗の称号を受けている<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199779-28">[27]</a>。可汗（カガン）は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ハーン">ハーン</a>、すなわち<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E7%89%A7%E6%B0%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遊牧民">遊牧民</a>世界の最高君主を意味する称号であり、唐は中華帝国の王者であると共に草原の可汗でもあった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996326-29">[28]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Gok_turk_Epigraph_Copy_in_Gazi_University_Ankara.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gok_turk_Epigraph_Copy_in_Gazi_University_Ankara.jpg/220px-Gok_turk_Epigraph_Copy_in_Gazi_University_Ankara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gok_turk_Epigraph_Copy_in_Gazi_University_Ankara.jpg/220px-Gok_turk_Epigraph_Copy_in_Gazi_University_Ankara.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gok_turk_Epigraph_Copy_in_Gazi_University_Ankara.jpg/330px-Gok_turk_Epigraph_Copy_in_Gazi_University_Ankara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Gok_turk_Epigraph_Copy_in_Gazi_University_Ankara.jpg/440px-Gok_turk_Epigraph_Copy_in_Gazi_University_Ankara.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> ビルゲ・カガン碑文のレプリカ（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="アンカラ">アンカラ</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AC%E3%82%BA%E3%82%A3%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「ガズィ大学」 (存在しないページ)">ガズィ大学</a>）。 </figcaption> </figure> その後、突厥は唐の単于都護府下に支配されていたが、度々唐に対して反抗し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/682%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="682年">682年</a>に突厥第二帝国と呼ばれる国を建て、モンゴル高原において自立した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997142-411">[393]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005310-412">[394]</a>。突厥は唐に侵攻して辺境を悩ませ、突厥の勢力を取り戻した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005311-413">[395]</a>。この時期のことを記したものが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5%E7%A2%91%E6%96%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="突厥碑文">突厥碑文</a>と呼ばれる石碑文である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005311-413">[395]</a>。その後、突厥は内紛で勢力を落とし、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/744%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="744年">744年</a>に鉄勒の一部族であった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ウイグル">ウイグル</a>（回鶻）を中心とした部族連合（「九姓鉄勒」「九姓回鶻」）によって滅ぼされ、ウイグルが突厥にかわってモンゴル高原を支配下においた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005312-414">[396]</a>。その後に安史の乱が起きると唐からウイグルに要請があり、それに応えて援軍を送った。その見返りとして莫大な絹を唐からウイグルへ送ることとなり、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B9%E9%A6%AC%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「絹馬交易」 (存在しないページ)">絹馬交易</a>（絹と馬を交換する交易。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93">#外国交易</a>参照）にてウイグル側に有利なレートで交易を迫り、中国の富を吸い上げて盛況をきわめた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%95%E6%A2%85%E5%8E%9F%E6%BA%9D%E5%8F%A3%E6%A3%AE%E7%94%B01997390%E2%80%93391-415">[397]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005313-416">[398]</a>。しかし<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/840%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="840年">840年</a>に天災と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%82%B9%E4%BA%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="キルギス人">キルギス人</a>の攻撃によりウイグル国家は崩壊、この後に高原を統一する勢力は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="モンゴル帝国">モンゴル帝国</a>まで待たねばならない<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%95%E6%A2%85%E5%8E%9F%E6%BA%9D%E5%8F%A3%E6%A3%AE%E7%94%B01997391-417">[399]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="西方">西方</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=52&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 西方" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 唐は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/640%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="640年">640年</a>に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="高昌国">高昌国</a>（現<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="トルファン">トルファン</a>）を滅ぼしたのを初めとして、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="シルクロード">シルクロード</a>沿いの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="オアシス">オアシス</a>国家を服属させて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="安西都護府">安西都護府</a>（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="クチャ">クチャ</a>）を設置し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="西域">西域</a>経営を行った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996327-31">[30]</a>。 また<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/635%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="635年">635年</a>に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E6%B5%B7%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="青海省">青海</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%B0%B7%E6%B8%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="吐谷渾">吐谷渾</a>を支配下に置き、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%99%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="チベット高原">チベット高原</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="吐蕃">吐蕃</a>も服属させた。しかし吐蕃に対する支配は強力なものではなく、吐蕃は度々唐の領内に侵攻し、それに対して唐から皇帝の娘と称する女性を吐蕃<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E4%B8%BB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="公主">公主</a>として嫁がせるなどして懐柔に努めた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996327-31">[30]</a>。 唐の西域経営は8世紀前半には天山山脈・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="パミール高原">パミール高原</a>以西の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%95%E3%83%AB?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="マー・ワラー・アンナフル">トランスオクシアナ</a>にまで及ぶが、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/751%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="751年">751年</a>の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E6%B2%B3%E7%95%94%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="タラス河畔の戦い">タラス河畔の戦い</a>で敗戦したことによって頓挫し、中央アジアの支配権は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="イスラム帝国">イスラム帝国</a>に譲ることになる。なお、この戦いの捕虜により、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B4%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="紙">製紙法</a>が西方に伝わった<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997176p-177-418">[400]</a>。 安史の乱が起こると、吐蕃は乱の混乱に乗じて一時期長安を占拠した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996357-109">[107]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997174-419">[401]</a>。長安からはすぐに撤退したものの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%94%98%E7%B2%9B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="甘粛">甘粛</a>は吐蕃の領域に入り、シルクロードの<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E8%A5%BF%E5%9B%9E%E5%BB%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="河西回廊">河西回廊</a>は吐蕃の手に入った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996329-54">[53]</a>。その後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/787%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="787年">787年</a>には安西・北庭の両都護府が吐蕃に陥落させられ、唐の西域経営は終わる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996329-54">[53]</a>。その後、唐の立ち直りにより敵対関係は続けるもののその攻勢を弱め、822年に唐と完全に和睦<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005321-420">[402]</a>。以降は唐と吐蕃の間では戦闘はなくなる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005321-420">[402]</a>。 現在の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="雲南省">雲南省</a>を支配した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%A9%94?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="南詔">南詔</a>は元は大蒙国と号し、唐から刺史の位をもらっていた。その後、勢力を拡大して唐から雲南王に任ぜられ、更に勢力を拡大して雲南全てを統一した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997175-421">[403]</a>。その後、唐に対して背き、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/750%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="750年">750年</a>の唐の討伐軍を撃退。独立を果たしたが、独力ではそれを維持できず、吐蕃の援助を受けることとなる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997175-421">[403]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="東方">東方</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=53&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 東方" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> 唐が成立した618年に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="高句麗">高句麗</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E6%B8%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="百済">百済</a>・<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%BE%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="新羅">新羅</a>の三国は唐に朝貢し、それに対して三国は唐からそれぞれ遼東郡王・帯方郡王・楽浪郡王に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%86%8A%E5%B0%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="冊封">冊封</a>されていた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996328-35">[34]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997100-422">[404]</a>。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/642%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="642年">642年</a>に高句麗で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B3%89%E8%93%8B%E8%98%87%E6%96%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="泉蓋蘇文">泉蓋蘇文</a>がクーデターを起こしたことと新羅からの要請で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太宗 (唐)">太宗</a>は高句麗に3度に渡って遠征軍を送るが失敗に終わる（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90%E3%81%AE%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97%E9%81%A0%E5%BE%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="唐の高句麗遠征">唐の高句麗遠征</a>）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996328-35">[34]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997101%E2%80%93102-38">[37]</a>。太宗が崩御したことで高句麗遠征は一旦終了するが、次の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="高宗 (唐)">高宗</a>のときに新羅が高句麗・百済の侵攻を受けたことで唐に救援要請を送り、658年と659年に二度遠征軍を送るがこれも失敗に終わる<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997137-423">[405]</a>。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/660%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="660年">660年</a>の遠征ではまず南の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E6%B8%88?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="百済">百済</a>を滅ぼした。このときに百済移民が日本へと救援要請を送り、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/663%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="663年">663年</a>に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E6%9D%91%E6%B1%9F%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="白村江の戦い">白村江の戦い</a>が起こるがこれに大勝して追い返した<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996328-35">[34]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997137-423">[405]</a>。孤立した高句麗に攻撃をかけ、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/668%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="668年">668年</a>には高句麗首都<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="平壌">平壌</a>を陥落させて、高句麗を滅ぼした。唐はこの土地に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="安東都護府">安東都護府</a>を設置する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996328-35">[34]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997138-424">[406]</a>。 その後、新羅が半島にあった唐の都督府ほか各地の行政機関を襲撃（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90%E3%83%BB%E6%96%B0%E7%BE%85%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="唐・新羅戦争">唐・新羅戦争</a>）した結果、安東都護府は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%BC%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遼東半島">遼東半島</a>にまで後退せざるを得なくなり、朝鮮半島では統一新羅が誕生する<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996329-54">[53]</a>。 一方で東北地方（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%80%E5%B7%9E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="満州">満州</a>）ではこの地方に移住させられていた契丹が反乱を起こした混乱に乗じて、高句麗の遺民と<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E6%9C%AB%E9%9D%BA%E9%9E%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="粟末靺鞨">粟末靺鞨</a>が中心となり震国を立てる。唐から渤海郡王に冊封されたのを期に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7_(%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="渤海 (国)">渤海</a>と改める<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997169-425">[407]</a>。 太宗時代に日本は<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%81%A3%E5%94%90%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="遣唐使">遣唐使</a>を送っていたが<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997103-426">[408]</a>、白村江の戦いの後、唐の来襲を恐れて<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%B0%E5%BA%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大宰府">大宰府</a>などに大規模な防備体制を敷いて、遣唐使は中断された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997140-427">[409]</a>。遣唐使が再開するのは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/702%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="702年">702年</a>のことでその後は唐滅亡までに16回送られた。遣使の中にいた<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%80%8D%E4%BB%B2%E9%BA%BB%E5%91%82?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="阿倍仲麻呂">阿倍仲麻呂</a>（中国名「朝衡」ないし「晁衡」）は唐に残って朝廷に仕えて出世し、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節度使">節度使</a>の地位まで登った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997172-428">[410]</a>。また唐からも<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%91%91%E7%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="鑑真">鑑真</a>が生命を賭して日本へと渡った<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997172-428">[410]</a>。しかし安史の乱以降の唐が衰退したことで危険を犯して送る意義が少なくなり、頻度は激減する。そして838年を最期に遣使は途絶え、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/894%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="894年">894年</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%8F%85%E5%8E%9F%E9%81%93%E7%9C%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="菅原道真">菅原道真</a>の建議により遣唐使は停止された<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997394%E2%80%93395-429">[411]</a>。 </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="唐の皇帝と元号">唐の皇帝と元号</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=54&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 唐の皇帝と元号" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:Tang_Dynasty_family_map.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tang_Dynasty_family_map.png/180px-Tang_Dynasty_family_map.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="791" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="1063"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 791px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tang_Dynasty_family_map.png/180px-Tang_Dynasty_family_map.png" data-width="180" data-height="791" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Tang_Dynasty_family_map.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 唐の系図 </figcaption> </figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">皇帝</th> <th style="background:#efefef;">名</th> <th style="background:#efefef;">統治年数</th> <th style="background:#efefef;">元号</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%B7%B5?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李淵">高祖</a></td> <td>李淵</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/618%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="618年">618年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/626%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="626年">626年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%BE%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武徳">武徳</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/618%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="618年">618年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/626%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="626年">626年</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太宗 (唐)">太宗</a></td> <td>李世民</td> <td>626年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/649%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="649年">649年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%9E%E8%A6%B3_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貞観 (唐)">貞観</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/627%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="627年">627年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/649%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="649年">649年</a> </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="高宗 (唐)">高宗</a></td> <td>李治</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/650%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="650年">650年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/683%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="683年">683年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%BE%BD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="永徽">永徽</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/650%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="650年">650年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/655%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="655年">655年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A1%95%E6%85%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="顕慶">顕慶</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/656%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="656年">656年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/661%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="661年">661年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E6%9C%94?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="龍朔">龍朔</a> 661年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/663%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="663年">663年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BA%9F%E5%BE%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="麟徳">麟徳</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/664%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="664年">664年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/665%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="665年">665年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E5%B0%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="乾封">乾封</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/666%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="666年">666年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/668%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="668年">668年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B7%8F%E7%AB%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="総章">総章</a> 668年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/670%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="670年">670年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E4%BA%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="咸亨">咸亨</a> 670年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/674%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="674年">674年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%85%83_(%E5%94%90%E9%AB%98%E5%AE%97)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="上元 (唐高宗)">上元</a> 674年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/676%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="676年">676年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%84%80%E9%B3%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="儀鳳">儀鳳</a> 676年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/679%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="679年">679年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E9%9C%B2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="調露">調露</a> 679年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/680%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="680年">680年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E9%9A%86_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="永隆 (唐)">永隆</a> 680年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/681%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="681年">681年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E8%80%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="開耀">開耀</a> 681年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/682%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="682年">682年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%B7%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="永淳">永淳</a> 682年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/683%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="683年">683年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BC%98%E9%81%93_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="弘道 (唐)">弘道</a> 683年</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中宗 (唐)">中宗</a></td> <td>李顕</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/684%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="684年">684年</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-430">[注釈 19]</a> （<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/705%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="705年">705年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/710%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="710年">710年</a>に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%A5%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="重祚">重祚</a>）</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%97%A3%E8%81%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="嗣聖">嗣聖</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/684%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="684年">684年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%9D%BF%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="睿宗 (唐)">睿宗</a></td> <td>李旦</td> <td>684年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/690%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="690年">690年</a> （710年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/712%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="712年">712年</a>に重祚）</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="文明 (唐)">文明</a> 684年 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AE%85?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="光宅">光宅</a> 684年 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9E%82%E6%8B%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="垂拱">垂拱</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/685%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="685年">685年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/688%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="688年">688年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8C_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="永昌 (唐)">永昌</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/689%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="689年">689年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%BC%89%E5%88%9D?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="載初">載初</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/690%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="690年">690年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#efefef;" colspan="4">武周（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/690%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="690年">690年</a> - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/705%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="705年">705年</a>）唐の中断</td> </tr> <tr> <td>則天大聖皇帝</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%89%87%E5%A4%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武則天">武曌</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-431">[注釈 20]</a></td> <td>690年-705年<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-432">[注釈 21]</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%8E%88_(%E6%AD%A6%E5%91%A8)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天授 (武周)">天授</a> 690年 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A6%82%E6%84%8F_(%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B7)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="如意 (元号)">如意</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/692%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="692年">692年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AF%BF_(%E6%AD%A6%E5%91%A8)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長寿 (武周)">長寿</a> 692年 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E8%BC%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="延載">延載</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/694%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="694年">694年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%A8%BC%E8%81%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="証聖">証聖</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/695%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="695年">695年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%86%8A%E4%B8%87%E6%AD%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天冊万歳">天冊万歳</a> 695年 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E6%AD%B3%E7%99%BB%E5%B0%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="万歳登封">万歳登封</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/696%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="696年">696年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E6%AD%B3%E9%80%9A%E5%A4%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="万歳通天">万歳通天</a> 696年 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%8A%9F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="神功">神功</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/697%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="697年">697年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%9A%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="聖暦">聖暦</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/698%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="698年">698年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%85%E8%A6%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="久視">久視</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/700%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="700年">700年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B6%B3_(%E5%B9%B4%E5%8F%B7)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="大足 (年号)">大足</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/701%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="701年">701年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E5%AE%89_(%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B7)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長安 (元号)">長安</a> 701年</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background:#efefef;" colspan="4">唐の復興</td> </tr> <tr> <td>中宗（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%A5%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="重祚">重祚</a>）</td> <td>李顕</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/705%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="705年">705年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/710%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="710年">710年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%BE%8D_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="神龍 (唐)">神龍</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/705%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="705年">705年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/707%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="707年">707年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E9%BE%8D_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="景龍 (唐)">景龍</a> 707年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/710%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="710年">710年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AE%A4%E5%B8%9D_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="殤帝 (唐)">殤帝</a></td> <td>李重茂</td> <td>710年<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-433">[注釈 22]</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90%E9%9A%86?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="唐隆">唐隆</a> 710年</td> </tr> <tr> <td>睿宗（<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%A5%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="重祚">重祚</a>）</td> <td>李旦</td> <td>710年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/712%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="712年">712年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E9%9B%B2_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="景雲 (唐)">景雲</a> 710年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/711%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="711年">711年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E6%A5%B5_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="太極 (唐)">太極</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/712%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="712年">712年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E5%92%8C_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="延和 (唐)">延和</a> 712年</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="玄宗 (唐)">玄宗</a></td> <td>李隆基</td> <td>712年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/756%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="756年">756年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%A4%A9_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="先天 (唐)">先天</a> 712年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/713%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="713年">713年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="開元">開元</a> 713年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/741%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="741年">741年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%9D_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天宝 (唐)">天宝</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/742%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="742年">742年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/756%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="756年">756年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%B2%9B%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="粛宗 (唐)">粛宗</a></td> <td>李亨</td> <td>756年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/762%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="762年">762年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%87%B3%E5%BE%B3_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="至徳 (唐)">至徳</a> 756年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/758%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="758年">758年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E5%85%83_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="乾元 (唐)">乾元</a> 758年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/760%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="760年">760年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%85%83_(%E5%94%90%E7%B2%9B%E5%AE%97)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="上元 (唐粛宗)">上元</a> 760年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/761%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="761年">761年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="代宗 (唐)">代宗</a></td> <td>李豫</td> <td>762年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/779%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="779年">779年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%9D%E5%BF%9C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宝応">宝応</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/762%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="762年">762年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/763%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="763年">763年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E5%BE%B3_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="広徳 (唐)">広徳</a> 763年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/764%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="764年">764年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E6%B3%B0_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="永泰 (唐)">永泰</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/765%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="765年">765年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/766%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="766年">766年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9A%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大暦">大暦</a> 766年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/779%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="779年">779年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%B3%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="徳宗 (唐)">徳宗</a></td> <td>李适</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/780%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="780年">780年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/805%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="805年">805年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E4%B8%AD_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="建中 (唐)">建中</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/780%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="780年">780年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/783%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="783年">783年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%88%88%E5%85%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="興元">興元</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/784%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="784年">784年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B2%9E%E5%85%83_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="貞元 (唐)">貞元</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/785%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="785年">785年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/805%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="805年">805年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%A0%86%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="順宗 (唐)">順宗</a></td> <td>李誦</td> <td>805年<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-434">[注釈 23]</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E8%B2%9E_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="永貞 (唐)">永貞</a> 805年</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="憲宗 (唐)">憲宗</a></td> <td>李純</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/806%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="806年">806年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/820%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="820年">820年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%92%8C_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="元和 (唐)">元和</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/806%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="806年">806年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/820%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="820年">820年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="穆宗 (唐)">穆宗</a></td> <td>李恒</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/821%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="821年">821年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/824%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="824年">824年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%85%B6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="長慶">長慶</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/821%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="821年">821年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/824%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="824年">824年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%95%AC%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="敬宗 (唐)">敬宗</a></td> <td>李湛</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/825%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="825年">825年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/826%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="826年">826年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%9D%E6%9A%A6_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宝暦 (唐)">宝暦</a> 824年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/826%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="826年">826年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="文宗 (唐)">文宗</a></td> <td>李昂</td> <td>826年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/840%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="840年">840年</a></td> <td>宝暦 826年 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%92%8C_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大和 (唐)">大和</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%8F%B7%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#%E5%94%90" title="元号一覧 (中国)">1</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/827%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="827年">827年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/835%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="835年">835年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%88%90_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="開成 (唐)">開成</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/836%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="836年">836年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/840%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="840年">840年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="武宗 (唐)">武宗</a></td> <td>李瀍</td> <td>840年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/846%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="846年">846年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BC%9A%E6%98%8C?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="会昌">会昌</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/841%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="841年">841年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/846%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="846年">846年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%AE%A3%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="宣宗 (唐)">宣宗</a></td> <td>李忱</td> <td>846年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/859%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="859年">859年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%AD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大中">大中</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/847%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="847年">847年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/859%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="859年">859年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%87%BF%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="懿宗 (唐)">懿宗</a></td> <td>李漼</td> <td>859年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/873%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="873年">873年</a></td> <td>大中 859年 <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E9%80%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="咸通">咸通</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/860%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="860年">860年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/873%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="873年">873年</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%83%96%E5%AE%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="僖宗">僖宗</a></td> <td>李儇</td> <td>873年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/888%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="888年">888年</a></td> <td>咸通 873年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/874%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="874年">874年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E7%AC%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="乾符">乾符</a> 874年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/879%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="879年">879年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BA%83%E6%98%8E_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="広明 (唐)">広明</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/880%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="880年">880年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/881%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="881年">881年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%92%8C_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中和 (唐)">中和</a> 881年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/885%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="885年">885年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%95%93?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="光啓">光啓</a> 885年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/888%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="888年">888年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%BE%B3_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="文徳 (唐)">文徳</a> 888年 </td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="昭宗 (唐)">昭宗</a></td> <td>李敏</td> <td>888年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/904%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="904年">904年</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E7%B4%80_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="龍紀 (唐)">龍紀</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/889%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="889年">889年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A0%86_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="大順 (唐)">大順</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/890%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="890年">890年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/891%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="891年">891年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%99%AF%E7%A6%8F_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="景福 (唐)">景福</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/892%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="892年">892年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/893%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="893年">893年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B9%BE%E5%AF%A7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="乾寧">乾寧</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/894%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="894年">894年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/898%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="898年">898年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="光化">光化</a> 898年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/901%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="901年">901年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%BE%A9_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天復 (唐)">天復</a> 901年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/904%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="904年">904年</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%A5%90_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="天祐 (唐)">天祐</a> 904年</td> </tr> <tr> <td>（徳王<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E8%A3%95?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李裕">李裕</a>）</td> <td>李裕</td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/900%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="900年">900年</a>-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/901%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="901年">901年</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-435">[注釈 24]</a></td> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%8C%96?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="光化">光化</a> 898年-901年</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%93%80%E5%B8%9D_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="哀帝 (唐)">哀帝</a></td> <td>李柷</td> <td>904年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/907%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="907年">907年</a></td> <td>天祐 904年-<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/907%E5%B9%B4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="907年">907年</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="脚注">脚注</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=55&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 脚注" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="noprint" style="float:right; font-size:90%;"> [<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Help:%E8%84%9A%E6%B3%A8/%E8%AA%AD%E8%80%85%E5%90%91%E3%81%91?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Help:脚注/読者向け">脚注の使い方</a>] </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="注釈">注釈</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=56&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 注釈" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:auto; -webkit-column-count:auto; column-count:auto; -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-李淵三男-24"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%9D%8E%E6%B7%B5%E4%B8%89%E7%94%B7_24-0">^</a> 三男の李玄覇は早世している<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200568-22">[22]</a>。</li> <li id="cite_note-仮父子-98">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E4%BB%AE%E7%88%B6%E5%AD%90_98-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E4%BB%AE%E7%88%B6%E5%AD%90_98-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BB%AE%E7%88%B6%E5%AD%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="仮父子">仮父子</a>というのは義理の親子関係であるが、家を継がせるための養子とは違う<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997295-96">[95]</a>。仮の父子関係を結ぶことで紐帯を強くして主従関係を強固にするためのもので、唐及び<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五代十国時代">五代</a>の節度使の組織の中でよく見られるものである<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996353%E2%80%93354-97">[96]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997295-96">[95]</a>。</li> <li id="cite_note-穆宗-127"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%97_127-0">^</a> 憲宗は820年に死去しており、成徳・盧龍を討伐したのは後を継いだ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E5%AE%97_(%E5%94%90)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="穆宗 (唐)">穆宗</a>である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459-111">[109]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005118-126">[124]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-牛李の党争-131"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E7%89%9B%E6%9D%8E%E3%81%AE%E5%85%9A%E4%BA%89_131-0">^</a> なおこの党争の原因・実態などに関しては非常に多くの議論がある。詳しくは<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%9D%8E%E3%81%AE%E5%85%9A%E4%BA%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="牛李の党争">牛李の党争</a>の記事を参照。</li> <li id="cite_note-朱邪赤心-162"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E6%9C%B1%E9%82%AA%E8%B5%A4%E5%BF%83_162-0">^</a> この時に活躍した沙陀族の長が<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B1%E9%82%AA%E8%B5%A4%E5%BF%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「朱邪赤心」 (存在しないページ)">朱邪赤心</a>（<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259C%25B1%25E9%2582%25AA%25E8%25B5%25A4%25E5%25BF%2583" class="extiw" title="zh:朱邪赤心">中国語版</a>）で、この功績により国姓の李を授けられて李国昌を名乗る。<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後唐">後唐</a>太祖<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%8B%E7%94%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="李克用">李克用</a>の父親である<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996413-160">[156]</a><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997456-161">[157]</a>。</li> <li id="cite_note-茶賊-167"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E8%8C%B6%E8%B3%8A_167-0">^</a> 塩賊の茶バージョン。茶には塩ほどではないが、高額の税がかけられていたので、それを回避する私茶が横行、これを取り扱う私茶業者を茶賊と呼んだ<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996461-166">[161]</a>。</li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-235">^</a> 他人の土地を耕作して小作料を納める小作人の戸</li> <li id="cite_note-身・言・書・判-273"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E8%BA%AB%E3%83%BB%E8%A8%80%E3%83%BB%E6%9B%B8%E3%83%BB%E5%88%A4_273-0">^</a> 身は身体風貌、言は言辞がそれぞれ卑でないか。書は筆跡、判は模擬的に<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%85%AD%E6%96%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="四六文">四六文</a>で判決文を作らせること<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996452-272">[265]</a>。</li> <li id="cite_note-絹馬交易について-347"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-%E7%B5%B9%E9%A6%AC%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6_347-0">^</a> 絹馬交易についてはウイグルが優位な立場を背景に質・価格とも問題があり、更には必要以上の馬数を売りつけようとしたので、唐は支払いに苦しんでいたとされている<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E9%87%91%E5%AD%901996b508-345">[337]</a>。しかし実際には価格は適正なものであり、唐が支払いに苦しんだのは唐の財政事情によるという見解がある<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-346">[338]</a>。 </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-369">^</a> 書き下しは宇野2005 P167に依る。</li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-372">^</a> 書き下しは宇野2005 P171に依る。</li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-375">^</a> 書き下しは宇野2005 P148に依る。</li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-377">^</a> 書き下しは宇野2005 P156に依る。</li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-381">^</a> 書き下しは宇野2005 P202に依る。</li> <li id="cite_note-384"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-384">^</a> 書き下しは宇野2005 P206-207に依る。</li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-388">^</a> 書き下しは池田1996b P537に依る。</li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-390">^</a> 書き下しは宇野2005 PP238-239に依る。</li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-407">^</a> 日本への影響を直後の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%89%BF%E5%B9%B3%E5%A4%A9%E6%85%B6%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="承平天慶の乱">承平天慶の乱</a>の発生は唐滅亡後の混乱や変革とは直接的な関係はなく、むしろ200年以上遅れる形で<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B0%8F%E6%94%BF%E6%A8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="平氏政権">平氏政権</a>の成立に影響を与えたとする理解もある<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%E6%A6%8E%E6%9C%AC1998-406">[389]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-430"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-430">^</a> 即位後わずか54日で廃位された。</li> <li id="cite_note-431"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-431">^</a> 「曌」は「照」の<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%89%87%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="則天文字">則天文字</a>。</li> <li id="cite_note-432"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-432">^</a> 705年、中宗に譲位して唐が復活。武周は一代15年で終わった。</li> <li id="cite_note-433"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-433">^</a> 中宗に代わり韋皇后によって皇帝に擁立されたが１ヶ月で睿宗に譲位させられた。</li> <li id="cite_note-434"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-434">^</a> 病気が元で即位後７ヶ月で譲位。</li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-435">^</a> 宦官勢力によって父・昭宗が失脚させられた際に皇帝として擁立されたが、2ヶ月足らずで昭宗が返り咲いたため李裕の即位の事実は否定された。通例として歴代皇帝には数えられていない。</li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="出典">出典</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=57&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 出典" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <div class="reflist" style="-moz-column-count:auto; -webkit-column-count:auto; column-count:auto; -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">^</a> <cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">“East-West Orientation of Historical Empires”</a>. Journal of world-systems research 12 (2): 222. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r101121245">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja1 q,.mw-parser-output .citation.cs-ja2 q{quotes:"「""」""『""』"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:var(--color-success,#3a3);margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/ja/search?fq%3Dx0:jrnl%26q%3Dn2:1076-156X">1076-156X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381">http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=East-West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+world-systems+research&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Turchin%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.au=Adams%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan+M.&rft.au=Hall%2C%26%2332%3BThomas+D&rft.date=December+2006&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222&rft.issn=1076-156X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjwsr.pitt.edu%2Fojs%2Findex.php%2Fjwsr%2Farticle%2Fview%2F369%2F381&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005">氣賀澤 2005</a>, p. 71.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原199777-26"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199777_26-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 77.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996319-27"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996319_27-0">^</a> <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 322.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原199780-33"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F199780_33-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 80.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE氣賀澤200580-34"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4200580_34-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005">氣賀澤 2005</a>, 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 346.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997158-85">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997158_85-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997158_85-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 158.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996347-86">^ <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 156.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997162-88"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997162_88-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 162.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997161-89">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997161_89-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997161_89-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 161.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996348-90"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996348_90-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 348.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997155-91">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997155_91-0">a</a> <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996353_94-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996353_94-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 353.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997294-95">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997294_95-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997294_95-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 294.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997295-96">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997295_96-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997295_96-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 295.</li> <li 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 302.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996355–356-104"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996355%E2%80%93356_104-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, pp. 355–356.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997304-105">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997304_105-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997304_105-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 304.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996356-106">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996356_106-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996356_106-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996356_106-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996356_106-3">d</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 356.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997305-107"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997305_107-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 305.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997306-108"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997306_108-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 306.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996357-109">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996357_109-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996357_109-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996357_109-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996357_109-3">d</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 357.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996445-447-110"><a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459_111-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459_111-3">d</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459_111-4">e</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459_111-5">f</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459_111-6">g</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459_111-7">h</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459_111-8">i</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459_111-9">j</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459_111-10">k</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996459_111-11">l</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 459.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996446-112"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996446_112-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 446.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996460-461-113"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996460-461_113-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 460-461.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997343-114">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997343_114-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997343_114-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997343_114-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997343_114-3">d</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 343.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997350-115">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997350_115-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997350_115-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997350_115-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997350_115-3">d</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 350.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996454-116">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996454_116-0">a</a> <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996489_118-4">e</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996489_118-5">f</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996489_118-6">g</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996489_118-7">h</a> <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 490.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996499-122">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996499_122-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996499_122-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996499_122-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996499_122-3">d</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996499_122-4">e</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 499.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996456-123">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996456_123-0">a</a> <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 472.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996471-129">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996471_129-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996471_129-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996471_129-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996471_129-3">d</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 471.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996473-130">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996473_130-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996473_130-1">b</a> <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997370_132-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997370_132-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997370_132-3">d</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997370_132-4">e</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 370.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996475-133">^ <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475_133-4">e</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475_133-5">f</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475_133-6">g</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475_133-7">h</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475_133-8">i</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475_133-9">j</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475_133-10">k</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475_133-11">l</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 475.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997392-134">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997392_134-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997392_134-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997392_134-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997392_134-3">d</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997392_134-4">e</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997392_134-5">f</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 392.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996475–476-135">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475%E2%80%93476_135-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996475%E2%80%93476_135-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, pp. 475–476.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997393-136">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997393_136-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997393_136-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997393_136-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 393.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996528-137">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996528_137-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996528_137-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 528.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997404-138"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997404_138-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 404.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE氣賀澤2005286-139">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005286_139-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005286_139-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005286_139-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005">氣賀澤 2005</a>, p. 286.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997402-140"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997402_140-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 402.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996529-141">^ <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 529.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997403-142">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997403_142-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997403_142-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997403_142-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 403.</li> <li 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 470.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE氣賀澤2005133-159"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005133_159-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005">氣賀澤 2005</a>, p. 133.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996413-160"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996413_160-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 413.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997456-161"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997456_161-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 456.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996476-163">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996476_163-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996476_163-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 476.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996477-164">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996477_164-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996477_164-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996477_164-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996477_164-3">d</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 477.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997436-165">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997436_165-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997436_165-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 436.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996461-166"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996461_166-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 461.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996478-168">^ <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 437.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996480-170">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996480_170-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996480_170-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996480_170-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996480_170-3">d</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 480.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997438-171">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997438_171-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997438_171-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 438.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997439-172"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997439_172-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 439.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996481-173">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996481_173-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996481_173-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 481.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997441-174"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997441_174-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 441.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996482-175">^ <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, pp. 441–442.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997442-177"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997442_177-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 442.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996483-178">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996483_178-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996483_178-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996483_178-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996483_178-3">d</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996483_178-4">e</a> <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, pp. 194–195.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997201–202-192"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997201%E2%80%93202_192-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, pp. 201–202.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996487-193">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996487_193-0">a</a> <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996368_195-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 368.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE氣賀澤2005144-196">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005144_196-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005144_196-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005144_196-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005">氣賀澤 2005</a>, p. 144.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996369-197">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996369_197-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996369_197-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996369_197-2">c</a> <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 369.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE氣賀澤2005144–146-198"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005144%E2%80%93146_198-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005">氣賀澤 2005</a>, pp. 144–146.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996371-199"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996371_199-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, pp. 371.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996375-200"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996375_200-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 375.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996376-201">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996376_201-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996376_201-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996376_201-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996376_201-3">d</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996376_201-4">e</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996376_201-5">f</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996376_201-6">g</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 376.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE氣賀澤2005146–147-202"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005146%E2%80%93147_202-0">^</a> <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 445.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996444–445-206"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996444%E2%80%93445_206-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, pp. 444–445.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996488-207"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996488_207-0">^</a> <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997202_246-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997202_246-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 202.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996405-247">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996405_247-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996405_247-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996405_247-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996405_247-3">d</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996405_247-4">e</a> <a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE窪添關尾中村愛宕1996448-281">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996448_281-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996448_281-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996448_281-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996448_281-3">d</a> <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997288_282-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 288.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997288–289-283"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997288%E2%80%93289_283-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, pp. 288–289.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997292-284"><a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996450_285-2">c</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996">窪添 et al. 1996</a>, p. 450.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997348-286"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997348_286-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 348.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997345-287">^ <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996451_288-4">e</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996451_288-5">f</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996451_288-6">g</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E7%AA%AA%E6%B7%BB%E9%97%9C%E5%B0%BE%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%91%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%951996451_288-7">h</a> <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, pp. 209–210.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997210-320"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997210_320-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 210.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE氣賀澤2005215-321">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005215_321-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005215_321-1">b</a> <a 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://doi.org/10.24471/shigaku.106.12_2174_1">唐・回鶻絹馬交易再考</a>」『史学雑誌』第108巻第10号、史学会、1999年、33頁。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%94%90%E3%83%BB%E5%9B%9E%E9%B6%BB%E7%B5%B9%E9%A6%AC%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93%E5%86%8D%E8%80%83&rft.jtitle=%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E9%9B%91%E8%AA%8C&rft.aulast=%E9%BD%8B%E8%97%A4%E5%8B%9D&rft.au=%E9%BD%8B%E8%97%A4%E5%8B%9D&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=33%E9%A0%81&rft.pub=%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.24471%2Fshigaku.106.12_2174_1&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE丸橋2013107-348">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E4%B8%B8%E6%A9%8B2013107_348-0">a</a> <a 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href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 232.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE氣賀澤2005339-362"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005339_362-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A42005">氣賀澤 2005</a>, p. 339.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997233-363"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997233_363-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 233.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005137-364"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005137_364-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, p. 137.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005141-365"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005141_365-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, p. 141.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005159–165-366"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005159%E2%80%93165_366-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, pp. 159–165.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005166-367"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005166_367-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, p. 166.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997237-368"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997237_368-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 237.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005171–175-370"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005171%E2%80%93175_370-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, pp. 171–175.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005175-371"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005175_371-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, p. 175.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005148–149-373"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005148%E2%80%93149_373-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, pp. 148–149.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005152-374"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005152_374-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, p. 152.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005152–156-376"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005152%E2%80%93156_376-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, pp. 152–156.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE池田1996b529-378">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996b529_378-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996b529_378-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996b">池田 1996b</a>, p. 529.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005195–196-379"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005195%E2%80%93196_379-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, pp. 195–196.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005197-380"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005197_380-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, p. 197.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005206-382"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005206_382-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, p. 206.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005205–206-383"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005205%E2%80%93206_383-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, pp. 205–206.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005229-385"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005229_385-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, p. 229.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005231-386"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005231_386-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, p. 231.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005232-233-387"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005232-233_387-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, p. 232-233.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE宇野2005235-389"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005235_389-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%AE%87%E9%87%8E2005">宇野 2005</a>, p. 235.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE池田1996a423-391"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a423_391-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a">池田 1996a</a>, p. 423.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE池田1996a423–425-392"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a423%E2%80%93425_392-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a">池田 1996a</a>, pp. 423–425.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE池田1996a426-393"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a426_393-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a">池田 1996a</a>, p. 426.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE池田1996a416-394"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a416_394-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a">池田 1996a</a>, p. 416.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE池田1996a526-395"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a526_395-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a">池田 1996a</a>, p. 526.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE池田1996b523-525-396"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996b523-525_396-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996b">池田 1996b</a>, p. 523-525.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE池田1996a437-397">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a437_397-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a437_397-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996a">池田 1996a</a>, p. 437.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE池田1996b540–541-398"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996b540%E2%80%93541_398-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B01996b">池田 1996b</a>, pp. 540–541.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE源川2002123-399"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%BA%90%E5%B7%9D2002123_399-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%BA%90%E5%B7%9D2002">源川 2002</a>, p. 123.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE源川2002132-400"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E6%BA%90%E5%B7%9D2002132_400-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E6%BA%90%E5%B7%9D2002">源川 2002</a>, p. 132.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE源川2002127-401"><a 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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997169-425"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997169_425-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 169.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997103-426"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997103_426-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 103.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997140-427"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997140_427-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 140.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997172-428">^ <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997172_428-0">a</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997172_428-1">b</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, p. 172.</li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE布目栗原1997394–395-429"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997394%E2%80%93395_429-0">^</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREF%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F1997">布目 & 栗原 1997</a>, pp. 394–395.</li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="参考文献">参考文献</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=58&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 参考文献" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="総論・歴史">総論・歴史</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=59&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 総論・歴史" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREF布目栗原1997"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%BD%AE%E6%B8%A2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="布目潮渢">布目潮渢</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F%E7%9B%8A%E7%94%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="栗原益男">栗原益男</a>『隋唐帝国』（初版）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="講談社">講談社</a>〈講談社学術文庫〉、1997年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/4061593005?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/4061593005">4061593005</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD&rft.aulast=%5B%5B%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%BD%AE%E6%B8%A2%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5B%E5%B8%83%E7%9B%AE%E6%BD%AE%E6%B8%A2%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5B%E6%A0%97%E5%8E%9F%E7%9B%8A%E7%94%B7%5D%5D&rft.date=1997&rft.series=%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE%E5%AD%A6%E8%A1%93%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB&rft.edition=%E5%88%9D%E7%89%88&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE%5D%5D&rft.isbn=4061593005&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREF窪添關尾中村愛宕1996"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0%E6%B8%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="池田温">池田温</a> 編『中国史2 三国〜唐』 2巻（初版）、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%B7%9D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="山川出版社">山川出版社</a>〈世界歴史大系〉、1996年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/4634461609?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/4634461609">4634461609</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B22+%E4%B8%89%E5%9B%BD%E3%80%9C%E5%94%90&rft.date=1996&rft.series=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E7%B3%BB&rft.edition=%E5%88%9D%E7%89%88&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E5%B1%B1%E5%B7%9D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%5D%5D&rft.isbn=4634461609&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90">  <ul> <li>第五章「唐」</li> </ul> <ol> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREF愛宕1996a"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%95%E5%85%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="愛宕元">愛宕元</a>「唐代前期の政治」。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E5%94%90%E4%BB%A3%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%5B%5B%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%95%E5%85%83%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5B%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%95%E5%85%83%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREF金子1996a"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%AE%E4%B8%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="金子修一">金子修一</a>「唐代前期の国制と社会経済」。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E5%94%90%E4%BB%A3%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%B6%E3%81%A8%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%5B%5B%E9%87%91%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%AE%E4%B8%80%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5B%E9%87%91%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%AE%E4%B8%80%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREF池田1996">池田温「隋・唐代前期の文化」。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E9%9A%8B%E3%83%BB%E5%94%90%E4%BB%A3%E5%89%8D%E6%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0%E6%B8%A9&rft.au=%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0%E6%B8%A9&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREF愛宕1996b">愛宕元「唐代後期の政治」。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E5%94%90%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%95%E5%85%83&rft.au=%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%95%E5%85%83&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREF金子1996b">金子修一「唐代後期の社会経済」。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E5%94%90%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%E9%87%91%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%AE%E4%B8%80&rft.au=%E9%87%91%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%AE%E4%B8%80&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREF池田1996b">池田温「唐代後期の文化」。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E5%94%90%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F%E3%81%AE%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0%E6%B8%A9&rft.au=%E6%B1%A0%E7%94%B0%E6%B8%A9&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> </ol></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREF愛宕梅原溝口森田1997">愛宕元、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%8E%9F%E9%83%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="梅原郁">梅原郁</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%BA%9D%E5%8F%A3%E9%9B%84%E4%B8%89?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="溝口雄三">溝口雄三</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%A3%AE%E7%94%B0%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「森田憲司」 (存在しないページ)">森田憲司</a>、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9D%89%E5%B1%B1%E6%AD%A3%E6%98%8E?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="杉山正明">杉山正明</a> 著、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%A9%E4%BF%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="斯波義信">斯波義信</a> 編『中国史五代〜宋』 3巻（初版）、<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%B7%9D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="山川出版社">山川出版社</a>〈世界歴史大系〉、1997年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/4634461706?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/4634461706">4634461706</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2+%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E3%80%9C%E5%AE%8B&rft.aulast=%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%95%E5%85%83&rft.au=%E6%84%9B%E5%AE%95%E5%85%83&rft.au=%5B%5B%E6%A2%85%E5%8E%9F%E9%83%81%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5B%E6%BA%9D%E5%8F%A3%E9%9B%84%E4%B8%89%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5B%E6%A3%AE%E7%94%B0%E6%86%B2%E5%8F%B8%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5B%E6%9D%89%E5%B1%B1%E6%AD%A3%E6%98%8E%5D%5D&rft.date=1997&rft.series=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E5%A4%A7%E7%B3%BB&rft.edition=%E5%88%9D%E7%89%88&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E5%B1%B1%E5%B7%9D%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%5D%5D&rft.isbn=4634461706&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREF氣賀澤2005"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4%E4%BF%9D%E8%A6%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="氣賀澤保規">氣賀澤保規</a>『中国の歴史6 絢爛たる世界帝国:隋唐時代』（初版）<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="講談社">講談社</a>、2005年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4062740562?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/978-4062740562">978-4062740562</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B26+%E7%B5%A2%E7%88%9B%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8B%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%3A%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.aulast=%5B%5B%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4%E4%BF%9D%E8%A6%8F%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5B%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4%E4%BF%9D%E8%A6%8F%5D%5D&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=%E5%88%9D%E7%89%88&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-4062740562&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90">  <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREF氣賀澤2020">氣賀澤保規『中国の歴史6 絢爛たる世界帝国:隋唐時代』講談社〈講談社学術文庫〉、2020年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4-06-521907-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/978-4-06-521907-2">978-4-06-521907-2</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B26+%E7%B5%A2%E7%88%9B%E3%81%9F%E3%82%8B%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD%3A%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3&rft.aulast=%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4%E4%BF%9D%E8%A6%8F&rft.au=%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4%E4%BF%9D%E8%A6%8F&rft.date=2020&rft.series=%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE%E5%AD%A6%E8%A1%93%E6%96%87%E5%BA%AB&rft.pub=%E8%AC%9B%E8%AB%87%E7%A4%BE&rft.isbn=978-4-06-521907-2&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> </ul></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="政治_2">政治</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=60&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 政治" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E8%97%A4%E6%AD%A6%E6%95%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="佐藤武敏">佐藤武敏</a>「長安 (講談社学術文庫)」（講談社、2004年） <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9784061596634?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-4061596634</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%A4%AA%E6%B3%A2%E8%AD%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="礪波護">礪波護</a>「唐の行政機構と官僚 (中公文庫)」（中央公論社、1998年） <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9784122032163?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-4122032163</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%A6%B9%E5%B0%BE%E9%81%94%E5%BD%A6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="妹尾達彦">妹尾達彦</a> 「長安の都市計画」（講談社選書メチエ、2001年） <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9784062582230?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-4062582230</a></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="社会・経済_2">社会・経済</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=61&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 社会・経済" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREF氣賀澤1993"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4%E4%BF%9D%E8%A6%8F?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="氣賀澤保規">氣賀澤保規</a>「均田制研究の展開」『戦後日本の中国史論争』。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E5%9D%87%E7%94%B0%E5%88%B6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E3%81%AE%E5%B1%95%E9%96%8B&rft.atitle=%E6%88%A6%E5%BE%8C%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E8%AB%96%E4%BA%89&rft.aulast=%5B%5B%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4%E4%BF%9D%E8%A6%8F%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5B%E6%B0%A3%E8%B3%80%E6%BE%A4%E4%BF%9D%E8%A6%8F%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90">  <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREF氣賀澤1993"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E5%B7%9D%E9%81%93%E9%9B%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="谷川道雄">谷川道雄</a> 編『戦後日本の中国史論争』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E5%90%88%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「河合教育文化研究所」 (存在しないページ)">河合教育文化研究所</a>、1993年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4879999894?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/978-4879999894">978-4879999894</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%88%A6%E5%BE%8C%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%B2%E8%AB%96%E4%BA%89&rft.date=1993&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E6%B2%B3%E5%90%88%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-4879999894&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> </ul></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREF山田2000"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%B0%E5%8B%9D%E8%8A%B3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="山田勝芳">山田勝芳</a>『貨幣の中国古代史』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="朝日新聞社">朝日新聞社</a>、2000年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4022597601?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/978-4022597601">978-4022597601</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%B2%A8%E5%B9%A3%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2&rft.aulast=%5B%5B%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%B0%E5%8B%9D%E8%8A%B3%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5B%E5%B1%B1%E7%94%B0%E5%8B%9D%E8%8A%B3%5D%5D&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E7%A4%BE%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-4022597601&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREF森部2023a"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E9%83%A8%E8%B1%8A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="森部豊">森部豊</a>『唐―東ユーラシアの大帝国』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%AC%E8%AB%96%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="中央公論新社">中央公論新社</a>、2023年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4121027429?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/978-4121027429">978-4121027429</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%94%90%E2%80%95%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD&rft.aulast=%5B%5B%E6%A3%AE%E9%83%A8%E8%B1%8A%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5B%E6%A3%AE%E9%83%A8%E8%B1%8A%5D%5D&rft.date=2023&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%AC%E8%AB%96%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-4121027429&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90">  <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book" id="CITEREF森部2023a">『電子書籍版』2023年。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E6%9B%B8%E7%B1%8D%E7%89%88&rft.date=2023&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> </ul></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B2%A1%E6%9C%AC%E9%9A%86%E5%8F%B8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="岡本隆司">岡本隆司</a> 編『中国経済史』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%8F%A4%E5%B1%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E4%BC%9A?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="名古屋大学出版会">名古屋大学出版会</a>、2013年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4815807511?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/978-4815807511">978-4815807511</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2013&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E5%90%8D%E5%8F%A4%E5%B1%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E4%BC%9A%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-4815807511&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90">  <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation" id="CITEREF丸橋2014"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B8%E6%A9%8B%E5%85%85%E6%8B%93&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「丸橋充拓」 (存在しないページ)">丸橋充拓</a>「魏晋南北朝～隋唐五代」。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%8B%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%EF%BD%9E%E9%9A%8B%E5%94%90%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=%5B%5B%E4%B8%B8%E6%A9%8B%E5%85%85%E6%8B%93%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5B%E4%B8%B8%E6%A9%8B%E5%85%85%E6%8B%93%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> </ul></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="文化_2">文化</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=62&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 文化" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%89%E6%9D%91%E9%82%A6%E5%BD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「杉村邦彦」 (存在しないページ)">杉村邦彦</a> 編『中国書法史を学ぶ人のために』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%A4%BE?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="世界思想社">世界思想社</a>、2002年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4790709466?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/978-4790709466">978-4790709466</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%9B%B8%E6%B3%95%E5%8F%B2%E3%82%92%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%B6%E4%BA%BA%E3%81%AE%E3%81%9F%E3%82%81%E3%81%AB&rft.date=2002&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E7%A4%BE%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-4790709466&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90">  <ul> <li>第4章「隋・唐・五代」 <ol> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal" id="CITEREF源川2002"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%90%E5%B7%9D%E9%80%B2&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="「源川進」 (存在しないページ)">源川進</a>「唐」。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%94%90&rft.aulast=%5B%5B%E6%BA%90%E5%B7%9D%E9%80%B2%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5B%E6%BA%90%E5%B7%9D%E9%80%B2%5D%5D&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> </ol></li> </ul></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="国際関係_2">国際関係</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=63&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 国際関係" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation journal"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E6%A6%8E%E6%9C%AC%E6%B7%B3%E4%B8%80?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="榎本淳一">榎本淳一</a>「唐代の朝貢と貿易」『古代文化』第50巻第9号、古代学協会、1998年、 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISSN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://search.worldcat.org/ja/search?fq%3Dx0:jrnl%26q%3Dn2:00459232">00459232</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E5%94%90%E4%BB%A3%E3%81%AE%E6%9C%9D%E8%B2%A2%E3%81%A8%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93&rft.jtitle=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft.aulast=%5B%5B%E6%A6%8E%E6%9C%AC%E6%B7%B3%E4%B8%80%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5B%E6%A6%8E%E6%9C%AC%E6%B7%B3%E4%B8%80%5D%5D&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=9&rft.pub=%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%AD%A6%E5%8D%94%E4%BC%9A&rft.issn=00459232&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90">  - 下記二書に所収。 <ul> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B7%9D%E5%8D%97?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="平川南">平川南</a>他編『文字と古代日本2 文字による交流』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B7%9D%E5%BC%98%E6%96%87%E9%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="吉川弘文館">吉川弘文館</a>、2005年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/978-4642078634?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/978-4642078634">978-4642078634</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E3%81%A8%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC2+%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E3%81%AB%E3%82%88%E3%82%8B%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81&rft.date=2005&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E5%90%89%E5%B7%9D%E5%BC%98%E6%96%87%E9%A4%A8%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-4642078634&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="citation book">榎本淳一『唐王朝と古代日本』<a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B7%9D%E5%BC%98%E6%96%87%E9%A4%A8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="吉川弘文館">吉川弘文館</a>、2008年。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r101121245"><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISBN?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A5:%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/9784642024693?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="特別:文献資料/9784642024693">9784642024693</a>。</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%94%90%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E3%81%A8%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC&rft.aulast=%E6%A6%8E%E6%9C%AC%E6%B7%B3%E4%B8%80&rft.au=%E6%A6%8E%E6%9C%AC%E6%B7%B3%E4%B8%80&rft.date=2008&rft.pub=%5B%5B%E5%90%89%E5%B7%9D%E5%BC%98%E6%96%87%E9%A4%A8%5D%5D&rft.isbn=9784642024693&rfr_id=info:sid/ja.wikipedia.org:%E5%94%90"> </li> </ul></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="関連項目">関連項目</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=64&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 関連項目" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E3%81%AE%E5%AE%98%E8%81%B7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="唐朝の官職">唐朝の官職</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="唐朝におけるイスラーム">唐朝におけるイスラーム</a></li> <li><a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E5%B7%A3%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="黄巣の乱">黄巣の乱</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="外部リンク">外部リンク</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=edit&section=65&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="節を編集: 外部リンク" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> 編集 </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r94202605"> <div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox noprint" style="width:22em;"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="font-size:100%;"> ウィキメディア・コモンズには、<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tang_Dynasty?uselang%3Dja">唐</a>に関連するカテゴリがあります。 </div> </div> </div> <ul> <li>『<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kotobank.jp/word/%25E5%2594%2590">唐</a>』 - <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="コトバンク">コトバンク</a></li> </ul> <table class="toccolours" style="width: 41em; margin: 1px auto; padding: 0.25em 0; clear: both; text-align:center"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="border-right: #ccc 1px solid;width:33%"> <dl style="margin:0;padding:0"> <dt style="margin:0;padding:0"> 先代 </dt> <dd style="margin:0;padding:0"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E9%9A%8B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="隋">隋</a> </dd> </dl></td> <td> <dl style="margin:0;padding:0"> <dt style="margin:0;padding:0"> 唐 </dt> <dd style="margin:0;padding:0"> 618年 - 907年 </dd> </dl></td> <td style="border-left: #ccc 1px solid;width:33%"> <dl style="margin:0;padding:0"> <dt style="margin:0;padding:0"> 次代 </dt> <dd style="margin:0;padding:0"> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%A2%81?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="後梁">後梁</a> <a href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%81%E5%9B%BD%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="五代十国時代">五代十国時代</a> </dd> </dl></td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> 「<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3D%E5%94%90%26oldid%3D102629019">https://ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=唐&oldid=102629019</a>」から取得 </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://ja-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> 最終更新: 2024年11月19日 (火) 01:17 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>言語</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-dinastie" title="アフリカーンス語: Tang-dinastie" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tang-dinastie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="アフリカーンス語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-Dynastie" title="スイスドイツ語: Tang-Dynastie" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tang-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="スイスドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258B%25A8%25E1%2589%25B3%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%258C%258D_%25E1%2588%25A5%25E1%2588%25AD%25E1%258B%2588_%25E1%2588%2598%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%258C%258D%25E1%2588%25A5%25E1%2589%25B5" title="アムハラ語: የታንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የታንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="アムハラ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%25C3%25ADa_Tang" title="アラゴン語: Dinastía Tang" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dinastía Tang" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="アラゴン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25BA_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25A7%25D9%2583%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9" title="アラビア語: سلالة تانغ الحاكمة" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة تانغ الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="アラビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%25C3%25ADa_Tang" title="アストゥリアス語: Dinastía Tang" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Tang" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="アストゥリアス語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_s%25C3%25BClal%25C9%2599si" title="アゼルバイジャン語: Tan sülaləsi" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tan sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="アゼルバイジャン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25E2%2580%258C%25D9%2584%25D9%2587%25E2%2580%258C%25D8%25B3%25DB%258C" title="South Azerbaijani: تان سولا‌له‌سی" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تان سولا‌له‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D2%25BB%25D1%258B" title="バシキール語: Тан династияһы" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тан династияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="バシキール語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangu_dinast%25C4%2597j%25C4%2597" title="サモギティア語: Tangu dinastėjė" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tangu dinastėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="サモギティア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2586%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D1%258B%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="ベラルーシ語: Імперыя Тан" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імперыя Тан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="ベラルーシ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%258B%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography): Дынастыя Тан" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дынастыя Тан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="ブルガリア語: Тан" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="ブルガリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%2582_%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%259C%25E0%25A6%25AC%25E0%25A6%2582%25E0%25A6%25B6" title="ベンガル語: তাং রাজবংশ" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাং রাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="ベンガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2590%25E0%25BD%2584%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BE%2592%25E0%25BE%25B1%25E0%25BD%25A3%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A2%25E0%25BD%2596%25E0%25BD%25A6%25E0%25BC%258D" title="チベット語: ཐང་རྒྱལ་རབས།" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐང་རྒྱལ་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="チベット語" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierniezh_Tang" title="ブルトン語: Tierniezh Tang" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tierniezh Tang" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="ブルトン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Tang" title="ボスニア語: Dinastija Tang" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dinastija Tang" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="ボスニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581" title="ブリヤート語: Тан улас" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тан улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="ブリヤート語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Tang" title="カタロニア語: Dinastia Tang" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Tang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="カタロニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%25C3%25B2ng-di%25C3%25A8u" title="閩東語: Dòng-dièu" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dòng-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="閩東語" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_(%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BA%25D1%258A%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9)" title="チェチェン語: Тан (некъий)" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тан (некъий)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="チェチェン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A6%25DB%258C%25D9%2585%25D9%25BE%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AA%25DB%2586%25D8%25B1%25DB%258C%25DB%2595%25D8%25AA%25DB%258C%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF" title="中央クルド語: ئیمپراتۆریەتیی تانگ" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی تانگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中央クルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%25C3%25B1_s%25C3%25BCl%25C3%25A2lesi" title="クリミア・タタール語: Tañ sülâlesi" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tañ sülâlesi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="クリミア・タタール語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="良質な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C5%2598%25C3%25AD%25C5%25A1e_Tchang" title="チェコ語: Říše Tchang" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše Tchang" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="チェコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9%25D3%2597" title="チュヴァシ語: Тан империйӗ" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тан империйӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="チュヴァシ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenhinllin_Tang" title="ウェールズ語: Brenhinllin Tang" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brenhinllin Tang" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ウェールズ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-dynastiet" title="デンマーク語: Tang-dynastiet" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tang-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="デンマーク語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-Dynastie" title="ドイツ語: Tang-Dynastie" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tang-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2594%25CF%2585%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B1%25CF%2583%25CF%2584%25CE%25B5%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1_%25CE%25A4%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BD%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BA" title="ギリシャ語: Δυναστεία Τανγκ" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Τανγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="ギリシャ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="英語: Tang dynasty" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tang dynasty" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英語" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Tang" title="エスペラント語: Dinastio Tang" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Tang" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="エスペラント語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%25C3%25ADa_Tang" title="スペイン語: Dinastía Tang" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Tang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="スペイン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangi_d%25C3%25BCnastia" title="エストニア語: Tangi dünastia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tangi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="エストニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dinastia" title="バスク語: Tang dinastia" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tang dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="バスク語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF" title="ペルシア語: دودمان تانگ" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان تانگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="ペルシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-dynastia" title="フィンランド語: Tang-dynastia" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tang-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="フィンランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Tang" title="フランス語: Dynastie Tang" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Tang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="フランス語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-D%25C3%25BCnastii" title="北フリジア語: Tang-Dünastii" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tang-Dünastii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北フリジア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%25C3%25ADshliocht_Tang" title="アイルランド語: Ríshliocht Tang" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríshliocht Tang" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="アイルランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2594%2590" title="贛語: 唐" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="唐" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="贛語" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%25C3%25ADa_Tang" title="ガリシア語: Dinastía Tang" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Tang" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ガリシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_%25C3%25B1emo%25C3%25B1anga" title="グアラニー語: Tang ñemoñanga" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tang ñemoñanga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="グアラニー語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%25C3%25B2ng-chh%25C3%25A8u" title="客家語: Thòng-chhèu" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thòng-chhèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家語" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A9%25D7%2595%25D7%25A9%25D7%259C%25D7%25AA_%25D7%2598%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2592" title="ヘブライ語: שושלת טאנג" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת טאנג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ヘブライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%2597_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B6" title="ヒンディー語: तांग राजवंश" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तांग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="ヒンディー語" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Dynasty" title="フィジー・ヒンディー語: Tang Dynasty" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tang Dynasty" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="フィジー・ヒンディー語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%2527ang" title="クロアチア語: T'ang" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="T'ang" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-dinasztia" title="ハンガリー語: Tang-dinasztia" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tang-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ハンガリー語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B9%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6_(%25D5%25A4%25D5%25AB%25D5%25B6%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BD%25D5%25BF%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1)" title="アルメニア語: Թան (դինաստիա)" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թան (դինաստիա)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="アルメニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Tang" title="インドネシア語: Dinasti Tang" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Tang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="インドネシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_a_Tang" title="イロカノ語: Dinastia a Tang" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dinastia a Tang" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="イロカノ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Tang" title="イド語: Dinastio Tang" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dinastio Tang" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="イド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangveldi%25C3%25B0" title="アイスランド語: Tangveldið" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tangveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="アイスランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Tang" title="イタリア語: Dinastia Tang" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Tang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="イタリア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Tang" title="ジャワ語: Wangsa Tang" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wangsa Tang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ジャワ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%25A1_%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2590" title="ジョージア語: ტანის დინასტია" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტანის დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="ジョージア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%25C5%258B_Kewiya%25C9%25A3_K%25C9%25A9%25C9%2596%25C9%259Bza%25C9%25A3" title="Kabiye: Taŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Taŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D3%2599%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D1%2582%25D1%2596" title="カザフ語: Тан әулеті" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тан әулеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="カザフ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%2587%25E1%259E%259C%25E1%259E%2584%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%2590%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%2584" title="クメール語: រាជវង្សថាង" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សថាង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="クメール語" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%259F%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25AF%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%2582%25E0%25B2%2597%25E0%25B3%258D_%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%259C%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B2%2582%25E0%25B2%25B6" title="カンナダ語: ಟ್ಯಾಂಗ್ ರಾಜವಂಶ" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟ್ಯಾಂಗ್ ರಾಜವಂಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="カンナダ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%258B%25B9%25EB%2582%2598%25EB%259D%25BC" title="韓国語: 당나라" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="당나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓国語" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanedana_Tang" title="クルド語: Xanedana Tang" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xanedana Tang" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="クルド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Tam" title="ラテン語: Familia Tam" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Familia Tam" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="ラテン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Tang" title="Ladin: Dinastia Tang" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Dinastia Tang" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang%25C5%25B3_dinastija" title="リトアニア語: Tangų dinastija" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tangų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="リトアニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanu_dinastija" title="ラトビア語: Tanu dinastija" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tanu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="ラトビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%2599%25E0%25B5%258D_%25E0%25B4%25B0%25E0%25B4%25BE%25E0%25B4%259C%25E0%25B4%25B5%25E0%25B4%2582%25E0%25B4%25B6%25E0%25B4%2582" title="マラヤーラム語: താങ് രാജവംശം" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താങ് രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="マラヤーラム語" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581" title="モンゴル語: Тан улс" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тан улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="モンゴル語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Tang" title="マレー語: Dinasti Tang" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Tang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="マレー語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2590%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2586%25E1%2580%2580%25E1%2580%25BA" title="ミャンマー語: တန်မင်းဆက်" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တန်မင်းဆက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="ミャンマー語" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D9%2587" title="マーザンダラーン語: تانگ سلسله" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تانگ سلسله" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="マーザンダラーン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-Dynastie" title="低地ドイツ語: Tang-Dynastie" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tang-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地ドイツ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%2599%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%2597_%25E0%25A4%25B0%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%259C%25E0%25A4%25B5%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25B6" title="ネワール語: ताङ्ग राजवंश" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ताङ्ग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="ネワール語" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-dynastie" title="オランダ語: Tang-dynastie" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tang-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="オランダ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-dynastiet" title="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク): Tang-dynastiet" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tang-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ニーノシュク)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-dynastiet" title="ノルウェー語(ブークモール): Tang-dynastiet" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tang-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ノルウェー語(ブークモール)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Tang" title="オック語: Dinastia Tang" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Tang" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="オック語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25A4%25E0%25A9%25B0%25E0%25A8%2597_%25E0%25A8%25B0%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%259C%25E0%25A8%25B5%25E0%25A9%25B0%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BC" title="パンジャブ語: ਤੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="パンジャブ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="良質な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Tang" title="ポーランド語: Dynastia Tang" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Tang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="ポーランド語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF" title="Western Punjabi: تانگ" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تانگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BC%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF_%25D9%2583%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D9%2586%25DB%258D" title="パシュトゥー語: ټانگ كورنۍ" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټانگ كورنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="パシュトゥー語" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Tang" title="ポルトガル語: Dinastia Tang" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Tang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ポルトガル語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Tang" title="ルーマニア語: Dinastia Tang" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Tang" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ルーマニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="ロシア語: Империя Тан" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Империя Тан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ロシア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F" title="サハ語: Тан династия" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тан династия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="サハ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Tang" title="セルボ・クロアチア語: Dinastija Tang" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Tang" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="セルボ・クロアチア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%2582_%25E0%25B6%25BB%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B6%25A2%25E0%25B7%2580%25E0%25B6%2582%25E0%25B7%2581%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="シンハラ語: තාං රාජවංශය" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාං රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="シンハラ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="シンプル英語: Tang dynasty" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tang dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="シンプル英語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchang_(dynastia)" title="スロバキア語: Tchang (dynastia)" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tchang (dynastia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="スロバキア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Tang" title="スロベニア語: Dinastija Tang" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dinastija Tang" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="スロベニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Tang" title="アルバニア語: Dinastia Tang" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Tang" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="アルバニア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3" title="セルビア語: Династија Танг" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Династија Танг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="セルビア語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangdynastin" title="スウェーデン語: Tangdynastin" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tangdynastin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="スウェーデン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasaba_ya_Tang" title="スワヒリ語: Nasaba ya Tang" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nasaba ya Tang" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="スワヒリ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%2599%25E0%25AF%258D_%25E0%25AE%2585%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%259A%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%2581" title="タミル語: தாங் அரசமரபு" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாங் அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="タミル語" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2598%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25A2%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B3" title="タジク語: Имперотурии Тонг" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Имперотурии Тонг" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="タジク語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%258A%25E0%25B8%25A7%25E0%25B8%2587%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B9%258C%25E0%25B8%2596%25E0%25B8%25B1%25E0%25B8%2587" title="タイ語: ราชวงศ์ถัง" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์ถัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="タイ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_(dinasti%25C3%25BDa)" title="トルクメン語: Tan (dinastiýa)" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Tan (dinastiýa)" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="トルクメン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Tang" title="タガログ語: Dinastiyang Tang" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Tang" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="タガログ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Hanedan%25C4%25B1" title="トルコ語: Tang Hanedanı" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tang Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="トルコ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D2%25A3_%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D1%2581%25D0%25B5" title="タタール語: Таң династиясе" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Таң династиясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="タタール語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25DA%25AD_%25D8%25B3%25DB%2587%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2589%25D8%25B3%25D9%2589" title="ウイグル語: تاڭ سۇلالىسى" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تاڭ سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ウイグル語" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="良質な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D1%2596%25D1%258F_%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD" title="ウクライナ語: Династія Тан" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Тан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ウクライナ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DA%25AF_%25D8%25B4%25D8%25A7%25DB%2581%25DB%258C_%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25DB%2581" title="ウルドゥー語: تانگ شاہی سلسلہ" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تانگ شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ウルドゥー語" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan" title="ウズベク語: Tan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ウズベク語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%25C3%25A0_%25C4%2590%25C6%25B0%25E1%25BB%259Dng" title="ベトナム語: Nhà Đường" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Đường" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ベトナム語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiya_Tang" title="ワライ語: Dinastiya Tang" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dinastiya Tang" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="ワライ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D" title="呉語: 唐朝" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="唐朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="呉語" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2598%25D7%2590%25D7%25A0%25D7%2592_%25D7%2593%25D7%2599%25D7%25A0%25D7%2590%25D7%25A1%25D7%2598%25D7%2599%25D7%25A2" title="イディッシュ語: טאנג דינאסטיע" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאנג דינאסטיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="イディッシュ語" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangzciuz" title="チワン語: Dangzciuz" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Dangzciuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="チワン語" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="秀逸な記事"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2594%2590%25E6%259C%259D" title="中国語: 唐朝" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="唐朝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中国語" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%2594%2590" title="漢文: 唐" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="唐" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="漢文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25B4ng" title="閩南語: Tông" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tông" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E5%2594%2590" title="広東語: 大唐" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大唐" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="広東語" 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