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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_deaths_1933:_Investigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_deaths_1933:_Investigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>First deaths 1933: Investigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_deaths_1933:_Investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forced_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forced_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Forced labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forced_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Barbarossa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Barbarossa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Operation Barbarossa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Barbarossa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Final days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_camp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_camp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Main camp</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_camp-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main camp subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_camp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Purpose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_experimentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_experimentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Medical experimentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_experimentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Clergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_camps_and_sub-camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_camps_and_sub-camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Satellite camps and sub-camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_camps_and_sub-camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Liberation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Liberation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Liberation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Main_camp_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_camp_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Main camp</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_camp_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Satellite_camps_liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite_camps_liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Satellite camps liberation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite_camps_liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Killing_of_camp_guards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Killing_of_camp_guards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Killing of camp guards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Killing_of_camp_guards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-liberation_Easter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-liberation_Easter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Post-liberation Easter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-liberation_Easter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_liberation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_liberation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>After liberation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_liberation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle After liberation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-After_liberation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deportation_of_Soviet_nationals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deportation_of_Soviet_nationals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Deportation of Soviet nationals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deportation_of_Soviet_nationals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of personnel</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_personnel-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of personnel subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commandants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commandants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Commandants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commandants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Other staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SS_and_civilian_doctors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SS_and_civilian_doctors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>SS and civilian doctors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SS_and_civilian_doctors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memorial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Memorial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dachau concentration camp</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau-konsentrasiekamp" title="Dachau-konsentrasiekamp – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dachau-konsentrasiekamp" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Dachau" title="KZ Dachau – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="KZ Dachau" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%88" title="معسكر الاعتقال داخاو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معسكر الاعتقال داخاو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau" title="Campo de concentración de Dachau – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Campo de concentración de Dachau" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daxau_h%C9%99bs_d%C3%BC%C5%9F%C9%99rg%C9%99si" title="Daxau həbs düşərgəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Daxau həbs düşərgəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80)" title="Дахау (концлагер) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дахау (концлагер)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_de_concentraci%C3%B3_de_Dachau" title="Camp de concentració de Dachau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Camp de concentració de Dachau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentra%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_t%C3%A1bor_Dachau" title="Koncentrační tábor Dachau – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Koncentrační tábor Dachau" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_koncentrationslejr" title="Dachau koncentrationslejr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dachau koncentrationslejr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZ_Dachau" title="KZ Dachau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="KZ Dachau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_koonduslaager" title="Dachau koonduslaager – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Dachau koonduslaager" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%B4%CE%BF_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9D%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Στρατόπεδο συγκέντρωσης Νταχάου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στρατόπεδο συγκέντρωσης Νταχάου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau" title="Campo de concentración de Dachau – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Campo de concentración de Dachau" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentrejo_Dachau" title="Koncentrejo Dachau – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koncentrejo Dachau" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachauko_kontzentrazio_esparrua" title="Dachauko kontzentrazio esparrua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dachauko kontzentrazio esparrua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88" title="اردوگاه کار اجباری داخائو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اردوگاه کار اجباری داخائو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_de_concentration_de_Dachau" title="Camp de concentration de Dachau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Camp de concentration de Dachau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_(konsintraasjekamp)" title="Dachau (konsintraasjekamp) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dachau (konsintraasjekamp)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau" title="Campo de concentración de Dachau – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Campo de concentración de Dachau" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%ED%95%98%EC%9A%B0_%EA%B0%95%EC%A0%9C_%EC%88%98%EC%9A%A9%EC%86%8C" title="다하우 강제 수용소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다하우 강제 수용소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82_(%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80)" title="Դախաու (համակենտրոնացման ճամբար) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դախաու (համակենտրոնացման ճամբար)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentracijski_logor_Dachau" title="Koncentracijski logor Dachau – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koncentracijski logor Dachau" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamp_konsentrasi_Dachau" title="Kamp konsentrasi Dachau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamp konsentrasi Dachau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_di_concentramento_di_Dachau" title="Campo di concentramento di Dachau – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campo di concentramento di Dachau" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%96_%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%95" title="מחנה הריכוז דכאו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מחנה הריכוז דכאו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C)" title="Дахау (концентрацион лагерь) – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Дахау (концентрацион лагерь)" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="დახაუს საკონცენტრაციო ბანაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დახაუს საკონცენტრაციო ბანაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahavas_koncentr%C4%81cijas_nometne" title="Dahavas koncentrācijas nometne – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dahavas koncentrācijas nometne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_koncentracijos_stovykla" title="Dachau koncentracijos stovykla – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dachau koncentracijos stovykla" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_KZ" title="Dachau KZ – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dachau KZ" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachaui_koncentr%C3%A1ci%C3%B3s_t%C3%A1bor" title="Dachaui koncentrációs tábor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dachaui koncentrációs tábor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80)" title="Дахау (концентрационен логор) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дахау (концентрационен логор)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="डखाउची छळछावणी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डखाउची छळछावणी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_(concentratiekamp)" title="Dachau (concentratiekamp) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dachau (concentratiekamp)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%83%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A6%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E5%8F%8E%E5%AE%B9%E6%89%80" title="ダッハウ強制収容所 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダッハウ強制収容所" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_konsentrasjonsleir" title="Dachau konsentrasjonsleir – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dachau konsentrasjonsleir" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_konsentrasjonsleir" title="Dachau konsentrasjonsleir – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dachau konsentrasjonsleir" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_de_Dachau" title="Camp de Dachau – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Camp de Dachau" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daxau" title="Daxau – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Daxau" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_(KL)" title="Dachau (KL) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dachau (KL)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo_de_concentra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Dachau" title="Campo de concentração de Dachau – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campo de concentração de Dachau" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lag%C4%83rul_de_concentrare_Dachau" title="Lagărul de concentrare Dachau – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lagărul de concentrare Dachau" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8C)" title="Дахау (концентрационный лагерь) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дахау (концентрационный лагерь)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Dachau concentration camp" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konzentratsjoonsleeger_Dachau" title="Konzentratsjoonsleeger Dachau – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Konzentratsjoonsleeger Dachau" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampi_i_p%C3%ABrq%C3%ABndrimit_Dachau" title="Kampi i përqëndrimit Dachau – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kampi i përqëndrimit Dachau" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dachau concentration camp" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentra%C4%8Dn%C3%BD_t%C3%A1bor_Dachau" title="Koncentračný tábor Dachau – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Koncentračný tábor Dachau" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentracijsko_tabori%C5%A1%C4%8De_Dachau" title="Koncentracijsko taborišče Dachau – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Koncentracijsko taborišče Dachau" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Логор Дахау – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Логор Дахау" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koncentracijski_logor_Dachau" title="Koncentracijski logor Dachau – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koncentracijski logor Dachau" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachaun_keskitysleiri" title="Dachaun keskitysleiri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dachaun keskitysleiri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_(koncentrationsl%C3%A4ger)" title="Dachau (koncentrationsläger) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dachau (koncentrationsläger)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="டேச்சு அரசியல் கைதிகள் முகாம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டேச்சு அரசியல் கைதிகள் முகாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2" title="ค่ายกักกันดัคเคา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ค่ายกักกันดัคเคา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachau_toplama_kamp%C4%B1" title="Dachau toplama kampı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dachau toplama kampı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%83_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%80)" title="Дахау (концентраційний табір) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дахау (концентраційний табір)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A1i_t%E1%BA%ADp_trung_Dachau" title="Trại tập trung Dachau – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trại tập trung Dachau" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%B1%AA%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%90%A5" title="达豪集中营 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="达豪集中营" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%B1%AA%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E8%90%A5" title="达豪集中营 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="达豪集中营" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="geo">48.26889; 11.46861</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nazi concentration camp in Germany before and during World War II</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dachau" redirects here. For the town, see <a href="/wiki/Dachau,_Bavaria" title="Dachau, Bavaria">Dachau, Bavaria</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Dachau_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Dachau (disambiguation)">Dachau (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p> <span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dachau_concentration_camp&params=48_16_08_N_11_28_07_E_region:DE-BY_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°16′08″N</span> <span class="longitude">11°28′07″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.26889°N 11.46861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.26889; 11.46861</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Dachau</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">Nazi concentration camp</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KZDachau1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/KZDachau1945.jpg/225px-KZDachau1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/KZDachau1945.jpg/338px-KZDachau1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/KZDachau1945.jpg/450px-KZDachau1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="505" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">U.S. soldiers guarding the main entrance to Dachau just after liberation, 1945</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:240px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:240px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:240px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Empire_1937_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dachau concentration camp is located in Germany"><img alt="Dachau concentration camp is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/German_Empire_1937_adm_location_map.svg/240px-German_Empire_1937_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/German_Empire_1937_adm_location_map.svg/360px-German_Empire_1937_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/German_Empire_1937_adm_location_map.svg/480px-German_Empire_1937_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="1133" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:87.842%;left:33.719%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dachau concentration camp"><img alt="Dachau concentration camp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Dachau within Nazi Germany in 1937</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Konzentrationslager (KZ) Dachau</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈdaxaʊ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Bavaria" title="Upper Bavaria">Upper Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Germany" title="Southern Germany">Southern Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Built by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commandant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Commandants">List of commandants</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original use</th><td class="infobox-data">Political prison</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operational</th><td class="infobox-data">March 1933 – April 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">Political prisoners, Poles, Romani, Jews, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, Catholic priests, Communists<sup id="cite_ref-7thArmy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7thArmy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of inmates</th><td class="infobox-data">Over 188,000 (estimated)<sup id="cite_ref-USHMM_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Killed</th><td class="infobox-data">41,500 (per Dachau website)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Liberated by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/">kz-gedenkstaette-dachau<wbr />.de</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Dachau</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of the first<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the longest-running one, opening on 22 March 1933. The camp was initially intended to intern Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political opponents</a>, which consisted of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">communists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">social democrats</a>, and other dissidents.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory northeast of the medieval town of <a href="/wiki/Dachau,_Bavaria" title="Dachau, Bavaria">Dachau</a>, about 16 km (10 mi) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, in southern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MNNQuote_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNNQuote-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After its opening by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, its purpose was enlarged to include <a href="#Forced_labor">forced labor</a>, and eventually, the imprisonment of Jews, Romani, German and Austrian criminals, and, finally, foreign nationals from countries that Germany occupied or invaded. The Dachau camp system grew to include nearly <a href="#Satellite_camps_and_sub-camps">100 sub-camps</a>, which were mostly work camps or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Arbeitskommandos</i></span>, and were located throughout southern Germany and Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main camp was liberated by U.S. forces on 29 April 1945. </p><p>Prisoners lived in constant fear of brutal treatment and terror detention including <a href="/wiki/Standing_cell" title="Standing cell">standing cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogging">floggings</a>, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Strappado" title="Strappado">tree or pole hanging</a>, and standing at attention for extremely long periods.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were 32,000 documented deaths at the camp, and thousands that are undocumented.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 10,000 of the 30,000 prisoners were sick at the time of liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the postwar years, the Dachau facility served to hold SS soldiers awaiting trial. After 1948, it held ethnic Germans who had been expelled from eastern Europe and were awaiting resettlement, and also was used for a time as a United States military base during <a href="/wiki/American_Zone_of_Occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="American Zone of Occupation">the occupation</a>. It was finally closed in 1960. </p><p>There are several religious memorials within the Memorial Site,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is open to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_overview">General overview</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Overview plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This overview section <b>duplicates the intended purpose of the article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Lead_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Lead section">lead section</a></b>, which should provide an overview of the subject.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dachau_concentration_camp&action=edit">merge it</a> with the introduction, move its content to other sections, or retitle the section to give it a clear scope.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Dachau served as a <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> and model for the other German concentration camps that followed. Almost every community in Germany had members taken away to these camps. Newspapers continually reported "the removal of the enemies of the Reich to concentration camps." As early as 1935, a jingle went around: <i>"Lieber Herr Gott, mach mich stumm, Das ich nicht nach Dachau komm'"</i> ("Dear Lord God, make me dumb [silent], That I may not to Dachau come").<sup id="cite_ref-Janowitz_141–146_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janowitz_141–146-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Concentration_camp_dachau_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Concentration_camp_dachau_aerial_view.jpg/220px-Concentration_camp_dachau_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Concentration_camp_dachau_aerial_view.jpg/330px-Concentration_camp_dachau_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Concentration_camp_dachau_aerial_view.jpg/440px-Concentration_camp_dachau_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1090" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photo of the Dachau complex with the actual concentration camp on the left</figcaption></figure> <p>The camp's layout and building plans were developed by <a href="/wiki/Commandant" title="Commandant">Commandant</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a> and were applied to all later camps. He had a separate, secure camp near the command center, which consisted of living quarters, administration and army camps. Eicke became the chief inspector for all concentration camps, responsible for organizing others according to his model.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dachau complex included the prisoners' camp which occupied approximately 5 acres, and the much larger area of SS training school including barracks, factories plus other facilities of around 20 acres.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entrance gate used by prisoners carries the phrase "Arbeit macht frei" (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">"Work makes free"</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, or "Work makes [one] free"; contextual English translation: "Work shall set you free"). This phrase was also used in several other concentration camps such as <a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Theresienstadt concentration camp">Theresienstadt</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz I</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R96361,_Dachau,_Konzentrationslager.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R96361%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R96361%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R96361%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R96361%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R96361%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R96361%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>The camp commander gives a speech to prisoners about to be released as part of a pardoning action near Christmas 1933.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dachau was the concentration camp that was in operation the longest, from March 1933 to April 1945, nearly all twelve years of the Nazi regime. Dachau's close proximity to Munich, where Hitler came to power and where the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> had its official headquarters, made Dachau a convenient location. From 1933 to 1938, the prisoners were mainly German nationals detained for political reasons. After the <i>Reichspogromnacht</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i>, 30,000 male Jewish citizens were deported to concentration camps. More than 10,000 of them were interned in Dachau alone. As the German military occupied other European states, citizens from across Europe were sent to concentration camps. Subsequently, the camp was used for prisoners of all sorts, from every nation occupied by the forces of the Third Reich.<sup id="cite_ref-Edkins2003_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edkins2003-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 137">: 137 </span></sup> </p><p>In the postwar years, the camp continued in use. From 1945 through 1948, the camp was used by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> as a prison for SS officers awaiting trial. After 1948, when hundreds of thousands of ethnic Germans were expelled from eastern Europe, it held Germans from Czechoslovakia until they could be resettled. It also served as a military base for the United States, which maintained forces in the country. It was closed in 1960. At the insistence of survivors, various memorials have been constructed and installed here.<sup id="cite_ref-Edkins2003_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edkins2003-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 138">: 138 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dachau_(43964434752).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Dachau_%2843964434752%29.jpg/220px-Dachau_%2843964434752%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Dachau_%2843964434752%29.jpg/330px-Dachau_%2843964434752%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Dachau_%2843964434752%29.jpg/440px-Dachau_%2843964434752%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3157" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Two Dachau crematoria</figcaption></figure> <p>Demographic statistics vary but they are in the same general range. History will likely never know how many people were interned or murdered there, due to periods of disruption. One source gives a general estimate of over 200,000 prisoners from more than 30 countries during Nazi rule, of whom two-thirds were political prisoners, including many Catholic priests, and nearly one-third were Jews. At least 25,613 prisoners are believed to have been murdered in the camp and almost another 10,000 in its subcamps,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> primarily from disease, malnutrition and suicide. In late 1944, a <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a> epidemic occurred in the camp caused by poor sanitation and overcrowding, which caused more than 15,000 deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-zamecnick-typhus_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zamecnick-typhus-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was followed by an evacuation, in which large numbers of the prisoners died. Toward the end of the war, death marches to and from the camp caused the deaths of numerous unrecorded prisoners. After liberation, prisoners weakened beyond recovery by the starvation conditions continued to die.<sup id="cite_ref-cont_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cont-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two thousand cases of "the dread black typhus" had already been identified by 3 May, and the U.S. Seventh Army was "working day and night to alleviate the appalling conditions at the camp".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prisoners with typhus, a louse-borne disease with an incubation period from 12 to 18 days, were treated by the 116th Evacuation Hospital, while the 127th would be the general hospital for the other illnesses. There were 227 documented deaths among the 2,252 patients cared for by the 127th.<sup id="cite_ref-cont_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cont-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H26996,_KZ_Dachau,_Verbrennungsofen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H26996%2C_KZ_Dachau%2C_Verbrennungsofen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H26996%2C_KZ_Dachau%2C_Verbrennungsofen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H26996%2C_KZ_Dachau%2C_Verbrennungsofen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H26996%2C_KZ_Dachau%2C_Verbrennungsofen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H26996%2C_KZ_Dachau%2C_Verbrennungsofen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H26996%2C_KZ_Dachau%2C_Verbrennungsofen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Former prisoners of KZ Dachau reenact the operation of the <a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">crematorium</a> by pushing a corpse toward one of the ovens.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> Over the 12 years of use as a concentration camp, the Dachau administration recorded the intake of 206,206 prisoners and deaths of 31,951. Crematoria were constructed to dispose of the deceased. Visitors may now walk through the buildings and view the ovens used to cremate bodies, which hid the evidence of many deaths. It is claimed that in 1942, more than 3,166 prisoners in weakened condition were transported to <a href="/wiki/Hartheim_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartheim Castle">Hartheim Castle</a> near <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>, and were executed by poison gas because they were deemed unfit.<sup id="cite_ref-Edkins2003_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edkins2003-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 137">: 137 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dachau_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Dachau_004.jpg/220px-Dachau_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Dachau_004.jpg/330px-Dachau_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Dachau_004.jpg/440px-Dachau_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A gas chamber at Dachau. The "Brausebad" sign means "Shower Bath".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaskammer_Dachau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gaskammer_Dachau.jpg/220px-Gaskammer_Dachau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gaskammer_Dachau.jpg/330px-Gaskammer_Dachau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Gaskammer_Dachau.jpg/440px-Gaskammer_Dachau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Inside the gas chamber (2011)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dachau_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dachau_002.jpg/220px-Dachau_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dachau_002.jpg/330px-Dachau_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Dachau_002.jpg/440px-Dachau_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Wall of a prison cell</figcaption></figure><p> Between January and April 1945 11,560 detainees died at KZ Dachau according to a <a href="/wiki/Dachau_(US_Army_report)" title="Dachau (US Army report)">U.S. Army report of 1945</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the Dachau administration registered 12,596 deaths from typhus at the camp over the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-zamecnick-typhus_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zamecnick-typhus-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dachau was the third concentration camp to be liberated by British or American Allied forces.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3></div> <p>After the takeover of Bavaria on 9 March 1933, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Police">Chief of Police</a> in Munich, began to speak with the administration of an unused gunpowder and munitions factory. He toured the site to see if it could be used for quartering protective-custody prisoners. The concentration camp at Dachau was opened 22 March 1933, with the arrival of about 200 prisoners from <a href="/wiki/Stadelheim_Prison" title="Stadelheim Prison">Stadelheim Prison</a> in Munich and the <a href="/wiki/Landsberg_Prison" title="Landsberg Prison">Landsberg fortress</a> (where <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> had written <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> during his imprisonment).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Himmler announced in the <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchner_Neueste_Nachrichten" title="Münchner Neueste Nachrichten">Münchner Neueste Nachrichten</a></i> newspaper that the camp could hold up to 5,000 people, and described it as "the first concentration camp for political prisoners" to be used to restore calm to Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It became the first regular <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camp</a> established by the coalition government of the National Socialist German Worker's Party (Nazi Party) and the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (dissolved on 6 July 1933). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homosexuals" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexuals">homosexuals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Emigrants">emigrants</a> were sent to Dachau after the 1935 passage of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> which institutionalized racial discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated construction of a large complex capable of holding 6,000 prisoners. The construction was officially completed in mid-August 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More political opponents, and over 11,000 German and Austrian Jews were sent to the camp after the annexation of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> in 1938. <a href="/wiki/Porajmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porajmos">Sinti and Roma</a> in the hundreds were sent to the camp in 1939, and over 13,000 prisoners were sent to the camp from Poland in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representatives of the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> inspected the camp in 1935 and 1938 and documented the harsh conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12,_Dachau,_Konzentrationslager,_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12%2C_Dachau%2C_Konzentrationslager%2C_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> (front right, beside prisoner) inspecting Dachau Concentration Camp on 8 May 1936</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_deaths_1933:_Investigation">First deaths 1933: Investigation</h3></div> <p>Shortly after the SS was commissioned to supplement the Bavarian police overseeing the Dachau camp, the first reports of prisoner deaths at Dachau began to emerge. In April 1933, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Hartinger" title="Josef Hartinger">Josef Hartinger</a>, an official from the Bavarian Justice Ministry and physician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moritz_Flamm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moritz Flamm (page does not exist)">Moritz Flamm</a>, part-time medical examiner, arrived at the camp to investigate the deaths in accordance with the Bavarian penal code.<sup id="cite_ref-first-victims.de_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-first-victims.de-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They noted many inconsistencies between the injuries on the corpses and the camp guards' accounts of the deaths. Over a number of months, Hartinger and Flamm uncovered clear evidence of murder and compiled a dossier of charges against <a href="/wiki/Hilmar_W%C3%A4ckerle" title="Hilmar Wäckerle">Hilmar Wäckerle</a>, the SS commandant of Dachau, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_N%C3%BCrnbergk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Nürnbergk (page does not exist)">Werner Nürnbergk</a>, the camp doctor, and Josef Mutzbauer, the camp's chief administrator (<i>Kanzleiobersekretär</i>). In June 1933, Hartinger presented the case to his superior, Bavarian State Prosecutor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Wintersberger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Wintersberger (page does not exist)">Karl Wintersberger</a>. Initially supportive of the investigation, Wintersberger became reluctant to submit the resulting indictment to the Justice Ministry, increasingly under the influence of the SS. Hartinger reduced the scope of the dossier to the four clearest cases and Wintersberger signed it, after first notifying Himmler as a courtesy. The killings at Dachau suddenly stopped (temporarily), Wäckerle was transferred to Stuttgart and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a>. The indictment and related evidence reached the office of Hans Frank, the Bavarian Justice Minister, but was intercepted by <a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Wagner" title="Adolf Wagner">Adolf Wagner</a> and locked away in a desk only to be discovered by the US Army.<sup id="cite_ref-us-copy-charges_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-us-copy-charges-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, both Hartinger and Wintersberger were transferred to provincial positions. Flamm was no longer employed as a medical examiner and was to survive two attempts on his life before his suspicious death in the same year. Flamm's thoroughly gathered and documented evidence within Hartiger's indictment ensured that it achieved convictions of senior Nazis at the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg trial">Nuremberg trials</a> in 1947. Wintersberger's complicit behaviour is documented in his own evidence to the <a href="/wiki/Pohl_Trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Pohl Trial">Pohl Trial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hls-nuremburg-dachau.law_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hls-nuremburg-dachau.law-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_labor">Forced labor</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Forced labour under German rule during World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1941_German_camps_in_Polish_White_Book,_German_Occupation_of_Poland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1941_German_camps_in_Polish_White_Book%2C_German_Occupation_of_Poland.png/220px-1941_German_camps_in_Polish_White_Book%2C_German_Occupation_of_Poland.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1941_German_camps_in_Polish_White_Book%2C_German_Occupation_of_Poland.png/330px-1941_German_camps_in_Polish_White_Book%2C_German_Occupation_of_Poland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1941_German_camps_in_Polish_White_Book%2C_German_Occupation_of_Poland.png/440px-1941_German_camps_in_Polish_White_Book%2C_German_Occupation_of_Poland.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3115" /></a><figcaption>German concentration camps: <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oranienburg_concentration_camp" title="Oranienburg concentration camp">Oranienburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen-Gusen_concentration_camp_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp complex">Mauthausen</a> and Dachau in "<a href="/wiki/The_Polish_White_Book" title="The Polish White Book">The Polish White Book</a>", New York (1941).</figcaption></figure> <p>The prisoners of Dachau concentration camp originally were to serve as forced labor for a munition factory, and to expand the camp. It was used as a training center for the <i><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></i> guards and was a model for other concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camp was about 300 m × 600 m (1,000 ft × 2,000 ft) in rectangular shape. The prisoners' entrance was secured by an iron gate with the motto "<a href="/wiki/Arbeit_macht_frei" title="Arbeit macht frei">Arbeit macht frei</a>" ("Work will make you free"). This reflected Nazi propaganda, which had concentration camps as labor and re-education camps. This was their original purpose, but the focus was soon shifted to using forced labor as a method of torture and <a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination through labor">murder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original slogan was left on the gates. </p><p>As of 1938, the procedure for new arrivals occurred at the <i>Schubraum</i>, where prisoners were to hand over their clothing and possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-Comité_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comité-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 61">: 61 </span></sup> One former Luxembourgish prisoner, Albert Theis, reflected about the room, "There we were stripped of all our clothes. Everything had to be handed over: money, rings, watches. One was now stark naked".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The camp included an administration building that contained offices for the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> trial commissioner, SS authorities, the camp leader and his deputies. These administration offices consisted of large storage rooms for the personal belongings of prisoners, the bunker, roll-call square where guards would also inflict punishment on prisoners (especially those who tried to escape), the canteen where prisoners served SS men with cigarettes and food, the museum containing plaster images of prisoners who suffered from bodily defects, the camp office, the library, the barracks, and the infirmary, which was staffed by prisoners who had previously held occupations such as physicians or army surgeons.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</h3></div> <p>Over 4,000 Soviet <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> were murdered by the Dachau commandant's guard at the SS shooting range located at <a href="/wiki/Hebertshausen" title="Hebertshausen">Hebertshausen</a>, two kilometers from the main camp, in the years 1941/1943.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These murders were a clear violation of the provisions laid down in the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a> for prisoners of war. The SS used the cynical term <i>Sonderbehandlung</i> ("special treatment") for these criminal executions. The first executions of the Soviet prisoners of war at the Hebertshausen shooting range took place on 25 November 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1942, the number of prisoners being held at the camp continued to exceed 12,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Neuhäusler,_Johann_1960._Page_13_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neuhäusler,_Johann_1960._Page_13-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dachau originally held communists, leading socialists and other "enemies of the state" in 1933 but, over time, the Nazis began to send German Jews to the camp. In the early years of imprisonment, Jews were offered permission to emigrate overseas if they "voluntarily" gave their property to enhance Hitler's public treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-Neuhäusler,_Johann_1960._Page_13_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neuhäusler,_Johann_1960._Page_13-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Austria was annexed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> was dissolved, the citizens of both countries became the next prisoners at Dachau. In 1940, Dachau became filled with Polish prisoners, who continued to be the majority of the prisoner population until Dachau was officially liberated.<sup id="cite_ref-Neuhäusler,_Johann_1960._Page_14_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neuhäusler,_Johann_1960._Page_14-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arbeit_Macht_Frei_Dachau_8235.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Arbeit_Macht_Frei_Dachau_8235.jpg/220px-Arbeit_Macht_Frei_Dachau_8235.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Arbeit_Macht_Frei_Dachau_8235.jpg/330px-Arbeit_Macht_Frei_Dachau_8235.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Arbeit_Macht_Frei_Dachau_8235.jpg/440px-Arbeit_Macht_Frei_Dachau_8235.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The gate at the Jourhaus building through which the prisoners' camp was entered contains the slogan, <i><a href="/wiki/Arbeit_macht_frei" title="Arbeit macht frei">Arbeit macht frei</a></i>, or 'Work Sets You Free.'</figcaption></figure> <p>The prisoner enclosure at the camp was heavily guarded to ensure that no prisoners escaped. A 3-metre-wide (10 ft) no-man's land was the first marker of confinement for prisoners; an area which, upon entry, would elicit lethal gunfire from guard towers. Guards are known to have tossed inmates' caps into this area, resulting in the death of the prisoners when they attempted to retrieve the caps. Despondent prisoners <a href="/wiki/Suicide_by_cop" title="Suicide by cop">committed suicide</a> by entering the zone. A four-foot-deep and eight-foot-broad (1.2 × 2.4 m) creek, connected with the river <a href="/wiki/Amper" title="Amper">Amper</a>, lay on the west side between the "neutral-zone" and the electrically charged, and barbed wire fence which surrounded the entire prisoner enclosure.<sup id="cite_ref-Neuhäusler,_Johann_1960._Page_11_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neuhäusler,_Johann_1960._Page_11-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1944 a women's camp opened inside Dachau. In the last months of the war, the conditions at Dachau deteriorated. As Allied forces advanced toward Germany, the Germans began to move prisoners from concentration camps near the front to more centrally located camps. They hoped to prevent the liberation of large numbers of prisoners. Transports from the evacuated camps arrived continuously at Dachau. After days of travel with little or no food or water, the prisoners arrived weak and exhausted, often near death. Typhus epidemics became a serious problem as a result of overcrowding, poor sanitary conditions, insufficient provisions, and the weakened state of the prisoners.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Owing to repeated transports from the front, the camp was constantly overcrowded and the hygiene conditions were beneath human dignity. Starting from the end of 1944 up to the day of liberation, 15,000 people died, about half of all the prisoners held at KZ Dachau. Five hundred Soviet POWs were executed by firing squad. The first shipment of women came from Auschwitz-Birkenau. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_days">Final days</h3></div><p> As late as 19 April 1945, prisoners were sent to KZ Dachau; on that date a freight train from <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Buchenwald">Buchenwald</a> with nearly 4,500 was diverted to Nammering. SS troops and police confiscated food and water that local townspeople tried to give to the prisoners. Nearly three hundred dead bodies were ordered removed from the train and carried to a ravine over <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>400 metres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> mi) away. The 524 prisoners who had been forced to carry the dead to this site were then shot by the guards, and buried along with those who had died on the train. Nearly 800 bodies went into this <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass grave</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dachau_006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dachau_006.jpg/220px-Dachau_006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dachau_006.jpg/330px-Dachau_006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Dachau_006.jpg/440px-Dachau_006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>"Grave of many thousand unknown."</figcaption></figure><p> The train continued on to KZ Dachau.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During April 1945 as U.S. troops drove deeper into Bavaria, the commander of KZ Dachau suggested to Himmler that the camp be turned over to the Allies. Himmler, in signed correspondence, prohibited such a move, adding that "No prisoners shall be allowed to fall into the hands of the enemy alive."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 April 1945, just days before the U.S. troops arrived at the camp, the commandant and a strong guard forced between 6,000 and 7,000 surviving inmates on <a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)#Dachau_to_the_Austrian_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">a death march</a> from Dachau south to <a href="/wiki/Eurasburg" title="Eurasburg">Eurasburg</a>, then eastwards towards the Tegernsee; liberated two days after Hitler's death by <a href="/wiki/442nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)#522nd_Field_Artillery_Battalion" title="442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)">a <i>Nisei</i>-ethnicity U.S. Army artillery battalion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any prisoners who could not keep up on the six-day march were shot. Many others died of exhaustion, hunger and exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Months later a <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass grave</a> containing 1,071 prisoners was found along the route.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though at the time of liberation the death rate had peaked at 200 per day, after the liberation by U.S. forces the rate eventually fell to between 50 and 80 deaths per day from malnutrition and disease. In addition to the direct abuse of the SS and the harsh conditions, people died from typhus epidemics and starvation. The number of inmates had peaked in 1944 with transports from evacuated camps in the east (such as Auschwitz), and the resulting overcrowding led to an increase in the death rate.<sup id="cite_ref-7th_Army_1945_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7th_Army_1945-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_camp">Main camp</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purpose">Purpose</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-27-13A,_Dachau_Konzentrationslager,_H%C3%A4ftlinge_beim_Appell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-27-13A%2C_Dachau_Konzentrationslager%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_beim_Appell.jpg/150px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-27-13A%2C_Dachau_Konzentrationslager%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_beim_Appell.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-27-13A%2C_Dachau_Konzentrationslager%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_beim_Appell.jpg/225px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-27-13A%2C_Dachau_Konzentrationslager%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_beim_Appell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-27-13A%2C_Dachau_Konzentrationslager%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_beim_Appell.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-27-13A%2C_Dachau_Konzentrationslager%2C_H%C3%A4ftlinge_beim_Appell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Roll-call of Jewish prisoners (wearing <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a> badges), 20 July 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>Dachau was opened in March 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-MNNQuote_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNNQuote-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The press statement given at the opening stated: </p> <blockquote><p>On Wednesday the first concentration camp is to be opened in Dachau with an accommodation for 5000 people. 'All Communists and—where necessary—<a href="/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold" title="Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold">Reichsbanner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic</a> functionaries who endanger state security are to be concentrated here, as in the long run it is not possible to keep individual functionaries in the state prisons without overburdening these prisons, and on the other hand these people cannot be released because attempts have shown that they persist in their efforts to agitate and organize as soon as they are released.<sup id="cite_ref-MNN_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MNN-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Whatever the publicly stated purpose of the camp, the SS men who arrived there on 11 May 1933 were left in no illusion as to its real purpose by the speech given on that day by <a href="/wiki/Johann-Erasmus_Freiherr_von_Malsen-Ponickau" title="Johann-Erasmus Freiherr von Malsen-Ponickau">Johann-Erasmus Freiherr von Malsen-Ponickau</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Comrades of the SS! <br /> You all know what the Fuehrer has called us to do. We have not come here for human encounters with those pigs in there. We do not consider them human beings, as we are, but as second-class people. For years they have been able to continue their criminal existence. But now we are in power. If those pigs had come to power, they would have cut off all our heads. Therefore we have no room for sentimentalism. If anyone here cannot bear to see the blood of comrades, he does not belong and had better leave. The more of these pig dogs we strike down, the fewer we need to feed.</p></blockquote> <p>Between the years 1933 and 1945, more than 3.5 million Germans were imprisoned in such concentration camps or prison for political reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 77,000 Germans were killed for one or another form of resistance by <a href="/wiki/Sondergerichte" class="mw-redirect" title="Sondergerichte">Special Courts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Courts-martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts-martial">courts-martial</a>, and the civil justice system. Many of these Germans had served in government, the military, or in civil positions, which were considered to enable them to engage in <a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">subversion</a> and conspiracy against the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organization">Organization</h3></div> <p>The camp was divided into two sections: the camp area and the <a href="/wiki/Crematorium" title="Crematorium">crematorium</a>. The camp area consisted of 32 barracks, including one for clergy imprisoned for opposing the Nazi regime and one reserved for medical experiments. The courtyard between the prison and the central kitchen was used for the <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary execution</a> of prisoners. The camp was surrounded by an electrified barbed-wire fence, a ditch, and a wall with seven guard towers.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prisoner%27s_barracks_dachau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Prisoner%27s_barracks_dachau.jpg/220px-Prisoner%27s_barracks_dachau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Prisoner%27s_barracks_dachau.jpg/330px-Prisoner%27s_barracks_dachau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Prisoner%27s_barracks_dachau.jpg/440px-Prisoner%27s_barracks_dachau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>Prisoners' barracks in 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated construction of a large complex of buildings on the grounds of the original camp. The construction was officially completed in mid-August 1938 and the camp remained essentially unchanged and in operation until 1945. A crematorium that was next to, but not directly accessible from within the camp, was erected in 1942. KZ Dachau was therefore the longest running concentration camp of the Third Reich. The Dachau complex included other SS facilities beside the concentration camp—a leader school of the economic and civil service, the medical school of the SS, etc. The camp at that time was called a "protective custody camp," and occupied less than half of the area of the entire complex.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm1_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_experimentation">Medical experimentation</h3></div> <p>Hundreds of prisoners suffered and died, or were executed, in medical experiments conducted at KZ Dachau, of which <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Rascher" title="Sigmund Rascher">Sigmund Rascher</a> was in charge. Hypothermia experiments involved exposure to vats of icy water or being strapped down naked outdoors in freezing temperatures. Attempts at reviving the subjects included scalding baths, and forcing naked women to have sexual intercourse with the unconscious victim. Nearly 100 prisoners died during these experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original records of the experiments were destroyed "in an attempt to conceal the atrocities".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Extensive communication between the investigators and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, head of the SS, documents the experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1942, "high altitude" experiments were conducted. Victims were subjected to rapid decompression to pressures found at 4,300 metres (14,100 ft), and experienced spasmodic convulsions, <a href="/wiki/Agonal_respiration" title="Agonal respiration">agonal breathing</a>, and eventual death.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3></div> <p>The camp was originally designed for holding German and Austrian political prisoners and Jews, but in 1935 it began to be used also for ordinary criminals. Inside the camp there was a sharp division between the two groups of prisoners; those who were there for political reasons and therefore wore a red tag, and the criminals, who wore a green tag.<sup id="cite_ref-7th_Army_1945_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7th_Army_1945-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political prisoners who were there because they disagreed with Nazi Party policies, or with Hitler, naturally did not consider themselves criminals. Dachau was used as the chief camp for Christian (mainly Catholic)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> clergy who were imprisoned for not conforming with the Nazi Party line.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toasting_Polish_Dachau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Toasting_Polish_Dachau.jpg/220px-Toasting_Polish_Dachau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Toasting_Polish_Dachau.jpg/330px-Toasting_Polish_Dachau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Toasting_Polish_Dachau.jpg/440px-Toasting_Polish_Dachau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2709" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption>Polish prisoners in Dachau toast their liberation from the camp. Poles constituted the largest ethnic group in the camp during the war, followed by Russians, French, Yugoslavs, Jews, and Czechs.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the war, other nationals were transferred to it, including French; in 1940 Poles; in 1941 people from the Balkans, Czechs, Yugoslavs; and in 1942, Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-7th_Army_1945_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7th_Army_1945-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prisoners were divided into categories. At first, they were classified by the nature of the crime for which they were accused, but eventually were classified by the specific authority-type under whose command a person was sent to camp.<sup id="cite_ref-Neurath_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurath-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 53">: 53 </span></sup> Political prisoners who had been arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> wore a red badge, "professional" criminals sent by the Criminal Courts wore a green badge, Cri-Po prisoners arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei#Nazi_Germany" title="Kriminalpolizei">criminal police</a> wore a brown badge, "work-shy and asocial" people sent by the welfare authorities or the Gestapo wore a black badge, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> arrested by the Gestapo wore a violet badge, homosexuals sent by the criminal courts wore a pink badge, emigrants arrested by the Gestapo wore a blue badge, "race polluters" arrested by the criminal court or Gestapo wore badges with a black outline, second-termers arrested by the Gestapo wore a bar matching the color of their badge, "idiots" wore a white armband with the label <i>Blöd</i> (Stupid), Romani wore a black triangle, and Jews, whose incarceration in the Dachau concentration camp dramatically increased after <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>, wore a yellow badge, combined with another color.<sup id="cite_ref-Neurath_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neurath-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 54–69">: 54–69 </span></sup> </p><p>The average number of Germans in the camp during the war was 3,000. Just before the liberation many German prisoners were evacuated, but 2,000 of these Germans died during the evacuation transport. Evacuated prisoners included such prominent political and religious figures as <a href="/wiki/Martin_Niem%C3%B6ller" title="Martin Niemöller">Martin Niemöller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schuschnigg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt von Schuschnigg">Kurt von Schuschnigg</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Daladier" title="Édouard Daladier">Édouard Daladier</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Blum" title="Léon Blum">Léon Blum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Halder" title="Franz Halder">Franz Halder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7th_Army_1945_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7th_Army_1945-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clergy">Clergy</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Priest_Barracks_of_Dachau_Concentration_Camp" title="Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp">Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friedrich_Hoffmann_priest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Friedrich_Hoffmann_priest.jpg/220px-Friedrich_Hoffmann_priest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Friedrich_Hoffmann_priest.jpg/330px-Friedrich_Hoffmann_priest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Friedrich_Hoffmann_priest.jpg/440px-Friedrich_Hoffmann_priest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Priest Friedrich Hoffman testifies at the trial of former camp personnel and prisoners from Dachau. In his hand he holds records showing that hundreds of priests died at the camp after being exposed to malaria during Nazi medical experiments.</figcaption></figure> <p>In an effort to counter the strength and influence of spiritual resistance, Nazi security services monitored clergy very closely.<sup id="cite_ref-Berben1975_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berben1975-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 141–142">: 141–142 </span></sup> Priests were frequently denounced, arrested and sent to concentration camps, often simply on the basis of being "suspected of activities hostile to the State" or that there was reason to "suppose that his dealings might harm society".<sup id="cite_ref-Berben1975_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berben1975-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 142">: 142 </span></sup> Despite SS hostility to religious observance, the Vatican and German bishops successfully lobbied the regime to concentrate clergy at one camp and obtained permission to build a chapel, for the priests to live communally and for time to be allotted to them for their religious and intellectual activity. <a href="/wiki/Priest_Barracks_of_Dachau_Concentration_Camp" title="Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp">Priests Barracks</a> at Dachau were established in Blocks 26, 28 and 30, though only temporarily. 26 became the international block and 28 was reserved for Poles—the most numerous group.<sup id="cite_ref-Berben1975_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berben1975-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145–6">: 145–6 </span></sup> </p><p>Of a total of 2,720 clergy recorded as imprisoned at Dachau,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the overwhelming majority, some 2,579 (or 94.88%) were Catholic. Among the other denominations, there were 109 Protestants, 22 Greek Orthodox, 8 Old Catholics and Mariavites and 2 Muslims. In his <i>Dachau: The Official History 1933–1945</i>, Paul Berben noted that R. Schnabel's 1966 investigation, <i>Die Frommen in der Hölle</i> ("The Pious Ones in Hell") found an alternative total of 2,771 and included the fate all the clergy listed, with 692 noted as deceased and 336 sent out on "invalid trainloads" and therefore presumed dead.<sup id="cite_ref-Berben1975_69-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berben1975-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 276–277">: 276–277 </span></sup> Over 400 German priests were sent to Dachau.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total numbers incarcerated are nonetheless difficult to assert, for some clergy were not recognised as such by the camp authorities, and some—particularly Poles—did not wish to be identified as such, fearing they would be mistreated.<sup id="cite_ref-Berben1975_69-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berben1975-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 157">: 157 </span></sup> </p><p>The Nazis introduced a racial hierarchy—keeping Poles in harsh conditions, while favoring German priests.<sup id="cite_ref-Berben1975_69-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berben1975-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 148">: 148 </span></sup> 697 Poles arrived in December 1941, and a further 500 of mainly elderly clergy arrived in October the following year. Inadequately clothed for the bitter cold, of this group, only 82 survived. A large number of Polish priests were chosen for Nazi medical experiments. In November 1942, 20 were given <a href="/wiki/Phlegmon" title="Phlegmon">phlegmons</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (June 2022)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> 120 were used by Dr Schilling for malaria experiments between July 1942 and May 1944. Several Poles met their deaths with the "invalid trains" sent out from the camp, others were liquidated in the camp and given bogus death certificates. Some died of cruel punishment for misdemeanors—beaten to death or run to exhaustion.<sup id="cite_ref-Berben1975_69-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berben1975-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 148–9">: 148–9 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Staff">Staff</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-01-16,_KZ_Dachau,_SS-Wachmannschaft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-01-16%2C_KZ_Dachau%2C_SS-Wachmannschaft.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-01-16%2C_KZ_Dachau%2C_SS-Wachmannschaft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-01-16%2C_KZ_Dachau%2C_SS-Wachmannschaft.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-01-16%2C_KZ_Dachau%2C_SS-Wachmannschaft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-01-16%2C_KZ_Dachau%2C_SS-Wachmannschaft.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-01-16%2C_KZ_Dachau%2C_SS-Wachmannschaft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>SS Guards arriving at the Dachau "Protective Custody" Camp 27 May 1933 (Photo: Friedrich Franz Bauer)</figcaption></figure> <p>The camp staff consisted mostly of male SS, although 19 <a href="/wiki/Female_Guards_in_Nazi_Concentration_Camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Female Guards in Nazi Concentration Camps">female guards</a> served at Dachau as well, most of them until liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sixteen have been identified including Fanny Baur, Leopoldine Bittermann, Ernestine Brenner, Anna Buck, Rosa Dolaschko, Maria Eder, Rosa Grassmann, Betty Hanneschaleger, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Elfriede_Hildner" title="Ruth Elfriede Hildner">Ruth Elfriede Hildner</a>, Josefa Keller, Berta Kimplinger, Lieselotte Klaudat, Theresia Kopp, Rosalie Leimboeck, and Thea Miesl.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female guards were also assigned to the Augsburg Michelwerke, Burgau, <a href="/wiki/Kaufering_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaufering concentration camp">Kaufering</a>, Mühldorf, and Munich Agfa Camera Werke subcamps. In mid-April 1945, female subcamps at Kaufering, Augsburg, and Munich were closed, and the SS stationed the women at Dachau. Several Norwegians worked as guards at the Dachau camp.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the major Dachau war crimes case (<i>United States of America v. Martin Gottfried Weiss et.al.</i>), forty-two officials of Dachau were tried from November to December 1945. All were found guilty—thirty-six of the defendants were sentenced to death on 13 December 1945, of whom 23 were hanged on 28–29 May 1946, including the commandant, SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmbannführer">Obersturmbannführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gottfried_Weiss" title="Martin Gottfried Weiss">Martin Gottfried Weiss</a>, SS-<i>Obersturmführer</i> Freidrich <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ruppert" title="Wilhelm Ruppert">Wilhelm Ruppert</a> and camp doctors <a href="/wiki/Claus_Schilling" title="Claus Schilling">Karl Schilling</a> and Fritz Hintermeyer. Camp commandant Weiss admitted in affidavit testimony that most of the deaths at Dachau during his administration were due to "typhus, TB, dysentery, pneumonia, pleurisy, and body weakness brought about by lack of food." His testimony also admitted to deaths by shootings, hangings and medical experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_War_Crimes_Commission,_p._6_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_War_Crimes_Commission,_p._6-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bloxham_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloxham-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruppert ordered and supervised the deaths of innumerable prisoners at Dachau main and subcamps, according to the War Crimes Commission official trial transcript. He testified about hangings, shootings and lethal injections, but did not admit to direct responsibility for any individual deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An anonymous Dutch prisoner contended that British <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE) agent <a href="/wiki/Noor_Inayat_Khan" title="Noor Inayat Khan">Noor Inayat Khan</a> was cruelly beaten by SS officer <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ruppert" title="Wilhelm Ruppert">Wilhelm Ruppert</a> before being shot from behind; the beating may have been the actual cause of her death.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Satellite_camps_and_sub-camps">Satellite camps and sub-camps</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Dachau" title="List of subcamps of Dachau">List of subcamps of Dachau</a></div> <p>Satellite camps under the authority of Dachau were established in the summer and autumn of 1944 near armaments factories throughout southern Germany to increase war production. Dachau alone had more than 30 large subcamps, and hundreds of smaller ones,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which over 30,000 prisoners worked almost exclusively on armaments.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overall, the Dachau concentration camp system included 123 sub-camps and Kommandos which were set up in 1943 when factories were built near the main camp to make use of forced labor of the Dachau prisoners. Out of the 123 sub-camps, eleven of them were called Kaufering, distinguished by a number at the end of each. All Kaufering sub-camps were set up to specifically build three underground factories (Allied bombing raids made it necessary for them to be underground) for a project called <i>Ringeltaube</i> (wood pigeon), which planned to be the location in which the German jet fighter plane, Messerschmitt Me 262, was to be built. In the last days of war, in April 1945, the Kaufering camps were evacuated and around 15,000 prisoners were sent up to the main Dachau camp. Typhus alone was estimated to have caused 15,000 deaths between December 1944 and April 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Within the first month after the arrival of the American troops, 10,000 prisoners were treated for malnutrition and kindred diseases. In spite of this one hundred prisoners died each day during the first month from typhus, dysentery or general weakness".<sup id="cite_ref-UN_War_Crimes_Commission,_p._6_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_War_Crimes_Commission,_p._6-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As U.S. Army troops neared the Dachau sub-camp at <a href="/wiki/Landsberg_am_Lech" title="Landsberg am Lech">Landsberg</a> on 27 April 1945, the SS officer in charge ordered that 4,000 prisoners be murdered. Windows and doors of their huts were nailed shut. The buildings were then doused with gasoline and set afire. Prisoners who were naked or nearly so were burned to death, while some managed to crawl out of the buildings before dying. Earlier that day, as Wehrmacht troops withdrew from Landsberg am Lech, townspeople hung white sheets from their windows. Infuriated SS troops dragged German civilians from their homes and hanged them from trees.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liberation">Liberation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dachau_Death_Train.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dachau_Death_Train.jpeg/220px-Dachau_Death_Train.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dachau_Death_Train.jpeg/330px-Dachau_Death_Train.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Dachau_Death_Train.jpeg/440px-Dachau_Death_Train.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Bodies in the Dachau death train</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kz_dachau_liberation_person.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kz_dachau_liberation_person.jpg/220px-Kz_dachau_liberation_person.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kz_dachau_liberation_person.jpg/330px-Kz_dachau_liberation_person.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kz_dachau_liberation_person.jpg/440px-Kz_dachau_liberation_person.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>SS men confer with General <a href="/wiki/Henning_Linden" title="Henning Linden">Henning Linden</a> (man with helmet, looking to his right) during the camp's liberation (29 April 1945)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Dachau_Waving.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Female_Dachau_Waving.jpg/220px-Female_Dachau_Waving.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Female_Dachau_Waving.jpg/330px-Female_Dachau_Waving.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Female_Dachau_Waving.jpg/440px-Female_Dachau_Waving.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Female prisoners at Dachau wave to their liberators.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Main_camp_2">Main camp</h3></div> <p>As the Allies began to advance on Nazi Germany, the SS began to evacuate the first concentration camps in summer 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-Comité_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comité-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of prisoners were killed before the evacuation due to being ill or unable to walk. At the end of 1944, the overcrowding of camps began to take its toll on the prisoners. The unhygienic conditions and the supplies of food rations became disastrous. In November a typhus fever epidemic broke out that took thousands of lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Comité_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comité-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the second phase of the evacuation, in April 1945, Himmler gave direct evacuation routes for remaining camps. Prisoners who were from the northern part of Germany were to be directed to the Baltic and North Sea coasts to be drowned. The prisoners from the southern part were to be gathered in the Alps, which was the location in which the SS wanted to resist the Allies.<sup id="cite_ref-Comité_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comité-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 April 1945, an armed revolt took place in the town of Dachau. Both former and escaped concentration camp prisoners and a renegade <a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a> (civilian militia) company took part. At about 8:30 am the rebels occupied the Town Hall. The SS gruesomely suppressed the revolt within a few hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Comité_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comité-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being fully aware that Germany was about to be defeated in World War II, the SS invested its time in removing evidence of the crimes it committed in the concentration camps. They began destroying incriminating evidence in April 1945 and planned on murdering the prisoners using codenames "Wolke A-I" (Cloud A-1) and "Wolkenbrand" (Cloud fire).<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these plans were not carried out. In mid-April, plans to evacuate the camp started by sending prisoners toward Tyrol. On 26 April, over 10,000 prisoners were forced to leave the Dachau concentration camp on foot, in trains, or in trucks. The largest group of some 7,000 prisoners was driven southward on <a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">a foot-march</a> lasting several days. More than 1,000 prisoners did not survive this march. The evacuation transports cost many thousands of prisoners their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Comité_39-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comité-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 26 April 1945 prisoner Karl Riemer fled the Dachau concentration camp to get help from American troops and on 28 April Victor Maurer, a representative of the International Red Cross, negotiated an agreement to surrender the camp to U.S. troops. That night a secretly formed International Prisoners Committee took over the control of the camp. Units of 3rd Battalion, 157th Infantry Regiment, 45th Infantry Division, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Felix_L._Sparks" title="Felix L. Sparks">Felix L. Sparks</a>, were ordered to secure the camp. On 29 April Sparks led part of his battalion as they entered the camp over a side wall.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At about the same time, <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Henning_Linden" title="Henning Linden">Henning Linden</a> led the <a href="/wiki/222nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="222nd Infantry Regiment (United States)">222nd Infantry Regiment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/42nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="42nd Infantry Division (United States)">42nd (Rainbow) Infantry Division</a> soldiers including his aide, Lieutenant William Cowling,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to accept the formal surrender of the camp from German Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wicker" title="Heinrich Wicker">Heinrich Wicker</a> at an entrance between the camp and the compound for the SS garrison. Linden was traveling with <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Higgins" title="Marguerite Higgins">Marguerite Higgins</a> and other reporters; as a result, Linden's detachment generated international headlines by accepting the surrender of the camp. More than 30,000 Jews and political prisoners were freed, and since 1945 adherents of the 42nd and 45th Division versions of events have argued over which unit was the first to liberate Dachau.<sup id="cite_ref-Comité_39-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comité-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 201">: 201 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-akershaw_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akershaw-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 283">: 283 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite_camps_liberation">Satellite camps liberation</h3></div> <p>The first Dachau subcamp discovered by advancing Allied forces was <a href="/wiki/Kaufering_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaufering concentration camp">Kaufering IV</a> by the <a href="/wiki/12th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="12th Armored Division (United States)">12th Armored Division</a> on 27 April 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-USHMM_12th_AD_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM_12th_AD-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-European_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subcamps liberated by the 12th Armored Division included: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erpting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erpting (page does not exist)">Erpting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schrobenhausen" title="Schrobenhausen">Schrobenhausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwabing" title="Schwabing">Schwabing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langerringen" title="Langerringen">Langerringen</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkheim" title="Türkheim">Türkheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lauingen" title="Lauingen">Lauingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schwabach" title="Schwabach">Schwabach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germering" title="Germering">Germering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12th_AD_Museum_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12th_AD_Museum-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_civilians_forced_to_bury_Kaufering_IV_victims.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/German_civilians_forced_to_bury_Kaufering_IV_victims.jpg/220px-German_civilians_forced_to_bury_Kaufering_IV_victims.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/German_civilians_forced_to_bury_Kaufering_IV_victims.jpg/330px-German_civilians_forced_to_bury_Kaufering_IV_victims.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/German_civilians_forced_to_bury_Kaufering_IV_victims.jpg/440px-German_civilians_forced_to_bury_Kaufering_IV_victims.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>German civilians forced to bury Kaufering IV victims</figcaption></figure> <p>During the liberation of the sub-camps surrounding Dachau, advance scouts of the U.S. Army's <a href="/wiki/442nd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)#522nd_Field_Artillery_Battalion" title="442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)">522nd Field Artillery Battalion</a>, a segregated battalion consisting of <a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">Nisei</a>, 2nd generation <a href="/wiki/Japanese-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese-Americans">Japanese-Americans</a>, liberated the 3,000 prisoners of the "Kaufering IV <a href="/wiki/Hurlach" title="Hurlach">Hurlach</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> slave labor camp.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perisco describes an <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS) team (code name LUXE) leading Army Intelligence to a "Camp IV" on 29 April. "They found the camp afire and a stack of some four hundred bodies burning ... American soldiers then went into <a href="/wiki/Landsberg_am_Lech" title="Landsberg am Lech">Landsberg</a> and rounded up all the male civilians they could find and marched them out to the camp. The former commandant was forced to lie amidst a pile of corpses. The male population of Landsberg was then ordered to walk by, and ordered to spit on the commandant as they passed. The commandant was then turned over to a group of liberated camp survivors".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 522nd's personnel later discovered the survivors of <a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)#Dachau_to_the_Austrian_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">a death march</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> headed generally southwards from the Dachau main camp to <a href="/wiki/Eurasburg" title="Eurasburg">Eurasburg</a>, then eastwards towards the Austrian border on 2 May, just west of the town of <a href="/wiki/Waakirchen" title="Waakirchen">Waakirchen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Weather at the time of liberation was unseasonably cool and temperatures trended down through the first two days of May; on 2 May, the area received a snowstorm with 10 centimetres (4 in) of snow at nearby Munich.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proper clothing was still scarce and film footage from the time (as seen in <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_at_War" title="The World at War">The World at War</a>)</i> shows naked, gaunt people either wandering on snow or dead under it. </p><p>Due to the number of sub-camps over a large area that comprised the Dachau concentration camp complex, many Allied units have been officially recognized by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> as liberating units of Dachau, including: the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="4th Infantry Division (United States)">4th Infantry Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/36th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="36th Infantry Division (United States)">36th Infantry Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/42nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="42nd Infantry Division (United States)">42nd Infantry Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/45th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="45th Infantry Division (United States)">45th Infantry Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/63rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="63rd Infantry Division (United States)">63rd Infantry Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/99th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="99th Infantry Division (United States)">99th Infantry Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/103rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="103rd Infantry Division (United States)">103rd Infantry Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="10th Armored Division (United States)">10th Armored Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/12th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="12th Armored Division (United States)">12th Armored Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/14th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="14th Armored Division (United States)">14th Armored Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/20th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="20th Armored Division (United States)">20th Armored Division</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st Airborne Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USHMM_Liberating_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USHMM_Liberating-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Killing_of_camp_guards">Killing of camp guards</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dachau_liberation_reprisals" title="Dachau liberation reprisals">Dachau liberation reprisals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dachau_execution_coalyard_1945-04-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dachau_execution_coalyard_1945-04-29.jpg/220px-Dachau_execution_coalyard_1945-04-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dachau_execution_coalyard_1945-04-29.jpg/330px-Dachau_execution_coalyard_1945-04-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dachau_execution_coalyard_1945-04-29.jpg/440px-Dachau_execution_coalyard_1945-04-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5192" data-file-height="3894" /></a><figcaption>Photograph allegedly showing an unauthorized execution of SS troops in a coal yard in the area of the Dachau concentration camp during its liberation—part of the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_liberation_reprisals" title="Dachau liberation reprisals">Dachau liberation reprisals</a>. 29 April 1945 (<a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a> photograph)<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </figcaption></figure> <p>American troops killed some of the camp guards after they had surrendered. The number is disputed, as some were killed in combat, some while attempting to surrender, and others after their surrender was accepted. In 1989, Brigadier General Felix L. Sparks, the Colonel in command of a battalion that was present, stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The total number of German guards killed at Dachau during that day most certainly does not exceed fifty, with thirty probably being a more accurate figure. The regimental records of the <a href="/wiki/157th_Field_Artillery_Regiment" title="157th Field Artillery Regiment">157th Field Artillery Regiment</a> for that date indicate that over a thousand German prisoners were brought to the regimental collecting point. Since my task force was leading the regimental attack, almost all the prisoners were taken by the task force, including several hundred from Dachau.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>An Inspector General report resulting from a US Army investigation conducted between 3 and 8 May 1945—titled "American Army Investigation of Alleged Mistreatment of German Guards at Dachau"—found that 21 plus "a number" of presumed SS men were killed, with others being wounded after their surrender had been accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, 25 to 50 SS guards were estimated to have been killed by the liberated prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Miller" title="Lee Miller">Lee Miller</a> visited the camp just after liberation, and photographed several guards who were killed by soldiers or prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Sparks, court-martial charges were drawn up against him and several other men under his command, but General <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>, who had recently been appointed military governor of Bavaria, chose to dismiss the charges.<sup id="cite_ref-AP_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AP-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colonel Charles L. Decker, an acting deputy judge advocate, concluded in late 1945 that, while war crimes had been committed at Dachau by Germany, "Certainly, there was no such systematic criminality among United States forces as pervaded the Nazi groups in Germany."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American troops also forced local citizens to the camp to see for themselves the conditions there and to help bury the dead.<sup id="cite_ref-European_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many local residents were shocked about the experience and claimed no knowledge of the activities at the camp.<sup id="cite_ref-akershaw_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akershaw-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 292">: 292 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-liberation_Easter">Post-liberation Easter</h3></div> <p>6 May 1945 (23 April on the Orthodox calendar) was the day of Pascha, Orthodox Easter. In a cell block used by Catholic priests to say daily Mass, several Greek, Serbian and Russian priests and one Serbian deacon, wearing makeshift vestments made from towels of the SS guard, gathered with several hundred Greek, Serbian and Russian prisoners to celebrate the Paschal Vigil. A prisoner named Rahr described the scene:<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prisoners_liberation_dachau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Prisoners_liberation_dachau.jpg/220px-Prisoners_liberation_dachau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Prisoners_liberation_dachau.jpg/330px-Prisoners_liberation_dachau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Prisoners_liberation_dachau.jpg/440px-Prisoners_liberation_dachau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1015" /></a><figcaption>Liberated Dachau camp prisoners cheer U.S. troops</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In the entire history of the Orthodox Church there has probably never been an Easter service like the one at Dachau in 1945. Greek and Serbian priests together with a Serbian deacon adorned the makeshift 'vestments' over their blue and gray-striped prisoners' uniforms. Then they began to chant, changing from Greek to Slavic, and then back again to Greek. The Easter Canon, the Easter Sticheras—everything was recited from memory. The Gospel—<i>In the beginning was the Word</i>—also from memory. And finally, the Homily of Saint John—also from memory. A young Greek monk from the Holy Mountain stood up in front of us and recited it with such infectious enthusiasm that we shall never forget him as long as we live. Saint John Chrysostomos himself seemed to speak through him to us and to the rest of the world as well!</p></blockquote> <p>There is a Russian Orthodox chapel at the camp today, and it is well known for its icon of Christ leading the prisoners out of the camp gates.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_liberation">After liberation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/SFP_186_-_Dachau.webm/220px--SFP_186_-_Dachau.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="261" data-mwtitle="SFP_186_-_Dachau.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:SFP_186_-_Dachau.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/SFP_186_-_Dachau.webm/SFP_186_-_Dachau.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/SFP_186_-_Dachau.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/SFP_186_-_Dachau.webm/SFP_186_-_Dachau.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/SFP_186_-_Dachau.webm/SFP_186_-_Dachau.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/SFP_186_-_Dachau.webm/SFP_186_-_Dachau.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Footage from after liberation</figcaption></figure> <p>Authorities worked night and day to alleviate conditions at the camp immediately following the liberation as an epidemic of black typhus swept through the prisoner population. Two thousand cases had already been reported by 3 May.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By October 1945, the former camp was being used by the U.S. Army as a place of confinement for war criminals, the SS and important witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also the site of the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachau Trials">Dachau Trials</a> for German war criminals, a site chosen for its symbolism. In 1948, the Bavarian government established housing for refugees on the site, and this remained for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those held in the Dachau internment camp set up under the U.S. Army were <a href="/wiki/Elsa_Ehrich" title="Elsa Ehrich">Elsa Ehrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Mandl" title="Maria Mandl">Maria Mandl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Ruppert" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth Ruppert">Elisabeth Ruppert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kaserne quarters and other buildings used by the guards and trainee guards were converted and served as the Eastman Barracks, an American military post.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the closure of the Eastman Barracks in 1974, these areas are now occupied by the Bavarian <a href="/wiki/Bereitschaftspolizei" title="Bereitschaftspolizei">Bereitschaftspolizei</a> (rapid response police unit).<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deportation_of_Soviet_nationals">Deportation of Soviet nationals</h3></div> <p>By January 1946, 18,000 members of the SS were being confined at the camp along with an additional 12,000 persons, including deserters from the Russian army and a number who had been captured in German Army uniform. The occupants of two barracks rioted as 271 of the Russian deserters were to be loaded onto trains that would return them to Russian-controlled lands, as agreed at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>. Inmates barricaded themselves inside two barracks. While the first was able to be cleared without too much trouble, those in the second building set fire to it, tore off their clothing in an effort to frustrate the guards, and linked arms to resist being removed from the building.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tear gas was used by the American soldiers before rushing the barracks, only for them to find that many had committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-Jahner_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jahner-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American services newspaper Stars and Stripes reported: </p> <blockquote><p>“The GIs quickly cut down most of those who had hanged themselves from the rafters. Those still conscious were screaming in Russian, pointing first at the guns of the guards, then at themselves, begging to us to shoot.”<sup id="cite_ref-Jahner_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jahner-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Ten of the soldiers successfully committed suicide during the riot while another 21 attempted suicide, apparently with razor blades. Many had "cracked heads" inflicted by 500 American guards, in the attempt to bring the situation under control. One of those injured later died in a hospital. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported on the death with the headline, "Russian Traitor Dies of Wounds".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_personnel">List of personnel</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Special:EditPage/Dachau concentration camp">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dachau+concentration+camp%22">"Dachau concentration camp"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dachau+concentration+camp%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dachau+concentration+camp%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dachau+concentration+camp%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dachau+concentration+camp%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dachau+concentration+camp%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Eichmann_at_Trial1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Adolf_Eichmann_at_Trial1961.jpg/170px-Adolf_Eichmann_at_Trial1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Adolf_Eichmann_at_Trial1961.jpg/255px-Adolf_Eichmann_at_Trial1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Adolf_Eichmann_at_Trial1961.jpg/340px-Adolf_Eichmann_at_Trial1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1753" data-file-height="2337" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> on trial in 1961</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commandants">Commandants</h3></div> <ul><li>SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Standartenf%C3%BChrer" title="Standartenführer">Standartenführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Hilmar_W%C3%A4ckerle" title="Hilmar Wäckerle">Hilmar Wäckerle</a> (22 March 1933 – 26 June 1933)</li> <li>SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Gruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Gruppenführer">Gruppenführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a> (26 June 1933 – 4 July 1934)</li> <li>SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Oberf%C3%BChrer" title="Oberführer">Oberführer</a></i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Reiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Reiner (page does not exist)">Alexander Reiner</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Reiner" class="extiw" title="de:Alexander Reiner">de</a>]</span> (4 July 1934 – 22 October 1934)</li> <li>SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Brigadef%C3%BChrer" title="Brigadeführer">Brigadeführer</a></i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berthold_Maack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berthold Maack (page does not exist)">Berthold Maack</a> (22 October 1934 – 12 January 1935)</li> <li>SS-<i>Oberführer</i> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Deubel" title="Heinrich Deubel">Heinrich Deubel</a> (12 January 1935 – 31 March 1936)</li> <li>SS-<i>Oberführer</i> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Loritz" title="Hans Loritz">Hans Loritz</a> (31 March 1936 – 7 January 1939)</li> <li>SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Hauptsturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Hauptsturmführer">Hauptsturmführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Piorkowski" title="Alexander Piorkowski">Alexander Piorkowski</a> (7 January 1939 – 2 January 1942)</li> <li>SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmbannführer">Obersturmbannführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gottfried_Weiss" title="Martin Gottfried Weiss">Martin Weiß</a> (3 January 1942 – 30 September 1943)</li> <li>SS-<i>Hauptsturmführer</i> <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Weiter" title="Eduard Weiter">Eduard Weiter</a> (30 September 1943 – 26 April 1945)</li> <li>SS-<i>Obersturmbannführer</i> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gottfried_Weiss" title="Martin Gottfried Weiss">Martin Weiß</a> (26 April 1945 – 28 April 1945)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_staff">Other staff</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> (29 January 1934 – October 1934)<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a> (1934–1938)<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_K%C3%B6gel" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Kögel">Max Kögel</a> (1937–1938)</li> <li>SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Untersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Untersturmführer">Untersturmführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Steinbrenner_(SS_member)" title="Hans Steinbrenner (SS member)">Hans Steinbrenner</a> (1905–1964), brutal guard who greeted new arrivals with his improvized "Welcome Ceremony".</li> <li>SS-<i>Obergruppenführer</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerhard_Freiherr_von_Almey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerhard Freiherr von Almey (page does not exist)">Gerhard Freiherr von Almey</a>, half-brother of <a href="/wiki/Ludolf_von_Alvensleben" title="Ludolf von Alvensleben">Ludolf von Alvensleben</a>. Executed in 1955, in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Heesters" title="Johannes Heesters">Johannes Heesters</a><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (visited the camp and entertained the SS officers, was also given/giving tours)<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Otto Rahn</a> (1937)<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Untersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Untersturmführer">Untersturmführer</a></i> Johannes Otto</li> <li>SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Untersturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Untersturmführer">Untersturmführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wicker" title="Heinrich Wicker">Heinrich Wicker</a>, killed in the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_liberation_reprisals" title="Dachau liberation reprisals">Dachau liberation reprisals</a></li> <li>SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Obersturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Obersturmbannführer">Obersturmbannführer</a></i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Kantschuster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Kantschuster (page does not exist)">Johann Kantschuster</a> was the arrest commandant in Dachau (1933–1939), went on to become camp commandant at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Fort Breendonk</a>, Belgium</li> <li>SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Sturmbannf%C3%BChrer" title="Sturmbannführer">Sturmbannführer</a></i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Erspenm%C3%BCller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Erspenmüller (page does not exist)">Robert Erspenmüller</a>, first warden of the guards and right-hand of <a href="/wiki/Hilmar_W%C3%A4ckerle" title="Hilmar Wäckerle">Hilmar Wäckerle</a>. Disagreed with Eicke and was transferred away.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SS_and_civilian_doctors">SS and civilian doctors</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dr._Werner_N%C3%BCrnbergk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dr. Werner Nürnbergk (page does not exist)">Dr. Werner Nuernbergk</a> – First camp doctor, escaped charges for falsifying death certificates in 1933</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Kurt_Eisele.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hans_Kurt_Eisele.jpg/170px-Hans_Kurt_Eisele.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hans_Kurt_Eisele.jpg/255px-Hans_Kurt_Eisele.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Hans_Kurt_Eisele.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eisele_(physician)" title="Hans Eisele (physician)">Dr. Hans Eisele</a> in American internment</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>SS-<i>Untersturmführer</i> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eisele_(physician)" title="Hans Eisele (physician)">Dr. Hans Eisele</a> – (13 March 1912 – 3 May 1967) – Sentenced to death, but reprieved and released in 1952. Fled to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> after new accusations in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>SS-<i>Obersturmführer</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Hintermayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Hintermayer (page does not exist)">Dr. Fritz Hintermayer</a> – (28 Oct 1911 – 29 May 1946) – Executed by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Holzl%C3%B6hner" title="Ernst Holzlöhner">Dr. Ernst Holzlöhner</a> – (23 February 1899 – 14 June 1945) – Committed suicide</li> <li>SS-<i>Hauptsturmführer</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fridolin_Karl_Puhr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fridolin Karl Puhr (page does not exist)">Dr. Fridolin Karl Puhr</a> – (30 April 1913 – 31 May 1957) – Sentenced to death, later commuted to 10-years imprisonment</li> <li>SS-<i>Untersturmführer</i> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Rascher" title="Sigmund Rascher">Dr. Sigmund Rascher</a> – (12 February 1909 – 26 April 1945) – Executed by the <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Schilling" title="Claus Schilling">Dr. Claus Schilling</a> – (25 July 1871 – 28 May 1946) – Executed by the Allies</li> <li>SS-<i>Sturmbannführer</i> <a href="/wiki/Horst_Schumann" title="Horst Schumann">Dr. Horst Schumann</a> – (11 May 1906 – 5 May 1983) – Escaped to <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, later extradited to <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></li> <li>SS-<i>Obersturmführer</i> <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Vetter" title="Helmuth Vetter">Dr. Helmuth Vetter</a> – (21 March 1910 – 2 February 1949) – Executed by the Allies</li> <li>SS-<i>Sturmbannführer</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Witteler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Witteler (page does not exist)">Dr. Wilhelm Witteler</a> – (20 April 1909 – 13 May 1993) – Sentenced to death, later commuted to 20-years imprisonment</li> <li>SS-<i>Sturmbannführer</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Waldemar_Wolter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waldemar Wolter (page does not exist)">Dr. Waldemar Wolter</a> – (19 May 1908 – 28 May 1947) – Executed by the Allies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Memorial">Memorial</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau,_Alemania,_2016-03-05,_DD_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-03-05%2C_DD_04.JPG/220px-Campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-03-05%2C_DD_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-03-05%2C_DD_04.JPG/330px-Campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-03-05%2C_DD_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-03-05%2C_DD_04.JPG/440px-Campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-03-05%2C_DD_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7579" data-file-height="4576" /></a><figcaption>Memorial sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Nandor_Glid" title="Nandor Glid">Nandor Glid</a> erected in 1968</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_to_the_French_victims_of_Dachau_Concentration_Camp_at_Pere_Lachaise_Cemetery_in_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Memorial_to_the_French_victims_of_Dachau_Concentration_Camp_at_Pere_Lachaise_Cemetery_in_Paris.jpg/220px-Memorial_to_the_French_victims_of_Dachau_Concentration_Camp_at_Pere_Lachaise_Cemetery_in_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Memorial_to_the_French_victims_of_Dachau_Concentration_Camp_at_Pere_Lachaise_Cemetery_in_Paris.jpg/330px-Memorial_to_the_French_victims_of_Dachau_Concentration_Camp_at_Pere_Lachaise_Cemetery_in_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Memorial_to_the_French_victims_of_Dachau_Concentration_Camp_at_Pere_Lachaise_Cemetery_in_Paris.jpg/440px-Memorial_to_the_French_victims_of_Dachau_Concentration_Camp_at_Pere_Lachaise_Cemetery_in_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to the French victims of Dachau Concentration Camp at Pere Lachaise Cemetery in Paris</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capilla_ortodoxa,_campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau,_Alemania,_2016-03-05,_DD_27.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Capilla_ortodoxa%2C_campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-03-05%2C_DD_27.JPG/220px-Capilla_ortodoxa%2C_campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-03-05%2C_DD_27.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Capilla_ortodoxa%2C_campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-03-05%2C_DD_27.JPG/330px-Capilla_ortodoxa%2C_campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-03-05%2C_DD_27.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Capilla_ortodoxa%2C_campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-03-05%2C_DD_27.JPG/440px-Capilla_ortodoxa%2C_campo_de_concentraci%C3%B3n_de_Dachau%2C_Alemania%2C_2016-03-05%2C_DD_27.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6248" data-file-height="4594" /></a><figcaption>Orthodox chapel in the memorial</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dachau_Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dachau_Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Aerial.jpg/220px-Dachau_Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dachau_Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Aerial.jpg/330px-Dachau_Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Dachau_Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Aerial.jpg/440px-Dachau_Gedenkst%C3%A4tte_Aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photo of the memorial in 2012</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dachau_Concentration_Camp_-_bunk_beds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Dachau_Concentration_Camp_-_bunk_beds.jpg/220px-Dachau_Concentration_Camp_-_bunk_beds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Dachau_Concentration_Camp_-_bunk_beds.jpg/330px-Dachau_Concentration_Camp_-_bunk_beds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Dachau_Concentration_Camp_-_bunk_beds.jpg/440px-Dachau_Concentration_Camp_-_bunk_beds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed shack with bunk beds (October 2011)</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1945 and 1948 when the camp was handed over to the Bavarian authorities, many accused war criminals and members of the SS were imprisoned at the camp. Owing to the severe refugee crisis mainly caused by the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Germans_after_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of Germans after World War II">expulsions of ethnic Germans</a>, the camp was used from late 1948 to house 2000 Germans from Czechoslovakia (mainly from the Sudetenland). This settlement was called Dachau-East and remained until the mid-1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, former prisoners banded together to erect a memorial on the site of the camp. The display, which was reworked in 2003, follows the path of new arrivals to the camp. Two of the barracks have been rebuilt and one shows a cross-section of the entire history of the camp since the original barracks had to be torn down due to their poor condition when the memorial was built. The other 30 barracks are indicated by low cement curbs filled with pebbles.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2></div> <ul><li>In his 2013 autobiography, <i><a href="/wiki/Moose:_Chapters_from_My_Life" title="Moose: Chapters from My Life">Moose: Chapters from My Life</a></i>, in the chapter entitled, "Dachau", author <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Sherman" title="Robert B. Sherman">Robert B. Sherman</a> chronicles his experiences as an American Army serviceman during the initial hours of Dachau's liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Black" title="Lewis Black">Lewis Black</a>'s first book, <i><a href="/wiki/Nothing%27s_Sacred_(book)" title="Nothing's Sacred (book)">Nothing's Sacred</a></i>, he mentions visiting the camp as part of his tour of Europe and how it looked all cleaned up and spiffy, "like some delightful holiday camp", and only the crematorium building showed any sign of the horror that went on there.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Maus" title="Maus">Maus</a></i>, Vladek describes his time interned at Dachau, among his time at other concentration camps. He describes the journey to Dachau in over-crowded trains, trading rations for other goods and favors to stay alive, and contracting <a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">typhus</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frontline_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (U.S. TV series)">Frontline</a></i>: "Memory of the Camps" (7 May 1985, Season 3, Episode 18), is a 56-minute television documentary that addresses Dachau and other Nazi concentration camps<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Eberstein" title="Karl von Eberstein">Karl von Eberstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="List of Nazi concentration camps">List of Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Dachau" title="List of subcamps of Dachau">List of subcamps of Dachau</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nohra_concentration_camp" title="Nohra concentration camp">Nohra concentration camp</a>, which opened 19 days earlier, was the first, but it was not purpose built and only existed for a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In an attempt to conceal the atrocities, the original, incriminating records of most of the concentration camp studies of humans were destroyed before the camps were captured by the Allied forces." (See <i>Medicine, Ethics, and the Third Reich: Historical and Contemporary Issues</i> p. 88)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The caption for the photograph in the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">U.S. National Archives</a> reads, "SC208765, Soldiers of the 42nd Infantry Division, U.S. Seventh Army, order SS men to come forward when one of their number tried to escape from the Dachau, Germany, concentration camp after it was captured by U.S. forces. Men on the ground in background feign death by falling as the guards fired a volley at the fleeing SS men. (157th Regt. 4/29/45)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The U.S. 7th Army's version of the events of the Dachau Liberation is available in <i>Report of Operations of the Seventh United States Army</i>, Vol. 3, p. 382.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7thArmy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7thArmy_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130204449/http://www.tankdestroyer.net/people/30-people/unitarticles/180-dachau-7th-army-official-report-may-1945">"Dachau – 7th Army Official Report, May 1945"</a>. <i>TankDestroyer.net</i>. May 1945. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tankdestroyer.net/people/30-people/unitarticles/180-dachau-7th-army-official-report-may-1945">the original</a> on 30 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TankDestroyer.net&rft.atitle=Dachau+%E2%80%93+7th+Army+Official+Report%2C+May+1945&rft.date=1945-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tankdestroyer.net%2Fpeople%2F30-people%2Funitarticles%2F180-dachau-7th-army-official-report-may-1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USHMM-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USHMM_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005214">"Holocaust Encyclopedia – Dachau"</a>. <i>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum%2C+Washington%2C+DC&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Dachau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/dachau">"Dachau"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_New_World_College_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Webster's New World College Dictionary">Webster's New World College Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegargee2009" class="citation book cs1">Megargee, Geoffrey P., ed. (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos,_1933%E2%80%931945" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945</a>. Vol. 1, Pt. B: Early camps, youth camps, and concentration camps and subcamps under the SS-Business Administration Main Office (WVHA): Pt. B / vol. ed.: Geoffrey P. Megargee</i>. Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35328-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35328-3"><bdi>978-0-253-35328-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945.+Vol.+1%2C+Pt.+B%3A+Early+camps%2C+youth+camps%2C+and+concentration+camps+and+subcamps+under+the+SS-Business+Administration+Main+Office+%28WVHA%29%3A+Pt.+B+%2F+vol.+ed.%3A+Geoffrey+P.+Megargee&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35328-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/dachau">"Dachau"</a>. <i>encyclopedia.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Dachau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fdachau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MNNQuote-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MNNQuote_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MNNQuote_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171129141626/http://www.holocaust-history.org/dachau-gas-chambers/images/photo02.jpg">"Ein Konzentrationslager für politische Gefangene in der Nähe von Dachau"</a>. <i>Münchner Neueste Nachrichten ("The Munich Latest News")</i> (in German). The Holocaust History Project. 21 March 1933. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaust-history.org/dachau-gas-chambers/images/photo02.jpg">the original</a> on 29 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2015</span>. <q>The Munich Chief of Police, Himmler, has issued the following press announcement: On Wednesday the first concentration camp is to be opened in Dachau with an accommodation for 5000 persons. 'All Communists and—where necessary—Reichsbanner and Social Democratic functionaries who endanger state security are to be concentrated here, as in the long run it is not possible to keep individual functionaries in the state prisons without overburdening these prisons, and on the other hand these people cannot be released because attempts have shown that they persist in their efforts to agitate and organise as soon as they are released.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%BCnchner+Neueste+Nachrichten+%28%22The+Munich+Latest+News%22%29&rft.atitle=Ein+Konzentrationslager+f%C3%BCr+politische+Gefangene+in+der+N%C3%A4he+von+Dachau&rft.date=1933-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaust-history.org%2Fdachau-gas-chambers%2Fimages%2Fphoto02.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/captured-german-records/microfilm/m1938.pdf">Concentration Camp Dachau Entry Registers (Zugangsbuecher) 1933–1945</a>. retrieved 13 November 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054833/http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/stop07.html">"Station 7: Courtyard and Bunker"</a>. <i>Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/stop07.html">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dachau+Concentration+Camp+Memorial+Site&rft.atitle=Station+7%3A+Courtyard+and+Bunker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de%2Fstop07.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054830/http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/stop11.html">"Station 11: Crematorium"</a>. <i>Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/stop11.html">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dachau+Concentration+Camp+Memorial+Site&rft.atitle=Station+11%3A+Crematorium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de%2Fstop11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103035153/http://abraham.cs.uml.edu/secretwar/GlobeSecretHistory/index5_transcript_4.shtml">"Investigation of alleged mistreatment of German guards at the Concentration Camp at Dachau, Germany, by elements of the XV Corps"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abraham.cs.uml.edu/secretwar/GlobeSecretHistory/index5_transcript_4.shtml">the original</a> on 3 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Investigation+of+alleged+mistreatment+of+German+guards+at+the+Concentration+Camp+at+Dachau%2C+Germany%2C+by+elements+of+the+XV+Corps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabraham.cs.uml.edu%2Fsecretwar%2FGlobeSecretHistory%2Findex5_transcript_4.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103035153/http://abraham.cs.uml.edu/secretwar/GlobeSecretHistory/index5_transcript_4.shtml">"Headquarters Seventh Army Office of the Chief of Staff APO TSS, C/O Postmaster New York, NY 2 May 1945 Memorandum to: Inspector General, Seventh Army The Coming General directs that you conduct a formal investigation of alleged mistreatment of German guards at the Concentration Camp at Dachau, Germany, by elements of the XV Corps. A. White, Major General, G.S.C. Chief of Staff Testimony of: Capt. Richard F. Taylor 0-408680, Military Government, Detachment I-13, G-3"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abraham.cs.uml.edu/secretwar/GlobeSecretHistory/index5_transcript_4.shtml">the original</a> on 3 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Headquarters+Seventh+Army+Office+of+the+Chief+of+Staff+APO+TSS%2C+C%2FO+Postmaster+New+York%2C+NY+2+May+1945+Memorandum+to%3A+Inspector+General%2C+Seventh+Army+The+Coming+General+directs+that+you+conduct+a+formal+investigation+of+alleged+mistreatment+of+German+guards+at+the+Concentration+Camp+at+Dachau%2C+Germany%2C+by+elements+of+the+XV+Corps.+A.+White%2C+Major+General%2C+G.S.C.+Chief+of+Staff+Testimony+of%3A+Capt.+Richard+F.+Taylor+0-408680%2C+Military+Government%2C+Detachment+I-13%2C+G-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabraham.cs.uml.edu%2Fsecretwar%2FGlobeSecretHistory%2Findex5_transcript_4.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054517/http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/stop12.html">"Station 12: Religious Memorials"</a>. <i>Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/stop12.html">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dachau+Concentration+Camp+Memorial+Site&rft.atitle=Station+12%3A+Religious+Memorials&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de%2Fstop12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221111954/https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/present.html">"1945 – present History of the Memorial Site – Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site"</a>. <i>www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/present.html">the original</a> on 21 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de&rft.atitle=1945+%E2%80%93+present+History+of+the+Memorial+Site+%E2%80%93+Dachau+Concentration+Camp+Memorial+Site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de%2Fpresent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janowitz_141–146-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Janowitz_141–146_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanowitz1946" class="citation journal cs1">Janowitz, Morris (September 1946). "German Reactions to Nazi Atrocities". <i>The American Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>52</b> (2). The University of Chicago Press: 141–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F219961">10.1086/219961</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9602">0002-9602</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2770938">2770938</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20994277">20994277</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44356394">44356394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=German+Reactions+to+Nazi+Atrocities&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-146&rft.date=1946-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44356394%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F219961&rft.issn=0002-9602&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2770938%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20994277&rft.aulast=Janowitz&rft.aufirst=Morris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmm1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm1_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005214">"Dachau"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. Washington, D.C.: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dachau&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Farticle.php%3Flang%3Den%26ModuleId%3D10005214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Liberator : One World War II Soldier's 500-Day Odyssey from the Beaches of Sicily to the Gates of Dachau</i>. Alex Kershaw. 2012. Crown. New York. p. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1175548">"An archway at Theresienstadt bearing the phrase, "Arbeit Macht Frei." – Collections Search – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"</a>. <i>collections.ushmm.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522150250/https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1175548">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collections.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=An+archway+at+Theresienstadt+bearing+the+phrase%2C+%22Arbeit+Macht+Frei.%22+%E2%80%93+Collections+Search+%E2%80%93+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.ushmm.org%2Fsearch%2Fcatalog%2Fpa1175548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edkins2003-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Edkins2003_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edkins2003_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Edkins2003_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdkins2003" class="citation book cs1">Edkins, Jenny (2003). <i>Trauma and the memory of politics</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521534208" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521534208"><bdi>978-0521534208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trauma+and+the+memory+of+politics&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521534208&rft.aulast=Edkins&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZámečník2004" class="citation book cs1">Zámečník, Stanislav (2004). <i>That Was Dachau 1933–1945</i>. Translated by Paton, Derek B. Paris: Fondation internationale de Dachau; Cherche Midi. pp. 377, 379.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Was+Dachau+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=377%2C+379&rft.pub=Fondation+internationale+de+Dachau%3B+Cherche+Midi&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Z%C3%A1me%C4%8Dn%C3%ADk&rft.aufirst=Stanislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zamecnick-typhus-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zamecnick-typhus_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zamecnick-typhus_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZamecnick2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zamecnick, Stanislas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aeafu6Emm8MC"><i>C'était ça, Dachau: 1933–1945</i></a> [<i>This was Dachau: 1933–1945</i>] (in French). Paris: Cherche midi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2749132969" title="Special:BookSources/978-2749132969"><bdi>978-2749132969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%27%C3%A9tait+%C3%A7a%2C+Dachau%3A+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Cherche+midi&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-2749132969&rft.aulast=Zamecnick&rft.aufirst=Stanislas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daeafu6Emm8MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 71: 2,903 deaths from typhus in January 1945, 3,991 in February, 3,534 in March, 2,168 in April before the liberation. 14,511 registered typhus deaths since it began to spread in October 1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cont-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cont_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cont_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018131832/http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/minnesotans/andHolocaust/dachau/hospitalization.html">"University of Minnesota Center for Holocaust & Genocide Studies. Hospitalization at Dachau"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chgs.umn.edu/histories/minnesotans/andHolocaust/dachau/hospitalization.html">the original</a> on 18 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Minnesota+Center+for+Holocaust+%26+Genocide+Studies.+Hospitalization+at+Dachau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chgs.umn.edu%2Fhistories%2Fminnesotans%2FandHolocaust%2Fdachau%2Fhospitalization.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Typhus Epidemic Sweeping Camp. INS <a href="/wiki/International_News_Service" title="International News Service">International News Service</a> <i>New Castle News</i>, 3 May 1945 p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa5282">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. Retrieved 11 January 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/euthan/hartheim.html">"Hartheim Euthanasia Center"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hartheim+Euthanasia+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaustresearchproject.org%2Feuthan%2Fhartheim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103065914/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/eto/eto-086.pdf">"War Crimes and Punishment of War Crimes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ETO. p. 2. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/eto/eto-086.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+Crimes+and+Punishment+of+War+Crimes&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=ETO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusacac.army.mil%2Fcac2%2Fcgsc%2Fcarl%2Feto%2Feto-086.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneWood2007" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Dan G.; Wood, Angela (2007). <i>Holocaust: The events and their impact on real people, in conjunction with the USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education</i> (1st American ed.). New York. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0756625351" title="Special:BookSources/978-0756625351"><bdi>978-0756625351</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/150893310">150893310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust%3A+The+events+and+their+impact+on+real+people%2C+in+conjunction+with+the+USC+Shoah+Foundation+Institute+for+Visual+History+and+Education&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=144&rft.edition=1st+American&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F150893310&rft.isbn=978-0756625351&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Dan+G.&rft.au=Wood%2C+Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcuse, Harold. <i>Legacies of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 1933–2001</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001. p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neuhäusler (1960), <i>What Was It Like...</i>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054836/http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/1945.html">"Timeline 1933–1945: History of the Dachau Concentration Camp"</a>. <i>KZ-Gedenkstätte Dachau</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/1945.html">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KZ-Gedenkst%C3%A4tte+Dachau&rft.atitle=Timeline+1933%E2%80%931945%3A+History+of+the+Dachau+Concentration+Camp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de%2F1945.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/people/ushmmrom.htm">"Sinti & Roma: Victims of the Nazi Era, 1933–1945"</a>. <i>A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Teacher%27s+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&rft.atitle=Sinti+%26+Roma%3A+Victims+of+the+Nazi+Era%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffcit.usf.edu%2Fholocaust%2Fpeople%2Fushmmrom.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDromi2020" class="citation book cs1">Dromi, Shai M. (2020). <i>Above the Fray: The Red Cross and the Making of the Humanitarian NGO Sector</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226680385" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226680385"><bdi>978-0226680385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Above+the+Fray%3A+The+Red+Cross+and+the+Making+of+the+Humanitarian+NGO+Sector&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0226680385&rft.aulast=Dromi&rft.aufirst=Shai+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-first-victims.de-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-first-victims.de_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ryback, Timothy W. <i>Hitler’s First Victims: The Quest for Justice</i>, Vintage, 2015. p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-us-copy-charges-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-us-copy-charges_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._Office_of_Chief_of_Counsel_for_the_Prosecution_of_Axis_Criminality1946" class="citation book cs1">United States. Office of Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=FcpGAQAAMAAJ&pg=GBS.PA453"><i>Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Volume 3</i></a>. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Conspiracy+and+Aggression%2C+Volume+3&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1946&rft.au=United+States.+Office+of+Chief+of+Counsel+for+the+Prosecution+of+Axis+Criminality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DFcpGAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hls-nuremburg-dachau.law-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hls-nuremburg-dachau.law_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/documents/3977-regulations-of-the-dachau?q=Dachau#p.1">"1216-PS Concentration Camp Dachau: Special Orders (1933)"</a>. Harvard Law School Library Nuremberg Trials Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1216-PS+Concentration+Camp+Dachau%3A+Special+Orders+%281933%29&rft.pub=Harvard+Law+School+Library+Nuremberg+Trials+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnuremberg.law.harvard.edu%2Fdocuments%2F3977-regulations-of-the-dachau%3Fq%3DDachau%23p.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dachau Liberated." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 27 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054658/http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/stop02.html">"Station 2: Jourhouse – Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site"</a>. Kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de. 29 April 1945. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/stop02.html">the original</a> on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Station+2%3A+Jourhouse+%E2%80%93+Dachau+Concentration+Camp+Memorial+Site&rft.pub=Kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de&rft.date=1945-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de%2Fstop02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comité-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Comité_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comité_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comité_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comité_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comité_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comité_39-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Comité_39-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dachau: Comité International De Dachau, <i>The Dachau Concentration Camp, 1933 to 1945: Text and Photo Documents from the Exhibition, with CD.</i> 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054216/http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/stop05.html">"Station 5: Shunt Room – Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Station+5%3A+Shunt+Room+%E2%80%93+Dachau+Concentration+Camp+Memorial+Site&rft.pub=Kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de%2Fstop05.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neuhäusler (1960), <i>What Was It Like...</i>, pp. 9–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140705082626/http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/news-hebertshausen.html">"Redeveloping the commemorative site at the former SS shooting range Hebertshausen"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/news-hebertshausen.html">the original</a> on 5 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Redeveloping+the+commemorative+site+at+the+former+SS+shooting+range+Hebertshausen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de%2Fnews-hebertshausen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/online/film/display/detail.php?file_num=5483">"United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"</a>. 1 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2014-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fonline%2Ffilm%2Fdisplay%2Fdetail.php%3Ffile_num%3D5483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422230440/http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/vicinity_hebertshausen.html">"Commemorative Site at the former "SS Shooting Range Hebertshausen"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/vicinity_hebertshausen.html">the original</a> on 22 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commemorative+Site+at+the+former+%22SS+Shooting+Range+Hebertshausen%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de%2Fvicinity_hebertshausen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikimapia.org/22774181/Memorial-to-the-murdered-Soviet-soldiers">"Memorial to the murdered Soviet soldiers (Hebertshausen)"</a>. 11 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorial+to+the+murdered+Soviet+soldiers+%28Hebertshausen%29&rft.date=2014-01-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwikimapia.org%2F22774181%2FMemorial-to-the-murdered-Soviet-soldiers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neuhäusler,_Johann_1960._Page_13-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neuhäusler,_Johann_1960._Page_13_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neuhäusler,_Johann_1960._Page_13_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Neuhäusler (1960), <i>What Was It like...</i>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neuhäusler,_Johann_1960._Page_14-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neuhäusler,_Johann_1960._Page_14_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neuhäusler (1960), <i>What Was It like...</i>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neuhäusler,_Johann_1960._Page_11-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neuhäusler,_Johann_1960._Page_11_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neuhäusler (1960), <i>What Was It like...</i>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa29282">A sign outside of the town of Nammering marks the site of a mass shooting by the SS.</a> Retrieved 11 May 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaguire2010" class="citation book cs1">Maguire, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vYm-AwAAQBAJ&q=Himmler+%22No+prisoners+shall+be+allowed+to+fall+into+the+hands+of+the+enemy+alive.%22&pg=PA81"><i>Law and War: International Law & American History</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231146463" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231146463"><bdi>978-0231146463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+War%3A+International+Law+%26+American+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0231146463&rft.aulast=Maguire&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvYm-AwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHimmler%2B%2522No%2Bprisoners%2Bshall%2Bbe%2Ballowed%2Bto%2Bfall%2Binto%2Bthe%2Bhands%2Bof%2Bthe%2Benemy%2Balive.%2522%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320005449/http://www.goforbroke.org/learn/history/combat_history/world_war_2/european_theater/central_europe_campaign.php">"The 522nd Field Artillery Battalion and the Dachau Subcamps"</a>. <i>Go For Broke NEC</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goforbroke.org/learn/history/combat_history/world_war_2/european_theater/central_europe_campaign.php">the original</a> on 20 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Go+For+Broke+NEC&rft.atitle=The+522nd+Field+Artillery+Battalion+and+the+Dachau+Subcamps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goforbroke.org%2Flearn%2Fhistory%2Fcombat_history%2Fworld_war_2%2Feuropean_theater%2Fcentral_europe_campaign.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007734">"Death Marches"</a>. <i>The Holocaust: A Learning Site for Students</i>. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holocaust%3A+A+Learning+Site+for+Students&rft.atitle=Death+Marches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Foutreach%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10007734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1,071 More Dachau Dead Found. New York Times 18 August 1945. p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kkp7l83MG48"><i>Death march from Dachau and the liberation of the survivors</i></a> (Motion picture). Content Media Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Kkp7l83MG48">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+march+from+Dachau+and+the+liberation+of+the+survivors&rft.pub=Content+Media+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DKkp7l83MG48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7th_Army_1945-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-7th_Army_1945_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-7th_Army_1945_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-7th_Army_1945_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-7th_Army_1945_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF7th_Army1945" class="citation book cs1">7th Army, U.S. (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/History.Dachau"><i>Dachau</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Digital Collection.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dachau&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Digital+Collection&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=7th+Army&rft.aufirst=U.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.wisc.edu%2F1711.dl%2FHistory.Dachau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MNN-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MNN_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.klett.de/sixcms/media.php/229/23850_X7.pdf">"Ein Konzentrationslager für politische Gefangene in der Nähe von Dachau"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Münchner Neueste Nachrichten ("The Munich Latest News")</i> (in German). Ernst Klett Verlag. 21 March 1933<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%BCnchner+Neueste+Nachrichten+%28%22The+Munich+Latest+News%22%29&rft.atitle=Ein+Konzentrationslager+f%C3%BCr+politische+Gefangene+in+der+N%C3%A4he+von+Dachau&rft.date=1933-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.klett.de%2Fsixcms%2Fmedia.php%2F229%2F23850_X7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gewaltakte_der_SS_in_der_Fr%C3%BChphase_des_Konzentrationslagers_Dachau:_Situationsbedingt_oder_Rache%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gewaltakte der SS in der Frühphase des Konzentrationslagers Dachau: Situationsbedingt oder Rache? (page does not exist)">Dillon, Christopher</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8942577">"5"</a>. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Linke_im_Visier_Zur_Errichtung_der_Konzentrationslager_1933&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Linke im Visier Zur Errichtung der Konzentrationslager 1933 (page does not exist)">Wachsmann, Nikolaus</a>; Steinbacher, Sybille (eds.). <i>Gewaltakte der SS in der Frühphase des Konzentrationslagers Dachau: Situationsbedingt oder Rache?</i> (in German). Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3835326309" title="Special:BookSources/978-3835326309"><bdi>978-3835326309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5&rft.btitle=Gewaltakte+der+SS+in+der+Fr%C3%BChphase+des+Konzentrationslagers+Dachau%3A+Situationsbedingt+oder+Rache%3F&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Wallstein+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3835326309&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F8942577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Maitles <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj77/maitles.htm">"Never again!: A review of David Goldhagen, [<i>sic</i>: read Daniel] 'Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501011714/http://pubs.socialistreviewindex.org.uk/isj77/maitles.htm">Archived</a> 1 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Socialist Review</i>, further referenced to G. Almond, "The German Resistance Movement", <i>Current History </i>10 (1946), pp. 409–527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Clay, <i>Contending with Hitler: Varieties of German Resistance in the Third Reich</i>, p. 122 (1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521414598" title="Special:BookSources/0521414598">0521414598</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otis C. Mitchell, <i>Hitler's Nazi State: The Years of Dictatorial Rule, 1934–1945</i> (1988), p. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Hoffmann, <i>The History of the German Resistance, 1933–1945,</i> p. xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/holocaust/experiside.html#tube">"Holocaust on Trial The experiments by Peter Tyson"</a>. Nova OnLine WTTW11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Holocaust+on+Trial+The+experiments+by+Peter+Tyson&rft.pub=Nova+OnLine+WTTW11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Fholocaust%2Fexperiside.html%23tube&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_L._Berger1994" class="citation book cs1">Robert L. Berger (1994). "Nazi Science-The Dachau Hypothermia Experiments". In John J. Michalczyk (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sanWo8gJ-tkC&pg=PA88"><i>Medicine, Ethics, and the Third Reich: Historical and Contemporary Issues</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1556127526" title="Special:BookSources/978-1556127526"><bdi>978-1556127526</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nazi+Science-The+Dachau+Hypothermia+Experiments&rft.btitle=Medicine%2C+Ethics%2C+and+the+Third+Reich%3A+Historical+and+Contemporary+Issues&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1556127526&rft.au=Robert+L.+Berger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsanWo8gJ-tkC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nazi Science – The Dachau Hypothermia Experiments". Robert L. Berger, <i>N Engl J Med</i> 1990; 322:1435–1440 17 May 1990 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199005173222006">10.1056/NEJM199005173222006</a>. quote: "On analysis, the Dachau hypothermia study has all the ingredients of a scientific fraud, and rejection of the data on purely scientific grounds is inevitable. They cannot advance science or save human lives." ... "Future citations are inappropriate on scientific grounds."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Korda2006" class="citation journal cs1">Andrew Korda (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140214080800/http://www.defence.gov.au/health/infocentre/journals/ADFHJ_apr06/ADFHealth_7_1_33-37.html">"The Nazi medical experiments"</a>. <i>Australian Defence Force</i>. <b>7</b> (1). Australian ADF Health. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defence.gov.au/health/infocentre/journals/adfhj_apr06/adfhealth_7_1_33-37.html">the original</a> on 14 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Defence+Force&rft.atitle=The+Nazi+medical+experiments&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006-04&rft.au=Andrew+Korda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defence.gov.au%2Fhealth%2Finfocentre%2Fjournals%2Fadfhj_apr06%2Fadfhealth_7_1_33-37.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurger2016" class="citation web cs1">Burger, John (14 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615055658/http://aleteia.org/2016/06/14/last-priest-from-dachau-concentration-camp-dies-at-102/">"Last Priest from Dachau Concentration Camp Dies at 102"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleteia.org/2016/06/14/last-priest-from-dachau-concentration-camp-dies-at-102/">the original</a> on 15 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Last+Priest+from+Dachau+Concentration+Camp+Dies+at+102&rft.date=2016-06-14&rft.aulast=Burger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faleteia.org%2F2016%2F06%2F14%2Flast-priest-from-dachau-concentration-camp-dies-at-102%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neurath-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neurath_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neurath_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Neurath, Paul Martin, Christian Fleck, and Nico Stehr. <i>The Society of Terror: Inside the Dachau and Buchenwald Concentration Camps</i>, Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berben1975-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Berben1975_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berben1975_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berben1975_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berben1975_69-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berben1975_69-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berben1975_69-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Berben1975_69-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerben,_Paul1975" class="citation book cs1">Berben, Paul (1975). <i>Dachau: The Official History 1933–1945</i>. London: Norfolk Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/085211009X" title="Special:BookSources/085211009X"><bdi>085211009X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dachau%3A+The+Official+History+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Norfolk+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=085211009X&rft.au=Berben%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Kershaw; <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>; 4th Edn; Oxford University Press; New York; 2000; pp. 210–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Patrick Brown (2002), <i>The Camp Women. The Female Auxiliaries who Assisted the SS in Running the Nazi Concentration Camp System</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0764314440" title="Special:BookSources/0764314440">0764314440</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown (2002), <i>The Camp Women</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/artikkel.php?artid=10011346">"Norske vakter jobbet i Hitlers konsentrasjonsleire"</a> [Norwegian guards worked in Hitler's concentration camps] (in Norwegian). Vg nyheter. 15 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norske+vakter+jobbet+i+Hitlers+konsentrasjonsleire&rft.pub=Vg+nyheter&rft.date=2010-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vg.no%2Fnyheter%2Finnenriks%2Fartikkel.php%3Fartid%3D10011346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US v. Weiss, pp. 16–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_War_Crimes_Commission,_p._6-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_War_Crimes_Commission,_p._6_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_War_Crimes_Commission,_p._6_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">UN War Crimes Commission, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloxham-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bloxham_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloxham2001" class="citation book cs1">Bloxham, Donald (2001). <i>Genocide on Trial War Crimes Trials and the Formation of Holocaust History and Memory</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191543357" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191543357"><bdi>978-0191543357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+on+Trial+War+Crimes+Trials+and+the+Formation+of+Holocaust+History+and+Memory&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0191543357&rft.aulast=Bloxham&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US v. Weiss, pp. 19–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShrabani2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shrabani_Basu" title="Shrabani Basu">Shrabani, Basu</a> (2008). <i>Spy princess : the life of Noor Inayat Khan</i>. Stroud: History. pp. xx–xxi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750950565" title="Special:BookSources/978-0750950565"><bdi>978-0750950565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spy+princess+%3A+the+life+of+Noor+Inayat+Khan&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pages=xx-xxi&rft.pub=History&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0750950565&rft.aulast=Shrabani&rft.aufirst=Basu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hdbg.de/dachau/pdfs/10/10_ri/10_ri_02.PDF">"Dachau subcamps"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte (House of Bavarian History)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haus+der+Bayerischen+Geschichte+%28House+of+Bavarian+History%29&rft.atitle=Dachau+subcamps&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdbg.de%2Fdachau%2Fpdfs%2F10%2F10_ri%2F10_ri_02.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005214">"Dachau"</a>. <i>Ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Weiss, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UN War Crimes Commission, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1167593">http://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1167593</a> United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Retrieved 11 January 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Citizen Soldiers</i>. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ambrose" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Ambrose">Stephen Ambrose</a>. 1997. pp. 463, 464. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684815257" title="Special:BookSources/0684815257">0684815257</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Gestapo on trial : evidence from Nuremberg</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=45th+Infantry+Division.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.45thinfantrydivision.com%2Findex14.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan1945" class="citation news cs1">Cowan, Howard (Associated Press) (30 April 1945). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/96706980/">"Notorious Nazi Prison Camp is Liberated, 32,000 are Freed"</a></span>. <i>The Evening Times</i>. 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Europäische Holocaustgedenkstätte Stiftung (European Holocaust Memorial Foundation). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landsberger-zeitgeschichte.de/Geschichte/geschichte/orginalfilm.htm">the original</a> on 4 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Amerikanische+Armee+entdeckt+den+Holocaust+%28The+American+army+discovered+the+Holocaust%29&rft.pub=Europ%C3%A4ische+Holocaustgedenkst%C3%A4tte+Stiftung+%28European+Holocaust+Memorial+Foundation%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landsberger-zeitgeschichte.de%2FGeschichte%2Fgeschichte%2Forginalfilm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12th_AD_Museum-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12th_AD_Museum_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429123113/http://www.12tharmoredmuseum.com/liberation.asp">"Liberation of Concentration Camps"</a>. The 12th Armored Division Memorial Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.12tharmoredmuseum.com/liberation.asp">the original</a> on 29 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Liberation+of+Concentration+Camps&rft.pub=The+12th+Armored+Division+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.12tharmoredmuseum.com%2Fliberation.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213131113/http://www.kaufering.com/kaufering4.html">"Kaufering IV – Hurlach – Schwabmunchen"</a>. <i>Kaufering.com</i>. 19 January 2008. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kaufering.com&rft.atitle=Kaufering+IV+%E2%80%93+Hurlach+%E2%80%93+Schwabmunchen&rft.date=2008-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaufering.com%2Fkaufering4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320005449/http://www.goforbroke.org/learn/history/combat_history/world_war_2/european_theater/central_europe_campaign.php">"Central Europe Campaign – 522nd Field Artillery Battalion"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goforbroke.org/learn/history/combat_history/world_war_2/european_theater/central_europe_campaign.php">the original</a> on 20 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Viking Press. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0670554901" title="Special:BookSources/0670554901"><bdi>0670554901</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piercing+the+Reich&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0670554901&rft.au=Joseph+E+Persico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003130634/http://www.gz-tm-dachau.de/img/uebersicht_big.jpg">"<i>Todesmärsche Dachau</i> memorial website's map page of KZ-Dachau death march"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Todesm%C3%A4rsche+Dachau+memorial+website%27s+map+page+of+KZ-Dachau+death+march&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gz-tm-dachau.de%2Fimg%2Fuebersicht_big.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320005449/http://www.goforbroke.org/learn/history/combat_history/world_war_2/european_theater/central_europe_campaign.php">"Central Europe Campaign – 522nd Field Artillery Battalion"</a>. 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United States Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=U.S.+Army+Divisions+Recognized+as+Liberating+Units+by+the+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+and+the+Center+of+Military&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+US+Army+Units&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10006161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AP_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AP_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Panebianco (ed). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.45thinfantrydivision.com/index14.htm">Dachau its liberation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928231321/http://www.45thinfantrydivision.com/index14.htm">Archived</a> 28 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 157th Infantry Association, Felix L. Sparks, Secretary 15 June 1989. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remember.org/witness/sparks2.html">backup site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060424182331/http://www.remember.org/witness/sparks2.html">Archived</a> 24 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130918030939/http://abraham.cs.uml.edu/secretwar/GlobeSecretHistory/index5_transcript_46.shtml">"Testimony of: Lt. Howard E. Buchner, MC, 0-435481, 3rd Bn., 157th Infantry"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abraham.cs.uml.edu/secretwar/GlobeSecretHistory/index5_transcript_46.shtml">the original</a> on 18 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Testimony+of%3A+Lt.+Howard+E.+Buchner%2C+MC%2C+0-435481%2C+3rd+Bn.%2C+157th+Infantry.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabraham.cs.uml.edu%2Fsecretwar%2FGlobeSecretHistory%2Findex5_transcript_46.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Nuremberg Trials: International Criminal Law Since 1945</i> / Die Nürnberger ... By Lawrence Raful. 60th Anniversary International Conference / Internationale Konferenz zum 60. Jahrestag (Google eBook). p. 314</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarusky2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Zarusky, Jürgen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dachaunaziterror0000unse/page/156">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'That is not the American Way of Fighting:' The Shooting of Captured SS-Men During the Liberation of Dachau"</a>. In Wolfgang Benz; Barbara Distel (eds.). <i>Dachau and the Nazi Terror 1933–1945</i>. Vol. 2, Studies and Reports. Dachau: Verlag Dachauer Hefte. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dachaunaziterror0000unse/page/156">156–157</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3980858717" title="Special:BookSources/978-3980858717"><bdi>978-3980858717</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27That+is+not+the+American+Way+of+Fighting%3A%27+The+Shooting+of+Captured+SS-Men+During+the+Liberation+of+Dachau&rft.btitle=Dachau+and+the+Nazi+Terror+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Dachau&rft.pages=156-157&rft.pub=Verlag+Dachauer+Hefte&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3980858717&rft.aulast=Zarusky&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdachaunaziterror0000unse%2Fpage%2F156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/dachau/archive/ZaruskyDachauLiberationMassacre2002excerpt.pdf">Excerpt online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2005" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Carolyn (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PVmJOWev0p8C&q=%22lee+miller%22+%22dachau%22+%22guards%22&pg=PA261"><i>Lee Miller: A Life</i></a>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0375401473" title="Special:BookSources/978-0375401473"><bdi>978-0375401473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lee+Miller%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0375401473&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPVmJOWev0p8C%26q%3D%2522lee%2Bmiller%2522%2B%2522dachau%2522%2B%2522guards%2522%26pg%3DPA261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141103065914/http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/eto/eto-086.pdf">"War Crimes and Punishment of War Crimes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ETO. p. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/cgsc/carl/eto/eto-086.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=War+Crimes+and+Punishment+of+War+Crimes&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=ETO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusacac.army.mil%2Fcac2%2Fcgsc%2Fcarl%2Feto%2Feto-086.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627120050/http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles/RahrDachauPascha.php">"Gleb Alexandrovitch Rahr – Prisoner R (Russian) – Pascha (Easter) in Dachau"</a>. <i>Orthodoxytoday.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles/RahrDachauPascha.php">the original</a> on 27 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orthodoxytoday.org&rft.atitle=Gleb+Alexandrovitch+Rahr+%E2%80%93+Prisoner+R+%28Russian%29+%E2%80%93+Pascha+%28Easter%29+in+Dachau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxytoday.org%2Farticles%2FRahrDachauPascha.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Typhus Epidemic Sweeping Camp". (INS) <i>New Castle News</i> 3 May 1945 p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Dachau Officials Will Face Trail – U.S. Army Will Open Hearings of Cases Against 40 to 50 Early Next Month". Wireless to the New York Times. <i>New York Times</i> 21 October 1945, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118203533/http://www.gedenkstaettenpaedagogik-bayern.de/ausstellungstexte.htm">"Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site (pedagogical information)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gedenkstaettenpaedagogik-bayern.de/ausstellungstexte.htm">the original</a> on 18 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dachau+Concentration+Camp+Memorial+Site+%28pedagogical+information%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gedenkstaettenpaedagogik-bayern.de%2Fausstellungstexte.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn1001454">"Prison for defendants; Landsberg hangings –Collections Search – United States Holocaust Memorial Museum"</a>. <i>collections.ushmm.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=collections.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Prison+for+defendants%3B+Landsberg+hangings+%E2%80%93Collections+Search+%E2%80%93+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.ushmm.org%2Fsearch%2Fcatalog%2Firn1001454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSven_Felix_Kellerhoff2002" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sven_Felix_Kellerhoff" title="Sven Felix Kellerhoff">Sven Felix Kellerhoff</a> (21 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article417276/Neue_Museumskonzepte_fuer_die_Konzentrationslager.html">"Neue Museumskonzepte für die Konzentrationslager"</a>. <i>Welt Online</i> (in German). Axel Springer AG<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2008</span>. <q>... die SS-Kasernen neben dem KZ Dachau wurden zuerst (bis 1974) von der US-Armee bezogen. Seither nutzt sie die VI. Bayerische Bereitschaftspolizei. (... the SS barracks adjacent to the Dachau concentration camp were at first occupied by the US Army (until 1974). Since then they have been used by the Sixth Rapid Response Unit of the Bavarian Police.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Welt+Online&rft.atitle=Neue+Museumskonzepte+f%C3%BCr+die+Konzentrationslager&rft.date=2002-10-21&rft.au=Sven+Felix+Kellerhoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.welt.de%2Fprint-welt%2Farticle417276%2FNeue_Museumskonzepte_fuer_die_Konzentrationslager.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin1946" class="citation book cs1">McLaughlin, Kathleen (20 January 1946). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1946/01/20/archives/soviet-deserters-suicides-in-dachau-10-die-21-slash-themselves-as.html"><i>Soviet Deserters Suicides in Dachau – 10 Die, 21 Slash Themselves as Russians Who Fought with Nazis Defy Repatriation</i></a></span>. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Deserters+Suicides+in+Dachau+%E2%80%93+10+Die%2C+21+Slash+Themselves+as+Russians+Who+Fought+with+Nazis+Defy+Repatriation&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1946-01-20&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1946%2F01%2F20%2Farchives%2Fsoviet-deserters-suicides-in-dachau-10-die-21-slash-themselves-as.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|newspaper=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jahner-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jahner_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jahner_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJähner2019" class="citation book cs1">Jähner, Harald (2019). <i>Aftermath: Life in the Fallout of the Third Reich 1945–1955</i> (Paperback). London: W H Allen. pp. 62, 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0753557877" title="Special:BookSources/978-0753557877"><bdi>978-0753557877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aftermath%3A+Life+in+the+Fallout+of+the+Third+Reich+1945%E2%80%931955&rft.place=London&rft.pages=62%2C+63&rft.pub=W+H+Allen&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0753557877&rft.aulast=J%C3%A4hner&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1946/01/22/archives/russian-traitor-dies-of-wounds.html">"Russian Traitor Dies of Wounds"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 22 January 1946. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Russian+Traitor+Dies+of+Wounds&rft.date=1946-01-22&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1946%2F01%2F22%2Farchives%2Frussian-traitor-dies-of-wounds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705172822/http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/people/e/eichmann.adolf/transcripts/ftp.py?people%2Fe%2Feichmann.adolf%2Ftranscripts%2FSessions%2FSession-013-04">"The Nizkor Project"</a>. <i>transcript from the 1961 Eichmann trial</i>. Shofar FTP archive and the Nizkor project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/ftp.cgi/people/e/eichmann.adolf/transcripts/ftp.py?people/e/eichmann.adolf/transcripts/Sessions/Session-013-04">the original</a> on 5 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=transcript+from+the+1961+Eichmann+trial&rft.atitle=The+Nizkor+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nizkor.org%2Fftp.cgi%2Fpeople%2Fe%2Feichmann.adolf%2Ftranscripts%2Fftp.py%3Fpeople%2Fe%2Feichmann.adolf%2Ftranscripts%2FSessions%2FSession-013-04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025185010/http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-11/tgmwc-11-108-01.shtml">"The Trial of German Major War Criminals Sitting at Nuremberg, Germany 4th April to 15th April, 1946: One Hundred and Eighth Day: Monday, 15th April, 1946 (Part 1 of 10)"</a>. the <a href="/wiki/Nizkor_Project" title="Nizkor Project">Nizkor Project</a>. 1991–2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-11/tgmwc-11-108-01.shtml">the original</a> on 25 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+German+Major+War+Criminals+Sitting+at+Nuremberg%2C+Germany+4th+April+to+15th+April%2C+1946%3A+One+Hundred+and+Eighth+Day%3A+Monday%2C+15th+April%2C+1946+%28Part+1+of+10%29&rft.pub=the+Nizkor+Project&rft.date=1991%2F2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nizkor.org%2Fhweb%2Fimt%2Ftgmwc%2Ftgmwc-11%2Ftgmwc-11-108-01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klee, <i>Kulturlexikon</i>, S. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klee, <i>Kulturlexikon</i>, S. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2008" class="citation news cs1">Preston, John (21 May 2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/starsandstories/3673575/The-original-Indiana-Jones-Otto-Rahn-and-the-temple-of-doom.html">"The original Indiana Jones: Otto Rahn and the temple of doom"</a></span>. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/starsandstories/3673575/The-original-Indiana-Jones-Otto-Rahn-and-the-temple-of-doom.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+original+Indiana+Jones%3A+Otto+Rahn+and+the+temple+of+doom&rft.date=2008-05-21&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ffilm%2Fstarsandstories%2F3673575%2FThe-original-Indiana-Jones-Otto-Rahn-and-the-temple-of-doom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/fisk/robert-fisk-butcher-of-buchenwald-in-an-egyptian-paradise-2045930.html">"Robert Fisk: Butcher of Buchenwald in an Egyptian paradise"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 7 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Robert+Fisk%3A+Butcher+of+Buchenwald+in+an+Egyptian+paradise&rft.date=2010-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fcommentators%2Ffisk%2Frobert-fisk-butcher-of-buchenwald-in-an-egyptian-paradise-2045930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/publications/legdach/bookintro.99v.htm">Legacies of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 1933–2001</a> Harold Marcuse</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/present/993AAGtourism011.htm">"Reshaping Dachau for Visitors, 1933–2000"</a>. <i>marcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=marcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu&rft.atitle=Reshaping+Dachau+for+Visitors%2C+1933%E2%80%932000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu%2Fpresent%2F993AAGtourism011.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sherman,_Robert_B." class="mw-redirect" title="Sherman, Robert B.">Sherman, Robert B.</a> "<a href="/wiki/Moose:_Chapters_from_My_Life#Section_I:_Fix_Bayonets!" title="Moose: Chapters from My Life">Dachau</a>" in <i><a href="/wiki/Moose:_Chapters_From_My_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Moose: Chapters From My Life">Moose: Chapters From My Life</a></i>; <a href="/wiki/AuthorHouse" title="AuthorHouse">AuthorHouse Publishers</a>; Bloomington IN; 2013; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1491883662" title="Special:BookSources/978-1491883662">978-1491883662</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0107552/">"<i>Memory of the Camps</i>"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Memory+of+the+Camps&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0107552%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://topdocumentaryfilms.com/memory-of-the-camps/">"Memory of the Camps"</a>. <i>TopDocumentaries.com</i>. 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TopDocumentaries.com&rft.atitle=Memory+of+the+Camps&rft.date=1985&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopdocumentaryfilms.com%2Fmemory-of-the-camps%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishopGlasgowFisher1946" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Lt. Col. Leo V.; Glasgow, Maj. Frank J.; Fisher, Maj. George A., eds. (1946). <i>The Fighting Forty-Fifth: the Combat Report of an Infantry Division</i>. Baton Rouge, Louisiana.: 45th Infantry Division [Army & Navy Publishing Co.] <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4249021">4249021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fighting+Forty-Fifth%3A+the+Combat+Report+of+an+Infantry+Division&rft.place=Baton+Rouge%2C+Louisiana.&rft.pub=45th+Infantry+Division+%5BArmy+%26+Navy+Publishing+Co.%5D&rft.date=1946&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4249021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuechner1986" class="citation book cs1">Buechner, Howard A. (1986). <i>Dachau—The Hour of the Avenger</i>. Thunderbird Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0913159042" title="Special:BookSources/0913159042"><bdi>0913159042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dachau%E2%80%94The+Hour+of+the+Avenger&rft.pub=Thunderbird+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0913159042&rft.aulast=Buechner&rft.aufirst=Howard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon2015" class="citation book cs1">Dillon, Christopher (2015). <i>Dachau and the SS: A Schooling in Violence</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199656523" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199656523"><bdi>978-0199656523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dachau+and+the+SS%3A+A+Schooling+in+Violence&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0199656523&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozal2004" class="citation book cs1">Kozal, Czesli W. (2004). <i>Memoir of Fr. Czesli W. (Chester) Kozal, O.M.I</i>. Translated by Ischler, Paul. Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57253860">57253860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+Fr.+Czesli+W.+%28Chester%29+Kozal%2C+O.M.I.&rft.pub=Missionary+Oblates+of+Mary+Immaculate&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57253860&rft.aulast=Kozal&rft.aufirst=Czesli+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcuse2001" class="citation book cs1">Marcuse, Harold (2001). <i>Legacies of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 1933–2001</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521552042" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521552042"><bdi>978-0521552042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacies+of+Dachau%3A+The+Uses+and+Abuses+of+a+Concentration+Camp%2C+1933%E2%80%932001&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0521552042&rft.aulast=Marcuse&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuhäusler1960" class="citation book cs1">Neuhäusler, Johann (1960). <i>What Was It Like in the Concentration Camp at Dachau?: An Attempt to Come Closer to the Truth</i>. Munich: Manz A.G.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+Was+It+Like+in+the+Concentration+Camp+at+Dachau%3F%3A+An+Attempt+to+Come+Closer+to+the+Truth&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Manz+A.G.&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Neuh%C3%A4usler&rft.aufirst=Johann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_W._Ryback2015" class="citation book cs1">Timothy W. Ryback (2015). <i>Hitler's First Victims: The Quest for Justice</i>. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804172004" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804172004"><bdi>978-0804172004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+First+Victims%3A+The+Quest+for+Justice&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0804172004&rft.au=Timothy+W.+Ryback&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts,_Donald_R2008" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Donald R (2008). Heather R. Biola (ed.). <i>The other war, a World War II journal</i>. Elkins, WV: McClain Printing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870127755" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870127755"><bdi>978-0870127755</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+other+war%2C+a+World+War+II+journal&rft.place=Elkins%2C+WV&rft.pub=McClain+Printing+Co.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0870127755&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Donald+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span> Includes report written for: United States. Army. Infantry Division, 9th. Office of the Surgeon. Interrogation of SS Officers and Men at Dachau.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeadquarters_Third_US_Army_and_Eastern_Military_District" class="citation web cs1">Headquarters Third US Army and Eastern Military District, Office of the Judge Advocate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/dachautrial/d3.pdf">"<i>Review of Proceedings of General Military Court in the Case of United States vs. Martin Weiss et.al.</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of+Proceedings+of+General+Military+Court+in+the+Case+of+United+States+vs.+Martin+Weiss+et.al.&rft.aulast=Headquarters+Third+US+Army+and+Eastern+Military+District&rft.aufirst=Office+of+the+Judge+Advocate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2FHolocaust%2Fdachautrial%2Fd3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span>("US v. Weiss")</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_United_Nations_War_Crimes_Commission1949" class="citation book cs1">The United Nations War Crimes Commission (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/Law-Reports_Vol-11.pdf"><i>Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals, vol. XI</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. His Majesty's Stationery Office<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+Reports+of+Trials+of+War+Criminals%2C+vol.+XI&rft.pub=His+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1949&rft.au=The+United+Nations+War+Crimes+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Ffrd%2FMilitary_Law%2Fpdf%2FLaw-Reports_Vol-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span> ("UN War Crimes Commission")</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/documents/3977-regulations-of-the-dachau?q=Dachau#p.1"><i>Concentration Camp Dachau: Special Orders 1933</i></a>. Harvard Law School Nuremberg Trials Project. 1947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concentration+Camp+Dachau%3A+Special+Orders+1933&rft.pub=Harvard+Law+School+Nuremberg+Trials+Project&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnuremberg.law.harvard.edu%2Fdocuments%2F3977-regulations-of-the-dachau%3Fq%3DDachau%23p.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF7th_Army1945" class="citation book cs1">7th Army, U.S. (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/History.Dachau"><i>Dachau</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Digital Collection.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dachau&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Digital+Collection&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=7th+Army&rft.aufirst=U.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.wisc.edu%2F1711.dl%2FHistory.Dachau&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2008–2010" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Stuart (2008–2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.destination-munich.com/dachau-concertration-camp.html">"Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial"</a>. Destination Munich.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dachau+Concentration+Camp+Memorial&rft.pub=Destination+Munich&rft.date=2008%2F2010&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.destination-munich.com%2Fdachau-concertration-camp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishpathe.com/video/dachau-concentration-camp-1">Video Footage showing the Liberation of Dachau</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nEQdVlVgSY4">Concentration camps of Nazi Germany: illustrated history</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39086"><i>A German is tried for murder [etc.] (1945)</i></a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/1933/mar/21/fromthearchive">"Communists to be interned in Dachau"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 21 March 1933.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Communists+to+be+interned+in+Dachau&rft.date=1933-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheguardian%2F1933%2Fmar%2F21%2Ffromthearchive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/feature/dachau-the-first-days-the-holocaust-12682">"Dachau in the First Days of the Holocaust"</a>. The National Interest. 21 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dachau+in+the+First+Days+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=The+National+Interest&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Ffeature%2Fdachau-the-first-days-the-holocaust-12682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCramer" class="citation web cs1">Cramer, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090527131021/http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles-2009/Cramer-Dachau-1945-The-Souls-Of-All-Are-Aflame.php">"Dachau 1945: The Souls of All Are Aflame"</a>. Orthodoxy Today.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles-2009/Cramer-Dachau-1945-The-Souls-Of-All-Are-Aflame.php">the original</a> on 27 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dachau+1945%3A+The+Souls+of+All+Are+Aflame&rft.pub=Orthodoxy+Today.org&rft.aulast=Cramer&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxytoday.org%2Farticles-2009%2FCramer-Dachau-1945-The-Souls-Of-All-Are-Aflame.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326142024/http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/english.html">"Dachau Concentration Camp Memorial Site"</a>. Stiftung Bayerische Gedenkstätten, German. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/english.html">the original</a> on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dachau+Concentration+Camp+Memorial+Site&rft.pub=Stiftung+Bayerische+Gedenkst%C3%A4tten%2C+German&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de%2Fenglish.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hdbg.de/dachau/pdfs/03/03_04/03_04_01.pdf">"Exhibition Texts of Dachau Camp Memorial"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte, German and English<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exhibition+Texts+of+Dachau+Camp+Memorial&rft.pub=Haus+der+Bayerischen+Geschichte%2C+German+and+English&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdbg.de%2Fdachau%2Fpdfs%2F03%2F03_04%2F03_04_01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/dachau.htm">"Dachau Memorial Site, UCSB Department of History"</a>. Professor Harold Marcuse, PhD<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dachau+Memorial+Site%2C+UCSB+Department+of+History&rft.pub=Professor+Harold+Marcuse%2C+PhD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ucsb.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fmarcuse%2Fdachau.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoyle2009" class="citation web cs1">Doyle, Chris (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holokauston.wordpress.com/2009/11/01/dachau-konzentrationslager-dachau-an-overview/">"Dachau (Konzentrationslager Dachau): An Overview"</a>. Never Again! Online Holocaust Memorial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dachau+%28Konzentrationslager+Dachau%29%3A+An+Overview&rft.pub=Never+Again%21+Online+Holocaust+Memorial&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Doyle&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fholokauston.wordpress.com%2F2009%2F11%2F01%2Fdachau-konzentrationslager-dachau-an-overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerez2002" class="citation web cs1">Perez, R.H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100324034016/http://www.humanitas-international.org/archive/dachau-liberation/">"Dachau Concentration Camp – Liberation: A Documentary – U.S. Massacre of Waffen SS – April 29, 1945"</a>. Humanitas International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanitas-international.org/archive/dachau-liberation/">the original</a> on 24 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dachau+Concentration+Camp+%E2%80%93+Liberation%3A+A+Documentary+%E2%80%93+U.S.+Massacre+of+Waffen+SS+%E2%80%93+April+29%2C+1945&rft.pub=Humanitas+International&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=R.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanitas-international.org%2Farchive%2Fdachau-liberation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buergervereinigung-landsberg.org/english/index">"The European Holocaust Memorial"</a>. Landsberg im 20. Jahrhundert.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+European+Holocaust+Memorial&rft.pub=Landsberg+im+20.+Jahrhundert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buergervereinigung-landsberg.org%2Fenglish%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2007" class="citation news cs1">Watson, Simon (Fall 2007). "Dachau Awakening". Queen's Quarterly 114/3. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F72034">1807/72034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dachau+Awakening&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1807%2F72034&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.041940.pl">Dachau camp prisoner testimonies page</a>, 041940.pl</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/33302/the-angel-of-dachau-pope-francis-declares-concentration-camp-priest-a-martyr">"The Angel of Dachau</a>". – Pope Francis declares concentration camp priest a martyr – CNA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tracesofevil.com/2008/01/dachau.html">"Traces of Evil</a>". Illustrative History of Dachau and Environs</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrisinger2020" class="citation news cs1">Chrisinger, David (4 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/04/magazine/-secret-diarist-dachau.html">"A Secret Diary Chronicled the 'Satanic World' That Was Dachau"</a>. <i>The Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+Secret+Diary+Chronicled+the+%27Satanic+World%27+That+Was+Dachau&rft.date=2020-09-04&rft.aulast=Chrisinger&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F09%2F04%2Fmagazine%2F-secret-diarist-dachau.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADachau+concentration+camp" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dachau" title="Template talk:Dachau"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dachau" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dachau"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dachau_concentration_camp" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dachau concentration camp</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Commandants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilmar_W%C3%A4ckerle" title="Hilmar Wäckerle">Hilmar Wäckerle</a> <small>(22 March 1933 – 26 June 1933)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Eicke" title="Theodor Eicke">Theodor Eicke</a> <small>(26 June 1933 – 4 July 1934)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Reiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Reiner (page does not exist)">Alexander Reiner</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Reiner" class="extiw" title="de:Alexander Reiner">de</a>]</span> <small>(4 July 1934 – 22 October 1934)</small></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berthold_Maack&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berthold Maack (page does not exist)">Berthold Maack</a> <small>(22 October 1934 – 12 January 1935)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Deubel" title="Heinrich Deubel">Heinrich Deubel</a> <small>(12 January 1935 – 31 March 1936)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Loritz" title="Hans Loritz">Hans Loritz</a> <small>(31 March 1936 – 7 January 1939)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Piorkowski" title="Alexander Piorkowski">Alexander Piorkowski</a> <small>(7 January 1939 – 2 January 1942)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gottfried_Weiss" title="Martin Gottfried Weiss">Martin Weiss</a> <small>(3 January 1942 – 30 September 1943, 26 April 1945 – 28 April 1945)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Weiter" title="Eduard Weiter">Eduard Weiter</a> <small>(30 September 1943 – 26 April 1945)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Otto" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Otto">Johannes Otto</a> <small>(28 April 1945)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wicker" title="Heinrich Wicker">Heinrich Wicker</a> <small>(28 April 1945 – 29 April 1945)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Dachau" title="List of subcamps of Dachau">Subcamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allach_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Allach concentration camp">Allach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebertshausen_shooting_range" title="Hebertshausen shooting range">Hebertshausen shooting range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaufering_concentration_camp_complex" title="Kaufering concentration camp complex">Kaufering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChldorf_concentration_camp_complex" title="Mühldorf concentration camp complex">Mühldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agfa-Commando" title="Agfa-Commando">München-Giesing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchen-Schwabing_labor_camp" title="München-Schwabing labor camp">München-Schwabing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest_Barracks_of_Dachau_Concentration_Camp" title="Priest Barracks of Dachau Concentration Camp">Priesterblock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_liberation_reprisals" title="Dachau liberation reprisals">Liberation reprisals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachau Trials">Dachau Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_(US_Army_report)" title="Dachau (US Army report)">Dachau (US Army report)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Category:Dachau concentration camp">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dachau_concentration_camp" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dachau concentration camp">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazi_concentration_camps" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Template:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Template talk:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazi concentration camps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazi_concentration_camps" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitsdorf_concentration_camp" title="Arbeitsdorf concentration camp">Arbeitsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Auschwitz" title="List of subcamps of Auschwitz">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Bergen-Belsen" title="List of subcamps of Bergen-Belsen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Buchenwald" title="List of subcamps of Buchenwald">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dachau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Dachau" title="List of subcamps of Dachau">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Flossenb%C3%BCrg" title="List of subcamps of Flossenbürg">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Gross-Rosen" title="List of subcamps of Gross-Rosen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a> <ul><li>subcamps</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Hinzert&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Hinzert (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Kaiserwald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Kaiserwald (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Kauen" title="List of subcamps of Kauen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w" title="List of subcamps of Kraków-Płaszów">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Majdanek" title="List of subcamps of Majdanek">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mauthausen" title="List of subcamps of Mauthausen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Mittelbau" title="List of subcamps of Mittelbau">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Natzweiler-Struthof" title="List of subcamps of Natzweiler-Struthof">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Neuengamme" title="List of subcamps of Neuengamme">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederhagen_concentration_camp" title="Niederhagen concentration camp">Niederhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Ravensbr%C3%BCck" title="List of subcamps of Ravensbrück">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Sachsenhausen" title="List of subcamps of Sachsenhausen">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Stutthof" class="mw-redirect" title="List of subcamps of Stutthof">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_subcamps_of_Vaivara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of subcamps of Vaivara (page does not exist)">subcamps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Main_Economic_and_Administrative_Office" title="SS Main Economic and Administrative Office">SS Main Economic and Administrative Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Earth_and_Stone_Works" title="German Earth and Stone Works">German Earth and Stone Works</a> (DEST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Wirtschaftsbetriebe" title="Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe">Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-Totenkopfverbände</a></i> (Camp SS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subdivisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appellplatz" title="Appellplatz">Appellplatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcamp" title="Subcamp">Subcamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS_construction_brigade" title="SS construction brigade">SS construction brigade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revier_(Nazi_concentration_camps)" title="Revier (Nazi concentration camps)">Revier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strafkompanie" title="Strafkompanie">Strafkompanie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_14f13" title="Action 14f13">Action 14f13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Action_14f14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Action 14f14 (page does not exist)">Action 14f14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_camps" title="Early camps">Early camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Forced labor in Nazi concentration camps">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_of_inmates_in_German_concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Identification of inmates in German concentration camps">Identification of inmates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_badge" title="Nazi concentration camp badge">Badges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(badge)" title="Black triangle (badge)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P_(Nazi_symbol)" title="P (Nazi symbol)">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_triangle" title="Purple triangle">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_of_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Language of Nazi concentration camps">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muselmann" title="Muselmann">Muselmann</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciplinary_and_Penal_Code" title="Disciplinary and Penal Code">Disciplinary and Penal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_(Holocaust)" class="mw-redirect" title="Death marches (Holocaust)">Death marches</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Postenpflicht" title="Postenpflicht">Postenpflicht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_(Holocaust)" title="Selection (Holocaust)">Selection</a></li> <li>Slogans <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbeit_macht_frei" title="Arbeit macht frei">Arbeit macht frei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jedem_das_Seine" title="Jedem das Seine">Jedem das Seine</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp_commandant" title="Nazi concentration camp commandant">Commandant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagerf%C3%BChrer" title="Lagerführer">Lagerführer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzhaftlagerf%C3%BChrer" title="Schutzhaftlagerführer">Schutzhaftlagerführer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_guards_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Female guards in Nazi concentration camps">Female guards</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wehrmacht_guards_at_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wehrmacht guards at Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">Wehrmacht</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe_guards_at_concentration_camps" title="Luftwaffe guards at concentration camps">Luftwaffe guards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prisoners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_functionaries" title="Prisoner functionaries">Prisoner functionaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapo" title="Kapo">Kapo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asocial_prisoners_in_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asocial prisoners in Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">"Asocials"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany#Concentration_camps" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews#Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_prisoners_in_Nazi_concentration_camps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political prisoners in Nazi concentration camps (page does not exist)">Political prisoners</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacht_und_Nebel" title="Nacht und Nebel">Nacht und Nebel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonder-_und_Ehrenhaft" title="Sonder- und Ehrenhaft">Sonder- und Ehrenhaft</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">"Race defilers"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Roma and Sinti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historiography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Ort_des_Terrors" title="Der Ort des Terrors">Der Ort des Terrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Camps_and_Ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos">Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/KL_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="KL (book)">KL</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Early_camps_in_Nazi_Germany_(1933–1934)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_camps" title="Template:Early camps"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Early_camps" title="Template talk:Early camps"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Early_camps" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Early camps"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_camps_in_Nazi_Germany_(1933–1934)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Early_camps" title="Early camps">Early camps</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (1933–1934)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>March <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nohra_concentration_camp" title="Nohra concentration camp">Nohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breslau-D%C3%BCrrgoy_concentration_camp" title="Breslau-Dürrgoy concentration camp">Breslau-Dürrgoy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dachau concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osthofen_concentration_camp" title="Osthofen concentration camp">Osthofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulkanwerft_concentration_camp" title="Vulkanwerft concentration camp">Vulkanwerft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oranienburg_concentration_camp" title="Oranienburg concentration camp">Oranienburg</a></li></ul></li> <li>April <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonnenburg_concentration_camp" title="Sonnenburg concentration camp">Sonnenburg</a></li></ul></li> <li>May <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenburg_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenburg concentration camp">Sachsenburg concentration camp</a></li></ul></li> <li>June <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breitenau_concentration_camp" title="Breitenau concentration camp">Breitenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichtenburg_concentration_camp" title="Lichtenburg concentration camp">Lichtenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esterwegen_concentration_camp" title="Esterwegen concentration camp">Esterwegen</a></li></ul></li> <li>July <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kemna_concentration_camp" title="Kemna concentration camp">Kemna</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Responsibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi SA">Nazi SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Nazi SS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="smallcaps">be</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France"><span class="smallcaps">fr</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps"><span class="smallcaps">it</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">nl</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">sk</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-<i>Totenkopfverbände</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia <span style="font-size:85%;">(Action T4)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151198#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151198#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q151198#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4085377-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96065344">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119596132">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119596132">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dachau (koncentrační tábor)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20020911001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453751">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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class="sister-bar-header"><b>Dachau concentration camp</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Konzentrationslager_Dachau" class="extiw" title="c:Konzentrationslager Dachau">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dachau_concentration_camp&oldid=1258889069">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dachau_concentration_camp&oldid=1258889069</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Category:Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Dachau_(district)" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Dachau (district)">Buildings and structures in Dachau (district)</a></li><li><a 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