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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage,_early_work,_and_breakdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage,_early_work,_and_breakdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Marriage, early work, and breakdown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage,_early_work,_and_breakdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Later work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_involvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_involvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Political involvements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_involvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 First World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weimar_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weimar_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Weimar Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weimar_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Last years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Methodology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methodology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Methodology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Methodology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Verstehen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verstehen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Verstehen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verstehen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodological_individualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodological_individualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Methodological individualism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodological_individualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideal_type" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideal_type"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ideal type </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideal_type-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Value-freedom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Value-freedom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Value-freedom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Value-freedom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Theories </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Theories subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rationalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rationalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Rationalisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rationalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disenchantment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disenchantment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Disenchantment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disenchantment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Economic_Ethics_of_the_World_Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Economic_Ethics_of_the_World_Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 The Economic Ethics of the World Religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Economic_Ethics_of_the_World_Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Religion_of_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Religion_of_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 The Religion of China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Religion_of_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Religion_of_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Religion_of_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 The Religion of India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Religion_of_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Ancient Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theodicy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theodicy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Theodicy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theodicy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_state,_politics,_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_state,_politics,_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 The state, politics, and government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_state,_politics,_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bureaucracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bureaucracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.1 Bureaucracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bureaucracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_stratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_stratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6.2 Social stratification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_stratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_vocation_lectures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_vocation_lectures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 The vocation lectures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_vocation_lectures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 The City </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy_and_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.1 Economy and Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marginal_utility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marginal_utility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.2 Marginal utility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marginal_utility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_calculation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_calculation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9.3 Economic calculation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_calculation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inspirations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inspirations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Inspirations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inspirations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Weber_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weber_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Weber studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weber_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Max_Weber-Gesamtausgabe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Max_Weber-Gesamtausgabe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Max Weber-Gesamtausgabe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Max_Weber-Gesamtausgabe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 General and cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Online editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Max Weber</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 132 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" > 132 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5_%E1%89%AC%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AD" title="ማክስ ቬበር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማክስ ቬበር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="ماكس فيبر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماكس فيبر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maks_Veber" title="Maks Veber – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maks Veber" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="ماکس وبر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماکس وبر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="মাক্স ভেবার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাক্স ভেবার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Макс Вебер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Макс Вебер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Макс Вебер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Макс Вебер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%92%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Макс Вэбэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Макс Вэбэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Макс Вебер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Макс Вебер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Макс Вебер – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Макс Вебер" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Макс Вебер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Макс Вебер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BE_%CE%92%CE%AD%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Μαξ Βέμπερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαξ Βέμπερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Макс Вебер – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Макс Вебер" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="ماکس وبر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماکس وبر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%8B%E4%BC%AF" title="韋伯 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="韋伯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%89%EC%8A%A4_%EB%B2%A0%EB%B2%84" title="막스 베버 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="막스 베버" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD_%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մաքս Վեբեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաքս Վեբեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="मैक्स वेबर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैक्स वेबर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_Weber" title="Maximilian Weber – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Maximilian Weber" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8" title="מקס ובר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקס ובר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್ ವೆಬರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮ್ಯಾಕ್ಸ್ ವೆಬರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მაქს ვებერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაქს ვებერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Макс Вебер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Макс Вебер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Макс Вебер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Макс Вебер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilianus_Weber" title="Maximilianus Weber – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Maximilianus Weber" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makss_V%C4%93bers" title="Makss Vēbers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Makss Vēbers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber_(szociol%C3%B3gus)" title="Max Weber (szociológus) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Max Weber (szociológus)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Макс Вебер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Макс Вебер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC" title="മാക്സ് വെബർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാക്സ് വെബർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="मॅक्स वेबर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॅक्स वेबर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="მაქს ვებერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაქს ვებერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3_%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="ماكس ڤيبير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماكس ڤيبير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Макс Вебер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Макс Вебер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber_(socioloog)" title="Max Weber (socioloog) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Max Weber (socioloog)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC" title="マックス・ヴェーバー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マックス・ヴェーバー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Вебер, Макс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Вебер, Макс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AD%B1%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0" title="ମାକ୍ସ ୱେବର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାକ୍ସ ୱେବର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0" title="ਮੈਕਸ ਵੈਬਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਕਸ ਵੈਬਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="میکس ویبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میکس ویبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%88%DB%90%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="ماکس وېبر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماکس وېبر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weba" title="Max Weba – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Max Weba" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Макс Вебер – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Макс Вебер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Вебер, Макс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вебер, Макс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Макс Вебер – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Макс Вебер" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱚᱭᱮᱵᱟᱨ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱮᱠᱥ ᱚᱭᱮᱵᱟᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="මැක්ස් වෙබර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මැක්ස් වෙබර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%DA%A4%DB%8E%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ماکس ڤێبەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماکس ڤێبەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maks_Veber" title="Maks Veber – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Maks Veber" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மக்ஸ் வெபர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மக்ஸ் வெபர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maks_Weber" title="Maks Weber – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Maks Weber" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="มัคส์ เวเบอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มัคส์ เวเบอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Макс Вебер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Макс Вебер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Макс Вебер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Макс Вебер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="میکس ویبر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میکس ویبر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veber_Maks" title="Veber Maks – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Veber Maks" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E4%BC%AF" title="馬克斯·韋伯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="馬克斯·韋伯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF" title="马克斯·韦伯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马克斯·韦伯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="מאקס וועבער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאקס וועבער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Max Weber" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E4%BC%AF" title="麥斯·韋伯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="麥斯·韋伯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German sociologist, jurist, and political economist (1864–1920)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Max Weber, see <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Max Weber (disambiguation)">Max Weber (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Max Weber</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Weber,_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Max Weber in 1918, facing right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Max_Weber%2C_1918.jpg/220px-Max_Weber%2C_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Max_Weber%2C_1918.jpg/330px-Max_Weber%2C_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Max_Weber%2C_1918.jpg/440px-Max_Weber%2C_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1600" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Weber in 1918</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Maximilian Carl Emil Weber</div> (1864-04-21)21 April 1864 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Saxony" title="Province of Saxony">Province of Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 June 1920(1920-06-14) (aged 56) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_%22Objectivity%22_of_Knowledge_in_Social_Science_and_Social_Policy" title="The "Objectivity" of Knowledge in Social Science and Social Policy">The 'Objectivity' of Knowledge in Social Science and Social Policy</a>"</li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a> (1904–1905)</li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Ethics_of_the_World_Religions" title="The Economic Ethics of the World Religions">The Economic Ethics of the World Religions</a> (1915–1921)</li><li>"<a href="/wiki/Science_as_a_Vocation" title="Science as a Vocation">Science as a Vocation</a>" (1917)</li><li>"<a href="/wiki/Politics_as_a_Vocation" title="Politics as a Vocation">Politics as a Vocation</a>" (1919)</li><li><a href="/wiki/The_City_(Weber_book)" title="The City (Weber book)">The City</a> (1921)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_and_Society" title="Economy and Society">Economy and Society</a> (1922)</li><li><a href="/wiki/General_Economic_History" title="General Economic History">General Economic History</a> (1923)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Schnitger" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianne Schnitger">Marianne Schnitger</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1893)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_Max_Weber%27s_liberalism" title="Interpretations of Max Weber's liberalism">Liberalism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Royal Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Theses</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-476-05142-4_51">On the History of Commercial Partnerships in the Middle Ages, Based on Southern European Documents</a> (1889)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-476-05142-4_52">Roman Agrarian History and Its Significance for Public and Private Law</a> (1891)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisors</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levin_Goldschmidt" title="Levin Goldschmidt">Levin Goldschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Gneist" title="Rudolf von Gneist">Rudolf von Gneist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Meitzen" title="August Meitzen">August Meitzen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>History</li><li>economics</li><li>sociology</li><li>law</li><li>religion</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">Disenchantment</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ethic_of_ultimate_ends" title="Ethic of ultimate ends">Ethic of ultimate ends</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ideal_type" title="Ideal type">Ideal type</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Inner-worldly_asceticism" title="Inner-worldly asceticism">Inner-worldly asceticism</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Iron_cage" title="Iron cage">Iron cage</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Life_chances" title="Life chances">Life chances</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Methodological_individualism" title="Methodological individualism">Methodological individualism</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)" title="Rationalization (sociology)">Rationalisation</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Secularisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularisation">Secularisation</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Social_action" title="Social action">Social action</a> (<a href="/wiki/Affectional_action" title="Affectional action">Affectional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional action">Traditional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_and_value-rational_action" title="Instrumental and value-rational action">Instrumental, and Value-rational</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Three-component theory of stratification</a> (Class, Party, and <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">Status</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_classification_of_authority" title="Tripartite classification of authority">Tripartite classification of authority</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">Charismatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">Rational-legal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Value-freedom" title="Value-freedom">Value-freedom</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Verstehen" title="Verstehen">Verstehen</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Weberian_bureaucracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Weberian bureaucracy">Weberian bureaucracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Weber%27s_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Max_Weber%27s_Signature.svg/150px-Max_Weber%27s_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Max_Weber%27s_Signature.svg/225px-Max_Weber%27s_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Max_Weber%27s_Signature.svg/300px-Max_Weber%27s_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="168" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Maximilian Carl Emil Weber (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈveɪbər/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[maks ˈveːbɐ]</a>; 21 April 1864 – 14 June 1920) was a German <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a>, historian, <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economist</a> who was one of the central figures in the development of sociology and the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a> more generally. His ideas continue to influence <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">research</a>. Born in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> in 1864, Weber studied law and history in <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg</a>. After earning his doctorate in law in 1889 and <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> in 1891, he taught in Berlin, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">Freiburg</a>, and Heidelberg. He married his cousin <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Weber" title="Marianne Weber">Marianne Schnitger</a> two years later. In 1897, he had a breakdown after <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber_Sr." title="Max Weber Sr.">his father</a> died following an argument. Weber ceased teaching and travelled until the early 1900s. He recovered and wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, he initially supported Germany's war effort but became critical of it and supported democratisation. He also gave the lectures "<a href="/wiki/Science_as_a_Vocation" title="Science as a Vocation">Science as a Vocation</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Politics_as_a_Vocation" title="Politics as a Vocation">Politics as a Vocation</a>". After the war, Weber co-founded the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a>, unsuccessfully ran for office, and advised the drafting of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>. Becoming frustrated with politics, he resumed teaching in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">Vienna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Munich</a>. He died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> in 1920 at the age of 56, possibly as a result of the post-war <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> pandemic. A book, <a href="/wiki/Economy_and_Society" title="Economy and Society">Economy and Society</a>, was left unfinished. One of Weber's main intellectual concerns was in understanding the processes of <a href="/wiki/Rationalisation_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationalisation (sociology)">rationalisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularisation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">disenchantment</a>. He formulated a thesis arguing that such processes were associated with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> and modernity. Weber also argued that the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a> influenced the creation of capitalism in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. It was followed by <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Ethics_of_the_World_Religions" title="The Economic Ethics of the World Religions">The Economic Ethics of the World Religions</a>, where he examined the religions of <a href="/wiki/The_Religion_of_China" title="The Religion of China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Religion_of_India" title="The Religion of India">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Judaism_(book)" title="Ancient Judaism (book)">ancient Judaism</a>. In terms of government, Weber argued that <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">states</a> were defined by their <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">monopoly on violence</a> and categorised social authority into <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_classification_of_authority" title="Tripartite classification of authority">three distinct forms</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">traditional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">rational-legal</a>. He was also a key proponent of methodological <a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">antipositivism</a>, arguing for the study of <a href="/wiki/Social_action" title="Social action">social action</a> through <a href="/wiki/Verstehen" title="Verstehen">interpretive</a> rather than purely <a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">empiricist</a> methods. Weber made a variety of other contributions to <a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">economic sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">political sociology</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">sociology of religion</a>. After his death, the rise of Weberian scholarship was slowed by the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>'s political instability and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. In the post-war era, organised scholarship began to appear, led by <a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a>. Other American and British scholars were also involved in its development. Over the course of the twentieth century, Weber's reputation rose due to the publication of translations of his works and scholarly interpretations of his life and works. As a result of these works, he began to be regarded as a founding father of sociology, alongside <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, and one of the central figures in the development of the social sciences more generally. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education">edit</a>]</div> Maximilian Carl Emil Weber was born on 21 April 1864 in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, Province of Saxony, Kingdom of Prussia, but his family moved to Berlin in 1869.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler201422,_144–145Kim2022Radkau20095-1">[1]</a> He was the oldest of <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber_Sr." title="Max Weber Sr.">Max Weber Sr.</a> and Helene Fallenstein's eight children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaelber200338Radkau200911Kaesler2014148–149-2">[2]</a> Over the course of his life, Weber Sr. held posts as a lawyer, civil servant, and parliamentarian for the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Germany)" title="National Liberal Party (Germany)">National Liberal Party</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Prussia" title="Landtag of Prussia">Prussian Landtag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(German_Empire)" title="Reichstag (German Empire)">German Reichstag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaelber200338Radkau20095Honigsheim2017100-3">[3]</a> His involvement in public life immersed his home in both politics and academia, as his <a href="/wiki/Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salon</a> welcomed scholars and public figures such as the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Wilhelm Dilthey</a>, the jurist <a href="/wiki/Levin_Goldschmidt" title="Levin Goldschmidt">Levin Goldschmidt</a>, and the historian <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a>. The young Weber and his brother <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Alfred</a>, who also became a sociologist, passed their formative years in this intellectual atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler19882–3,_14Radkau200991–92-4">[4]</a> Meanwhile, Fallenstein was partly descended from the French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Souchay_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Souchay family (page does not exist)">Souchay family</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souchay_(Familie)" class="extiw" title="de:Souchay (Familie)">de</a>], which had obtained wealth through international commerce and the <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler201468,_129–137Radkau20099Kim2022-5">[5]</a> Over time, Weber was affected by the marital and personality tensions between his father, who enjoyed material pleasures while overlooking religious and <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropic</a> causes, and his mother, a devout <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> and philanthropist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau200954,_62Kaelber200338–39Ritzer200932-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Weber_and_brothers_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group photograph of Max Weber with his brothers Alfred and Karl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Max_Weber_and_brothers_1879.jpg/170px-Max_Weber_and_brothers_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Max_Weber_and_brothers_1879.jpg/255px-Max_Weber_and_brothers_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Max_Weber_and_brothers_1879.jpg/340px-Max_Weber_and_brothers_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Max Weber (left) and his brothers, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Alfred</a> (center) and Karl (right), in 1879</figcaption></figure> Weber entered the Doebbelinsche Privatschule in <a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg" title="Charlottenburg">Charlottenburg</a> in 1870, before attending the <a href="/wiki/Kaiserin-Augusta-Gymnasium" title="Kaiserin-Augusta-Gymnasium">Kaiserin-Augusta-Gymnasium</a> between 1872 and 1882.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014176–178Radkau2009561-7">[7]</a> While in class, bored and unimpressed with his teachers, Weber secretly read all forty volumes by the writer <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler19882McKinnon2010110–112Kent1983297–303-8">[8]</a> Goethe later exerted an important influence on his thought and methodology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon2010110–112Kent1983297–303-9">[9]</a> Before entering university, he read many other classical works, including those by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler19882–3-10">[10]</a> For Christmas in 1877, a thirteen-year-old Weber gifted his parents two historical essays, entitled "About the Course of German History, with Special Reference to the Positions of the Emperor and the Pope" and "About the Roman Imperial Period from Constantine to the Migration Period". Two years later, also during Christmastime, he wrote another historical essay, "Observations on the Ethnic Character, Development, and History of the Indo-European Nations". These three essays were non-derivative contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">philosophy of history</a> and were derived from Weber's reading of "numerous sources".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESica201724Kaesler2014180-11">[11]</a> In 1882, Weber enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a> as a law student, later studying at the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Royal Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau200931–33BendixRoth19771–2-12">[12]</a> He practiced law and worked as a lecturer simultaneously with his studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanReid2000223–225Allan2005146Honigsheim2017101-13">[13]</a> In 1886, Weber passed the <a href="/wiki/Referendary" title="Referendary">Referendar</a> examination, which was comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Bar_association" title="Bar association">bar association</a> examination in the British and U.S. legal systems. Throughout the late 1880s, he continued to study law and history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaelber200330–33-14">[14]</a> Under the tutelage of Levin Goldschmidt and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Gneist" title="Rudolf von Gneist">Rudolf von Gneist</a>, Weber earned his law doctorate in 1889 by writing a dissertation on legal history titled Development of the Principle of Joint Liability and a Separate Fund of the General Partnership out of the Household Communities and Commercial Associations in Italian Cities. It was a part of a longer work, <a href="/wiki/Zur_Geschichte_der_Handelsgesellschaften_im_Mittelalter" title="Zur Geschichte der Handelsgesellschaften im Mittelalter">On the History of Commercial Partnerships in the Middle Ages, Based on Southern European Documents</a>, which he published in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaelber200333Honigsheim2017239Radkau2009563-15">[15]</a> Two years later, Weber worked with the statistician <a href="/wiki/August_Meitzen" title="August Meitzen">August Meitzen</a> to complete his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation#Germany" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a>, a post-doctoral thesis, titled <a href="/wiki/Roman_Agrarian_History_and_Its_Significance_for_Public_and_Private_Law" title="Roman Agrarian History and Its Significance for Public and Private Law">Roman Agrarian History and Its Significance for Public and Private Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth19771–2Kaelber200341Radkau2009563-16">[16]</a> Having thus become a <a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a>, Weber joined the faculty of the Royal Friedrich Wilhelm University of Berlin, lecturing, conducting research, and consulting for the government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014307Honigsheim2017101-17">[17]</a> Weber's years as a university student were dotted with several periods of military service, the longest of which lasted between October 1883 and September 1884. During this time, he was in <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> and attended classes at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a> that his uncle, the historian <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Baumgarten" title="Hermann Baumgarten">Hermann Baumgarten</a>, taught.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaelber200330Radkau2009562–564-18">[18]</a> Weber befriended Baumgarten and he influenced <a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_Max_Weber%27s_liberalism" title="Interpretations of Max Weber's liberalism">Weber's growing liberalism</a> and criticism of <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>'s domination of German politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsenSteinberg19842–9Kaelber200336Radkau200923-19">[19]</a> He was a member of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Burschenschaft_Allemannia_Heidelberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burschenschaft Allemannia Heidelberg (page does not exist)">Burschenschaft Allemannia Heidelberg</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burschenschaft_Allemannia_Heidelberg" class="extiw" title="de:Burschenschaft Allemannia Heidelberg">de</a>], a <a href="/wiki/Studentenverbindung" title="Studentenverbindung">Studentenverbindung</a> ("student association"), and heavily drank beer and engaged in <a href="/wiki/Academic_fencing" title="Academic fencing">academic fencing</a> during his first few years in university.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau200931–33Kaesler2014191,_200–202-20">[20]</a> As a result of the latter, he obtained several <a href="/wiki/Dueling_scar" title="Dueling scar">duelling scars</a> on the left side of his face.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014191,_207Gordon202032Radkau200932–33-21">[21]</a> His mother was displeased by his behaviour and slapped him after he came home when his third semester ended in 1883. However, Weber matured, increasingly supported his mother in family arguments, and grew estranged from his father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaelber200339Ritzer200932Gordon202032-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage,_early_work,_and_breakdown">Marriage, early work, and breakdown</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage, early work, and breakdown">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_and_Marianne_Weber_1894.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Max Weber, right, and Marianne, left, in 1894" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Max_and_Marianne_Weber_1894.jpg/170px-Max_and_Marianne_Weber_1894.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Max_and_Marianne_Weber_1894.jpg/255px-Max_and_Marianne_Weber_1894.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Max_and_Marianne_Weber_1894.jpg/340px-Max_and_Marianne_Weber_1894.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption>Max Weber and his wife Marianne in 1894</figcaption></figure> From 1887 until her declining mental health caused him to break off their relationship five years later, Weber had a relationship and semi-engagement with Emmy Baumgarten, the daughter of Hermann Baumgarten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau200939–40,_562Kaelber200336–38-23">[23]</a> Afterwards, he began a relationship with his distant cousin <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Weber" title="Marianne Weber">Marianne Schnitger</a> in 1893 and married her on 20 September of that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009564Kaesler2014329–332,_362-24">[24]</a> The marriage gave Weber financial independence, allowing him to leave his parents' household.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaelber200339–40-25">[25]</a> They had no children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan2005146FrommerFrommer1993165Radkau200945-26">[26]</a> Marianne was a <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">feminist activist</a> and an author in her own right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022LengermannNiebrugge-Brantley1998193FrommerFrommer1993165-27">[27]</a> Academically, between the completion of his dissertation and habilitation, Weber took an interest in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social policy</a>. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Verein_f%C3%BCr_Socialpolitik" title="Verein für Socialpolitik">Verein für Socialpolitik</a> ("Association for Social Policy") in 1888.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoggi20065Kaesler2014270Radkau2009563-28">[28]</a> The Verein was an organisation of reformist thinkers who were generally members of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">historical school of economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016370–371-29">[29]</a> He also involved himself in politics, participating in the founding of the left-leaning <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Social_Congress" title="Evangelical Social Congress">Evangelical Social Congress</a> in 1890. It applied a <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> perspective to the political debate regarding the <a href="/wiki/Social_question" title="Social question">social question</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014346Radkau2009563-30">[30]</a> In the same year, the Verein established a research program to examine the <a href="/wiki/Ostflucht" title="Ostflucht">Ostflucht</a>, which was the western migration of ethnically German agricultural labourers from <a href="/wiki/East_Elbia" title="East Elbia">eastern Germany</a> and the corresponding influx of Polish farm workers into it. Weber was put in charge of the study and wrote a large part of the final report, which generated considerable attention and controversy, marking the beginning of his renown as a social scientist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Poggi20065Radkau200979–82-31">[31]</a> From 1893 to 1899, Weber was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Pan-German_League" title="Pan-German League">Pan-German League</a> (Alldeutscher Verband), an organisation that campaigned against the influx of Polish workers. The degree of his support for the <a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">Germanisation of Poles</a> and similar nationalist policies continues to be debated by scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsenSteinberg198454–56Hobsbawm1987152Radkau2009564–565-32">[32]</a> Weber and his wife moved to <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg</a> in 1894, where he was appointed professor of economics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth19771–2Radkau2009564Honigsheim2017239-33">[33]</a> During his tenure there, in 1895, he gave a provocative lecture titled "The Nation State and Economic Policy". In it, he criticised Polish immigration and argued that the <a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">Junkers</a> were encouraging Slavic immigration to serve their economic interests over those of the German nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAldenhoff-Hübinger2004148Craig198818MommsenSteinberg198438–39-34">[34]</a> It influenced the politician <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Naumann" title="Friedrich Naumann">Friedrich Naumann</a> to create the <a href="/wiki/National-Social_Association" title="National-Social Association">National-Social Association</a>, which was a <a href="/wiki/Christian_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian socialist">Christian socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> political organisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014429–431Radkau2009134–135MommsenSteinberg1984123–126-35">[35]</a> Weber was pessimistic regarding the association's ability to succeed, and it dissolved after winning a single seat in the Reichstag during the <a href="/wiki/1903_German_federal_election" title="1903 German federal election">1903 German federal election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014436–441Radkau2009134–135,_330MommsenSteinberg1984126–130-36">[36]</a> In 1896, he accepted an appointment to a chair in economics and finance at <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009564BendixRoth19771–2Kaesler2014455-37">[37]</a> There, Weber and his wife became the central figures in the eponymous Weber Circle, which included <a href="/wiki/Georg_Jellinek" title="Georg Jellinek">Georg Jellinek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Troeltsch" title="Ernst Troeltsch">Ernst Troeltsch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Werner Sombart</a>. Younger scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Robert Michels</a>, also joined it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Honigsheim2017ix–x-38">[38]</a> In 1897, Weber had a severe quarrel with his father. Weber Sr. died two months later, leaving the argument unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau200965–66Kim2022Weber19997-39">[39]</a> Afterwards, Weber became increasingly prone to depression, nervousness, and <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, which made it difficult for him to fulfill his duties as a professor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau200965–69BendixRoth19771–2FrommerFrommer1993163–164-40">[40]</a> His condition forced him seek an exemption from his teaching obligations, which he was granted in 1899. He spent time in the Heilanstalt für Nervenkranke Konstanzer Hof in 1898 and in a different <a href="/wiki/Sanatorium" title="Sanatorium">sanatorium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Urach" title="Bad Urach">Bad Urach</a> in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014472,_476–477Radkau2009143-41">[41]</a> Weber also travelled to <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a> between 1899 and 1903 in order to alleviate his illness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009143Kaesler2014485BendixRoth19772–3-42">[42]</a> He fully withdrew from teaching in 1903 and did not return to it until 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009143-43">[43]</a> Weber thoroughly described his ordeal with mental illness in a personal <a href="/wiki/Chronology" title="Chronology">chronology</a> that his widow later destroyed. Its destruction was possibly caused by Marianne's fear that his work would have been discredited by the Nazis if his experience with mental illness were widely known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1964641–642Radkau2009170–171-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_work">Later work</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later work">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Weber_1907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Max Weber in 1907, holding a hookah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Max_Weber_1907.jpg/170px-Max_Weber_1907.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Max_Weber_1907.jpg/255px-Max_Weber_1907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Max_Weber_1907.jpg/340px-Max_Weber_1907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="1410" /></a><figcaption>Max Weber in 1907</figcaption></figure> After recovering from his illness, Weber accepted a position as an associate editor of the <a href="/wiki/Archiv_f%C3%BCr_Sozialwissenschaft_und_Sozialpolitik" title="Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik">Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik</a> (Archive for Social Science and Social Policy) in 1904, alongside his colleagues <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jaff%C3%A9" title="Edgar Jaffé">Edgar Jaffé</a> and Werner Sombart. It facilitated his reintroduction to academia and became one of the most prominent social science journals as a result of his efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Roth1976306–318Scott201921,_41-45">[45]</a> Weber published some of his most seminal works in this journal, including his book <a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a>, which became his most famous work and laid the foundations for his later research on the impact of religion on the development of economic systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197749–50Weber19998-46">[46]</a> Also in 1904, he was invited to participate in the Congress of Arts and Sciences that was held in connection with the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase_Exposition" title="Louisiana Purchase Exposition">Louisiana Purchase Exposition</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> alongside his wife, Werner Sombart, Ernst Troeltsch, and other German scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth200582–83Scaff201111–24Smith201996-47">[47]</a> Taking advantage of the fair, the Webers embarked on a trip that began and ended in New York City and lasted for almost three months. They travelled throughout the country, from <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a>. Different communities were visited, including German immigrant towns and African American communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScaff201111–24Radkau2009296–299Honigsheim201724–25-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> was also visited, as some of Weber's relatives in the Fallenstein family had settled there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScaff2011117–119Smith201996–97Honigsheim201724–25-49">[49]</a> Weber used the trip to learn more about America's social, economic, and theological conditions and how they related to his thesis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScaff201112–14Roth200582–83Smith201997–100-50">[50]</a> Afterwards, he felt that he was unable to resume regular teaching and remained a private scholar, helped by an inheritance in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth19773Radkau2009279–280,_566-51">[51]</a> Shortly after returning, Weber's attention shifted to the then-recent <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009233Weber19973–4Turner2001b16401-52">[52]</a> He learned the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> in a few months, subscribed to Russian newspapers, and discussed Russian political and social affairs with the Russian émigré community in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009233–234-53">[53]</a> He was personally popular in that community and twice entertained the idea of a trip to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. His schedule prevented it, however.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009233–235-54">[54]</a> While he was sceptical of the revolution's ability to succeed, Weber supported the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsen19971–2Weber19972-55">[55]</a> He wrote two essays on it that were published in the Archiv.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009234–236Weber19971–2-56">[56]</a> Weber interpreted the revolution as having been the result of the peasants' desire for land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009235–236Mommsen19976–7-57">[57]</a> He discussed the role of the <a href="/wiki/Obshchina" title="Obshchina">obshchina</a>, rural peasant communities, in Russian political debates. According to Weber, they were difficult for liberal agrarian reformers to abolish due to a combination of their basis in <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> and the rising <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulak</a> class manipulating them for their own gain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009237–239-58">[58]</a> His general interpretation of the Russian Revolution was that it lacked a clear leader and was not based on the Russian intellectuals' goals. Instead, it was the result of the peasants' emotional passions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009239–241-59">[59]</a> In 1909, having become increasingly dissatisfied with the political conservatism and perceived lack of methodological discipline of the Verein, he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/German_Sociological_Association" title="German Sociological Association">German Sociological Association</a> (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie) and served as its first treasurer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Radkau2009277Kaesler2014653,_654–655-60">[60]</a> Weber associated the society with the Verein and viewed the two organisations as not having been competitors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014653–654-61">[61]</a> He unsuccessfully tried to steer the direction of the association.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016Kaesler2014654-62">[62]</a> As part of that, Weber tried to make the Archiv its official journal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201685-63">[63]</a> He resigned from his position as treasurer in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Radkau2009277Kaesler2014652–655-64">[64]</a> That was caused by his support for <a href="/wiki/Value-freedom" title="Value-freedom">value-freedom</a> in the social sciences, as that was a controversial position in the association.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014654–655Turner2001b16401–16402-65">[65]</a> Weber – alongside Simmel, Sombart, and Tönnies – placed an abbreviated form of it into the association's statutes, prompting criticism from its other members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014654–655-66">[66]</a> In the same year, Weber and his wife befriended a former student of his, <a href="/wiki/Else_von_Richthofen" title="Else von Richthofen">Else von Richthofen</a>, and the pianist <a href="/wiki/Mina_Tobler" class="mw-redirect" title="Mina Tobler">Mina Tobler</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Tobler" class="extiw" title="de:Mina Tobler">de</a>]. After a failed attempt to court Richthofen, Weber began an affair with Tobler in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009343–344,_360Lepsius200411–14-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_involvements">Political involvements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Political involvements">edit</a>]</div> Later, during the spring of 1913, Weber holidayed in the <a href="/wiki/Monte_Verit%C3%A0" title="Monte Verità">Monte Verità</a> community in <a href="/wiki/Ascona" title="Ascona">Ascona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhimster20168Radkau2009358,_280LöwyVarikas202294-68">[68]</a> While holidaying, he was advising Frieda Gross in her custody battle for her children. He opposed <a href="/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam" title="Erich Mühsam">Erich Mühsam</a>'s involvement because Mühsam was an <a href="/wiki/Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a>. Weber argued that the case needed to be dealt with by bourgeois reformers who were not "derailed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhimster201618–20Radkau2009383–385LöwyVarikas2022100-69">[69]</a> A year later, also in spring, he again holidayed in Ascona.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhimster20168Radkau2009358,_280–283LöwyVarikas202294-70">[70]</a> The community contained several different expressions of the then-contemporaneous radical political and lifestyle reform movements. They included <a href="/wiki/Naturism" title="Naturism">naturism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a>, among others. Weber was critical of the anarchist and erotic movements in Ascona, as he viewed their fusion as having been politically absurd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhimster20168–9Radkau2009358,_280–283LöwyVarikas2022100-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_World_War">First World War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First World War">edit</a>]</div> After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1914, Weber volunteered for service and was appointed as a <a href="/wiki/Military_reserve_force" title="Military reserve force">reserve officer</a> in charge of organising the army hospitals in Heidelberg, a role he fulfilled until the end of 1915.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth19773Kaesler198818Radkau2009454–456-72">[72]</a> His views on the war and the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> changed over the course of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsenSteinberg1984196–198Kaesler198818–19WeberTurner201422–23-73">[73]</a> Early on, he supported the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">German war effort</a>, with some hesitation, viewing the war as having been necessary to fulfill Germany's duty as a leading state power. In time, however, Weber became one of the most prominent critics of both <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum#First_World_War_nationalist_premise" title="Lebensraum">German expansionism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II#World_War_I" title="Wilhelm II">Kaiser's war policies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Bruhns201837–44Craig198819–20-74">[74]</a> He publicly criticised <a href="/wiki/Septemberprogramm" title="Septemberprogramm">Germany's potential annexation of Belgium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">unrestricted submarine warfare</a>, later supporting calls for constitutional reform, democratisation, and <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Bruhns201840,_43–44Craig198820-75">[75]</a> His younger brother Karl, an architect, was killed near <a href="/wiki/Brest-Litovsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest-Litovsk">Brest-Litovsk</a> in 1915 while fighting in the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009527–528Kaesler2014740–741-76">[76]</a> Weber had previously viewed him negatively but his death made him feel more connected to him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009527–528-77">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_Weber_in_Lauenstein,_1917.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Max Weber, facing right, lecturing with Ernst Toller in the center of the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Max_Weber_in_Lauenstein%2C_1917.png/220px-Max_Weber_in_Lauenstein%2C_1917.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Max_Weber_in_Lauenstein%2C_1917.png/330px-Max_Weber_in_Lauenstein%2C_1917.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Max_Weber_in_Lauenstein%2C_1917.png/440px-Max_Weber_in_Lauenstein%2C_1917.png 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="743" /></a><figcaption>Max Weber (facing right) with Ernst Toller (facing camera) during the Lauenstein Conferences in 1917</figcaption></figure> He and his wife also participated in the 1917 Lauenstein Conferences that were held at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lauenstein_Castle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lauenstein Castle (page does not exist)">Lauenstein Castle</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burg_Lauenstein_(Frankenwald)" class="extiw" title="de:Burg Lauenstein (Frankenwald)">de</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009483–487Levy201687–89Kaesler2014747–748-78">[78]</a> These conferences were planned by the publisher <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Diederichs" title="Eugen Diederichs">Eugen Diederichs</a> and brought together intellectuals, including <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a>, and Werner Sombart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009483–486Levy201687–90Kaesler2014747–748-79">[79]</a> Weber's presence elevated his profile in Germany and served to dispel some of the event's <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic</a> atmosphere. After he spoke at the first one, he became involved in the planning for the second one, as Diederichs thought that the conferences needed someone who could serve as an oppositional figure. In this capacity, he argued against the political romanticism that <a href="/wiki/Max_Maurenbrecher" title="Max Maurenbrecher">Max Maurenbrecher</a>, a former theologian, espoused. Weber also opposed what he saw as the excessive rhetoric of the youth groups and nationalists at Lauenstein, instead supporting German democratisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009486–487Levy201690–91Kaesler2014747–748-80">[80]</a> For Weber and the younger participants, the conferences' romantic intent was irrelevant to the determination of Germany's future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009485–487Levy201689–91Kaesler2014749–751-81">[81]</a> In November, shortly after the second conference, Weber was invited by the Free Student Youth, a student organisation, to give a lecture in Munich, resulting in "<a href="/wiki/Science_as_a_Vocation" title="Science as a Vocation">Science as a Vocation</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009487–491Weber2004xixGane200253-82">[82]</a> In it, he argued that an inner calling and specialisation were necessary for one to become a scholar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009487–491Weber2004xxv–xxixTribe2018130–133-83">[83]</a> Weber also began a <a href="/wiki/Sadomasochistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadomasochistic">sadomasochistic</a> affair with Else von Richthofen the next year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemm201764,_82–83Radkau2009521–522-84">[84]</a> Meanwhile, she was simultaneously conducting an affair with his brother, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Alfred</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemm201783–84-85">[85]</a> Max Weber's affairs with Richtofen and Mina Tobler lasted until his death in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemm201764,_82–85Lepsius200421-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weimar_Republic">Weimar Republic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Weimar Republic">edit</a>]</div> After the war ended, Weber unsuccessfully ran for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_National_Assembly" title="Weimar National Assembly">Weimar National Assembly</a> in January 1919 as a member of the liberal <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a>, which he had co-founded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsenSteinberg1984303–308Radkau2009513–514Kim2022-87">[87]</a> He also advised the National Assembly in its drafting of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014866–870BendixRoth19773Radkau2009511–512-88">[88]</a> While he was campaigning for his party, Weber critiqued the left and complained about <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> who led the leftist <a href="/wiki/Spartacus_League" title="Spartacus League">Spartacus League</a>. He regarded the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a> as having been responsible for Germany's inability to fight against <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a>'s claims on its eastern territories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009505–508-89">[89]</a> His opposition to the revolution may have prevented <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">president of Germany</a> and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a>, from appointing him as a minister or ambassador.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsenSteinberg1984301–302Kaesler198822-90">[90]</a> Weber was also critical of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, which he believed unjustly <a href="/wiki/Article_231_of_the_Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles">assigned war guilt to Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014882Radkau2009500–504-91">[91]</a> Instead, he believed that many countries were guilty of starting it, not just Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatersWaters2015a22Radkau2009500–503-92">[92]</a> In making this case, Weber argued that Russia was the only <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a> that actually desired the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatersWaters2015a20Mommsen199716-93">[93]</a> He also regarded Germany as not having been culpable for <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">its invasion of Belgium</a>, viewing Belgian neutrality as having obscured an alliance with <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatersWaters2015a20,_22-94">[94]</a> Overall, Weber's political efforts were largely unsuccessful, with the exception of his support for a democratically elected and strong presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Kaesler2014868–869Honigsheim2017246-95">[95]</a> On 28 January 1919, after his electoral defeat, Weber delivered a lecture titled "<a href="/wiki/Politics_as_a_Vocation" title="Politics as a Vocation">Politics as a Vocation</a>", which commented on the subject of politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2004xxxiv–xxxvRadkau2009514–515SwedbergAgevall2016259–260-96">[96]</a> It was prompted by the early <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>'s political turmoil and was requested by the Free Student Youth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009514–518Weber2004xxxiv–xxxviiiGane200264–65-97">[97]</a> Shortly before he left to join the delegation in Versailles on 13 May 1919, Weber used his connections with the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a>'s deputies to meet with <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a>. He spent several hours unsuccessfully trying to convince Ludendorff to surrender himself to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009542–543Kaesler2014883-98">[98]</a> This debate also shifted to other subjects, such as who was culpable for Germany's defeat in the war. Weber thought that the <a href="/wiki/Oberste_Heeresleitung" title="Oberste Heeresleitung">German high command</a> had failed, while Ludendorff regarded Weber as a democrat who was partially responsible for the revolution. Weber tried to disabuse him of that notion by expressing support for a democratic system with a strong executive. Since he held Ludendorff responsible for Germany's defeat in the war and having sent many young Germans to die on the battlefield, Weber thought that he should surrender himself and become a political martyr. However, Ludendorff was not willing to do so and instead wanted to live off of his pension.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009543Kaesler2014884–887-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_years">Last years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Last years">edit</a>]</div> Frustrated with politics, Weber resumed teaching, first at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> in 1918, then at the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a> in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022BendixRoth19773Radkau2009514,_570-100">[100]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Weber filled a previously vacant chair in political economy that he had been in consideration for since October 1917.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009491–492Kaesler2014761–764-101">[101]</a> Later, in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, he was appointed to <a href="/wiki/Lujo_Brentano" title="Lujo Brentano">Lujo Brentano</a>'s chair in social science, economic history, and political economy. He accepted the appointment in order to be closer to his mistress, Else von Richthofen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009529,_570Kaesler2014839–841-102">[102]</a> Responding to student requests, he gave a series of lectures on economic history. The student transcriptions of it were later edited and published as the <a href="/wiki/General_Economic_History" title="General Economic History">General Economic History</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegmund_Hellmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siegmund Hellmann (page does not exist)">Siegmund Hellmann</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegmund_Hellmann" class="extiw" title="de:Siegmund Hellmann">de</a>] and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melchior_Palyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melchior Palyi (page does not exist)">Melchior Palyi</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchior_Palyi" class="extiw" title="de:Melchior Palyi">de</a>] in 1923.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeberCohen2017lxxiii–lxxvii,_lxxxiiKaesler2014904–906Kim2022-103">[103]</a> In terms of politics, he opposed the pardoning of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers-president_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ministers-president of Bavaria">Bavarian Minister-President</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eisner" title="Kurt Eisner">Kurt Eisner</a>'s murderer, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Graf_von_Arco_auf_Valley" title="Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley">Anton Graf von Arco auf Valley</a>. In response to that, right-wing students disrupted his classes and protested in front of his home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsenSteinberg1984327–328Radkau2009509–510Kaesler2014893–895-104">[104]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Max_weber.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of Max Weber's grave" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Max_weber.JPG/220px-Max_weber.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Max_weber.JPG/330px-Max_weber.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Max_weber.JPG/440px-Max_weber.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Max Weber's grave in Heidelberg</figcaption></figure> In early 1920, Weber gave a seminar that contained a discussion of <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014906–907SpenglerHughes1991xv–xvi-105">[105]</a> Weber respected him and privately described him as having been "a very brilliant and scholarly dilettante".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014906–907Farrenkopf19921SpenglerHughes1991xv–xvi-106">[106]</a> That seminar provoked some of his students, who knew Spengler personally, to suggest that he debate Spengler alongside other scholars. They met in the <a href="/wiki/New_Town_Hall_(Munich)" title="New Town Hall (Munich)">Munich town hall</a> and debated for two days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014906–907SpenglerHughes1991xv–xviWeber1964554–555-107">[107]</a> The audience was primarily young Germans with different political perspectives, including <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a>. While neither of them were able to convince the other of their points, Weber was more cautious and careful in his arguments against Spengler than the other debaters were. Afterwards, the students did not feel that the question of how to resolve Germany's post-war issues had been answered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014906–907Farrenkopf19921SpenglerHughes1991xv–xvi-106">[106]</a> Lili Schäfer, one of Weber's sisters, committed suicide on 7 April 1920 after the pedagogue <a href="/wiki/Paul_Geheeb" title="Paul Geheeb">Paul Geheeb</a> ended his affair with her. Weber thought positively of it, as he thought that her suicide was justified and that suicide in general could be an honourable act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014921–922Radkau2009539,_541–542-108">[108]</a> Weber and his wife took in Lili's four children and planned to raise them. He was uncomfortable with his newfound role as a father figure, but he thought that Marianne was fulfilled as a woman by this event. She later formally adopted them in 1928. Weber wished for her to stay with the children in Heidelberg or move closer to Geheeb's <a href="/wiki/Odenwaldschule" title="Odenwaldschule">Odenwaldschule</a> ("Odenwald School") so that he could be alone in Munich with his mistress, <a href="/wiki/Else_von_Richthofen" title="Else von Richthofen">Else von Richthofen</a>. He left the decision to Marianne, but she said that only he could make the decision to leave for himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009542,_547–548Kaesler2014921–923-109">[109]</a> While this was occurring, Weber began to believe that own life had reached its end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009544Kaesler2014923-110">[110]</a> On 4 June 1920, Weber's students were informed that he had a cold and needed to cancel classes. By 14 June 1920, the cold had turned into <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> and he died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> in Munich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009545–446Hanke2009349–350Honigsheim2017239-111">[111]</a> He had likely contracted the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a> during the post-war pandemic and been subjected to insufficient medical care. Else von Richthofen, who was present by his deathbed alongside his wife, thought that he could have survived his illness if he had been given better treatment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Radkau2009545–546Hanke2009349–350-112">[112]</a> His body was cremated in the Munich <a href="/wiki/Ostfriedhof_(Munich)" title="Ostfriedhof (Munich)">Ostfriedhof</a> after a secular ceremony, and the urn that contained his ashes was later buried in the Heidelberg <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bergfriedhof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergfriedhof (page does not exist)">Bergfriedhof</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergfriedhof_(Heidelberg)" class="extiw" title="de:Bergfriedhof (Heidelberg)">de</a>] in 1921. The funeral service was attended by his students, including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eduard_Baumgarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eduard Baumgarten (page does not exist)">Eduard Baumgarten</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Baumgarten" class="extiw" title="de:Eduard Baumgarten">de</a>] and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Loewenstein" title="Karl Loewenstein">Karl Loewenstein</a>, and fellow scholars, such as Lujo Brentano.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler201416–19Radkau2009549–550Hanke2009349–350-113">[113]</a> At the time of his death, Weber had not finished writing <a href="/wiki/Economy_and_Society" title="Economy and Society">Economy and Society</a>, his magnum opus on sociological theory. His widow, Marianne, helped prepare it for its publication in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2016250–253Whimster202382Hanke2009349–350-114">[114]</a> She later published a biography of her late husband in 1926 which became one of the central historical accounts of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanke2009355–357Radkau2009178Kaesler201440-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methodology">Methodology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Methodology">edit</a>]</div> Weber's sociology treated <a href="/wiki/Social_action" title="Social action">social action</a> as its central focus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016313Albrow1990137Rhoads2021132-116">[116]</a> He also interpreted it as having been an important part of the field's scientific nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016313-117">[117]</a> He divided social action into the four categories of <a href="/wiki/Affectional_action" title="Affectional action">affectional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional action">traditional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_and_value-rational_action" title="Instrumental and value-rational action">instrumental, and value-rational action</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016313–315-118">[118]</a> In his methodology, he distinguished himself from <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> in that his primary focus was on individuals and culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESibeon201237–38-119">[119]</a> Whereas Durkheim focused on society, Weber concentrated on the <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individual</a> and their actions. Meanwhile, compared to Marx's support for the primacy of the material world over the world of ideas, Weber valued ideas as motivating individuals' actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESibeon201237–38Allan2005144–148-120">[120]</a> He had a different perspective from the two of them regarding <a href="/wiki/Structure_and_agency" title="Structure and agency">structure and action</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macrostructure_(sociology)" title="Macrostructure (sociology)">macrostructure</a> in that he was open to the idea that social phenomena could have several different causes and placed importance on <a href="/wiki/Social_actor" class="mw-redirect" title="Social actor">social actors</a>' interpretations of their actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESibeon201237–38-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verstehen">Verstehen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Verstehen">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Verstehen" title="Verstehen">Verstehen</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The result of what has been said so far is that an "objective" treatment of cultural occurrences, in the sense that the ideal aim of scientific work would be to reduce the empirical [reality] to "laws", is absurd. Not because – as it has often been claimed – the course of cultural processes or, say, processes in the human mind would, "objectively" speaking, be less law-like, but for the following two reasons: (1) knowledge of social laws does not constitute knowledge of social reality, but is only one of the various tools that our intellect needs for that [latter] purpose; (2) knowledge of cultural occurrences is only conceivable if it takes as its point of departure the significance that the reality of life, with its always individual character, has for us in certain particular respects. No law can reveal to us in what sense and in what respects this will be the case, as that is determined by those value ideas in the light of which we look at "culture" in each individual case. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Max Weber in "The 'Objectivity' of Knowledge in Social Science and Social Policy", 1904.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2012119,_138-121">[121]</a></cite> </div> In terms of methodology, Weber was primarily concerned with the question of <a href="/wiki/Objectivity_and_subjectivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity and subjectivity">objectivity and subjectivity</a>, distinguishing social action from <a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">social behavior</a> and noting that social action must be understood through the subjective relationships between individuals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Ritzer200931Weber20117–32-122">[122]</a> According to him, the study of social action through interpretive means or verstehen ("to understand") needed to be based upon understanding the <a href="/wiki/Meaning-making" title="Meaning-making">subjective meaning</a> and purpose that individuals attached to their actions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Heath2024SwedbergAgevall2016356–357-123">[123]</a> Determining an individual's interpretation of their actions required either empathically or rationally derived evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022SwedbergAgevall2016356–357Rhoads2021132–133-124">[124]</a> Weber noted that the importance of subjectivity in the social sciences made the creation of fool-proof, universal laws much more difficult than in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a> and that the amount of objective knowledge that social sciences were able to create was limited. Overall, he supported objective science as a goal worth striving for but noted that it was ultimately an unreachable goal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022SwedbergAgevall2016228–230-125">[125]</a> Weber's methodology was developed in the context of wider debates about social scientific methodology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler1988187Beiser2011551–552-126">[126]</a> The first of which was the <a href="/wiki/Methodenstreit" title="Methodenstreit">Methodenstreit</a> ("method dispute").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022SwedbergAgevall201615–16Beiser2011525–528-127">[127]</a> His position in it was close to <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">historicism</a>, as he thought that social actions were heavily tied to particular historical contexts. Furthermore, analysing social actions required an understanding of the relevant individuals' subjective motivations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2011527–529,_546-128">[128]</a> Therefore, his methodology emphasised the use of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_history" title="Comparative history">comparative historical analysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan2005153-129">[129]</a> As such, he was more interested in explaining how a certain outcome was the result of various historical processes than in predicting those processes' outcome in the future.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan2005148-130">[130]</a> The second debate that shaped Weber's perspective on methodology was the <a href="/wiki/Werturteilsstreit" title="Werturteilsstreit">Werturteilsstreit</a> ("value-judgement dispute").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler1988184–187SwedbergAgevall2016365Beiser2011551–552-131">[131]</a> This debate was held between 1909 and 1914 on the subject of <a href="/wiki/Value-judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Value-judgement">value-judgements</a> in the social sciences. It originated with a debate in the Verein für Socialpolitik between the supporters of the idea that ethics was an important consideration in the field of economics and those who opposed it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler1988185–189SwedbergAgevall2016365Beiser2011551–552-132">[132]</a> Weber's position was that the social sciences should strive to be <a href="/wiki/Value-free" class="mw-redirect" title="Value-free">value-free</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler1988184–187SwedbergAgevall2016364–365Aldenhoff-Hübinger2004144-133">[133]</a> In his view, scholars and students needed to avoid promoting political values in the classroom. Science had no part in the choosing of values. With regards to economics, he argued that productivity was not a useful scientific concept, as it could impede the proper evaluation of economic phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler1988184–187SwedbergAgevall2016364–365Beiser2011551–553-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodological_individualism">Methodological individualism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Methodological individualism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Methodological_individualism" title="Methodological individualism">Methodological individualism</a></div> The principle of methodological individualism, which holds that social scientists should seek to understand collectivities solely as the result of individual people's actions, can be traced to Weber.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath2024Ritzer200931SwedbergAgevall2016211–212-135">[135]</a> The term "methodological individualism" was coined in 1908 by the Austrian-American economist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a> as a way of referring to Weber's views on how to explain social phenomena.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath2024-136">[136]</a> While his research interests placed a strong emphasis on interpreting <a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic history</a>, Weber's support of methodological individualism represented a break with the historical school and an agreement with the Austrian school's founder, Carl Menger, in the Methodenstreit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclachlan20171163–1164Callison2022276-137">[137]</a> In the first chapter of <a href="/wiki/Economy_and_Society" title="Economy and Society">Economy and Society</a>, he argued that only individuals "can be treated as agents in a course of subjectively understandable action".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath2024Ritzer200931SwedbergAgevall2016211–212-135">[135]</a> Despite the term's usage of "individualism", Weber did not interpret the individual as being the true source for sociological explanations. Instead, while only individuals could engage in intentional action, they were not necessarily separate from the collective group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016211–212Heath2024-138">[138]</a> He interpreted methodological individualism as having had close proximity to verstehende ("interpretive") sociology, as actions could be interpreted subjectively. Similarly, it was also related to ideal types in that it involved discussions of abstract and rational models of human behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath2024SwedbergAgevall2016211-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ideal_type">Ideal type</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ideal type">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ideal_type" title="Ideal type">Ideal type</a></div> The ideal type was a central concept in Weber's methodology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Kim2022Kaesler1988180-140">[140]</a> He interpreted them as having been indispensable for it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Albrow1990151-141">[141]</a> Due their taking of meaning into account, they are unique to the social sciences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Albrow1990153-142">[142]</a> The term "ideal type" was derived from <a href="/wiki/Georg_Jellinek" title="Georg Jellinek">Georg Jellinek</a>'s use of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016157Albrow1990151-143">[143]</a> Weber outlined it in "<a href="/wiki/The_%22Objectivity%22_of_Knowledge_in_Social_Science_and_Social_Policy" title="The "Objectivity" of Knowledge in Social Science and Social Policy">The 'Objectivity' of Knowledge in Social Science and Social Policy</a>" and the first chapter of Economy and Society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016157Kaesler1988180–183-144">[144]</a> The ideal types' three functions are the formulation of terminology, classifications, and hypotheses. The latter task was of the greatest importance of the three.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156-145">[145]</a> In terms of their construction, an ideal type is a schematic that represents a social action and considers the role of meaning in it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Kim2022-146">[146]</a> By its nature, it was an exaggeration of an empirical situation through its assumption that the involved individuals were rational, had complete situational knowledge, were completely aware of the situation, were completely aware of their actions, and made no errors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156-145">[145]</a> This was then contrasted with empirical reality, allowing the researcher to better understand it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Kim2022Albrow1990157-147">[147]</a> However, ideal types are not direct representations of reality and Weber warned against interpreting them as such.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Kaesler1988182Albrow1990152-148">[148]</a> He placed no limits on what could be analysed through the use of ideal types. Since, for him, rational methodology and science were synonymous with one another, ideal types were constructed rationally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrow1990154-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Value-freedom">Value-freedom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Value-freedom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Value-freedom" title="Value-freedom">Value-freedom</a></div> Weber believed that social scientists needed to avoid making value-judgements. Instead, he wanted social scientific research to be value-free.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016364Albrow1990234-150">[150]</a> This would give them objectivity, but it needed to be combined with an acknowledgement that their research connected with values in different ways.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016364Kaesler1988192–193Albrow1990243–244-151">[151]</a> As part of his support for value-freedom, Weber opposed both instructors and students promoting their political views in the classroom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016364Kaesler1988192–193-152">[152]</a> He first articulated it in his writings on scientific philosophy, including "The 'Objectivity' of Knowledge in Social Science and Social Policy" and "Science as a Vocation".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016364Kaesler1988184–185-153">[153]</a> Weber was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rickert" title="Heinrich Rickert">Heinrich Rickert</a>'s concept of value-relevance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrow1990232Kim2022SwedbergAgevall2016367-154">[154]</a> Rickert used it to relate historical objects to values while maintaining objectivity through explicitly defined conceptual distinctions. However, Weber disagreed with the idea that a scholar could maintain objectivity while ascribing to a hierarchy of values in the way that Rickert did, however.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrow1990232Kim2022-155">[155]</a> His argument regarding value-freedom was connected to his involvement in the Werturteilsstreit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler1988185–189SwedbergAgevall2016365Beiser2011551–552-132">[132]</a> As part of it, he argued in favour of the idea that the social sciences needed to be value-free.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016365Kaesler1988184–187Aldenhoff-Hübinger2004144-156">[156]</a> During it, he unsuccessfully tried to turn the <a href="/wiki/German_Sociological_Association" title="German Sociological Association">German Sociological Association</a> into a value-free organisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016365Kaesler2014654–655Kaesler1988188–189-157">[157]</a> Ultimately, that prompted his resignation from it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014654–655Turner2001b16401–16402-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Theories">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rationalisation">Rationalisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Rationalisation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rationalisation_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationalisation (sociology)">Rationalisation (sociology)</a></div> Rationalisation was a central theme in Weber's scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Ritzer200930Allan2005151-158">[158]</a> This theme was situated in the larger context of the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> motivations, cultural values, cultural beliefs, and the structure of the society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan2005148-130">[130]</a> Weber understood rationalisation as having resulted in increasing knowledge, growing impersonality, and the enhanced control of social and material life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Gane200224–26Allan2005151-159">[159]</a> He was ambivalent towards rationalisation. Weber admitted that it was responsible for many advances, particularly freeing humans from traditional, restrictive, and illogical social guidelines. However, he also criticised it for dehumanising individuals as "cogs in the machine" and curtailing their freedom, trapping them in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_cage" title="Iron cage">iron cage</a> of rationality and bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Ritzer200938–42Allan2005177-160">[160]</a> His studies of the subject began with <a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009191–192-161">[161]</a> In it, he argued that <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>'s – particularly <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>'s – redefinition of the connection between work and piety caused a shift towards rational efforts that were aimed at achieving economic gain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197757–61Allan2005162-162">[162]</a> In Protestantism, <a href="/wiki/Piety" title="Piety">piety</a> towards God was expressed through one's secular vocation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan2005162-163">[163]</a> The religious principles that influenced the creation of capitalism became unnecessary and it became able to propagate itself without them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009186–190Weber2013124Baehr2001153–154-164">[164]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> What Weber depicted was not only the secularisation of Western culture, but also and especially the development of modern societies from the viewpoint of rationalisation. The new structures of society were marked by the differentiation of the two functionally intermeshing systems that had taken shape around the organisational cores of the capitalist enterprise and the bureaucratic state apparatus. Weber understood this process as the institutionalisation of purposive-rational economic and administrative action. To the degree that everyday life was affected by this cultural and societal rationalisation, traditional forms of life – which in the early modern period were differentiated primarily according to one's trade – were dissolved. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> in The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity: Twelve Lectures, 1990.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabermas19901–2-165">[165]</a></cite> </div> Weber continued his investigation into this matter in later works, notably in his studies on <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a> and on the classification of legitimate <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> into three ideal types – <a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">rational-legal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">traditional</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic</a> – of which rational-legal was the dominant one in the modern world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Weber2004l–liGane200223–26-166">[166]</a> In these works, Weber described what he saw as society's movement towards rationalisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Macionis201288-167">[167]</a> Bureaucratic states justified themselves through their own rationality and were supported by expert knowledge which made them rational.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGane200223–26-168">[168]</a> Rationalisation could also be seen in the economy, with the development of a highly rational and calculating capitalism. Capitalism's rationality related to its basis in calculation, which separated it from alternative forms of economic organisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Radkau2009187–189-169">[169]</a> State bureaucracy and capitalism served as the twin pillars of the developing rational society. These changes eliminated the preexisting traditions that relied on the trades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabermas19901–2-165">[165]</a> Weber also saw rationalisation as one of the main factors that set the West apart from the rest of the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Habermas19901–2-170">[170]</a> He also applied rationalisation to music in his The Rational and Social Foundations of Music.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoehmer2001277–278Kaesler201470Radkau2009367–368-171">[171]</a> In writing it, he was influenced by his affair with the pianist <a href="/wiki/Mina_Tobler" class="mw-redirect" title="Mina Tobler">Mina Tobler</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Tobler" class="extiw" title="de:Mina Tobler">de</a>] and a sense that <a href="/wiki/Western_culture#Music" title="Western culture">Western music</a> was the only type that had become harmonic, while other cultures' music was more intense and focused on hearing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009367–368Kaesler2014702–703-172">[172]</a> Weber argued that music was becoming increasingly rational. In his view, that resulted from new developments in musical instrument construction and simultaneous socio-economic shifts of the different instruments' players.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014703–704Boehmer2001277–278-173">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disenchantment">Disenchantment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Disenchantment">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">Disenchantment</a></div> The process of disenchantment caused the world to become more explained and less mystical, moving from <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a> religions to <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> ones and finally to the Godless science of <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Gane200216–23-174">[174]</a> Older explanations of why events occurred relied on the belief in supernatural interference in the material world. Due to disenchantment, this gave way to rational and scientific explanations for events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201686–87Gane200216–17-175">[175]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Religion_(book)" title="Sociology of Religion (book)">Sociology of Religion</a> religious activity began with actions in the material world that people associated with vague spirits and gave magical meanings to. Over time, these magical beliefs became increasingly systemised and the spirits became gods that were represented by symbols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGane200216–17Allan2005154–156-176">[176]</a> This increasing theological systemisation resulted in polytheism and <a href="/wiki/Organised_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised religion">organised religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGane200216–17Allan2005157–158-177">[177]</a> Increasing rationality caused the development of Western monotheism, which resulted in groups focusing on specific gods for political and economic purposes, creating a universal religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGane200216–17Allan2005151–152-178">[178]</a> According to Weber, Protestantism encouraged an increased pursuit of rationality that led to the devaluing of itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGane200217–23Allan2005151–152Kim2022-179">[179]</a> In turn, this devaluation led to <a href="/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism">nihilism</a> through its destruction of unifying values.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGane200221–23Kim2022Allan2005151–152-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The development of the concept of the calling quickly gave to the modern entrepreneur a fabulously clear conscience – and also industrious workers; he gave to his employees as the wages of their ascetic devotion to the calling and of co-operation in his ruthless exploitation of them through capitalism the prospect of eternal salvation. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Max Weber in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, 1905.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan2005162-163">[163]</a></cite> </div> The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism is Weber's most famous work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber199922–23BendixRoth197749–50-181">[181]</a> It was his first work on how religions affected economic systems' development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197749–50Weber19998-46">[46]</a> In the book, he put forward the thesis that the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a>, which was derived from the theological ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, influenced the development of capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitzer200935–37BendixRoth197757–59-182">[182]</a> Weber was looking for <a href="/wiki/Elective_Affinities#References_in_culture_and_theory" title="Elective Affinities">elective affinities</a> between the Protestant work ethic and capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau200996,_193BendixRoth197763–64-183">[183]</a> He argued that the Puritans' <a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">religious calling</a> to work caused them to systematically obtain wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2013xviii-184">[184]</a> They wished to prove that they were members of the elect who were destined to go to Heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2013xxxii–xxxiiiTurner2001b16403-185">[185]</a> Weber used <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s personal ethic, as described in his "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Advice_to_a_Young_Tradesman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advice to a Young Tradesman (page does not exist)">Advice to a Young Tradesman</a>", as an example of the Protestant sects' economic ethic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2013xviiiRadkau2009195–197-186">[186]</a> Both <a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)" title="Rationalization (sociology)">rationalisation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ideal_type" title="Ideal type">ideal type</a>, concepts that later became central to his scholarship, appeared in the thesis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009191–192-161">[161]</a> Rationalisation caused the West to be trapped in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_cage" title="Iron cage">stahlhartes Gehäuse</a> ("iron cage" or "steel-hard casing") that was the modern capitalist economic order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009186–190Weber2013124Baehr2001153–154-164">[164]</a> Meanwhile, ideal types were representative figures, or case studies, that represented concepts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009191–192Weber2013xlvii–lKim2022-187">[187]</a> Christian religious devotion was historically accompanied by the rejection of mundane affairs, including economic pursuit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197757-188">[188]</a> Weber argued that the origin of modern capitalism was in the religious ideas of the Reformation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197755–58Weber2013xxviii-189">[189]</a> According to him, certain types of Protestantism – notably <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> – were supportive of the rational pursuit of economic gain and the worldly activities that were dedicated to it, seeing those activities as having been endowed with moral and spiritual significance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197760–61Weber2013xxx-190">[190]</a> The spirit of capitalism was found in the desire to work hard in a way that pleased the worker and signified their worth and originally had a basis in theology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitzer200935–37BendixRoth197755–58-191">[191]</a> In particular, the Protestant work ethic motivated the believers to work hard, be successful in business, and reinvest their profits in further development rather than frivolous pleasures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitzer200935–37BendixRoth197760–63-192">[192]</a> Weber thought that self-restraint, hard work, and a belief that wealth could be a sign of salvation were representative of <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> Protestantism. Ascetic Protestants practiced <a href="/wiki/Inner-worldly_asceticism" title="Inner-worldly asceticism">inner-worldly asceticism</a> and sought to change the world to better reflect their beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201610–12-193">[193]</a> The notion of a religious calling, when combined with <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestination</a>, meant that each individual had to take action to prove their <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> to themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2013xviii,_xxxii–xxxiiiAllan2005162–163BendixRoth197758–61-194">[194]</a> However, the success that these religious principles created ultimately removed them as an influence on modern capitalism as a result of its creation of a worldly perspective. As a result, the inheritors of that system were entrapped in a socioeconomic iron cage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009186–190Weber2013124Baehr2001153–154-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Economic_Ethics_of_the_World_Religions">The Economic Ethics of the World Religions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: The Economic Ethics of the World Religions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Ethics_of_the_World_Religions" title="The Economic Ethics of the World Religions">The Economic Ethics of the World Religions</a></div> Weber's work in the field of <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">sociology of religion</a> began with the book <a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197749–50Weber19998SwedbergAgevall201694–96-195">[195]</a> It continued with the book series The Economic Ethics of the World Religions, which contained <a href="/wiki/The_Religion_of_China" title="The Religion of China">The Religion of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Religion_of_India" title="The Religion of India">The Religion of India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Judaism_(book)" title="Ancient Judaism (book)">Ancient Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchluchter201887–89Bellah1999280SwedbergAgevall201694–96-196">[196]</a> However, his work was left incomplete as a result of his sudden death in 1920, which prevented him from following Ancient Judaism with studies of early Christianity and Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977285Bellah1999280SwedbergAgevall201694–96-197">[197]</a> The three main themes within the books were: religious ideas' effect on economic activities, the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a> and religious ideas, and the distinguishable characteristics of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977285-198">[198]</a> His goal was to find reasons for the different developmental paths of the cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">Eastern world</a>, without making value-judgements, unlike the contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinists</a>. Weber simply wanted to explain the distinctive elements of Western civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977285Kim2022-199">[199]</a> Weber also proposed a <a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">socio-evolutionary</a> model of religious change where societies moved from magic to <a href="/wiki/Ethical_monotheism" title="Ethical monotheism">ethical monotheism</a>, with the intermediatory steps of <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">pantheism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>. According to him, this was the result of growing economic stability, which allowed for <a href="/wiki/Professionalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Professionalisation">professionalisation</a> and the evolution of an increasingly sophisticated priesthood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan2005154–155-200">[200]</a> As societies grew more complex and encompassed different groups, a hierarchy of gods developed. Meanwhile, as their power became more centralised, the concept of a universal God became more popular and desirable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan2005158-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Religion_of_China">The Religion of China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The Religion of China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Religion_of_China" title="The Religion of China">The Religion of China</a></div> In The Religion of China: Confucianism and Taoism, Weber focused on those aspects of Chinese society that were different from those of Western Europe, especially those aspects that contrasted with <a href="/wiki/Puritans#Beliefs" title="Puritans">Puritanism</a>. As part of that, he questioned why capitalism had not developed in China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977114–116Radkau2009477–478Whimster2007134–135,_212-202">[202]</a> He focused on the issues of Chinese urban development, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Patrimonialism" title="Patrimonialism">patrimonialism</a> and officialdom and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">philosophy</a> – primarily <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> – as the areas in which Chinese development significantly differed from the European route.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197798–99Schluchter201412–13-203">[203]</a> According to Weber, Confucianism and Puritanism were superficially similar, but were actually largely different from one another.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977135–141Whimster2007134–135Schluchter201419-204">[204]</a> Instead, they were mutually exclusive types of <a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)" title="Rationalization (sociology)">rational thought</a>, each attempting to prescribe a way of life based on religious dogma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977135–141Schluchter201419-205">[205]</a> Notably, they both valued self-control and restraint and did not oppose accumulation of wealth. However, both of those qualities were simply means to different final goals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitzer200937–38BendixRoth1977135–141-206">[206]</a> Confucianism's goal was "a cultured status position", while Puritanism's goal was to create individuals who were "tools of God". According to Weber, the Puritans sought rational control of the world and rejected its irrationality while Confucians sought rational acceptance of that state of affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977135–141Schluchter201419Whimster2007188-207">[207]</a> Therefore, he stated that it was the difference in social attitudes and mentality, shaped by the respective dominant religions, that contributed to the development of capitalism in the West and the absence of it in China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977135–141Schluchter201423–25-208">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Religion_of_India">The Religion of India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Religion of India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Religion_of_India" title="The Religion of India">The Religion of India</a></div> In The Religion of India: The Sociology of Hinduism and Buddhism, Weber dealt with the structure of Indian society, with the <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a> doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Heterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">heterodox</a> doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, with modifications brought by the influence of popular religiosity and finally with the impact of religious beliefs on the secular ethic of Indian society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977142–158Schluchter201898–99-209">[209]</a> In Weber's view, Hinduism in India, like Confucianism in China, was a barrier for capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitzer200937–38Thapar2018123–125-210">[210]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">Indian caste system</a>, which developed in post-Classical India and served as the source for legitimate social interactions, served as a key part of that. Both Hinduism and the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a>' high status upheld the caste system. The Brahmins used their monopoly on education and theological authority to maintain their position, while Hinduism created a psychological justification for it in the form of the cycle of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalberg2017238–240-211">[211]</a> A person's position in the caste order was thought to have been determined by one's actions in their past life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitzer200935Gellner1982535–537Kalberg2017240-212">[212]</a> As a result, advancement of the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> and obeying the predetermined order were more important than seeking advancement in the material world, including economic advancement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitzer200935WeberTurner2014396Kalberg2017240-213">[213]</a> Weber ended his research of society and religion in India by bringing in insights from his previous work on China to discuss the similarities of the Asian belief systems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977198–199Schluchter2018101–102-214">[214]</a> He noted that these religions' believers used otherworldly <a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">mystical experiences</a> to interpret the meaning of life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977198–199Schluchter201892–93-215">[215]</a> The social world was fundamentally divided between the educated elite who followed the guidance of a <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> or wise man and the uneducated masses whose beliefs are centered on magic. In Asia, there were no <a href="/wiki/Messianic_prophecies" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic prophecies">messianic prophecies</a> to give both educated and uneducated followers meaning in their regular lives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977198–199-216">[216]</a> Weber juxtaposed such Messianic prophecies, notably from the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, with the exemplary prophecies found in mainland Asia that focused more on reaching to the educated elites and enlightening them on the proper ways to live one's life, usually with little emphasis on hard work and the material world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197790,_198–199Schluchter201898-217">[217]</a> It was those differences that prevented Western countries from following the paths of the earlier Chinese and Indian civilisations. His next work, Ancient Judaism, was an attempt to prove this theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977198–199Schluchter201896–97Kalberg2017237-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Judaism">Ancient Judaism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ancient Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Judaism_(book)" title="Ancient Judaism (book)">Ancient Judaism (book)</a></div> In Ancient Judaism, Weber attempted to explain the factors that resulted in the early differences between <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> <a href="/wiki/Religiosity" title="Religiosity">religiosity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977200–201-219">[219]</a> He contrasted the innerworldly <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> developed by Western Christianity with the mystical contemplation that developed in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977200–201Kaesler1988127-220">[220]</a> Weber noted that some aspects of Christianity sought to conquer and change the world, rather than withdraw from its imperfections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977200–201-219">[219]</a> This fundamental characteristic of Christianity originally stemmed from ancient Jewish <a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">prophecy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977204–205-221">[221]</a> Weber classified the Jewish people as having been a pariah people, which meant that they were separated from the society that contained them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler1988127BendixRoth1977200–201Radkau2009444–446-222">[222]</a> He examined the ancient Jewish people's origins and social structures. In his view, the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> maintained order through a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">covenant</a> with the war god <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> and the practice of warrior asceticism. Under <a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a>, that changed into a more organised and law-based society than the old confederation was. Religiously, the priests replaced the previous charismatic religious leaders. Weber thought that <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> was the first prophet to have risen from the shepherds. Elijah promulgated political prophecies and opposed the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Israel_and_Judah" title="Kings of Israel and Judah">monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler1988127–130BendixRoth1977225-223">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theodicy">Theodicy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Theodicy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></div> Weber used the concept of theodicy in his interpretation of theology and religion throughout his corpus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair-Toteff201387–90SwedbergAgevall2016348–349Turner1996149-224">[224]</a> This involved both his scholarly and personal interests in the subject. It was central to his conception of humanity, which he interpreted as having been connected with finding meaning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair-Toteff201387–88-225">[225]</a> Theodicy was a popular subject of study amongst German scholars who sought to determine how a world created by an <a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnibenevolent">omnibenevolent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Omnipotent" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipotent">omnipotent</a> being can contain suffering. As part of this tradition, Weber was careful in his study of the subject.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair-Toteff201388–90Turner1996149–158-226">[226]</a> Rather than interpreting it through a theological or ethical lens, he interpreted it through a social one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair-Toteff201388–89Turner1996149SwedbergAgevall2016347-227">[227]</a> Furthermore, he incorporated <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>'s concept of <a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a> into his discussion of the topic. However, Weber disagreed with Nietzsche's emotional discussion of the topic and his interpretation of it as having been a Jewish-derived expression of <a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">slave morality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair-Toteff201399–102Turner1996158-228">[228]</a> Weber divided theodicy into three main types:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair-Toteff201394–97Turner1996147–148SwedbergAgevall2016347–348-229">[229]</a> <ol><li>Persian dualism – God is not all powerful and misfortune comes from outside his power</li> <li>Indian doctrine of karma – God is not all powerful and misfortune comes from inside oneself</li> <li>Doctrine of predestination – Only a chosen few will be saved from damnation</li></ol> Weber defined the importance of societal class within religion by examining the difference between the theodicies of fortune and misfortune and to what class structures they apply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016347–348Turner1996163–164PlyeDavidson1998498–499-230">[230]</a> The theodicy of fortune related to the desire of those who were successful to prove that they deserved it. They were also prone to not being satisfied with what they already had and wished to avoid the notion that they were illegitimate or sinful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1996164–165SwedbergAgevall2016347–348-231">[231]</a> Those without the work ethic believed in the theodicy of misfortune, believing wealth and happiness were granted in the afterlife. Another example of how this belief of religious theodicy influenced class was that those of lower economic status tended towards deep religiousness and faith as a way to comfort themselves and provide hope for a more prosperous future, while those of higher economic status preferred the sacraments or actions that proved their right to possess greater wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlyeDavidson1998498–499SwedbergAgevall2016347–348Turner1996163–165-232">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_state,_politics,_and_government">The state, politics, and government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The state, politics, and government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber_and_German_politics" title="Max Weber and German politics">Max Weber and German politics</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">political sociology</a>, one of Weber's most influential contributions is his lecture "<a href="/wiki/Politics_as_a_Vocation" title="Politics as a Vocation">Politics as a Vocation</a>", in which he defined the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> as an entity that was "<a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">based on the legitimate use of force</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber200434Warner19919–10Palonen2011104–105-233">[233]</a> Accordingly, Weber proposed that politics is the sharing of state power between various groups, whereas political leaders were those who wielded this power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarner19919–10-234">[234]</a> He divided action into the oppositional <a href="/wiki/Ethic_of_ultimate_ends" title="Ethic of ultimate ends">gesinnungsethik</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Verantwortungsethik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verantwortungsethik (page does not exist)">verantwortungsethik</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/verantwortungsethik" class="extiw" title="de:verantwortungsethik">de</a>] (the "ethic of ultimate ends" and the "ethic of responsibility").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2004xliSwedbergAgevall2016121–123Marlin2002155-235">[235]</a> An adherent of the verantwortungsethik justified their actions based on their consequences. Meanwhile, an adherent of the gesinnungsethik justified their actions based on their ideals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009515–516Marlin2002155–156SwedbergAgevall2016121–123-236">[236]</a> While Weber thought that both of them would ideally be present in a politician, he associated them with different types of people and mindsets. These different types of people and mindsets reflected the <a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Germany" title="Pacifism in Germany">pacifists</a> and those who wanted to reverse Germany's defeat in the First World War, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009515–516Marlin2002155–156-237">[237]</a> Weber distinguished three <a href="/wiki/Ideal_type" title="Ideal type">ideal types</a> of legitimate authority:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber200434BendixRoth1977294–296Macionis201288-238">[238]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">Charismatic authority</a> – <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Familial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional authority</a> – <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrimonialism" title="Patrimonialism">patrimonialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">Rational-legal authority</a> – Modern law and state, <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a></li></ol> In his view, all historical relationships between rulers and ruled contained these elements, which could be analysed on the basis of this <a href="/wiki/Tripartite_classification_of_authority" title="Tripartite classification of authority">tripartite classification of authority</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977296SwedbergAgevall201688-239">[239]</a> Charismatic authority was held by extraordinary figures and was unstable, as it relied on the charismatic figure's success and resisted institutionalisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201634–35Ritzer200937–41-240">[240]</a> It was forced to be routinised into more structured forms of authority. An administrative structure would be formed by the charismatic leader's followers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitzer200937–41SwedbergAgevall201634–35-241">[241]</a> In an ideal type of traditional rule, sufficient resistance to a ruler led to a "traditional revolution".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977303–305-242">[242]</a> Traditional authority was based on loyalty to preestablished traditions and those who were placed into authority as a result of those traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016352–353BendixRoth1977294–295-243">[243]</a> Rational-legal authority relied on bureaucracy and belief in both the legality of the society's rules and the legitimacy of those who were placed into power as a result of those rules.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016187–188BendixRoth1977294-244">[244]</a> Unlike the other types of authority, it gradually developed. That was the result of legal systems ability to exist without charismatic individuals or traditions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977387–388-245">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bureaucracy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></div> Weber's commentary on societal bureaucratisation is one of the most prominent parts of his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201620-246">[246]</a> According to him, bureaucracy was the most efficient method of societal organisation and the most formally rational system. It was necessary for modern society to function and would also be difficult to destroy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201620–21BendixRoth1977430-247">[247]</a> Bureaucratic officials felt superior to non-bureaucrats, had a strong sense of duty, and had fixed salaries that caused them to be disinclined to pursue monetary acquisition. Bureaucracy was less likely to be found among elected officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201620-246">[246]</a> Furthermore, Bureaucracy's treatment of all people without regard for individuals suited capitalism well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201621BendixRoth1977426–427-248">[248]</a> It was also a requirement for both modern capitalism and modern socialism to exist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201621-249">[249]</a> This depersonalisation related to its increased efficiency. Bureaucrats could not openly make decisions arbitrarily or base them on personal favours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977427–428-250">[250]</a> As the most efficient and rational way of organising, bureaucratisation was the key part of rational-legal authority. Furthermore, he saw it as the key process in the ongoing rationalisation of Western society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERitzer200938–42SwedbergAgevall201618–21-251">[251]</a> Weber listed six characteristics of an ideal type of bureaucracy:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201620BendixRoth1977424Allan2005173–174-252">[252]</a> <ol><li>It was in a fixed area that was governed by rules</li> <li>Bureaucracies were hierarchical</li> <li>Its actions were based on written documents</li> <li>Expert training was required</li> <li>Bureaucrats were completely devoted to their work</li> <li>The system relied on basic rules that were learnable</li></ol> The development of <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">communication</a> and transportation technologies made more efficient administration possible and popularly requested. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">democratisation</a> and rationalisation of culture resulted in demands that the new system treat everyone equally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan2005172–173-253">[253]</a> Weber's ideal type of bureaucracy was characterised by hierarchical organisation, delineated lines of authority in a fixed area of activity, action taken on the basis of written rules, bureaucratic officials needing expert training, rules being implemented neutrally, and career advancement depending on technical qualifications judged by organisations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201620–21Allan2005173–174BendixRoth1977424-254">[254]</a> While arguing that bureaucracy was the most efficient form of organisation and was indispensable for the modern state, Weber was also critical of it. In his view, an inescapable bureaucratisation of society would happen in the future. He also thought that a hypothetical victory of socialism over capitalism would have not been able to prevent that.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201621–22Ritzer200555-255">[255]</a> Economic and political organisations needed entrepreneurs and politicians in order to counteract bureaucrats. Otherwise, they would be stifled by bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201621-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_stratification">Social stratification</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Social stratification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Three-component theory of stratification</a></div> Weber also formulated a three-component theory of stratification that contained the conceptually distinct elements of social class, <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>, and political party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2015b37–40Parkin201390-256">[256]</a> This distinction was most clearly described in his essay "The Distribution of Power Within the Gemeinschaft: Classes, Stände, Parties", which was first published in his book Economy and Society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2015b37–40-257">[257]</a> Status served as one of the central ways in which people were ranked in society. As part of it, issues of honour and prestige were important.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2015b37–40BendixRoth197785–87Parkin201396–97-258">[258]</a> With regards to class, the theory placed heavy emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> as having been key to its definition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkin201391–96-259">[259]</a> While Weber drew upon Marx's interpretation of class conflict in his definition of class, he did not see it as having defined all social relations and stratification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2015b37–58Parkin201392–93,_98BendixRoth197785–87-260">[260]</a> Political parties were not given as much attention by Weber as the other two components were, as he thought that they were not particularly effectual in their actions. Their purpose was to seek power to benefit their members materially or ideologically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkin2013104–108Weber2015b37–40SwedbergAgevall2016246-261">[261]</a> The three components of Weber's theory were:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2015b37–40Parkin201390-256">[256]</a> <ol><li>Social class – Based on an economically determined relationship with the market</li> <li>Status (Stand) – Based on non-economic qualities such as honour and prestige</li> <li>Party – Affiliations in the political domain</li></ol> This conceptualisation emerged from Weber's study of farm labour and the stock exchange, as he found social relationships that were unexplainable through economic class alone. The <a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">Junkers</a> had social rules regarding marriage between different social levels and farm labourers had a strong sense of independence, neither of which was economically based.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977-262">[262]</a> Weber maintained a sharp distinction between the terms "status" and "class", although non-scholars tend to use them interchangeably in casual use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatersWaters20161–2Parkin201396–97-263">[263]</a> Status and its focus on honour emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft">Gemeinschaft</a>, which denoted the part of society where loyalty originated from. Class emerged from the Gesellschaft, a subdivision of the Gemeinschaft that included rationally driven markets and legal organisation. Parties emerged from a combination of the two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWatersWaters20161–2-264">[264]</a> Weber interpreted <a href="/wiki/Life_chances" title="Life chances">life chances</a>, the opportunities to improve one's life, as having been a definitional aspect of class. It related to the differences in access to opportunities that different people might have had in their lives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201641–42,_192WatersWaters20162–3-265">[265]</a> The relationship between status and class was not straightforward. One of them could lead to the other, but an individual or group could have success in one but not the other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParkin2013104–108-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_vocation_lectures">The vocation lectures</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The vocation lectures">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_as_a_Vocation" title="Science as a Vocation">Science as a Vocation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_as_a_Vocation" title="Politics as a Vocation">Politics as a Vocation</a></div> Towards the end of his life, Weber gave two lectures, "Science as a Vocation" and "Politics as a Vocation", at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich that were on the subject of the scientific and political vocations. The Free Student Youth, a left-liberal student organisation, had <a href="/w/index.php?title=Immanuel_Birnbaum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immanuel Birnbaum (page does not exist)">Immanuel Birnbaum</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Birnbaum" class="extiw" title="de:Immanuel Birnbaum">de</a>] invite him to give the lectures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2004xii–xxxiiiRadkau2009487,_514-267">[267]</a> In "Science as a Vocation", he argued that an inner calling was necessary for one to become a scholar. Weber thought that only a particular type of person was able to have an academic career. He used his own career as an example of that. Recalling his arguments regarding the Protestant work ethic, Weber stated that the path forward in scholarship required the scholar to understand the potential for a lack of success and be methodical in their research. Specialisation was also an aspect of modern scholarship that a scholar needed to engage in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009487–491Weber2004xxv–xxixTribe2018130–133-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">Disenchantment</a> and intellectual rationalisation were major aspects of his commentary on the scholar's role in modernity. These processes resulted in the value of scholarship being questioned. Weber argued that scholarship could provide certainty through its starting presumptions, despite its inability to give absolute answers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2004xxx–xxxiiGane200245–49Tribe2018131–132-268">[268]</a> Meanwhile, "Politics as a Vocation" commented on the subject of politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2004xxxiv–xxxvRadkau2009514–515SwedbergAgevall2016259–260-96">[96]</a> Weber was responding to the early <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>'s political instability. He defined politics as having been divided into three aspects: passion, judgement, and responsibility. There was also a division between conviction and responsibility. While these two concepts were sharply divided, it was possible for single individual – particularly the ideal politician – to possess both of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009514–518Weber2004xxxiv–xxxviiiGane200264–65-97">[97]</a> He also divided legitimate authority into the three categories of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">traditional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">rational-legal</a> authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2004l–liBendixRoth1977294–295Macionis201288-269">[269]</a> Towards the lecture's end, he described politics as having been "a slow, powerful drilling through hard boards".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber200493–94Radkau2009517–518SwedbergAgevall2016259–260-270">[270]</a> Ultimately, Weber thought that the political issues of his day required consistent effort to resolve, rather than the quick solutions that the students preferred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009514–518Weber2004xxxiv–xxxviii-271">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_City">The City</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: The City">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_City_(Weber_book)" title="The City (Weber book)">The City (Weber book)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> The origin of a rational and inner-worldly ethic is associated in the Occident with the appearance of thinkers and prophets … who developed in a social context that was alien to the Asiatic cultures. This context consisted of the political problems engendered by the bourgeois status-group of the city, without which neither Judaism, nor Christianity, nor the development of Hellenistic thinking are conceivable. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Max Weber in The City, 1921.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197779-272">[272]</a></cite> </div> As part of his overarching effort to understand the Western world's unique development, Weber wrote a general study of the European city and its development in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> titled The City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubaida2005–2006112Kaesler198842–43BendixRoth197770–73-273">[273]</a> According to him, Christianity served to break the traditional bonds of <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> by causing its believers to participate in the religion as individuals. However, the institutions that formed as a result of this process were secular in nature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197772–79Zubaida2005–2006112–113-274">[274]</a> He also saw the rise of a unique form of non-legitimate domination in medieval European cities that successfully challenged the existing forms of legitimate domination – traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal – that had prevailed until then in the medieval world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201688–89Kaesler198844–46-275">[275]</a> These cities were previously under the jurisdiction of several different entities that were removed as they became autonomous. That process was caused by the granting of privileges to newer cities and the usurpation of authority in older ones.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197775–76-276">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Economics">edit</a>]</div> Weber primarily regarded himself as an economist, and all of his professorial appointments were in economics, but his contributions to that field were largely overshadowed by his role as a founder of modern sociology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen201729Baehr200222–23Turner2001b16406-277">[277]</a> As a <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic historian</a>, Weber belonged to the German <a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">historical school of economics</a>, represented by academics such as <a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller">Gustav von Schmoller</a> and his student <a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Werner Sombart</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedberg1999561–582-278">[278]</a> While Weber's research interests were largely in line with this school, his views on methodology and <a href="/wiki/Marginal_utility" title="Marginal utility">marginal utility</a> significantly diverged from those of the other German <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">historicists</a>. Instead, they were closer to those of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Menger" title="Carl Menger">Carl Menger</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_school_of_economics" title="Austrian school of economics">Austrian school of economics</a>, the traditional rivals of the historical school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeiser2011525–527Maclachlan20171161–1163Radkau2009138-279">[279]</a> The division caused by the <a href="/wiki/Methodenstreit" title="Methodenstreit">Methodenstreit</a> caused Weber to support a broad interpretation of economics that combined economic theory, economic history, and economic sociology in the form of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sozial%C3%B6konomik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sozialökonomik (page does not exist)">Sozialökonomik</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozial%C3%B6konomik" class="extiw" title="de:Sozialökonomik">de</a>] ("social economics").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016103-280">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy_and_Society">Economy and Society</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Economy and Society">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_and_Society" title="Economy and Society">Economy and Society</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuskript_max_weber_rechtssoziologie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A page from the Economy and Society manuscript" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Manuskript_max_weber_rechtssoziologie.jpg/220px-Manuskript_max_weber_rechtssoziologie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Manuskript_max_weber_rechtssoziologie.jpg/330px-Manuskript_max_weber_rechtssoziologie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Manuskript_max_weber_rechtssoziologie.jpg/440px-Manuskript_max_weber_rechtssoziologie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>A page from the manuscript of the sociology of law within <a href="/wiki/Economy_and_Society" title="Economy and Society">Economy and Society</a></figcaption></figure> Weber's magnum opus Economy and Society is an essay collection that he was working on at the time of his death in 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhimster202382Roth2016250–253Hanke2009349–350-281">[281]</a> Its text was largely unfinished, outside of the first three chapters. The first four chapters were written between 1919 and 1920, but the other chapters were generally written between 1909 and 1914.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016105–106-282">[282]</a> After his death, the final organisation and editing of the book fell to his widow <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Weber" title="Marianne Weber">Marianne</a>. She was assisted by the economist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melchior_Palyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melchior Palyi (page does not exist)">Melchior Palyi</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchior_Palyi" class="extiw" title="de:Melchior Palyi">de</a>]. The resulting volume was published in 1922 and was titled Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016105Whimster202382Hanke2009349–350-283">[283]</a> The resulting volume included a wide range of essays dealing with Weber's views regarding sociology, <a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">social philosophy</a>, politics, <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">world religion</a>, diplomacy, and other subjects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2016250–253Whimster202382-284">[284]</a> In 1956, the German jurist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Winckelmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Winckelmann (page does not exist)">Johannes Winckelmann</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Winckelmann_(Jurist)" class="extiw" title="de:Johannes Winckelmann (Jurist)">de</a>] edited and organised a revised fourth edition of Economy and Society, later editing a fifth edition of it in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016109,_393Roth2016250–253-285">[285]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guenther_Roth" title="Guenther Roth">Guenther Roth</a> and Claus Wittich edited an English translation of the work in 1968. It was based on Winckelmann's 1956 edition of the text that he had revised in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoth2016250–253SwedbergAgevall2016109-286">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marginal_utility">Marginal utility</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Marginal utility">edit</a>]</div> Unlike other historicists, Weber accepted <a href="/wiki/Marginal_utility" title="Marginal utility">marginal utility</a> and taught it to his students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009138Schweitzer1975279–292Swedberg1999564–568-287">[287]</a> His overall economic sociology was based on it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons2007236–237Honigsheim2017187–188-288">[288]</a> In 1908, Weber published an article, "Marginal Utility Theory and 'The Fundamental Law of Psychophysics'", in which he argued that marginal utility and economics were not based on psychology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMass2009507–511Swedberg1999564-289">[289]</a> As part of that, he disputed Lujo Brentano's claim that marginal utility reflected the form of the psychological response to stimuli as described by the <a href="/wiki/Weber%E2%80%93Fechner_law" title="Weber–Fechner law">Weber–Fechner law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMass2009509–511SwedbergAgevall2016227-290">[290]</a> He rejected the idea that marginal utility and economics were dependent on <a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">psychophysics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMass2009509–511SwedbergAgevall2016227-290">[290]</a> In general, Weber disagreed with the idea that economics relied on another field.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016227-291">[291]</a> He also included a similar discussion of marginal utility in the second chapter of Economy and Society. Both marginal utility and declining utility's roles in his writings were implied through his usage of <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_and_value-rational_action" title="Instrumental and value-rational action">instrumentally rational action</a> in that chapter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons2007235–238-292">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_calculation">Economic calculation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economic calculation">edit</a>]</div> Like his colleague <a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Werner Sombart</a>, Weber regarded <a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">economic calculation</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Double-entry_bookkeeping" title="Double-entry bookkeeping">double-entry bookkeeping</a>, as having played a significant role in <a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)" title="Rationalization (sociology)">rationalisation</a> and the development of capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarruthersEspeland199131–34SwedbergAgevall201624–25-293">[293]</a> Weber's preoccupation with the importance of economic calculation led him to critique socialism as lacking a mechanism to efficiently allocate resources to satisfy human needs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETribe2009157–158SwedbergAgevall2016199-294">[294]</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a>, a socialist thinker, thought that <a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">prices</a> would not exist and central planners would use in-kind, rather than monetary, <a href="/wiki/Economic_calculation_problem" title="Economic calculation problem">economic calculation</a> in a completely socialised economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETribe2009143–147Cat2023-295">[295]</a> According to Weber, this type of coordination was inefficient because it was incapable of solving the problem of <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_imputation" title="Theory of imputation">imputation</a>, which related to the difficulties in accurately determining the relative values of <a href="/wiki/Capital_good" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital good">capital goods</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETribe2009158–159Cat2023-296">[296]</a> Weber wrote that the value of goods had to be determined in a socialist economy. However, there was no clear method for doing so in that economic system. Planned economies were, therefore, irrational.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallison2022281–282Tribe2009157–159SwedbergAgevall2016199-297">[297]</a> At approximately the same time, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> independently made the same argument against socialism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETribe2009142SwedbergAgevall2016199-298">[298]</a> Weber himself had a significant influence on Mises, whom he had befriended when they were both at the University of Vienna in the spring of 1918. However, Mises ultimately regarded him as having been a historian, rather than an economist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclachlan20171166Kolev202044Callison2022275–276-299">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inspirations">Inspirations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Inspirations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:176px;max-width:176px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:227px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_1.jpg/174px-Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_1.jpg/261px-Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_1.jpg/348px-Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1317" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:227px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_old.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Marx_old.jpg/160px-Marx_old.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Marx_old.jpg/240px-Marx_old.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Marx_old.jpg/320px-Marx_old.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="2646" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Immanuel Kant and Karl Marx, two of Max Weber's influences</div></div></div></div> Weber was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a>, particularly by <a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">neo-Kantianism</a>. He was exposed to it by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rickert" title="Heinrich Rickert">Heinrich Rickert</a>, who was his professorial colleague at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Freiburg" title="University of Freiburg">University of Freiburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Barker1980224–225Eliaeson199017–18-300">[300]</a> The neo-Kantian belief that reality was essentially chaotic and incomprehensible, with all rational order deriving from the way the human mind focused its attention on certain aspects of reality and organised the resulting perceptions was particularly important to Weber's scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Barker1980241–242-301">[301]</a> His opinions regarding social scientific methodology showed parallels with the work of contemporary neo-Kantian philosopher and sociologist <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Georg Simmel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrisby200246-302">[302]</a> Weber was also influenced by <a href="/wiki/Kantian_ethics" title="Kantian ethics">Kantian ethics</a> more generally, but he came to think of it as being obsolete in a modern age that lacked religious certainties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Turner201185–86Albrow199047–50-303">[303]</a> His interpretation of Kant and neo-Kantianism was pessimistic as a result.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Barker1980224–225-304">[304]</a> Weber was responding to <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Philosophy of Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy</a>'s effect on modern thought. His goal in the field of ethics was to find non-arbitrarily defined freedom in what he interpreted as having been a post-metaphysical age. That represented a division between the parts of his thought that represented Kantianism and Nietzscheanism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022-305">[305]</a> After his debate with Oswald Spengler in 1920, Weber said that the world was significantly intellectually influenced by Nietzsche and Marx.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber1964554–555Turner201177Radkau2009167-306">[306]</a> In The Protestant Work Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and "Science as a Vocation", Weber negatively described "die 'letzten Menschen'" ("the 'last men'"), who were Nietzschean "specialists without spirit" who he warned about in both texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner201177Kent1983301–302Tribe2018134-307">[307]</a> Similarly, he also used Nietzsche's concept of ressentiment in his discussion of theodicy, but he interpreted it differently. Weber disliked Nietzsche's emotional approach to the subject and did not interpret it as having been a type of <a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">slave morality</a> that was derived from Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair-Toteff201399–102-308">[308]</a> While a student in <a href="/wiki/Charlottenburg" title="Charlottenburg">Charlottenburg</a>, Weber read all forty volumes by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>, who later exerted an influence over his methodology and concepts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler19882McKinnon2010110–112Kent1983297–303-8">[8]</a> For him, Goethe was one of the seminal figures in German history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1983301–304McKinnon2010110–112-309">[309]</a> In his writings, including The Protestant Work Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, Weber quoted Goethe on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon2010110–112Kent1983297–303-9">[9]</a> His usage of "elective affinity" in his writings may have been derived from Goethe, as <a href="/wiki/Elective_Affinities" title="Elective Affinities">one of Goethe's works</a> used it as its title.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon2010110–111Kent1983308-310">[310]</a> Weber was also influenced by Goethe's usage of the Greek <a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">daimon</a> ("fate"). That concept influenced Weber's perspective that one's fate was inevitable and that one was able to use experience to create intellectual passion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScaff198968Albrow199070Sahni2001424-311">[311]</a> He thought that Goethe, his <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a>, and Nietzsche's <a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Zarathustra</a> were figures that represented the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cbermensch" title="Übermensch">Übermensch</a> and expressed the quality of human action by ceaselessly striving for knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1983301–304Sahni2001423–424-312">[312]</a> Another major influence in Weber's life was the writings of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and socialist thought in academia and active politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner201177Radkau2009167-313">[313]</a> While Weber agreed with Marx on the importance of <a href="/wiki/Social_conflict" title="Social conflict">social conflict</a>, he did not think that it would destroy a society if the traditions that upheld it were valued more than it was. Furthermore, the thought that a social conflict would have been resolvable within the preexisting <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer1975710–711-314">[314]</a> Writing in 1932, <a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Karl Löwith</a> contrasted the work of Marx and Weber, arguing that both were interested in the causes and effects of Western <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, but they viewed it through different lenses. Marx viewed capitalism through the lens of <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienation</a>, while Weber used the concept of <a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)" title="Rationalization (sociology)">rationalisation</a> to interpret it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELöwithTurner199334-315">[315]</a> Weber also expanded Marx's interpretation of alienation from the specific idea of the worker who was alienated from his work to similar situations that involved intellectuals and bureaucrats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrow1990108-316">[316]</a> Scholars during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> frequently interpreted Weber as having been "a bourgeois answer to Marx", but he was instead responding to the issues that were relevant to the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wilhelminism" title="Wilhelminism">Wilhelmine Germany</a>. In that regard, he focused on the conflict between rationality and irrationality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrow1990106–109Honigsheim2017187–188LöwithTurner199334–35,_62-317">[317]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Weber's most influential work was on <a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">economic sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">political sociology</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">sociology of religion</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a>, he is commonly regarded as one of the founders of modern sociology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersen201729Scott2019183–184-318">[318]</a> He was instrumental in developing an <a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">antipositivist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermeneutic">hermeneutic</a>, tradition in the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads202140Turner2001b16406-319">[319]</a> Weber influenced many scholars across the political spectrum. Left-leaning social theorists – such as <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a> – were influenced by his discussion of modernity and its friction with modernisation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Löwy1996431–441CelikatesFlynn2023-320">[320]</a> As part of that, his analysis of modernity and rationalisation significantly influenced the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">critical theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECelikatesFlynn2023Löwy1996438–439-321">[321]</a> Right-leaning scholars – including <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Morgenthau" title="Hans Morgenthau">Hans Morgenthau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a> – emphasised different elements of his thought. They placed importance on his discussion of strong leaders in democracy, political ethics' relationship with value-freedom and value-relativism, and using political action to combat bureaucracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022-305">[305]</a> The scholars who have examined his works philosophically, including Strauss, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Henrik_Bruun" title="Hans Henrik Bruun">Hans Henrik Bruun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Sch%C3%BCtz" title="Alfred Schütz">Alfred Schütz</a>, have traditionally looked at them through the lens of <a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner200739-322">[322]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weber_studies">Weber studies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Weber studies">edit</a>]</div> Weberian scholarship's beginnings were delayed by the disruption of academic life in the Weimar Republic. Hyper-inflation caused Weber's support for parliamentary democracy to be countered by the decline the respect that professors had for it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2019179-323">[323]</a> The alienation that they experienced from politics caused many of them to become pessimistic and closer to the historical viewpoints espoused by <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a> in his <a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2019179Turner2001a16408-324">[324]</a> Furthermore, universities increasingly came under state control and influence. After the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> took power, that process accelerated. The previously dominant style of sociology, that of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vierkandt" title="Alfred Vierkandt">Alfred Vierkandt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Wiese" title="Leopold von Wiese">Leopold von Wiese</a>, was largely replaced by a sociology that was dominated by support for the Nazis. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Freyer" title="Hans Freyer">Hans Freyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Othmar Spann</a> were representative of that movement, while Werner Sombart began to support collectivism and Nazism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2019179–180-325">[325]</a> The Nazi Party's rise had relegated Weber's scholarship to a marginal position in the Germany academy. However, some Weberian scholars had left Germany while this was happening, with most of them settling in the United States and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2019179–180Turner2001a16408-326">[326]</a> These scholars began to involve themselves in American and British scholarship at a time when Weber's writings, such as the General Economic History, were beginning to be translated into English. <a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a>, an American scholar, was influenced by his readings of Weber and Sombart as a student in Germany during the 1920s. He obtained permission from Marianne Weber to publish a translation of The Protestant Work Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism in his 1930 essay collection, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collected_Essays_on_the_Sociology_of_Religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collected Essays on the Sociology of Religion (page does not exist)">Collected Essays on the Sociology of Religion</a>. This translated version, which was heavily edited by the publisher, was not initially successful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2019180Derman201235–36SwedbergAgevall2016211–212-327">[327]</a> Parsons used this translation as part of his effort to create an academic sociology, which resulted in his 1937 book <a href="/wiki/The_Structure_of_Social_Action" title="The Structure of Social Action">The Structure of Social Action</a>. In it, Parsons argued that Weber and Durkheim were foundational sociologists. However, his book was not successful until after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. He then published a translation of <a href="/wiki/Economy_and_Society" title="Economy and Society">Economy and Society</a> as <a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_Social_and_Economic_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Theory of Social and Economic Organization">The Theory of Social and Economic Organization</a>. Parsons's increasing scholarly prominence led to this volume's own elevated influence. Other translations began to appear, including <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">C. Wright Mills</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Gerth%27s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Gerth's (page does not exist)">Hans Gerth's</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Heinrich_Gerth" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Heinrich Gerth">de</a>] <a href="/w/index.php?title=From_Max_Weber:_Essays_in_Sociology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (page does not exist)">From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology</a> in 1946. Their volume was a collection of excerpts from Weber's writings. In the last year of the decade, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Shils" title="Edward Shils">Edward Shils</a> edited a translation of Weber's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Collected_Essays_on_Methodology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Collected Essays on Methodology (page does not exist)">Collected Essays on Methodology</a>, which was published as <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Methodology_of_the_Social_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Methodology of the Social Sciences (page does not exist)">The Methodology of the Social Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2019180–182Turner2001a16409OakesVidich1999404–405-328">[328]</a> As the 1940s ended, Weber's scholarly reputation rose as a result of scholarly interpretations of it through the lenses of Parsons's <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">structural functionalism</a> and Mills's <a href="/wiki/Conflict_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict theory">conflict theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2019182–183Turner2001a16409–16410-329">[329]</a> Over the course of the following decades, continued publications of translated versions of Weber's works began to appear, including ones on law, religion, music, and the city. Despite the translations' flaws, it became possible to obtain a largely complete view of Weber's scholarship. That was still impeded by the unorganised publishing of the translations, which prevented scholars from knowing the connections between the different texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2019182–183-330">[330]</a> In 1968, a complete translation of Marianne Weber's prepared version of Economy and Society was published.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2019182–183Roth2016250–253SwedbergAgevall2016109-331">[331]</a> While an interpretation of Weber that was separate from Parson's structural functionalism had begun with From Max Weber, a more political and historical interpretation was forwarded by <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Bendix" title="Reinhard Bendix">Reinhard Bendix</a>'s 1948 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber:_An_Intellectual_Portrait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait (page does not exist)">Max Weber: An Intellectual Portrait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralf_Dahrendorf" title="Ralf Dahrendorf">Ralf Dahrendorf</a>'s 1957 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Class_and_Conflict_in_an_Industrial_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Class and Conflict in an Industrial Society (page does not exist)">Class and Conflict in an Industrial Society</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Rex" title="John Rex">John Rex</a>'s 1962 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Key_Problems_in_Sociological_Theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Key Problems in Sociological Theory (page does not exist)">Key Problems in Sociological Theory</a>. <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a>'s interpretation of Weber in his 1965 text, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Main_Currents_in_Sociological_Thought&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main Currents in Sociological Thought (page does not exist)">Main Currents in Sociological Thought</a>, gave an alternative to Parson's perspective on the history of sociology. Weber, while still integral to it, was being framed as one of the three foundational figures, the other two were Karl Marx and Émile Durkheim. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a> solidified that interpretation of them with the publication of his <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capitalism_and_Modern_Social_Theory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capitalism and Modern Social Theory (page does not exist)">Capitalism and Modern Social Theory</a> in 1971. After the end of the 1970s, more of Weber's less prominent publications were published. That effort coincided with the continued writing of critical commentaries on his works and idea, including the creation of a scholarly journal in 2000, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Weber Studies (page does not exist)">Max Weber Studies</a>, that is devoted to such scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2019183–184Smith2019101-332">[332]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Max_Weber-Gesamtausgabe">Max Weber-Gesamtausgabe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Max Weber-Gesamtausgabe">edit</a>]</div> The idea of publishing a collected edition of Weber's complete works was pushed forward by Horst Baier in 1972. A year later, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber-Gesamtausgabe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Weber-Gesamtausgabe (page does not exist)">Max Weber-Gesamtausgabe</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber-Gesamtausgabe" class="extiw" title="de:Max Weber-Gesamtausgabe">de</a>], a multi-volume set of all of his writings, began to take shape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHankeHübingerSchwentker201265–70-333">[333]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mommsen" title="Wolfgang Mommsen">Wolfgang J. Mommsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Schluchter" title="Wolfgang Schluchter">Wolfgang Schluchter</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Winckelmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Winckelmann (page does not exist)">Johannes Winckelmann</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Winckelmann_(Jurist)" class="extiw" title="de:Johannes Winckelmann (Jurist)">de</a>], <a href="/wiki/M._Rainer_Lepsius" title="M. Rainer Lepsius">M. Rainer Lepsius</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Horst_Baier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horst Baier (page does not exist)">Horst Baier</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Baier_(Soziologe)" class="extiw" title="de:Horst Baier (Soziologe)">de</a>] were the initial editors. After Mommsen's death in 2004, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gangolf_H%C3%BCbinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gangolf Hübinger (page does not exist)">Gangolf Hübinger</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangolf_H%C3%BCbinger" class="extiw" title="de:Gangolf Hübinger">de</a>] succeeded him. Winckelmann, Lepsius, and Baier also died before the completion of the project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtblau202274–76-334">[334]</a> The writings were organised in a combination of chronological order and by subject, with the material that was not intended to be published by Weber in purely chronological order. The final editions of each text were used, with the exception of The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, which was published in both its first and final forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtblau202279–81-335">[335]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohr_Siebeck" title="Mohr Siebeck">Mohr Siebeck</a> was selected to publish the volumes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHankeHübingerSchwentker201277–79Lichtblau202274,_79Adair-Toteff2014117-336">[336]</a> The project was presented to the academic community in 1981 with the publication of a prospectus that was colloquially referred to as the "green brochure". It outlined the three sections of the series: "Writings and Speeches", "Letters", and "Lecture Manuscripts and Lecture Notes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHankeHübingerSchwentker201284-337">[337]</a> Four years later, the project entered publication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHankeHübingerSchwentker201290–91Lichtblau202274–75Adair-Toteff2014113-338">[338]</a> It concluded in June 2020 and contains forty-seven volumes, including two index volumes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELichtblau202274–75-339">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber_bibliography" title="Max Weber bibliography">Max Weber bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeches_of_Max_Weber" title="Speeches of Max Weber">Speeches of Max Weber</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler201422,_144–145Kim2022Radkau20095-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaesler201422,_144–145Kim2022Radkau20095_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaesler2014">Kaesler 2014</a>, pp. 22, 144–145; <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaelber200338Radkau200911Kaesler2014148–149-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaelber200338Radkau200911Kaesler2014148–149_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaelber2003">Kaelber 2003</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFKaesler2014">Kaesler 2014</a>, pp. 148–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaelber200338Radkau20095Honigsheim2017100-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaelber200338Radkau20095Honigsheim2017100_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaelber2003">Kaelber 2003</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFHonigsheim2017">Honigsheim 2017</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler19882–3,_14Radkau200991–92-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaesler19882–3,_14Radkau200991–92_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaesler1988">Kaesler 1988</a>, pp. 2–3, 14; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler201468,_129–137Radkau20099Kim2022-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaesler201468,_129–137Radkau20099Kim2022_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaesler2014">Kaesler 2014</a>, pp. 68, 129–137; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau200954,_62Kaelber200338–39Ritzer200932-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadkau200954,_62Kaelber200338–39Ritzer200932_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, pp. 54, 62; <a href="#CITEREFKaelber2003">Kaelber 2003</a>, pp. 38–39; <a href="#CITEREFRitzer2009">Ritzer 2009</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014176–178Radkau2009561-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014176–178Radkau2009561_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaesler2014">Kaesler 2014</a>, pp. 176–178; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, p. 561. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler19882McKinnon2010110–112Kent1983297–303-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaesler19882McKinnon2010110–112Kent1983297–303_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaesler19882McKinnon2010110–112Kent1983297–303_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaesler1988">Kaesler 1988</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFMcKinnon2010">McKinnon 2010</a>, pp. 110–112; <a href="#CITEREFKent1983">Kent 1983</a>, pp. 297–303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon2010110–112Kent1983297–303-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon2010110–112Kent1983297–303_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnon2010110–112Kent1983297–303_9-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcKinnon2010">McKinnon 2010</a>, pp. 110–112; <a href="#CITEREFKent1983">Kent 1983</a>, pp. 297–303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler19882–3-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaesler19882–3_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaesler1988">Kaesler 1988</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESica201724Kaesler2014180-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESica201724Kaesler2014180_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSica2017">Sica 2017</a>, p. 24; <a href="#CITEREFKaesler2014">Kaesler 2014</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau200931–33BendixRoth19771–2-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadkau200931–33BendixRoth19771–2_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, pp. 31–33; <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBermanReid2000223–225Allan2005146Honigsheim2017101-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBermanReid2000223–225Allan2005146Honigsheim2017101_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBermanReid2000">Berman & Reid 2000</a>, pp. 223–225; <a href="#CITEREFAllan2005">Allan 2005</a>, p. 146; <a href="#CITEREFHonigsheim2017">Honigsheim 2017</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaelber200330–33-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaelber200330–33_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaelber2003">Kaelber 2003</a>, pp. 30–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaelber200333Honigsheim2017239Radkau2009563-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaelber200333Honigsheim2017239Radkau2009563_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaelber2003">Kaelber 2003</a>, p. 33; <a href="#CITEREFHonigsheim2017">Honigsheim 2017</a>, p. 239; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, p. 563. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth19771–2Kaelber200341Radkau2009563-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth19771–2Kaelber200341Radkau2009563_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 1–2; <a href="#CITEREFKaelber2003">Kaelber 2003</a>, p. 41; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, p. 563. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014307Honigsheim2017101-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014307Honigsheim2017101_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaesler2014">Kaesler 2014</a>, p. 307; <a href="#CITEREFHonigsheim2017">Honigsheim 2017</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaelber200330Radkau2009562–564-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaelber200330Radkau2009562–564_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaelber2003">Kaelber 2003</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, pp. 562–564. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsenSteinberg19842–9Kaelber200336Radkau200923-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMommsenSteinberg19842–9Kaelber200336Radkau200923_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMommsenSteinberg1984">Mommsen & Steinberg 1984</a>, pp. 2–9; <a href="#CITEREFKaelber2003">Kaelber 2003</a>, p. 36; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau200931–33Kaesler2014191,_200–202-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadkau200931–33Kaesler2014191,_200–202_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, pp. 31–33; <a href="#CITEREFKaesler2014">Kaesler 2014</a>, pp. 191, 200–202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014191,_207Gordon202032Radkau200932–33-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014191,_207Gordon202032Radkau200932–33_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaesler2014">Kaesler 2014</a>, pp. 191, 207; <a href="#CITEREFGordon2020">Gordon 2020</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaelber200339Ritzer200932Gordon202032-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaelber200339Ritzer200932Gordon202032_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaelber2003">Kaelber 2003</a>, p. 39; <a href="#CITEREFRitzer2009">Ritzer 2009</a>, p. 32; <a href="#CITEREFGordon2020">Gordon 2020</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau200939–40,_562Kaelber200336–38-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadkau200939–40,_562Kaelber200336–38_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, pp. 39–40, 562; <a href="#CITEREFKaelber2003">Kaelber 2003</a>, pp. 36–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009564Kaesler2014329–332,_362-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadkau2009564Kaesler2014329–332,_362_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, p. 564; <a href="#CITEREFKaesler2014">Kaesler 2014</a>, pp. 329–332, 362. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaelber200339–40-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaelber200339–40_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaelber2003">Kaelber 2003</a>, pp. 39–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan2005146FrommerFrommer1993165Radkau200945-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllan2005146FrommerFrommer1993165Radkau200945_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllan2005">Allan 2005</a>, p. 146; <a href="#CITEREFFrommerFrommer1993">Frommer & Frommer 1993</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022LengermannNiebrugge-Brantley1998193FrommerFrommer1993165-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2022LengermannNiebrugge-Brantley1998193FrommerFrommer1993165_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFLengermannNiebrugge-Brantley1998">Lengermann & Niebrugge-Brantley 1998</a>, p. 193; <a href="#CITEREFFrommerFrommer1993">Frommer & Frommer 1993</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoggi20065Kaesler2014270Radkau2009563-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoggi20065Kaesler2014270Radkau2009563_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoggi2006">Poggi 2006</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFKaesler2014">Kaesler 2014</a>, p. 270; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, p. 563. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016370–371-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016370–371_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, pp. 370–371. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014346Radkau2009563-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014346Radkau2009563_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaesler2014">Kaesler 2014</a>, p. 346; 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<a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, pp. 364–365; <a href="#CITEREFBeiser2011">Beiser 2011</a>, pp. 551–553. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath2024Ritzer200931SwedbergAgevall2016211–212-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath2024Ritzer200931SwedbergAgevall2016211–212_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath2024Ritzer200931SwedbergAgevall2016211–212_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeath2024">Heath 2024</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRitzer2009">Ritzer 2009</a>, p. 31; <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, pp. 211–212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath2024-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath2024_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeath2024">Heath 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaclachlan20171163–1164Callison2022276-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaclachlan20171163–1164Callison2022276_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaclachlan2017">Maclachlan 2017</a>, pp. 1163–1164; <a href="#CITEREFCallison2022">Callison 2022</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016211–212Heath2024-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016211–212Heath2024_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, pp. 211–212; <a href="#CITEREFHeath2024">Heath 2024</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeath2024SwedbergAgevall2016211-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeath2024SwedbergAgevall2016211_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeath2024">Heath 2024</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Kim2022Kaesler1988180-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Kim2022Kaesler1988180_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 156; <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKaesler1988">Kaesler 1988</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Albrow1990151-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Albrow1990151_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 156; <a href="#CITEREFAlbrow1990">Albrow 1990</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Albrow1990153-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Albrow1990153_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 156; <a href="#CITEREFAlbrow1990">Albrow 1990</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016157Albrow1990151-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016157Albrow1990151_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 157; <a href="#CITEREFAlbrow1990">Albrow 1990</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016157Kaesler1988180–183-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016157Kaesler1988180–183_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 157; <a href="#CITEREFKaesler1988">Kaesler 1988</a>, pp. 180–183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Kim2022-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Kim2022_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 156; <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Kim2022Albrow1990157-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Kim2022Albrow1990157_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 156; <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAlbrow1990">Albrow 1990</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Kaesler1988182Albrow1990152-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016156Kaesler1988182Albrow1990152_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 156; <a href="#CITEREFKaesler1988">Kaesler 1988</a>, p. 182; <a href="#CITEREFAlbrow1990">Albrow 1990</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrow1990154-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrow1990154_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlbrow1990">Albrow 1990</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016364Albrow1990234-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016364Albrow1990234_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 364; <a href="#CITEREFAlbrow1990">Albrow 1990</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016364Kaesler1988192–193Albrow1990243–244-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016364Kaesler1988192–193Albrow1990243–244_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 364; <a href="#CITEREFKaesler1988">Kaesler 1988</a>, pp. 192–193; <a href="#CITEREFAlbrow1990">Albrow 1990</a>, pp. 243–244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016364Kaesler1988192–193-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016364Kaesler1988192–193_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 364; <a href="#CITEREFKaesler1988">Kaesler 1988</a>, pp. 192–193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016364Kaesler1988184–185-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016364Kaesler1988184–185_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 364; <a href="#CITEREFKaesler1988">Kaesler 1988</a>, pp. 184–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrow1990232Kim2022SwedbergAgevall2016367-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrow1990232Kim2022SwedbergAgevall2016367_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlbrow1990">Albrow 1990</a>, p. 232; <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlbrow1990232Kim2022-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlbrow1990232Kim2022_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAlbrow1990">Albrow 1990</a>, p. 232; <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016365Kaesler1988184–187Aldenhoff-Hübinger2004144-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016365Kaesler1988184–187Aldenhoff-Hübinger2004144_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 365; <a href="#CITEREFKaesler1988">Kaesler 1988</a>, pp. 184–187; <a href="#CITEREFAldenhoff-Hübinger2004">Aldenhoff-Hübinger 2004</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016365Kaesler2014654–655Kaesler1988188–189-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall2016365Kaesler2014654–655Kaesler1988188–189_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 365; <a href="#CITEREFKaesler2014">Kaesler 2014</a>, pp. 654–655; <a href="#CITEREFKaesler1988">Kaesler 1988</a>, pp. 188–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Ritzer200930Allan2005151-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2022Ritzer200930Allan2005151_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRitzer2009">Ritzer 2009</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFAllan2005">Allan 2005</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Gane200224–26Allan2005151-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2022Gane200224–26Allan2005151_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGane2002">Gane 2002</a>, pp. 24–26; <a href="#CITEREFAllan2005">Allan 2005</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Ritzer200938–42Allan2005177-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2022Ritzer200938–42Allan2005177_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRitzer2009">Ritzer 2009</a>, pp. 38–42; <a href="#CITEREFAllan2005">Allan 2005</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009191–192-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadkau2009191–192_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadkau2009191–192_161-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, pp. 191–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197757–61Allan2005162-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197757–61Allan2005162_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 57–61; <a href="#CITEREFAllan2005">Allan 2005</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan2005162-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllan2005162_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllan2005162_163-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllan2005">Allan 2005</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009186–190Weber2013124Baehr2001153–154-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadkau2009186–190Weber2013124Baehr2001153–154_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadkau2009186–190Weber2013124Baehr2001153–154_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadkau2009186–190Weber2013124Baehr2001153–154_164-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, pp. 186–190; <a href="#CITEREFWeber2013">Weber 2013</a>, p. 124; <a href="#CITEREFBaehr2001">Baehr 2001</a>, pp. 153–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabermas19901–2-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabermas19901–2_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHabermas19901–2_165-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHabermas1990">Habermas 1990</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Weber2004l–liGane200223–26-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2022Weber2004l–liGane200223–26_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFWeber2004">Weber 2004</a>, pp. l–li; <a href="#CITEREFGane2002">Gane 2002</a>, pp. 23–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Macionis201288-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2022Macionis201288_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFMacionis2012">Macionis 2012</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGane200223–26-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGane200223–26_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGane2002">Gane 2002</a>, pp. 23–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Radkau2009187–189-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2022Radkau2009187–189_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, pp. 187–189. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Habermas19901–2-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2022Habermas19901–2_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFHabermas1990">Habermas 1990</a>, pp. 1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoehmer2001277–278Kaesler201470Radkau2009367–368-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoehmer2001277–278Kaesler201470Radkau2009367–368_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoehmer2001">Boehmer 2001</a>, pp. 277–278; <a href="#CITEREFKaesler2014">Kaesler 2014</a>, p. 70; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, pp. 367–368. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009367–368Kaesler2014702–703-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadkau2009367–368Kaesler2014702–703_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, pp. 367–368; <a href="#CITEREFKaesler2014">Kaesler 2014</a>, pp. 702–703. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014703–704Boehmer2001277–278-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaesler2014703–704Boehmer2001277–278_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaesler2014">Kaesler 2014</a>, pp. 703–704; <a href="#CITEREFBoehmer2001">Boehmer 2001</a>, pp. 277–278. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim2022Gane200216–23-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim2022Gane200216–23_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGane2002">Gane 2002</a>, pp. 16–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201686–87Gane200216–17-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201686–87Gane200216–17_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, pp. 86–87; <a href="#CITEREFGane2002">Gane 2002</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGane200216–17Allan2005154–156-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGane200216–17Allan2005154–156_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGane2002">Gane 2002</a>, pp. 16–17; <a href="#CITEREFAllan2005">Allan 2005</a>, pp. 154–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGane200216–17Allan2005157–158-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGane200216–17Allan2005157–158_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGane2002">Gane 2002</a>, pp. 16–17; <a href="#CITEREFAllan2005">Allan 2005</a>, pp. 157–158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGane200216–17Allan2005151–152-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGane200216–17Allan2005151–152_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGane2002">Gane 2002</a>, pp. 16–17; <a href="#CITEREFAllan2005">Allan 2005</a>, pp. 151–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGane200217–23Allan2005151–152Kim2022-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGane200217–23Allan2005151–152Kim2022_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGane2002">Gane 2002</a>, pp. 17–23; <a href="#CITEREFAllan2005">Allan 2005</a>, pp. 151–152; <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGane200221–23Kim2022Allan2005151–152-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGane200221–23Kim2022Allan2005151–152_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGane2002">Gane 2002</a>, pp. 21–23; <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>; <a href="#CITEREFAllan2005">Allan 2005</a>, pp. 151–152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber199922–23BendixRoth197749–50-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber199922–23BendixRoth197749–50_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber1999">Weber 1999</a>, p. 22–23; <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitzer200935–37BendixRoth197757–59-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitzer200935–37BendixRoth197757–59_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitzer2009">Ritzer 2009</a>, pp. 35–37; <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 57–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau200996,_193BendixRoth197763–64-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadkau200996,_193BendixRoth197763–64_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, pp. 96, 193; <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2013xviii-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber2013xviii_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber2013">Weber 2013</a>, p. xviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2013xxxii–xxxiiiTurner2001b16403-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber2013xxxii–xxxiiiTurner2001b16403_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber2013">Weber 2013</a>, pp. xxxii–xxxiii; <a href="#CITEREFTurner2001b">Turner 2001b</a>, p. 16403. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2013xviiiRadkau2009195–197-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber2013xviiiRadkau2009195–197_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber2013">Weber 2013</a>, p. xviii; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, pp. 195–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadkau2009191–192Weber2013xlvii–lKim2022-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadkau2009191–192Weber2013xlvii–lKim2022_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, pp. 191–192; <a href="#CITEREFWeber2013">Weber 2013</a>, pp. xlvii–l; <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197757-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197757_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197755–58Weber2013xxviii-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197755–58Weber2013xxviii_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 55–58; <a href="#CITEREFWeber2013">Weber 2013</a>, p. xxviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197760–61Weber2013xxx-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197760–61Weber2013xxx_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 60–61; <a href="#CITEREFWeber2013">Weber 2013</a>, p. xxx. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitzer200935–37BendixRoth197755–58-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitzer200935–37BendixRoth197755–58_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitzer2009">Ritzer 2009</a>, pp. 35–37; <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 55–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitzer200935–37BendixRoth197760–63-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitzer200935–37BendixRoth197760–63_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitzer2009">Ritzer 2009</a>, pp. 35–37; <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 60–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201610–12-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201610–12_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, pp. 10–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeber2013xviii,_xxxii–xxxiiiAllan2005162–163BendixRoth197758–61-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeber2013xviii,_xxxii–xxxiiiAllan2005162–163BendixRoth197758–61_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeber2013">Weber 2013</a>, pp. xviii, xxxii–xxxiii; <a href="#CITEREFAllan2005">Allan 2005</a>, pp. 162–163; <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 58–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197749–50Weber19998SwedbergAgevall201694–96-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197749–50Weber19998SwedbergAgevall201694–96_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 49–50; <a href="#CITEREFWeber1999">Weber 1999</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, pp. 94–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchluchter201887–89Bellah1999280SwedbergAgevall201694–96-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchluchter201887–89Bellah1999280SwedbergAgevall201694–96_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchluchter2018">Schluchter 2018</a>, pp. 87–89; <a href="#CITEREFBellah1999">Bellah 1999</a>, p. 280; <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, pp. 94–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977285Bellah1999280SwedbergAgevall201694–96-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977285Bellah1999280SwedbergAgevall201694–96_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, p. 285; <a href="#CITEREFBellah1999">Bellah 1999</a>, p. 280; <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, pp. 94–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977285-198"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977285_198-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977285Kim2022-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977285Kim2022_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, p. 285; <a href="#CITEREFKim2022">Kim 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan2005154–155-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllan2005154–155_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllan2005">Allan 2005</a>, pp. 154–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllan2005158-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllan2005158_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllan2005">Allan 2005</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977114–116Radkau2009477–478Whimster2007134–135,_212-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977114–116Radkau2009477–478Whimster2007134–135,_212_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 114–116; <a href="#CITEREFRadkau2009">Radkau 2009</a>, pp. 477–478; <a href="#CITEREFWhimster2007">Whimster 2007</a>, pp. 134–135, 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197798–99Schluchter201412–13-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197798–99Schluchter201412–13_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 98–99; <a href="#CITEREFSchluchter2014">Schluchter 2014</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977135–141Whimster2007134–135Schluchter201419-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977135–141Whimster2007134–135Schluchter201419_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 135–141; <a href="#CITEREFWhimster2007">Whimster 2007</a>, pp. 134–135; <a href="#CITEREFSchluchter2014">Schluchter 2014</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977135–141Schluchter201419-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977135–141Schluchter201419_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 135–141; <a href="#CITEREFSchluchter2014">Schluchter 2014</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitzer200937–38BendixRoth1977135–141-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitzer200937–38BendixRoth1977135–141_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitzer2009">Ritzer 2009</a>, pp. 37–38; <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 135–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977135–141Schluchter201419Whimster2007188-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977135–141Schluchter201419Whimster2007188_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 135–141; <a href="#CITEREFSchluchter2014">Schluchter 2014</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFWhimster2007">Whimster 2007</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977135–141Schluchter201423–25-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977135–141Schluchter201423–25_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 135–141; <a href="#CITEREFSchluchter2014">Schluchter 2014</a>, pp. 23–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977142–158Schluchter201898–99-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977142–158Schluchter201898–99_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 142–158; <a href="#CITEREFSchluchter2018">Schluchter 2018</a>, pp. 98–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitzer200937–38Thapar2018123–125-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitzer200937–38Thapar2018123–125_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitzer2009">Ritzer 2009</a>, pp. 37–38; <a href="#CITEREFThapar2018">Thapar 2018</a>, pp. 123–125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalberg2017238–240-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalberg2017238–240_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalberg2017">Kalberg 2017</a>, pp. 238–240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitzer200935Gellner1982535–537Kalberg2017240-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitzer200935Gellner1982535–537Kalberg2017240_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitzer2009">Ritzer 2009</a>, p. 35; <a href="#CITEREFGellner1982">Gellner 1982</a>, pp. 535–537; <a href="#CITEREFKalberg2017">Kalberg 2017</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERitzer200935WeberTurner2014396Kalberg2017240-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERitzer200935WeberTurner2014396Kalberg2017240_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRitzer2009">Ritzer 2009</a>, p. 35; <a href="#CITEREFWeberTurner2014">Weber & Turner 2014</a>, p. 396; <a href="#CITEREFKalberg2017">Kalberg 2017</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977198–199Schluchter2018101–102-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977198–199Schluchter2018101–102_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 198–199; <a href="#CITEREFSchluchter2018">Schluchter 2018</a>, pp. 101–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977198–199Schluchter201892–93-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977198–199Schluchter201892–93_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 198–199; <a href="#CITEREFSchluchter2018">Schluchter 2018</a>, pp. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977198–199-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977198–199_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 198–199. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197790,_198–199Schluchter201898-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth197790,_198–199Schluchter201898_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 90, 198–199; 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<a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977387–388-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendixRoth1977387–388_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, pp. 387–388. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201620-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201620_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201620_246-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201620–21BendixRoth1977430-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201620–21BendixRoth1977430_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, pp. 20–21; <a href="#CITEREFBendixRoth1977">Bendix & Roth 1977</a>, p. 430. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201621BendixRoth1977426–427-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwedbergAgevall201621BendixRoth1977426–427_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016">Swedberg & Agevall 2016</a>, p. 21; 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Max Weber Studies. 14 (1): 113–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmax.2014.a808725">10.1353/max.2014.a808725</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-8078">1470-8078</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24579954">24579954</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154801166">154801166</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/808725">808725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Max+Weber+Studies&rft.atitle=Max+Weber+Gesamtausgabe%3A+Interim+Report+and+Future+Volumes&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-118&rft.date=2014-01&rft.issn=1470-8078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154801166%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24579954%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmax.2014.a808725&rft.aulast=Adair-Toteff&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdair-Toteff2013" class="citation journal cs1">Adair-Toteff, Christopher (January 2013). 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New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-20879-1">10.1007/978-1-349-20879-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-20879-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-20879-1"><bdi>978-1-349-20879-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21195542">21195542</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140357530">140357530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Weber%27s+Construction+of+Social+Theory&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21195542&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140357530%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-20879-1&rft.isbn=978-1-349-20879-1&rft.aulast=Albrow&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldenhoff-Hübinger2004" class="citation journal cs1">Aldenhoff-Hübinger, Rita (July 2004). 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Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203791615">10.4324/9780203791615</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-79161-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-79161-5"><bdi>978-0-203-79161-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1306503294">1306503294</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141719171">141719171</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founders%2C+Classics%2C+Canons%3A+Modern+Disputes+over+the+Origins+and+Appraisal+of+Sociology%27s+Heritage&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1306503294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141719171%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203791615&rft.isbn=978-0-203-79161-5&rft.aulast=Baehr&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaehr2001" class="citation journal cs1">Baehr, Peter (2001). "The 'Iron Cage' and the 'Shell as Hard as Steel': Parsons, Weber, and the Stahlhartes Gehäuse Metaphor in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism". History and Theory. 40 (2): 153–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F0018-2656.00160">10.1111/0018-2656.00160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2656">0018-2656</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2678029">2678029</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170964674">170964674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Theory&rft.atitle=The+%27Iron+Cage%27+and+the+%27Shell+as+Hard+as+Steel%27%3A+Parsons%2C+Weber%2C+and+the+Stahlhartes+Geh%C3%A4use+Metaphor+in+The+Protestant+Ethic+and+the+Spirit+of+Capitalism&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-169&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0018-2656&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170964674%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2678029%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F0018-2656.00160&rft.aulast=Baehr&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1980" class="citation journal cs1">Barker, Martin (June 1980). 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The British Journal of Sociology. 31 (2): 224–245. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F589689">10.2307/589689</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1315">0007-1315</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/589689">589689</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145073795">145073795</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Kant+as+a+Problem+for+Weber&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=224-245&rft.date=1980-06&rft.issn=0007-1315&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145073795%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F589689%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F589689&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeiser2011" class="citation book cs1">Beiser, Frederick C. 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Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03194-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03194-4"><bdi>978-0-520-03194-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150290821">1150290821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Weber%3A+An+Intellectual+Portrait&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150290821&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03194-4&rft.aulast=Bendix&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rft.au=Roth%2C+Guenther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaxweberintellec0000bend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermanReid2000" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Harold J.; Reid, Charles J. 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Sociology. 16 (4): 526–543. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0038038582016004004">10.1177/0038038582016004004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-0385">0038-0385</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42852485">42852485</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:91179252">91179252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociology&rft.atitle=Max+Weber%2C+Capitalism+and+the+Religion+of+India&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=526-543&rft.date=1982-11&rft.issn=0038-0385&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A91179252%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42852485%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0038038582016004004&rft.aulast=Gellner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2020" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gordon_(historian)" title="Peter Gordon (historian)">Gordon, Peter E.</a> (11 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220616062503/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2020/06/11/max-weber-fatalist/">"Max the Fatalist"</a>. 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Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-58102-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-58102-8"><bdi>978-0-262-58102-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/263623304">263623304</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophical+Discourse+of+Modernity%3A+Twelve+Lectures&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F263623304&rft.isbn=978-0-262-58102-8&rft.aulast=Habermas&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6dZybIvETTwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHankeHübingerSchwentker2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hanke, Edith; Hübinger, Gangolf; Schwentker, Wolfgang (January 2012). 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Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3755052">3755052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Methodological+Individualism&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Summer+2024&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3755052&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2024%2Fentries%2Fmethodological-individualism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanke2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hanke, Edith (September 2009). 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New York: Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-56319-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-56319-0"><bdi>978-0-394-56319-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1024158611">1024158611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Empire%2C+1875%E2%80%931914&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=History+of+Civilization&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1024158611&rft.isbn=978-0-394-56319-0&rft.aulast=Hobsbawm&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageofempire1875100hobs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonigsheim2017" class="citation book cs1">Honigsheim, Paul (2017). 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University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42560-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42560-3"><bdi>978-0-226-42560-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18167075">18167075</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142789327">142789327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Weber%3A+An+Introduction+to+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18167075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142789327%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-226-42560-3&rft.aulast=Kaesler&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaxweberintroduc0000kasl_p3m5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaesler2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kaesler, Dirk (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pa8kAwAAQBAJ">Max Weber. 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Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315082844">10.4324/9781315082844</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-08284-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-08284-4"><bdi>978-1-315-08284-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/994145659">994145659</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:198628069">198628069</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+the+Stream%3A+Reflections+of+an+Unconventional+Demographer&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F994145659&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A198628069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315082844&rft.isbn=978-1-315-08284-4&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpS0rDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlyeDavidson1998" class="citation book cs1">Plye, Ralph E.; Davidson, James D. 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Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press. pp. 498–501. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8956-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8956-1"><bdi>978-0-7619-8956-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37361790">37361790</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131011222247/http://hirr.hartsem.edu/ency/Stratification.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stratification&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Society&rft.place=Walnut+Creek%2C+California&rft.pages=498-501&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37361790&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-8956-1&rft.aulast=Plye&rft.aufirst=Ralph+E.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+James+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhirr.hartsem.edu%2Fency%2Fstratification.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoggi2006" class="citation book cs1">Poggi, Gianfranco (2006). 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Cambridge: Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4147-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4147-8"><bdi>978-0-7456-4147-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/721625601">721625601</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170999086">170999086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Weber%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F721625601&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170999086%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-4147-8&rft.aulast=Radkau&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VDjAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhoads2021" class="citation book cs1">Rhoads, John K. 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University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780271072470">10.1515/9780271072470</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-07247-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-07247-0"><bdi>978-0-271-07247-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1162042882">1162042882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Issues+in+Social+Theory&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Penn+State+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1162042882&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780271072470&rft.isbn=978-0-271-07247-0&rft.aulast=Rhoads&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780271007533_n7z1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitzer2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">Ritzer, George</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/enchantingdisenc0000ritz_r0g1">Enchanting a Disenchanted World: Revolutionizing the Means of Consumption</a> (Second ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: Pine Forge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8819-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-8819-9"><bdi>978-0-7619-8819-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/654326665">654326665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enchanting+a+Disenchanted+World%3A+Revolutionizing+the+Means+of+Consumption&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Pine+Forge+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F654326665&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-8819-9&rft.aulast=Ritzer&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenchantingdisenc0000ritz_r0g1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitzer2009" class="citation book cs1">Ritzer, George (2009). 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Max Weber Studies. 16 (2): 250–253. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmax.2016.a808671">10.1353/max.2016.a808671</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-8078">1470-8078</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.15543/maxweberstudies.16.2.250">10.15543/maxweberstudies.16.2.250</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157957640">157957640</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/808671">808671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Max+Weber+Studies&rft.atitle=On+Behalf+of+Economy+and+Society+and+Himself&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=250-253&rft.date=2016-07&rft.issn=1470-8078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157957640%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.15543%2Fmaxweberstudies.16.2.250%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmax.2016.a808671&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Guenther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth2005" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, Guenther (January 2005). 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Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06435-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06435-5"><bdi>978-0-520-06435-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1034677915">1034677915</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fleeing+the+Iron+Cage%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+Modernity+in+the+Thought+of+Max+Weber&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1034677915&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06435-5&rft.aulast=Scaff&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffleeingironcagec00scaf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScaff2011" class="citation book cs1">Scaff, Lawrence A. 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Max Weber Studies. 14 (1): 11–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmax.2014.a808751">10.1353/max.2014.a808751</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-8078">1470-8078</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24579948">24579948</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170089306">170089306</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/808751">808751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Max+Weber+Studies&rft.atitle=%27How+Ideas+become+Effective+in+History%27%3A+Max+Weber+on+Confucianism+and+Beyond&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11-31&rft.date=2014-01&rft.issn=1470-8078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170089306%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24579948%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmax.2014.a808751&rft.aulast=Schluchter&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finteramerica.de%2Fcurrent-issue%2Fschluchter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchluchter2018" class="citation journal cs1">Schluchter, Wolfgang (January 2018). 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Max Weber Studies. 18 (1): 87–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmax.2018.a808609">10.1353/max.2018.a808609</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-8078">1470-8078</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.15543/maxweberstudies.18.1.87">10.15543/maxweberstudies.18.1.87</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:172040941">172040941</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/808609">808609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Max+Weber+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Two+Great+Heterodoxies+in+Ancient+India%3A+An+Example+of+Max+Weber%27s+Anti-Hegelian+Approach&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-106&rft.date=2018-01&rft.issn=1470-8078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A172040941%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.15543%2Fmaxweberstudies.18.1.87%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmax.2018.a808609&rft.aulast=Schluchter&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchweitzer1975" class="citation journal cs1">Schweitzer, Arthur (September 1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/hope/article-abstract/7/3/279/12826/Frank-Knight-s-Social-Economics">"Frank Knight's Social Economics"</a>. History of Political Economy. 7 (3): 279–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182702-7-3-279">10.1215/00182702-7-3-279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2702">0018-2702</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144698116">144698116</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Frank+Knight%27s+Social+Economics&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=279-292&rft.date=1975-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144698116%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0018-2702&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182702-7-3-279&rft.aulast=Schweitzer&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fread.dukeupress.edu%2Fhope%2Farticle-abstract%2F7%2F3%2F279%2F12826%2FFrank-Knight-s-Social-Economics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2019" class="citation book cs1">Scott, John (2019). 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Fast Capitalism. 16 (2): 95–105. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32855%2Ffcapital.201902.009">10.32855/fcapital.201902.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1930-014X">1930-014X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213453888">213453888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fast+Capitalism&rft.atitle=Max+Weber%27s+Odyssey%3A+The+Wild+West%2C+the+Frontier%2C+and+the+Capitalist+Spirit&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=95-105&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213453888%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1930-014X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32855%2Ffcapital.201902.009&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffastcapitalism.journal.library.uta.edu%2Findex.php%2Ffastcapitalism%2Farticle%2Fview%2F170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpenglerHughes1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler, Oswald</a>; <a href="/wiki/H._Stuart_Hughes" title="H. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506634-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506634-0"><bdi>978-0-19-506634-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/625153554">625153554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+the+West%3A+An+Abridged+Edition&rft.series=Oxford+Paperbacks&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F625153554&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506634-0&rft.aulast=Spengler&rft.aufirst=Oswald&rft.au=Hughes%2C+H.+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeclineofwest00spen_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwedberg1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Swedberg" title="Richard Swedberg">Swedberg, Richard</a> (October 1999). 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Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503600225">10.1515/9781503600225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0022-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0022-5"><bdi>978-1-5036-0022-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/956984918">956984918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Max+Weber+Dictionary%3A+Key+Words+and+Central+Concepts&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956984918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503600225&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0022-5&rft.aulast=Swedberg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Agevall%2C+Ola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_c3Mcnh8hCgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar2018" class="citation journal cs1">Thapar, Romila (January 2018). 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Max Weber Studies. 18 (1): 122–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmax.2018.a808613">10.1353/max.2018.a808613</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-8078">1470-8078</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.15543/maxweberstudies.18.1.122">10.15543/maxweberstudies.18.1.122</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:186696069">186696069</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/808613">808613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Max+Weber+Studies&rft.atitle=Revisiting+Max+Weber%27s+Religion+of+India&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=122-139&rft.date=2018-01&rft.issn=1470-8078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A186696069%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.15543%2Fmaxweberstudies.18.1.122%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmax.2018.a808613&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTribe2018" class="citation journal cs1">Tribe, Keith (January–April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sociologica.unibo.it/article/view/8432">"Max Weber's 'Science as a Vocation': Context, Genesis, Structure"</a>. Sociologica. 12 (1): 125–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6092%2FISSN.1971-8853%2F8432">10.6092/ISSN.1971-8853/8432</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1971-8853">1971-8853</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150045429">150045429</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sociologica&rft.atitle=Max+Weber%27s+%27Science+as+a+Vocation%27%3A+Context%2C+Genesis%2C+Structure&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-136&rft.date=2018-01%2F2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150045429%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1971-8853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6092%2FISSN.1971-8853%2F8432&rft.aulast=Tribe&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsociologica.unibo.it%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTribe2009" class="citation book cs1">Tribe, Keith (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/strategies-of-economic-order/730101B09AE32C1570EB5D637844C8FF">Strategies of Economic Order: German Economic Discourse, 1750–1950</a>. 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London: Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-7633-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-7633-7"><bdi>978-0-8039-7633-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47011840">47011840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+Weber%3A+Essays+on+the+Sociology+of+Fate&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47011840&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-7633-7&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Bryan+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforweberessayson0000turn_o7m8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2011" class="citation journal cs1">Turner, Bryan S. 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Max Weber Studies. 7 (1): 37–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmax.2007.a808884">10.1353/max.2007.a808884</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10077%2F5339">10077/5339</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-8078">1470-8078</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24579672">24579672</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34737021">34737021</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/808884">808884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Max+Weber+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Continued+Relevance+of+Weber%27s+Philosophy+of+Social+Science&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-62&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10077%2F5339&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24579672%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmax.2007.a808884&rft.issn=1470-8078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34737021%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2001b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Turner, Stephen (2001b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B008043076700348X">"Weber, Max (1864–1920)"</a>. In Smelser, Neil J.; Baltes, Paul B. (eds.). International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. Vol. 24 (First ed.). Amsterdam: Elveiser. pp. 16401–16407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB0-08-043076-7%2F00348-X">10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/00348-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-043076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-043076-8"><bdi>978-0-08-043076-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47869490">47869490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Weber%2C+Max+%281864%E2%80%931920%29&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+%26+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=16401-16407&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Elveiser&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47869490&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB0-08-043076-7%2F00348-X&rft.isbn=978-0-08-043076-8&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB008043076700348X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarner1991" class="citation book cs1">Warner, Daniel (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethicofresponsib0000warn">An Ethic of Responsibility in International Relations</a>. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-266-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-266-3"><bdi>978-1-55587-266-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44959914">44959914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ethic+of+Responsibility+in+International+Relations&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44959914&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-266-3&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethicofresponsib0000warn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatersWaters2016" class="citation journal cs1">Waters, Tony; Waters, Dagmar (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalcomms.2016.2">"Are the Terms 'Socio-Economic Status' and 'Class Status' a Warped Form of Reasoning for Max Weber?"</a>. Palgrave Communications. 2 (1): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fpalcomms.2016.2">10.1057/palcomms.2016.2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2055-1045">2055-1045</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147625219">147625219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palgrave+Communications&rft.atitle=Are+the+Terms+%27Socio-Economic+Status%27+and+%27Class+Status%27+a+Warped+Form+of+Reasoning+for+Max+Weber%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147625219%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2055-1045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fpalcomms.2016.2&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Waters%2C+Dagmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1057%252Fpalcomms.2016.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatersWaters2015a" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Tony; Waters, Dagmar (2015a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/webersrationalis0000unse/page/18/mode/2up">"Max Weber's Writing as a Product of World War I Europe"</a>. In Waters, Tony; Waters, Dagmar (eds.). Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society: New Translations on Politics, Bureaucracy, and Social Stratification (First ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 19–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137365866_2">10.1057/9781137365866_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-47664-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-47664-0"><bdi>978-1-349-47664-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907284212">907284212</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156293402">156293402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Max+Weber%27s+Writing+as+a+Product+of+World+War+I+Europe&rft.btitle=Weber%27s+Rationalism+and+Modern+Society%3A+New+Translations+on+Politics%2C+Bureaucracy%2C+and+Social+Stratification&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=19-28&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907284212&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156293402%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137365866_2&rft.isbn=978-1-349-47664-0&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft.au=Waters%2C+Dagmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwebersrationalis0000unse%2Fpage%2F18%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1999" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max (1999). Swedberg, Richard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WaV7Q35jy_AC">Essays in Economic Sociology</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691218168">10.1515/9780691218168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00906-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00906-3"><bdi>978-0-691-00906-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1416446">j.ctv1416446</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40714136">40714136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141823487">141823487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Economic+Sociology&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv1416446%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691218168&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40714136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141823487%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00906-3&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWaV7Q35jy_AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeberTurner2014" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max; Turner, Brian S. (2014). Gerth, H. H.; Mills, C. Wright (eds.). From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (First ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203759240">10.4324/9780203759240</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-68894-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-68894-4"><bdi>978-1-134-68894-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880683665">880683665</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230358177">230358177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Max+Weber%3A+Essays+in+Sociology&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F880683665&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A230358177%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203759240&rft.isbn=978-1-134-68894-4&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Turner%2C+Brian+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeberCohen2017" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max; Cohen, Ira J. (2017). General Economic History. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Knight" title="Frank Knight">Knight, Frank</a> (First ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203790991">10.4324/9780203790991</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-79099-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-79099-1"><bdi>978-0-203-79099-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1003131149">1003131149</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:168531049">168531049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Economic+History&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1003131149&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A168531049%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203790991&rft.isbn=978-0-203-79099-1&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Ira+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Weber, Max (1964). Baumgarten, Eduard (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/maxweberwerkundp0000webe">Max Weber. Werk und Person. Dokumente, ausgewählt und kommentiert von Eduard Baumgarten</a> (in German). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/576084885">576084885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Weber.+Werk+und+Person.+Dokumente%2C+ausgew%C3%A4hlt+und+kommentiert+von+Eduard+Baumgarten&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F576084885&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaxweberwerkundp0000webe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2015b" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max (2015b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/webersrationalis0000unse/page/36/mode/2up">"The Distribution of Power Within the Gemeinschaft: Classes, Stände, Parties"</a>. In Waters, Tony; Waters, Dagmar (eds.). Weber's Rationalism and Modern Society: New Translations on Politics, Bureaucracy, and Social Stratification (First ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 37–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137365866_4">10.1057/9781137365866_4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-47664-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-47664-0"><bdi>978-1-349-47664-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907284212">907284212</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156190933">156190933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Distribution+of+Power+Within+the+Gemeinschaft%3A+Classes%2C+St%C3%A4nde%2C+Parties&rft.btitle=Weber%27s+Rationalism+and+Modern+Society%3A+New+Translations+on+Politics%2C+Bureaucracy%2C+and+Social+Stratification&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=37-58&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907284212&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156190933%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137365866_4&rft.isbn=978-1-349-47664-0&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwebersrationalis0000unse%2Fpage%2F36%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2011" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/max-weber-selections-in-translation/786A193599EDE9EBA91FCC1DFDA5710E/the-nature-of-social-action/8194C77E488956BB6A12A6CAF8219FF4">"The Nature of Social Action"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Garry_Runciman,_3rd_Viscount_Runciman_of_Doxford" title="Garry Runciman, 3rd Viscount Runciman of Doxford">Runciman, Garry</a> (ed.). Max Weber: Selections in Translation. Translated by Matthews, Eric. Cambridge University Press. pp. 7–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511810831.005">10.1017/CBO9780511810831.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-81083-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-81083-1"><bdi>978-0-511-81083-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/858858223">858858223</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142627438">142627438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nature+of+Social+Action&rft.btitle=Max+Weber%3A+Selections+in+Translation&rft.pages=7-32&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F858858223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142627438%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511810831.005&rft.isbn=978-0-511-81083-1&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fhighereducation%2Fbooks%2Fmax-weber-selections-in-translation%2F786A193599EDE9EBA91FCC1DFDA5710E%2Fthe-nature-of-social-action%2F8194C77E488956BB6A12A6CAF8219FF4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2012" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max (2012). "The 'Objectivity' of Knowledge in Social Science and Social Policy". In Bruun, Hans Henrik; Whimster, Sam (eds.). Max Weber: Collected Methodological Writings. Translated by Bruun, Hans Henrik (First ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. pp. 100–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203804698-4">10.4324/9780203804698-4</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-80469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-80469-8"><bdi>978-0-203-80469-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/798534064">798534064</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220744640">220744640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%27Objectivity%27+of+Knowledge+in+Social+Science+and+Social+Policy&rft.btitle=Max+Weber%3A+Collected+Methodological+Writings&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pages=100-138&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F798534064&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220744640%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203804698-4&rft.isbn=978-0-203-80469-8&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2013" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max (2013). Kalberg, Stephen (ed.). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (First ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315063645">10.4324/9781315063645</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97398-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97398-8"><bdi>978-1-135-97398-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/857081731">857081731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Protestant+Ethic+and+the+Spirit+of+Capitalism&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F857081731&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315063645&rft.isbn=978-1-135-97398-8&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1997" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max (1997). Wells, Gordon C.; Baehr, Peter (eds.). The Russian Revolutions. Cambridge: Polity. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1752-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1752-7"><bdi>978-0-7456-1752-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191809634">191809634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolutions&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191809634&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-1752-7&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2004" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max (2004). Owen, David; Strong, Tracy B. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AHpXbQ6KFDgC">The Vocation Lectures</a>. Translated by Livingstone, Rodney. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-666-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87220-666-3"><bdi>978-0-87220-666-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53019391">53019391</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141607292">141607292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vocation+Lectures&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pub=Hackett+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53019391&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141607292%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-87220-666-3&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAHpXbQ6KFDgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhimster2016" class="citation book cs1">Whimster, Sam (2016). "Introduction to Weber, Ascona and Anarchism". In Whimster, Sam (ed.). Max Weber and the Culture of Anarchy. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 83–109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-27030-9_1">10.1007/978-1-349-27030-9_1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-27030-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-27030-9"><bdi>978-1-349-27030-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37843746">37843746</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156361661">156361661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Weber%2C+Ascona+and+Anarchism&rft.btitle=Max+Weber+and+the+Culture+of+Anarchy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=83-109&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37843746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156361661%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-27030-9_1&rft.isbn=978-1-349-27030-9&rft.aulast=Whimster&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhimster2023" class="citation journal cs1">Whimster, Sam (January 2023). "Legitimizing Bureaucracy and the Challenge of Caesarism". Max Weber Studies. 23 (1): 82–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmax.2023.0006">10.1353/max.2023.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-8078">1470-8078</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:256106741">256106741</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/877866">877866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Max+Weber+Studies&rft.atitle=Legitimizing+Bureaucracy+and+the+Challenge+of+Caesarism&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=82-108&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A256106741%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1470-8078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmax.2023.0006&rft.aulast=Whimster&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhimster2007" class="citation book cs1">Whimster, Sam (2007). Understanding Weber (First ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203030561">10.4324/9780203030561</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-03056-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-03056-1"><bdi>978-0-203-03056-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71842656">71842656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Weber&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71842656&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203030561&rft.isbn=978-0-203-03056-1&rft.aulast=Whimster&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubaida2005–2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zubaida, Sami (July 2005 – January 2006). "Max Weber's The City and the Islamic City". Max Weber Studies. 5–6 (2–1): 111–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fmax.2006.a808942">10.1353/max.2006.a808942</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1470-8078">1470-8078</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24581976">24581976</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55566968">55566968</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/808942">808942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Max+Weber+Studies&rft.atitle=Max+Weber%27s+The+City+and+the+Islamic+City&rft.volume=5%E2%80%936&rft.issue=2%E2%80%931&rft.pages=111-118&rft.date=2005-07%2F2006-01&rft.issn=1470-8078&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55566968%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24581976%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fmax.2006.a808942&rft.aulast=Zubaida&rft.aufirst=Sami&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Adair-Toteff, Christopher (2016). Max Weber's Sociology of Religion. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1628%2F978-3-16-154430-9">10.1628/978-3-16-154430-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12657%2F52168">20.500.12657/52168</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-154430-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-154430-9"><bdi>978-3-16-154430-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/944309696">944309696</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155337896">155337896</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Weber%27s+Sociology+of+Religion&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12657%2F52168&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155337896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1628%2F978-3-16-154430-9&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F944309696&rft.isbn=978-3-16-154430-9&rft.aulast=Adair-Toteff&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Henrik_Bruun" title="Hans Henrik Bruun">Bruun, Hans Henrik</a> (2016). Science, Values, and Politics in Max Weber's Methodology: New Expanded Edition. Rethinking Classical Sociology (First ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315607832">10.4324/9781315607832</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4529-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4529-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-4529-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70839734">70839734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Values%2C+and+Politics+in+Max+Weber%27s+Methodology%3A+New+Expanded+Edition&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.series=Rethinking+Classical+Sociology&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70839734&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315607832&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4529-0&rft.aulast=Bruun&rft.aufirst=Hans+Henrik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Collins, Randall (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/weberian-sociological-theory/BE82F80B36544CA683AB7DE64923B4E2">Weberian Sociological Theory</a> (First ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511557682">10.1017/CBO9780511557682</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30698-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30698-0"><bdi>978-0-521-30698-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11969995">11969995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weberian+Sociological+Theory&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11969995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511557682&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30698-0&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Randall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fweberian-sociological-theory%2FBE82F80B36544CA683AB7DE64923B4E2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation conference cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Engisch, Karl; Pfister, Bernhard; Winckelmann, Johannes, eds. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/22722">Max Weber. Gedächtnisschrift der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München zur 100. Wiederkehr seines Geburtstages 1964</a> (in German). Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5282%2Fubm%2Fepub.22722">10.5282/ubm/epub.22722</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937962">937962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Max+Weber.+Ged%C3%A4chtnisschrift+der+Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit%C3%A4t+M%C3%BCnchen+zur+100.+Wiederkehr+seines+Geburtstages+1964&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Duncker+%26+Humblot&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F937962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5282%2Fubm%2Fepub.22722&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fepub.ub.uni-muenchen.de%2Fid%2Feprint%2F22722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gaidenko, Piama (1989). "The Sociology of Max Weber". In <a href="/wiki/Igor_Kon" title="Igor Kon">Kon, Igor</a> (ed.). A History of Classical Sociology. Translated by Creighton, H. Campbell. Moscow: Progress Publishers. pp. 255–311. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-01-001102-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-01-001102-4"><bdi>978-5-01-001102-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21208496">21208496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sociology+of+Max+Weber&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Classical+Sociology&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=255-311&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21208496&rft.isbn=978-5-01-001102-4&rft.aulast=Gaidenko&rft.aufirst=Piama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2008" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7uQf4wF1RrUC">A Historian Reads Max Weber: Essays on the Protestant Ethic</a>. Kultur- und sozialwissenschaftliche Studien / Studies in Cultural and Social Sciences. Vol. 1 (First ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvbkk51w">10.2307/j.ctvbkk51w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-19057-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-19057-2"><bdi>978-3-447-19057-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvbkk51w">j.ctvbkk51w</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/897645403">897645403</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142265301">142265301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historian+Reads+Max+Weber%3A+Essays+on+the+Protestant+Ethic&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.series=Kultur-+und+sozialwissenschaftliche+Studien+%2F+Studies+in+Cultural+and+Social+Sciences&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvbkk51w%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvbkk51w&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F897645403&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142265301%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-3-447-19057-2&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7uQf4wF1RrUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2014" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, Peter (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/10463">Max Weber and The Protestant Ethic: Twin Histories</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198702528.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198702528.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870252-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870252-8"><bdi>978-0-19-870252-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/883857262">883857262</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142034768">142034768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Weber+and+The+Protestant+Ethic%3A+Twin+Histories&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F883857262&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142034768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198702528.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-870252-8&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F10463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Green, Robert, ed. (1959). Protestantism and Capitalism: The Weber Thesis and Its Critics. Problems in European Civilization. Vol. 10. Boston: Heath. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/305748">305748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protestantism+and+Capitalism%3A+The+Weber+Thesis+and+Its+Critics&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=Problems+in+European+Civilization&rft.pub=Heath&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F305748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Hanke, Edith; Scaff, Lawrence; Whimster, Sam, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/34236">The Oxford Handbook of Max Weber</a>. Oxford Handbooks (First ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190679545.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190679545.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-067954-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-067954-5"><bdi>978-0-19-067954-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1145076376">1145076376</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203289040">203289040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Max+Weber&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1145076376&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203289040%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190679545.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-067954-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fedited-volume%2F34236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hennis" title="Wilhelm Hennis">Hennis, Wilhelm</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/maxweberessaysin0000henn">Max Weber: Essays in Reconstruction</a>. Translated by Tribe, Keith. London: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-301301-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-301301-4"><bdi>978-0-04-301301-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150266196">1150266196</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Weber%3A+Essays+in+Reconstruction&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150266196&rft.isbn=978-0-04-301301-4&rft.aulast=Hennis&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmaxweberessaysin0000henn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers, Karl</a> (1989). Dreijmanis, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/karljaspersonmax0000jasp">Karl Jaspers on Max Weber</a>. Translated by Whelan, Robert J. (First ed.). 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Max Weber. Ein Leben zwischen den Epochen (in German). Berlin: Rowohlt Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-644-11611-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-644-11611-5"><bdi>978-3-644-11611-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/869208935">869208935</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169361321">169361321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Weber.+Ein+Leben+zwischen+den+Epochen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Rowohlt+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F869208935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169361321%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-3-644-11611-5&rft.aulast=Kaube&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kemple, Thomas (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-VvvngEACAAJ">Intellectual Work and the Spirit of Capitalism: Weber's Calling</a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137377142">10.1057/9781137377142</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-37713-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-37713-5"><bdi>978-1-137-37713-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/865063421">865063421</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157353426">157353426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Work+and+the+Spirit+of+Capitalism%3A+Weber%27s+Calling&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F865063421&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157353426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137377142&rft.isbn=978-1-137-37713-5&rft.aulast=Kemple&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-VvvngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2009" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Sung Ho (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/maxweberspolitic0000kims">Max Weber's Politics of Civil Society</a> (First ed.). 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Mit Briefen und Dokumenten</a> (in German). Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-147557-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-147557-3"><bdi>978-3-16-147557-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/47731615">47731615</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160694497">160694497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Webers+deutsch-englische+Familiengeschichte+1800%E2%80%931950.+Mit+Briefen+und+Dokumenten&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F47731615&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160694497%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-3-16-147557-3&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Guenther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiXbii5ywmDEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSica2016" class="citation book cs1">Sica, Alan, ed. 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Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003089537">10.4324/9781003089537</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-003-08953-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-003-08953-7"><bdi>978-1-003-08953-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1346316238">1346316238</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250590282">250590282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+International+Handbook+on+Max+Weber&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.series=Routledge+International+Handbooks&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1346316238&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A250590282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003089537&rft.isbn=978-1-003-08953-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Swatos, William H. Jr., ed. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timeplacecircums0000unse">Time, Place, and Circumstance: Neo-Weberian Studies in Comparative Religious History</a>. New York: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26892-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26892-2"><bdi>978-0-313-26892-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/988259994">988259994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time%2C+Place%2C+and+Circumstance%3A+Neo-Weberian+Studies+in+Comparative+Religious+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F988259994&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26892-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimeplacecircums0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Swedberg, Richard (1998). Max Weber and the Idea of Economic Sociology. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691187662">10.1515/9780691187662</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07013-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07013-1"><bdi>978-0-691-07013-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv346nqx">j.ctv346nqx</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38249866">38249866</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143554466">143554466</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/60951">book 60951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Weber+and+the+Idea+of+Economic+Sociology&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv346nqx%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691187662&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38249866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143554466%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.isbn=978-0-691-07013-1&rft.aulast=Swedberg&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Weber" title="Marianne Weber">Weber, Marianne</a>; Roth, Guenther (2017). <a href="/wiki/Harry_Zohn" title="Harry Zohn">Zohn, Harry</a> (ed.). Max Weber: A Biography (Second ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203786109">10.4324/9780203786109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-78610-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-78610-9"><bdi>978-0-203-78610-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1100679706">1100679706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Weber%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1100679706&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203786109&rft.isbn=978-0-203-78610-9&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft.au=Roth%2C+Guenther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Weber, Max (1969). <a href="/wiki/Max_Rheinstein" title="Max Rheinstein">Rheinstein, Max</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Shils" title="Edward Shils">Shils, Edward</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawineconomysoci0000webe">Max Weber on Law in Economy and Society</a> (Third ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-55651-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-55651-5"><bdi>978-0-674-55651-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/468399379">468399379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Weber+on+Law+in+Economy+and+Society&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468399379&rft.isbn=978-0-674-55651-5&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flawineconomysoci0000webe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Max Weber at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Max_Weber" class="extiw" title="c:Max Weber">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Max_Weber" class="extiw" title="q:Max Weber">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Max_Weber" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Max Weber">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Max_Weber" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Max Weber">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Max Weber <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Max+Weber&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Max+Weber">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Max+Weber&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Max Weber <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Max+Weber&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Max+Weber">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Max+Weber&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mwg.badw.de/das-projekt.html">Max Weber-Gesamtausgabe</a> (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maxweberstudies.org/">Max Weber Studies</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSung_Ho_Kim" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sung Ho Kim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/weber/">"Max Weber"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Max+Weber&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.au=Sung+Ho+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fweber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMax+Weber" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uni-heidelberg.de/de/heionline/im-fokus-max-weber">Im Fokus: Max Weber</a> at <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a> (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b03yqj31">Weber's The Protestant Ethic</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0015b6r">Charisma</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/018241">Newspaper clippings about Max Weber</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_editions">Online editions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Online editions">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Weber%2C%20Max%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Max%20Weber%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Weber%2C%20Max%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Max%20Weber%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Weber%2C%20M%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Max%20Weber%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Weber%2C%20Max%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Max%20Weber%22%29%20OR%20%28%221864-1920%22%20AND%20Weber%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Max Weber</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/autoren/namen/webermax.html">Works by Max Weber</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Projekt_Gutenberg-DE" title="Wikipedia:Projekt Gutenberg-DE">Projekt Gutenberg-DE</a> (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeno.org/Soziologie/M/Weber,%20Max">Max Weber</a> at <a href="/wiki/Zeno.org" title="Zeno.org">Zeno.org</a> (in German)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sociosite.net/post/sociologists#max-weber">Max Weber</a> at SocioSite</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/663">Works by Max Weber</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Max_Weber" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Max_Weber" title="Template:Max Weber"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Max_Weber" title="Template talk:Max Weber"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Max_Weber" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Max Weber"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Max_Weber" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Max Weber</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber_bibliography" title="Max Weber bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeches_of_Max_Weber" title="Speeches of Max Weber">List of speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretations_of_Max_Weber%27s_liberalism" title="Interpretations of Max Weber's liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber_and_German_politics" title="Max Weber and German politics">German politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zur_Geschichte_der_Handelsgesellschaften_im_Mittelalter" title="Zur Geschichte der Handelsgesellschaften im Mittelalter">Zur Geschichte der Handelsgesellschaften im Mittelalter</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Agrarian_History_and_Its_Significance_for_Public_and_Private_Law" title="Roman Agrarian History and Its Significance for Public and Private Law">Roman Agrarian History and Its Significance for Public and Private Law</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condition_of_Farm_Labour_in_Eastern_Germany" title="Condition of Farm Labour in Eastern Germany">Condition of Farm Labour in Eastern Germany</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stock_Exchange_(book)" title="The Stock Exchange (book)">The Stock Exchange</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Ethic_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Economic_Ethics_of_the_World_Religions" title="The Economic Ethics of the World Religions">The Economic Ethics of the World Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Religion_of_China" title="The Religion of China">The Religion of China</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Religion_of_India" title="The Religion of India">The Religion of India</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Judaism_(book)" title="Ancient Judaism (book)">Ancient Judaism</a> (1921)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Religion_(book)" title="Sociology of Religion (book)">Sociology of Religion</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_City_(Weber_book)" title="The City (Weber book)">The City</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_and_Society" title="Economy and Society">Economy and Society</a> (1922)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_%22Objectivity%22_of_Knowledge_in_Social_Science_and_Social_Policy" title="The "Objectivity" of Knowledge in Social Science and Social Policy">The 'Objectivity' of Knowledge in Social Science and Social Policy</a>" (1904)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Protestant_Sects_and_the_Spirit_of_Capitalism" title="The Protestant Sects and the Spirit of Capitalism">The Protestant Sects and the Spirit of Capitalism</a>" (1904)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Rejection_and_the_Meaning_of_the_World" title="The Rejection and the Meaning of the World">The Rejection and the Meaning of the World</a>" (1916)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lectures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Science_as_a_Vocation" title="Science as a Vocation">Science as a Vocation</a>" (1917)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Politics_as_a_Vocation" title="Politics as a Vocation">Politics as a Vocation</a>" (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Economic_History" title="General Economic History">General Economic History</a> (1923)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">Disenchantment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethic_of_ultimate_ends" title="Ethic of ultimate ends">Ethic of ultimate ends</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_type" title="Ideal type">Ideal type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner-worldly_asceticism" title="Inner-worldly asceticism">Inner-worldly asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_cage" title="Iron cage">Iron cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_chances" title="Life chances">Life chances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodological_individualism" title="Methodological individualism">Methodological individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)" title="Rationalization (sociology)">Rationalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_action" title="Social action">Social action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affectional_action" title="Affectional action">Affectional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional action">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental action">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-rational_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Value-rational action">Value-rational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Three-component theory of stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_classification_of_authority" title="Tripartite classification of authority">Tripartite classification of authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">Rational-legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-freedom" title="Value-freedom">Value-freedom</a></li> <li>[[[Verstehen]]] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |label= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber_Sr." title="Max Weber Sr.">Max Weber Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Alfred Weber</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Weber" title="Marianne Weber">Marianne Weber</a> (wife)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>[[[Verein für Socialpolitik]]] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |label= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</li> <li>[[[Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik]]] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |label= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sociological_Association" title="German Sociological Association">German Sociological Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber_Foundation" title="Max Weber Foundation">Max Weber Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Max_Weber" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Max_Weber" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Max Weber</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_philosophy" title="Template talk:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">Social philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anomie" title="Anomie">Anomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Inter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nature" title="Human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Formation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_character" title="National character">National character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship" title="Stewardship">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Values</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">Volksgeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">Worldview</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xunzi_(philosopher)" title="Xunzi (philosopher)">Xunzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avempace" title="Avempace">Avempace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tufayl" title="Ibn Tufayl">Ibn Tufayl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Montaigne" title="Michel de Montaigne">Montaigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Adrien_Helv%C3%A9tius" title="Claude Adrien Helvétius">Helvétius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byung-Chul_Han" title="Byung-Chul Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Land" title="Nick Land">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Maritain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Officiis" title="De Officiis">De Officiis</a> (44 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oration_on_the_Dignity_of_Man" title="Oration on the Dignity of Man">Oration on the Dignity of Man</a> (1486)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Society" title="A Vindication of Natural Society">A Vindication of Natural Society</a> (1756)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization_and_Its_Discontents" title="Civilization and Its Discontents">Civilization and Its Discontents</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Second_Sex" title="The Second Sex">The Second Sex</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_Sexuality" title="The History of Sexuality">The History of Sexuality</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Narcissism" title="The Culture of Narcissism">The Culture of Narcissism</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_Trouble" title="Gender Trouble">Gender Trouble</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Malaise_of_Modernity" title="The Malaise of Modernity">The Malaise of Modernity</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectuals_and_Society" title="Intellectuals and Society">Intellectuals and Society</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnotology" title="Agnotology">Agnotology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Axiology">Axiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_education" title="Philosophy of education">Philosophy of education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">Philosophy of history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_criticism" title="Social criticism">Social criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">Social theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_philosophy" title="Category:Social philosophy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Liberalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism" title="Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism" title="Template talk:Liberalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Liberalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiocracy" title="Physiocracy">Physiocratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">Encyclopaedist</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberalism" title="National liberalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_liberalism" title="Social liberalism">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_liberalism" title="Green liberalism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_liberalism" title="Constitutional liberalism">Constitutional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left-libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geolibertarianism" title="Geolibertarianism">Geolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_liberalism" title="Neoclassical liberalism">Neoclassical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_liberalism" title="Religious liberalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoliberalism" title="Technoliberalism">Techno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">By region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nigeria" title="Liberalism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Senegal" title="Liberalism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Africa" title="Liberalism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Tunisia" title="Liberalism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Zimbabwe" title="Liberalism in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_India" title="Liberalism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Iran" title="Liberalism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Israel" title="Liberalism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Japan" title="Liberalism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_South_Korea" title="Liberalism in South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinilpa#Anti-Chinilpa_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinilpa">Anti-Chinilpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_reformism" title="Centrist reformism">Centrist reformist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_South_Korea" title="Progressivism in South Korea">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Czech_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in the Czech lands">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Hungary" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Italy" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Italy">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberism">Liberism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Latvia" title="Liberalism in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Lithuania" title="Liberalism in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Luxembourg" title="Liberalism in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Liberalism in North Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Moldova" title="Liberalism in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Montenegro" title="Liberalism in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Liberalism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Norway" title="Liberalism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Portugal" title="Liberalism in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Romania" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Serbia" title="Liberalism in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovakia" title="Liberalism in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Slovenia" title="Liberalism in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Spain" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Sweden" title="Liberalism and centrism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Switzerland" title="Liberalism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Turkey" title="Liberalism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Ukraine" title="Liberalism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gladstonian_liberalism" title="Gladstonian liberalism">Gladstonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Libertarianism in the United Kingdom">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Liberalism" title="Manchester Liberalism">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicals_(UK)" title="Radicals (UK)">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whiggist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" title="Liberalism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico" title="Liberalism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Nicaragua" title="Liberalism in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Panama" title="Liberalism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Paraguay" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Peru" title="Liberalism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Uruguay" title="Liberalism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moderates_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Moderates (Liberal Party of Australia)">Small-l</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_liberalism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic liberalism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li>Weber</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-authoritarianism" title="Anti-authoritarianism">Anti-authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_American_academics" title="Political views of American academics">Bias in American academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias in the media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_Anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist Anarchism">Anarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_value_tax" title="Land value tax">Land value tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-libertarianism" title="Left-libertarianism">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sexually liberal feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Liberalism" title="Portal:Liberalism">Liberalism Portal</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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<li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Economic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal norms">Legal norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="International legal theory">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology of law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_law" title="Category:Philosophers of law">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alexy" title="Robert Alexy">Alexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Austin_(legal_philosopher)" title="John Austin (legal philosopher)">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio" title="Norberto Bobbio">Bobbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartosz_Bro%C5%BCek" title="Bartosz Brożek">Brożek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Ehrlich" title="Eugen Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lon_L._Fuller" title="Lon L. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Gurvitch" title="Georges Gurvitch">Gurvitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._A._Hart" title="H. L. A. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_H%C3%A4gerstr%C3%B6m" title="Axel Hägerström">Hägerström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Jellinek" title="Georg Jellinek">Jellinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Jhering" title="Rudolf von Jhering">Jhering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kelsen" title="Hans Kelsen">Kelsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Leoni" title="Bruno Leoni">Leoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Llewellyn" title="Karl Llewellyn">Llewellyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Olivecrona" title="Karl Olivecrona">Olivecrona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Petra%C5%BCycki" title="Leon Petrażycki">Petrażycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Pound" title="Roscoe Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Radbruch" title="Gustav Radbruch">Radbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph Raz">Raz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Reinach" title="Adolf Reinach">Reinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Renner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Ross" title="Alf Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Mucius_Scaevola_Pontifex" title="Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex">Scaevola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mangabeira_Unger" title="Roberto Mangabeira Unger">Unger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_jurisprudence" title="Category:Books about jurisprudence">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a> (c. 355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1270)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Theory_of_Law" title="Pure Theory of Law">Pure Theory of Law</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_Law" title="The Concept of Law">The Concept of Law</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_and_Natural_Rights" title="Natural Law and Natural Rights">Natural Law and Natural Rights</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law%27s_Empire" title="Law's Empire">Law's Empire</a> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_law" title="Category:Theories of law">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_jurisprudence" title="Analytical jurisprudence">Analytical jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontological ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretivism_(legal)" title="Interpretivism (legal)">Interpretivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_moralism" title="Legal moralism">Legal moralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_realism" title="Legal realism">Legal realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_jurisprudence" title="Virtue jurisprudence">Virtue jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa (concept)">Fa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_without_the_state" title="Law without the state">Law without the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_legal_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country legal systems">Legal system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law" title="Question of law">Question of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">Rational-legal authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usul_al-Fiqh" class="mw-redirect" title="Usul al-Fiqh">Usul al-Fiqh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_law" title="Category:Philosophy of law">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Law" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Law">WikiProject Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy">WikiProject Philosophy</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Recentchangeslinked&target=Template:Jurisprudence&hidebots=0">changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_school_of_economics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_school_economists" title="Template:Historical school economists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_school_economists" title="Template talk:Historical school economists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_school_economists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical school economists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_school_of_economics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_school_of_economics" title="Historical school of economics">Historical school of economics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_B%C3%BCcher" title="Karl Bücher">Karl Bücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gustav_Droysen" title="Johann Gustav Droysen">Johann Gustav Droysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Hildebrand" title="Bruno Hildebrand">Bruno Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Friedrich_Knapp" title="Georg Friedrich Knapp">Georg Friedrich Knapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knies" title="Karl Knies">Karl Knies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Laspeyres" title="Étienne Laspeyres">Étienne Laspeyres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">Friedrich List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Leopold von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Georg_Friedrich_Roscher" title="Wilhelm Georg Friedrich Roscher">Wilhelm Roscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_von_Schmoller" title="Gustav von Schmoller">Gustav von Schmoller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Werner Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">Heinrich von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Wagner" title="Adolph Wagner">Adolph Wagner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Max Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contributions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction">Creative destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">Disenchantment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_movement" title="Double movement">Double movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economistic_fallacy" title="Economistic fallacy">Economistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embeddedness" title="Embeddedness">Embeddedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">Fictitious commodities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_type" title="Ideal type">Ideal type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation_economics" title="Innovation economics">Innovation economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_cage" title="Iron cage">Iron cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_index#Paasche_and_Laspeyres_price_indices" title="Price index">Laspeyres price index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_chances" title="Life chances">Life chances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodenstreit" title="Methodenstreit">Methodenstreit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodological_individualism" title="Methodological individualism">Methodological individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_innovation_system" title="National innovation system">National innovation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Philosophy of identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(sociology)" title="Rationalization (sociology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schumpeterian_rent" title="Schumpeterian rent">Schumpeterian rent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_action" title="Social action">Social action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantivism" title="Substantivism">Substantivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy#Max_Weber" title="Bureaucracy">Theory of Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Theory of business cycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-component_theory_of_stratification" title="Three-component theory of stratification">Three-component theory of stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_classification_of_authority" title="Tripartite classification of authority">Tripartite classification of authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verstehen" title="Verstehen">Verstehen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner%27s_law" title="Wagner's law">Wagner's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werturteilsstreit" title="Werturteilsstreit">Werturteilsstreit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Positivism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Positivism" title="Template:Positivism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Positivism" title="Template talk:Positivism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Positivism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Positivism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Positivism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Perspectives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihumanism" title="Antihumanism">Antihumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">Scientism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Declinations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_positivism" title="Logical positivism">Logical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_school_(criminology)" title="Positivist school (criminology)">Positivist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositivism" title="Postpositivism">Postpositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_positivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociological positivism">Sociological positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankean_historical_positivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rankean historical positivism">Rankean historical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivism in Poland">Polish positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Machism" title="Russian Machism">Russian Machism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Principal concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consilience" title="Consilience">Consilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">Evidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">Induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" title="Justification (epistemology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle#Critique_of_metaphysics" title="Vienna Circle">Critique of metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_of_science" title="Unity of science">Unity of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificationism" title="Verificationism">Verificationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Antitheses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_holism" title="Confirmation holism">Confirmation holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historism" title="Historism">Historism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodological_dualism" title="Methodological dualism">Methodological dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_induction" title="Problem of induction">Problem of induction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflectivism" title="Reflectivism">Reflectivism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Related <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_shift" title="Paradigm shift">paradigm shifts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">history of science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Euclidean_geometry" title="Non-Euclidean geometry">Non-Euclidean geometry</a> (1830s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">Uncertainty principle</a> (1927)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioralism" title="Behavioralism">Behavioralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-behavioralism" title="Post-behavioralism">Post-behavioralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_science" title="Criticism of science">Criticism of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological anarchism">anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_idealism" title="Epistemological idealism">idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_nihilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistemological nihilism">nihilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_pluralism" title="Epistemological pluralism">pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epistemological_realism" title="Epistemological realism">realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">Holism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentalism" title="Instrumentalism">Instrumentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">Naturalism in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomothetic_and_idiographic" title="Nomothetic and idiographic">Nomothetic–idiographic distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(science)" title="Objectivity (science)">Objectivity in science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operationalization" title="Operationalization">Operationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" title="Deductive-nomological model">Deductive-nomological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_sentence" title="Ramsey sentence">Ramsey sentence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_data" title="Sense data">Sense-data theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Relationship between religion and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">Philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">Structural functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuration_theory" title="Structuration theory">Structuration theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Positivist-related_debate" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Positivist-related debate</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Method</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methodenstreit" title="Methodenstreit">Methodenstreit</a> (1890s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werturteilsstreit" title="Werturteilsstreit">Werturteilsstreit</a> (1909–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism_dispute" title="Positivism dispute">Positivismusstreit</a> (1960s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Debates_(international_relations)#Fourth_Great_Debate" title="Great Debates (international relations)">Fourth Great Debate in international relations</a> (1980s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_wars" title="Science wars">Science wars</a> (1990s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Contributions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Course_in_Positive_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Course in Positive Philosophy">The Course in Positive Philosophy</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_General_View_of_Positivism" title="A General View of Positivism">A General View of Positivism</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_History_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Critical History of Philosophy">Critical History of Philosophy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_and_Positivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Idealism and Positivism">Idealism and Positivism</a> (1879–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Analysis_of_Sensations" class="mw-redirect" title="The Analysis of Sensations">The Analysis of Sensations</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Logic_of_Modern_Physics" title="The Logic of Modern Physics">The Logic of Modern Physics</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language,_Truth,_and_Logic" title="Language, Truth, and Logic">Language, Truth, and Logic</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Cultures" title="The Two Cultures">The Two Cultures</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Universe_in_a_Nutshell" title="The Universe in a Nutshell">The Universe in a Nutshell</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Proponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Avenarius" title="Richard Avenarius">Richard Avenarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._Ayer" title="A. J. Ayer">A. J. Ayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Alexander Bogdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Percy Williams Bridgman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_D%C3%BChring" title="Eugen Dühring">Eugen Dühring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Laas" title="Ernst Laas">Ernst Laas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._P._Snow" title="C. P. Snow">C. P. Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Circle" title="Berlin Circle">Berlin Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Circle" title="Vienna Circle">Vienna Circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Materialism_and_Empirio-criticism" title="Materialism and Empirio-criticism">Materialism and Empirio-criticism</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Logic_of_Scientific_Discovery" title="The Logic of Scientific Discovery">The Logic of Scientific Discovery</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Historicism" title="The Poverty of Historicism">The Poverty of Historicism</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Hypotheses" title="World Hypotheses">World Hypotheses</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Dogmas_of_Empiricism" title="Two Dogmas of Empiricism">Two Dogmas of Empiricism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Method" title="Truth and Method">Truth and Method</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Structure_of_Scientific_Revolutions" title="The Structure of Scientific Revolutions">The Structure of Scientific Revolutions</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjectures_and_Refutations" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjectures and Refutations">Conjectures and Refutations</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-Dimensional_Man" title="One-Dimensional Man">One-Dimensional Man</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_and_Human_Interests" title="Knowledge and Human Interests">Knowledge and Human Interests</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Poverty_of_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="The Poverty of Theory">The Poverty of Theory</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scientific_Image" class="mw-redirect" title="The Scientific Image">The Scientific Image</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rhetoric_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rhetoric of Economics">The Rhetoric of Economics</a> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Critics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Gaston Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Mario Bunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Wilhelm Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Hans-Georg Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Jürgen Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deirdre_McCloskey" title="Deirdre McCloskey">Deirdre McCloskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pepper" title="Stephen Pepper">Stephen Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Willard Van Orman Quine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">E. P. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" title="Bas van Fraassen">Bas van Fraassen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Max Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12.0em">Concepts in contention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivity_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Objectivity (philosophy)">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verstehen" title="Verstehen">Verstehen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Positivism" title="Category:Positivism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sociomusicology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociomusicology" title="Template:Sociomusicology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociomusicology" title="Template talk:Sociomusicology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociomusicology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociomusicology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sociomusicology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9veloppement_des_publics_de_la_musique_au_Qu%C3%A9bec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Développement des publics de la musique au Québec (page does not exist)">Développement des publics de la musique au Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_community" title="Music community">Music community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education_for_young_children" title="Music education for young children">Music education for young children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_music_education" title="Online music education">Online music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis_and_music" title="Psychoanalysis and music">Psychoanalysis and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Attali" title="Jacques Attali">Jacques Attali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_S._Becker" title="Howard S. Becker">Howard S. Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgina_Born" title="Georgina Born">Georgina Born</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tia_DeNora" title="Tia DeNora">Tia DeNora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Norbert Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Frith" title="Simon Frith">Simon Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Halbwachs" title="Maurice Halbwachs">Maurice Halbwachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_G._Hebert" title="David G. Hebert">David G. Hebert</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Reeder_Lundquist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Reeder Lundquist (page does not exist)">Barbara Reeder Lundquist</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Martin_(sociomusicologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Martin (sociomusicologist) (page does not exist)">Peter Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Mueller_(sociomusicologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Mueller (sociomusicologist) (page does not exist)">John Mueller</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Schloss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Schloss (page does not exist)">Joseph Schloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Schutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Schutz">Alfred Schutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Seeger" title="Charles Seeger">Charles Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphons_Silbermann" title="Alphons Silbermann">Alphons Silbermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Georg Simmel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Shepherd_(sociomusicologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Shepherd (sociomusicologist) (page does not exist)">John Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Small" title="Christopher Small">Christopher Small</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Stanfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Stanfield (page does not exist)">Norman Stanfield</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Max Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Critique_of_work" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Critique_of_work" title="Template:Critique of work"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Critique_of_work" title="Template talk:Critique of work"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Critique_of_work" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Critique of work"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Critique_of_work" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbie_Hoffman" title="Abbie Hoffman">Abbie Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bellamy" title="Edward Bellamy">Edward Bellamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_M._Bonanno" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfredo M. Bonanno">Alfredo M. Bonanno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gorz" title="André Gorz">André Gorz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Work" title="The Abolition of Work">Bob Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Anders" title="Günther Anders">Günther Anders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Ivan Illich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Herbert Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Rubin" title="Jerry Rubin">Jerry Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Josef Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Max Stirner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Max Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Vaneigem" title="Raoul Vaneigem">Raoul Vaneigem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Novatore" title="Renzo Novatore">Renzo Novatore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zo_d%27Axa" title="Zo d'Axa">Zo d'Axa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Franco Berardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Susan_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Susan Brown">L. Susan Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Bunting" title="Madeleine Bunting">Madeleine Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Lazzarato" title="Maurizio Lazzarato">Maurizio Lazzarato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Peter_Ortlieb" title="Claus Peter Ortlieb">Claus Peter Ortlieb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Paulsen" title="Roland Paulsen">Roland Paulsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Rifkin" title="Jeremy Rifkin">Jeremy Rifkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Rosemont" title="Penelope Rosemont">Penelope Rosemont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Slouka" title="Mark Slouka">Mark Slouka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Srnicek" title="Nick Srnicek">Nick Srnicek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Wolfe" title="Claire Wolfe">Claire Wolfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zerzan" title="John Zerzan">John Zerzan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology and related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/996_working_hour_system" title="996 working hour system">996 working hour system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">Absenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Arbeitsscheu_Reich" title="Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich">Aktion Arbeitsscheu Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_work_and_no_play_makes_Jack_a_dull_boy" title="All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy">All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_minimum_Monday" title="Bare minimum Monday">Bare minimum Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullshit_job" title="Bullshit job">Bullshit job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_badging" title="Coffee badging">Coffee badging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatocracy" title="Corporatocracy">Corporatocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty" title="Cycle of poverty">Cycle of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolce_far_niente" title="Dolce far niente">Dolce far niente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_overtime" title="Effects of overtime">Effects of overtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employee_ghosting" class="mw-redirect" title="Employee ghosting">Employee ghosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Career_cushioning" title="Career cushioning">Career cushioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careerism" title="Careerism">Careerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flextime" title="Flextime">Flextime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four-day_workweek" title="Four-day workweek">Four-day workweek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funemployment" title="Funemployment">Funemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_job" title="Ghost job">Ghost job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uberisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Uberisation">Uberisation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gig_worker" title="Gig worker">Gig worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_cliff" title="Glass cliff">Glass cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeymoon-hangover_effect" title="Honeymoon-hangover effect">Honeymoon-hangover effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hush_trip" title="Hush trip">Hush trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_crafting" title="Job crafting">Job crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_cuffing" title="Job cuffing">Job cuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobless_employed" title="Jobless employed">Jobless employed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoshi" title="Karoshi">Karoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loud_quitting" title="Loud quitting">Loud quitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neijuan" title="Neijuan">Neijuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">Occupational burnout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">Occupational safety and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_stress" title="Occupational stress">Occupational stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_S.A._suicides" title="Orange S.A. suicides">Orange S.A. suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwork" title="Overwork">Overwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_punishment" title="Performance punishment">Performance punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-work_society" title="Post-work society">Post-work society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presenteeism" title="Presenteeism">Presenteeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_presenteeism" title="Digital presenteeism">Digital presenteeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity_theater" title="Productivity theater">Productivity theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">Protestant work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_safety" title="Psychological safety">Psychological safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quick_quitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Quick quitting">Quick quitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_hiring" title="Quiet hiring">Quiet hiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_promotion" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiet promotion">Quiet promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_quitting" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiet quitting">Quiet quitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_thriving" title="Quiet thriving">Quiet thriving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_girl_job" title="Lazy girl job">Lazy girl job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_applying" title="Rage applying">Rage applying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_of_work" title="Refusal of work">Refusal of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resenteeism" title="Resenteeism">Resenteeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_rest_and_leisure" title="Right to rest and leisure">Right to rest and leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampo_generation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampo generation">Sampo generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_scaries" title="Sunday scaries">Sunday scaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-hour_day" title="Six-hour day">Six-hour day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_ping" title="Tang ping">Tang ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_ethic" title="Work ethic">Work ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workaholic" title="Workaholic">Workaholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theater, movies, music and art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%80_Nous_la_Libert%C3%A9" title="À Nous la Liberté">À Nous la Liberté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Space" title="Office Space">Office Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Public_Freedom_Service" title="Swedish Public Freedom Service">Swedish Public Freedom Service</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Take_This_Job_and_Shove_It" title="Take This Job and Shove It">Take This Job and Shove It</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Work_and_Death" title="The Future of Work and Death">The Future of Work and Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Main_Thing_Is_Work!" title="The Main Thing Is Work!">The Main Thing Is Work!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Working_Class_Goes_to_Heaven" title="The Working Class Goes to Heaven">The Working Class Goes to Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yama%E2%80%94Attack_to_Attack" title="Yama—Attack to Attack">Yama—Attack to Attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Literature_critical_of_work_and_the_work_ethic" title="Category:Literature critical of work and the work ethic">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartleby,_the_Scrivener" title="Bartleby, the Scrivener">Bartleby, the Scrivener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonjour_paresse" title="Bonjour paresse">Bonjour paresse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullshit_Jobs" title="Bullshit Jobs">Bullshit Jobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conquest_of_Bread" title="The Conquest of Bread">The Conquest of Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_Economic_Reason" title="Critique of Economic Reason">Critique of Economic Reason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_Club_(novel)" title="Fight Club (novel)">Fight Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_Primitive_and_Other_Essays" title="Future Primitive and Other Essays">Future Primitive and Other Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Idleness_and_Other_Essays" title="In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays">In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventing_the_Future:_Postcapitalism_and_a_World_Without_Work" title="Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work">Inventing the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_Against_Work" title="Manifesto Against Work">Manifesto Against Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Escapologist" title="New Escapologist">New Escapologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Poverty_of_Student_Life" title="On the Poverty of Student Life">On the Poverty of Student Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steal_This_Book" title="Steal This Book">Steal This Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Work" title="The Abolition of Work">The Abolition of Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Work" title="The End of Work">The End of Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Human_Use_of_Human_Beings" title="The Human Use of Human Beings">The Human Use of Human Beings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Idler_(1993)" title="The Idler (1993)">The Idler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_of_Everyday_Life" title="The Revolution of Everyday Life">The Revolution of Everyday Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_to_Be_Lazy" title="The Right to Be Lazy">The Right to Be Lazy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Soul_at_Work:_From_Alienation_to_Autonomy" title="The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy">The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Autonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R/antiwork" title="R/antiwork">R/antiwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrimethInc." title="CrimethInc.">CrimethInc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist_International" title="Situationist International">Situationist International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism of capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job_strain" title="Job strain">Job strain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_philosophy" title="Template talk:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophy" title="Category:Continental philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles" title="Index of continental philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 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title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/42px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=32595">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/50035732">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&oldid=1258218078">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Max_Weber&oldid=1258218078</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Max_Weber" title="Category:Max Weber">Max Weber</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1864_births" title="Category:1864 births">1864 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[\"CITEREFDemm2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerman2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliaeson1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrenkopf1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrisby2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrommerFrommer1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGane2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGellner1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabermas1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanke2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHankeHübingerSchwentker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobsbawm1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHonigsheim2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaelber2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaesler1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaesler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalberg2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolev2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLengermannNiebrugge-Brantley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLepsius2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLichtblau2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoewenstein1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLöwithTurner1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLöwy1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLöwyVarikas2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacionis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaclachlan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarlin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMass2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayer1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinnon2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMommsen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMommsenSteinberg1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOakesVidich1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalonen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsons2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlyeDavidson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoggi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadkau2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhoads2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitzer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitzer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahni2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScaff1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScaff2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchluchter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchluchter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchweitzer1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSibeon2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSica2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSica2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpenglerHughes1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwedberg1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwedbergAgevall2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapar2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTribe2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTribe2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2001a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2001b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarner1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatersWaters2015a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatersWaters2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber2015b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeberCohen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeberTurner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhimster2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhimster2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhimster2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZubaida2005–2006\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 73,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 49,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Continental philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Critique of work\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Weber, Max\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Flatlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical school economists\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"In Our Time\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox philosopher\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 19,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Jurisprudence\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 47,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Liberalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 16,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Max Weber\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 2,\n [\"Other people\"] = 1,\n [\"PGDA\"] = 1,\n [\"PM20\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Positivism\"] = 1,\n [\"Project MUSE\"] = 18,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 4,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sep entry\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 82,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 281,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 24,\n [\"Social and political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Sociomusicology\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 3,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","540","26.5"],["?","200","9.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","160","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","6.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","140","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","5.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","5.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","3.9"],["[others]","300","14.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-wdqp9","timestamp":"20241122140722","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Max Weber","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Max_Weber","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9387","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9387","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-07T12:07:09Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T19:58:42Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/65\/Max_Weber%2C_1918.jpg","headline":"German sociologist, philosopher, and political economist (1864\u20131920)"}</script> </body> </html>