CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# " class="no-js wf-loading"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon" href="/themes/linuxjournal/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/piventory-lj-tech-editors-personal-stash-raspberry-pis-and-other-single-board-computers" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/node/1339868" /> <title>Piventory: LJ Tech Editor's Personal Stash of Raspberry Pis and Other Single-Board Computers | Linux Journal</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/align.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/fieldgroup.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/container-inline.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/clearfix.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/details.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/hidden.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/item-list.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/js.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/nowrap.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/position-container.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/progress.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/reset-appearance.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/resize.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/sticky-header.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-counter.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-counters.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-general-info.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tablesort.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tree-child.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/poll/css/poll.base.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/poll/css/poll.theme.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/views/css/views.module.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/libraries/shariff/shariff.complete.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/webform/modules/webform_bootstrap/css/webform_bootstrap.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/linuxjournal/css/style.css?smwnh4" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/linuxjournal/css/fonts.css?smwnh4" />  <script> // Non-blocking webfonts. (function iife() { 'use strict'; // JS is able to start executing. document.documentElement.classList.remove('no-js'); // Optimization for Repeat Views // Stop early for repeat views that have already cached fonts. if (sessionStorage.fontsLoadedLateef && sessionStorage.fontsLoadedOpensans /* && sessionStorage.fontsLoadedNEWFONT */) { document.documentElement.classList.remove('wf-loading'); document.documentElement.classList.add('wf-opensans'); document.documentElement.classList.add('wf-lateef'); // document.documentElement.classList.add('wf-NEWFONT'); return; } // Inlined Font Face Observer script + Promise polyfill. /*! Font Face Observer v2.0.13 - © Bram Stein. License: BSD-3-Clause */ (function(){'use strict';var f,g=[];function l(a){g.push(a);1==g.length&&f()}function m(){for(;g.length;)g[0](),g.shift()}f=function(){setTimeout(m)};function n(a){this.a=p;this.b=void 0;this.f=[];var b=this;try{a(function(a){q(b,a)},function(a){r(b,a)})}catch(c){r(b,c)}}var p=2;function t(a){return new n(function(b,c){c(a)})}function u(a){return new n(function(b){b(a)})}function q(a,b){if(a.a==p){if(b==a)throw new TypeError;var c=!1;try{var d=b&&b.then;if(null!=b&&"object"==typeof b&&"function"==typeof d){d.call(b,function(b){c||q(a,b);c=!0},function(b){c||r(a,b);c=!0});return}}catch(e){c||r(a,e);return}a.a=0;a.b=b;v(a)}} function r(a,b){if(a.a==p){if(b==a)throw new TypeError;a.a=1;a.b=b;v(a)}}function v(a){l(function(){if(a.a!=p)for(;a.f.length;){var b=a.f.shift(),c=b[0],d=b[1],e=b[2],b=b[3];try{0==a.a?"function"==typeof c?e(c.call(void 0,a.b)):e(a.b):1==a.a&&("function"==typeof d?e(d.call(void 0,a.b)):b(a.b))}catch(h){b(h)}}})}n.prototype.g=function(a){return this.c(void 0,a)};n.prototype.c=function(a,b){var c=this;return new n(function(d,e){c.f.push([a,b,d,e]);v(c)})}; function w(a){return new n(function(b,c){function d(c){return function(d){h[c]=d;e+=1;e==a.length&&b(h)}}var e=0,h=[];0==a.length&&b(h);for(var k=0;k<a.length;k+=1)u(a[k]).c(d(k),c)})}function x(a){return new n(function(b,c){for(var d=0;d<a.length;d+=1)u(a[d]).c(b,c)})};window.Promise||(window.Promise=n,window.Promise.resolve=u,window.Promise.reject=t,window.Promise.race=x,window.Promise.all=w,window.Promise.prototype.then=n.prototype.c,window.Promise.prototype["catch"]=n.prototype.g);}()); (function(){function l(a,b){document.addEventListener?a.addEventListener("scroll",b,!1):a.attachEvent("scroll",b)}function m(a){document.body?a():document.addEventListener?document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function c(){document.removeEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",c);a()}):document.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function k(){if("interactive"==document.readyState||"complete"==document.readyState)document.detachEvent("onreadystatechange",k),a()})};function r(a){this.a=document.createElement("div");this.a.setAttribute("aria-hidden","true");this.a.appendChild(document.createTextNode(a));this.b=document.createElement("span");this.c=document.createElement("span");this.h=document.createElement("span");this.f=document.createElement("span");this.g=-1;this.b.style.cssText="max-width:none;display:inline-block;position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;overflow:scroll;font-size:16px;";this.c.style.cssText="max-width:none;display:inline-block;position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;overflow:scroll;font-size:16px;"; this.f.style.cssText="max-width:none;display:inline-block;position:absolute;height:100%;width:100%;overflow:scroll;font-size:16px;";this.h.style.cssText="display:inline-block;width:200%;height:200%;font-size:16px;max-width:none;";this.b.appendChild(this.h);this.c.appendChild(this.f);this.a.appendChild(this.b);this.a.appendChild(this.c)} function t(a,b){a.a.style.cssText="max-width:none;min-width:20px;min-height:20px;display:inline-block;overflow:hidden;position:absolute;width:auto;margin:0;padding:0;top:-999px;white-space:nowrap;font-synthesis:none;font:"+b+";"}function y(a){var b=a.a.offsetWidth,c=b+100;a.f.style.width=c+"px";a.c.scrollLeft=c;a.b.scrollLeft=a.b.scrollWidth+100;return a.g!==b?(a.g=b,!0):!1}function z(a,b){function c(){var a=k;y(a)&&a.a.parentNode&&b(a.g)}var k=a;l(a.b,c);l(a.c,c);y(a)};function A(a,b){var c=b||{};this.family=a;this.style=c.style||"normal";this.weight=c.weight||"normal";this.stretch=c.stretch||"normal"}var B=null,C=null,E=null,F=null;function G(){if(null===C)if(J()&&/Apple/.test(window.navigator.vendor)){var a=/AppleWebKit\/([0-9]+)(?:\.([0-9]+))(?:\.([0-9]+))/.exec(window.navigator.userAgent);C=!!a&&603>parseInt(a[1],10)}else C=!1;return C}function J(){null===F&&(F=!!document.fonts);return F} function K(){if(null===E){var a=document.createElement("div");try{a.style.font="condensed 100px sans-serif"}catch(b){}E=""!==a.style.font}return E}function L(a,b){return[a.style,a.weight,K()?a.stretch:"","100px",b].join(" ")} A.prototype.load=function(a,b){var c=this,k=a||"BESbswy",q=0,D=b||3E3,H=(new Date).getTime();return new Promise(function(a,b){if(J()&&!G()){var M=new Promise(function(a,b){function e(){(new Date).getTime()-H>=D?b():document.fonts.load(L(c,'"'+c.family+'"'),k).then(function(c){1<=c.length?a():setTimeout(e,25)},function(){b()})}e()}),N=new Promise(function(a,c){q=setTimeout(c,D)});Promise.race([N,M]).then(function(){clearTimeout(q);a(c)},function(){b(c)})}else m(function(){function u(){var b;if(b=-1!= f&&-1!=g||-1!=f&&-1!=h||-1!=g&&-1!=h)(b=f!=g&&f!=h&&g!=h)||(null===B&&(b=/AppleWebKit\/([0-9]+)(?:\.([0-9]+))/.exec(window.navigator.userAgent),B=!!b&&(536>parseInt(b[1],10)||536===parseInt(b[1],10)&&11>=parseInt(b[2],10))),b=B&&(f==v&&g==v&&h==v||f==w&&g==w&&h==w||f==x&&g==x&&h==x)),b=!b;b&&(d.parentNode&&d.parentNode.removeChild(d),clearTimeout(q),a(c))}function I(){if((new Date).getTime()-H>=D)d.parentNode&&d.parentNode.removeChild(d),b(c);else{var a=document.hidden;if(!0===a||void 0===a)f=e.a.offsetWidth, g=n.a.offsetWidth,h=p.a.offsetWidth,u();q=setTimeout(I,50)}}var e=new r(k),n=new r(k),p=new r(k),f=-1,g=-1,h=-1,v=-1,w=-1,x=-1,d=document.createElement("div");d.dir="ltr";t(e,L(c,"sans-serif"));t(n,L(c,"serif"));t(p,L(c,"monospace"));d.appendChild(e.a);d.appendChild(n.a);d.appendChild(p.a);document.body.appendChild(d);v=e.a.offsetWidth;w=n.a.offsetWidth;x=p.a.offsetWidth;I();z(e,function(a){f=a;u()});t(e,L(c,'"'+c.family+'",sans-serif'));z(n,function(a){g=a;u()});t(n,L(c,'"'+c.family+'",serif')); z(p,function(a){h=a;u()});t(p,L(c,'"'+c.family+'",monospace'))})})};"object"===typeof module?module.exports=A:(window.FontFaceObserver=A,window.FontFaceObserver.prototype.load=A.prototype.load);}()); // Load and observe Lateef var Lateef = new FontFaceObserver('Lateef', {weight: 400}); Promise.all([Lateef.load()]).then(function() { document.documentElement.classList.remove('wf-loading'); document.documentElement.classList.add('wf-lateef'); // Optimization for Repeat Views // Set a flag in localstorage so repeat views can skip processing FFO. sessionStorage.fontsLoadedLateef = true; }); // Load and observe Open Sans var os300 = new FontFaceObserver('Open Sans', {weight: 300}); var os400 = new FontFaceObserver('Open Sans', {weight: 400}); Promise.all([os300.load(), os400.load()]).then(function() { document.documentElement.classList.remove('wf-loading'); document.documentElement.classList.add('wf-opensans'); // Optimization for Repeat Views // Set a flag in localstorage so repeat views can skip processing FFO. sessionStorage.fontsLoadedOpensans = true; }); // Load and observe NEWFONT /* var NEWFONT = new FontFaceObserver('NEWFONT', {weight: 400}); Promise.all([NEWFONT.load()]).then(function() { document.documentElement.classList.remove('wf-loading'); document.documentElement.classList.add('wf-NEWFONT'); // Optimization for Repeat Views // Set a flag in localstorage so repeat views can skip processing FFO. sessionStorage.fontsLoadedNEWFONT = true; }); */ })(); </script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script src=https://slashdot.org/country.js></script> <script src="/themes/linuxjournal/js/ada.js"></script> <script src="/themes/linuxjournal/js/accessibility.js"></script> <script>window.addEventListener('load', function() { new Accessibility(); });</script> <script src="//a.fsdn.com/con/js/sftheme/cmp2.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.fsdn.com/con/css/sftheme/sandiego/cmp.css" type="text/css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/themes/linuxjournal/css/ccpa.css" type="text/css"> <script>window.bizx.cmp.init({ geo: window });</script> <script> function bm_trace() { (function (w,d,t) { _ml = w._ml || {}; _ml.eid = '771'; var s, cd, tag; s = d.getElementsByTagName(t)[0]; cd = new Date(); tag = d.createElement(t); tag.async = 1; tag.src = 'https://ml314.com/tag.aspx?' + cd.getDate() + cd.getMonth(); s.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, s); })(window,document,'script'); } bizx.cmp.ifConsent('', ['all', 'bombora'],bm_trace); </script> </head> <body class="path-node page-node-type-story has-glyphicons"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable skip-link"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div id="wrap"> <div class="leader-wrapper" id="leader-wrapper"> </div> <div class="brand-wrapper" id="brand-wrapper"> <div class="brand container"> <div class="region region-brand"> <a class="logo navbar-btn" href="/" title="Home" rel="home"> <h1><img src="/themes/linuxjournal/images/ljlogo.png" alt="Linux Journal" /></h1> </a> <section id="block-topbannernearlogo" class="block block-block-content block-block-contenta8e75a3d-967c-416d-8944-4015d1f90a84 clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><a href="https://www.windriver.com/products/elxr-pro?utm_source=ba&utm_medium=pa&utm_campaign=ba-dg-amer-awa-vsmf-eLxrProLau_lin_dis_09172024"><img alt="Windriver eLxrPro" data-entity-type="file" data-entity-uuid="8ba04368-7803-4329-a196-dc1ea780ec2a" src="/sites/default/files/inline-images/WindRiver-eLxrPro_0.png" width="728" height="90" loading="lazy" /></a></div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="header-wrapper"> <header class="navbar navbar-default container" id="navbar" role="banner"> <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar-collapse"> <span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> <span class="icon-bar"></span> </button> <div id="navbar-collapse" class="navbar-collapse collapse"> <div class="region region-navigation-collapsible"> <section id="block-linuxjournal-main-menu" class="block block-system block-system-menu-blockmain clearfix navbar__menu col-xs-12 col-sm-8"> <ul class="menu menu--main nav navbar-nav"> <li class="expanded dropdown first"> <a href="/" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" data-drupal-link-system-path="<front>">Topics+ <span class="caret"></span></a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"> <li class="first"> <a href="/tag/cloud">Cloud</a> </li> <li> <a href="/tag/containers" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/978">Containers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/tag/desktop">Desktop</a> </li> <li> <a href="/tag/kernel" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/662">Kernel</a> </li> <li> <a href="/tag/mobile">Mobile</a> </li> <li> <a href="/tag/networking">Networking</a> </li> <li> <a href="/tag/privacy">Privacy</a> </li> <li> <a href="/tag/programming">Programming</a> </li> <li> <a href="/tag/security" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/31">Security</a> </li> <li> <a href="/tag/servers">Servers</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/tag/sysadmin" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/21">SysAdmin</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li> <a href="/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="news">News</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/books" data-drupal-link-system-path="books">eBooks</a> </li> </ul> </section> <section class="search-block-form block block-search block-search-form-block clearfix navbar__search col-xs-12 col-sm-4 col-md-4 col-md-offset-0" data-drupal-selector="search-block-form" id="block-linuxjournal-search" role="search"> <h2 class="block-title sr-only">Search</h2> <form action="/search/node" method="get" id="search-block-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-search js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label form-group"> <label for="edit-keys" class="control-label sr-only">Search</label> <div class="input-group"><input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" class="form-search form-control" placeholder="Search" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="keys" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" /><span class="input-group-btn"><button type="submit" value="Search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit btn-primary btn icon-only" name=""><span class="sr-only">Search</span><span class="icon glyphicon glyphicon-search" aria-hidden="true"></span></button></span></div> <div id="edit-keys--description" class="description help-block"> Enter the terms you wish to search for. </div> </div> <div class="form-actions form-group js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" id="edit-actions"></div> </form> </section> </div> </div> <div class="navbar-header"> <div class="region region-navigation"> <section id="block-mobilenavigation" class="block block-system block-system-menu-blockmenu-mobile-navbar clearfix col-xs-12 col-md-8 col-md-offset-2 col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-0 navbar__menu navbar__mobilenavigation"> <ul class="menu menu--menu-mobile-navbar nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="news">News</a> </li> <li> <a href="/popular" data-drupal-link-system-path="popular">Popular</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/recent" data-drupal-link-system-path="recent">Recent</a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> </div> </header> </div> </div> <div role="main" class="main-container container js-quickedit-main-content" id="main"> <div class="row"> <section class="col-sm-12"> <div class="highlighted"> <div class="region region-highlighted"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> </div> <a id="main-content"></a> <div class="region region-content"> <article data-history-node-id="1339868" class="row bs-2col-stacked node node--type-story node--view-mode-full"> <div class="col-sm-12 bs-region bs-region--top"> <div class="field field--name-field-tags field--type-entity-reference field--label-hidden field--items"> <div class="field--item"><div about="/tag/raspberry-pi" typeof="schema:Thing"> <h2><a href="/tag/raspberry-pi"> <div property="schema:name" class="field field--name-name field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Raspberry Pi</div> </a></h2> <span property="schema:name" content="Raspberry Pi" class="hidden"></span> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"><div about="/tag/diy" typeof="schema:Thing"> <h2><a href="/tag/diy"> <div property="schema:name" class="field field--name-name field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">DIY</div> </a></h2> <span property="schema:name" content="DIY" class="hidden"></span> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"><div about="/tag/single-board-computers" typeof="schema:Thing"> <h2><a href="/tag/single-board-computers"> <div property="schema:name" class="field field--name-name field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Single-Board Computers</div> </a></h2> <span property="schema:name" content="Single-Board Computers" class="hidden"></span> </div> </div> <div class="field--item"><div about="/tag/embedded" typeof="schema:Thing"> <h2><a href="/tag/embedded"> <div property="schema:name" class="field field--name-name field--type-string field--label-hidden field--item">Embedded</div> </a></h2> <span property="schema:name" content="Embedded" class="hidden"></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-title field--type-ds field--label-hidden field--item"><h1> Piventory: LJ Tech Editor's Personal Stash of Raspberry Pis and Other Single-Board Computers </h1> </div> <div class="field field--name-node-author field--type-ds field--label-hidden field--item">by <a title="View user profile." href="/users/kyle-rankin" lang="" about="/users/kyle-rankin" typeof="schema:Person" property="schema:name" datatype="">Kyle Rankin</a></div> <div class="field field--name-node-post-date field--type-ds field--label-hidden field--item">on June 14, 2018</div> </div> <div class="col-sm-9 bs-region bs-region--left"> <div class="shariff" data-services="["twitter","facebook","linkedin","reddit","mail"]" data-theme="white" data-css="complete" data-orientation="horizontal" data-twitter-via="linuxjournal" data-mail-url="mailto:" data-lang="en"> </div> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><p><em>It's like an extra-geeky episode of <em>Cribs</em> featuring single-board computers.</em></p> <p> I'm a big fan of DIY projects and think that there is a lot of value in doing something yourself instead of relying on some third party. I mow my own lawn, change my own oil and do most of my own home repairs, and because of my background in system administration, you'll find all sorts of DIY servers at my house too. In the old days, geeks like me would have stacks of loud power-hungry desktop computers around and use them to learn about Linux and networking, but these days, VMs and cloud services have taken their place for most people. I still like running my own servers though, and thanks to the advent of these tiny, cheap computers like the Raspberry Pi series, I've been able to replace all of my home services with a lot of different small, cheap, low-power computers. </p> <p> Occasionally, I'll hear people talk about how they have a Raspberry Pi or some other small computer lying around, but they haven't figured out quite what to do with it yet. And it always shocks me, because I have a house full of those small computers doing all sorts of things, so in this article, I describe my personal "Piventory"—an inventory of all of the little low-power computers that stay running around my house. So if you're struggling to figure out what to do with your own Raspberry Pi, maybe this article will give you some inspiration. </p> <span class="h3-replacement"> Primary NAS and Central Server</span> <p> In <a href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/papas-got-brand-new-nas">"Papa's Got a Brand New NAS"</a> I wrote about my search for a replacement for my rackmount server that acted as a Network-Attached Storage (NAS) for my house, along with a bunch of other services. Ultimately, I found that I could replace the whole thing with an ODroid XU4. Because of its octo-core ARM CPU, gigabit networking and high-speed USB3 port, I was able to move my hard drives over to a Mediasonic Probox USB3 disk array and set up a new low-power NAS that paid for itself in electricity costs. </p> <p> In addition to a NAS, this server provides a number of backup services for my main server that sits in a data center. It acts as a backup mail server, authoritative DNS, and it also provides a VPN so I can connect to my home network from anywhere in the world—not bad for a little $75 ARM board. </p> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/max_1300x1300/public/u%5Buid%5D/figure1.jpg" width="975" height="1300" alt="""" class="image-max_1300x1300" /><p> <em>Figure 1. Papa's New NAS</em> </p> <span class="h3-replacement"> Secondary NAS</span> <p> Although my primary NAS runs fine, the four drive bays in my Mediasonic Probox limited my storage expansion options. I also didn't like the idea of the Odroid XU4 failing somehow and having my NAS be offline for days. So, I decided to set up a backup NAS with a duplicate USB3 disk array, with the idea that if either computer failed, I could move its disk array to the remaining machine. Although I liked the Odroid XU4, I had heard good things about the Espressobin board—in particular that it was able to get more performance out of its gigabit ports compared to other low-power computers. I ordered one, and although it was a bit more complicated to set up with its Armbian distribution compared to the Odroid XU4, when it did come on the network, I noticed a significant improvement in its file transfer speeds. </p> <p> The Espressobin isn't a perfect solution though. Unfortunately, so far I've noticed some stability issues with the Espressobin hardware—sometimes it just drops off the network, is unresponsive and requires a full power-cycle to bring it back online. I'm hoping that future firmware updates will help with the stability issues. If not, I may have to fall back to a second Odroid XU4. </p> <span class="h3-replacement"> Backup Server</span> <p> In <a href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/papas-got-brand-new-nas">"Papa's Got a Brand New NAS"</a>, I also talked about my process of evaluating different boards to replace my old 1U home server. Before I decided on the ODroid XU4, I also considered the Banana Pi. It has a similar set of specifications and price as a Raspberry Pi of the same era with two important differences: onboard gigabit networking and a SATA2 port. When I decided to go with the ODroid XU4 for my NAS, I ended up with two Banana Pis sitting around with nothing to do. I decided to put them to work, and the first one became my new BackupPC server. </p> <p> In <a href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/banana-backups">"Banana Backups"</a>, I elaborate on how I added a spare laptop hard drive to the Banana Pi's SATA2 port, used my 3D printer to print out a nice case for it, and then set up BackupPC, so I now have a completely standalone backup server that's keeping a separate copy of important files and settings in case I need to do a bare-metal restore of a different server. </p> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/max_1300x1300/public/u%5Buid%5D/figure2.jpg" width="800" height="600" alt="""" class="image-max_1300x1300" /><p> <em>Figure 2. Banana Backup Server</em> </p> <span class="h3-replacement"> Image Gallery</span> <p> My BackupPC server accounts for one Banana Pi, but what about the other one? I didn't want it to go to waste, and around the time I was doing my primary NAS migration, I realized that the specific image gallery software I was using was no longer being maintained. What's worse, I couldn't even get the software to run on a modern distribution. When faced with this problem, some people would resort to a container, others a VM, and others probably would tell me to use a cloud service. What did I do? I installed an older but compatible Linux distribution on my spare Banana Pi so I could keep the same image gallery. Yes, from a security standpoint, this isn't ideal, but the server is pretty isolated, and I use strict access control to try to work around that risk. </p> <span class="h3-replacement"> Fermentation Fridge Controller</span> <p> Along with my computer-related DIY projects, I also brew my own beer. I wanted to have better temperature control of my fermenting beer, but instead of buying one of those limited analog temperature controllers, I decided to build my own. In <a href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/temper-pi">"Temper Pi"</a>, I describe the final iteration of that project when I migrate my temperature controller from a laptop to an original Raspberry Pi B. This system stays on all the time and uses a USB temperature probe and a series of X10 appliances to make sure that my fermentation fridge is the right temperature. If it's too hot, it turns the fridge on. If it's too cold, it turns the fridge off and turns on a small heating pad at the bottom of the fridge. </p> <span class="h3-replacement"> Media Center</span> <p> I use my NAS to store music, videos, photos and other media. To play that media back requires—you guessed it—another Raspberry Pi. In this case, I use a Raspberry Pi 2 B running the OSMC distribution that provides a nice integrated Kodi system on top of Raspbian. The media center computer is connected to an HDMI port on my TV and uses its gigabit port to access media from my central NAS. I just use a standard media center IR remote to control everything from the comfort of my couch. </p> <span class="h3-replacement"> RetroPie Retro Gaming System</span> <p> All of my DIY projects don't leave that much time for gaming, but it's just as well, because I don't game much anyway, and the gaming I do tends to be retro gaming. In <a href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/super-pi-brothers">"Super Pi Brothers"</a>, I talked about the RetroPie Linux distribution—a distribution that provides a joystick-friendly interface to a bunch of different retro-gaming emulators. In my own home, I repurposed a Raspberry Pi B that used to be my original media center and 3D printed a NES-style case for it. I connected it to another HDMI port on my TV, bought a couple USB SNES joysticks for it, and whenever I do get that retro-gaming itch, I just switch TV inputs and go. </p> <span class="h3-replacement"> PiGrrl Zero</span> <p> In addition to retro gaming at home, I like being able to bring my retro games with me when I travel. It's true that you can buy a lot of ready-made systems for this, but I decided to build my own. I used Adafruit's "PiGrrl Zero" kit that combines a Raspberry Pi Zero along with a lot of electronics components, a battery and a small screen. You provide the 3D-printed case. At the end, you have a tiny RetroPie computer that fits in your pocket. </p> <img src="/sites/default/files/styles/max_1300x1300/public/u%5Buid%5D/figure3.jpg" width="1300" height="866" alt="""" class="image-max_1300x1300" /><p> <em>Figure 3. PiGrrl Zero</em> </p> <span class="h3-replacement"> Octoprint 3D Printer Server</span> <p> Another DIY hobby of mine involves 3D printing. I love the ability to make my own custom plastic objects at home, and I've made everything from toys for my son, replacement dishwasher parts, and even all of the cases for these various single-board computers lying around my house. I wrote a four-part series on 3D printing in <em>Linux Journal</em> called "What's New in 3D Printing", and in <a href="http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/whats-new-3d-printing-part-iv-octoprint">part four</a>, I talk about the custom 3D printer control software called Octoprint. Octoprint includes a specific image just for Raspberry Pis, so I have another Raspberry Pi 2 B connected to my Printrbot Plus. The Octoprint server is connected to my 3D printer and also has a Raspberry Pi webcam aimed at the print bed. This means I can talk to the Octoprint Server over the network, send it print jobs and watch the results anywhere in my house (or if I connect to my VPN, anywhere with a network connection). </p> <span class="h3-replacement"> RV Media Center</span> <p> The newest edition to my DIY server family is a new media center and "offsite" file backup server that sits in my RV running on a new Raspberry Pi 3 B+. (That server is the subject of a future article, so I won't elaborate on it much here.) In summary, it is mounted to the back of a 12V RV TV, runs OSMC and is connected to a large external hard drive. My home NAS keeps it synced up with a copy of all of my important personal and media files while it's in the driveway, so I not only have an extra off-site backup, I also have a copy of my favorite media for when I'm on the road. </p> <span class="h3-replacement"> Conclusion</span> <p> Wow, I don't think I realized just how many single-board computers I have around the house until I wrote up this inventory. It's a good thing these are low-power computers, or my electricity bill would be crazy! If any of you have a single-board computer sitting around but you aren't sure what to do with it, I hope this article inspires you to put it to work. </p></div> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-token-fieldnode-author field--type-ds field--label-hidden field--item"><div> <img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/pictures/picture-1002206.jpg" width="85" height="84" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </div> <p> Kyle Rankin is a Tech Editor and columnist at <em>Linux Journal</em> and the Chief Security Officer at Purism. He is the author of <em>Linux Hardening in Hostile Networks</em>, <em>DevOps Troubleshooting</em>, <em>The Official Ubuntu Server Book</em>, <em>Knoppix Hacks</em>, <em>Knoppix Pocket Reference</em>, <em>Linux Multimedia Hacks</em> and <em>Ubuntu Hacks</em>, and also a contributor to a number of other O'Reilly books. Rankin speaks frequently on security and open-source software including at BsidesLV, O'Reilly Security Conference, OSCON, SCALE, CactusCon, Linux World Expo and Penguicon. You can follow him at @kylerankin. </p> </div> <section class="section--disqus"> <a id="comments-link" class="btn btn-default" href="https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/piventory-lj-tech-editors-personal-stash-raspberry-pis-and-other-single-board-computers#disqus_thread">Load Disqus comments</a> <div id="disqus_thread"></div> <noscript>Our discussions are <a href="https://disqus.com/?ref_noscript" rel="nofollow">powered by Disqus</a>, which require JavaScript.</noscript> </section> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 bs-region bs-region--right"> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-block-fieldnode-sidebar-image field--type-ds field--label-hidden field--item"><div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-sidebar-image view-id-sidebar_image view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-a420eada04c162b76e9cd4c3a2cdfecee873758f72d0bbba81e3c2766eb11872"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-block-fieldnode-recent-content field--type-ds field--label-hidden field--item"><div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-related-content view-id-related_content view-display-id-block_2 js-view-dom-id-7013745fc6158a888846c4993c0887e3f53181e6c7b5c1b69605326a063a9e6f"> <div class="view-header"> <h2 class="block-title">Recent Articles</h2> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-node-image"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/content/using-maxqda-qualitative-data-analysis-linux" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/75x75_square/public/nodeimage/story/using-maxqda-for-qualitative-data-analysis-on-linux.jpg?itok=KFsvAt23" width="75" height="75" alt="Using MAXQDA for Qualitative Data Analysis on Linux" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/content/using-maxqda-qualitative-data-analysis-linux" hreflang="en">Using MAXQDA for Qualitative Data Analysis on Linux</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-uid"><span class="field-content"><a href="/users/george-whittaker" hreflang="en">George Whittaker</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-node-image"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/content/haproxy-ubuntu-load-balancing-and-failover-resilient-infrastructure" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/75x75_square/public/nodeimage/story/haproxy-on-ubuntu-load-balancing-and-failover-for-resilient-infrastructure.jpg?itok=2rVXWl_c" width="75" height="75" alt="HAProxy on Ubuntu: Load Balancing and Failover for Resilient Infrastructure" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/content/haproxy-ubuntu-load-balancing-and-failover-resilient-infrastructure" hreflang="en">HAProxy on Ubuntu: Load Balancing and Failover for Resilient Infrastructure</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-uid"><span class="field-content"><a href="/users/germansuarez" hreflang="en">german.suarez</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-node-image"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/content/linux-binary-analysis-reverse-engineering-and-vulnerability-discovery" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/75x75_square/public/nodeimage/story/linux-binary-analysis-for-reverse-engineering-and-vulnerability-discovery.jpg?itok=vTlNabrQ" width="75" height="75" alt="Linux Binary Analysis for Reverse Engineering and Vulnerability Discovery" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/content/linux-binary-analysis-reverse-engineering-and-vulnerability-discovery" hreflang="en">Linux Binary Analysis for Reverse Engineering and Vulnerability Discovery</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-uid"><span class="field-content"><a href="/users/george-whittaker" hreflang="en">George Whittaker</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-node-image"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/content/debian-backup-and-recovery-solutions-safeguard-your-data-confidence" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/75x75_square/public/nodeimage/story/debian-backup-and-recovery-solutions-safeguard-your-data-with-confidence.jpg?itok=LhESic3E" width="75" height="75" alt="Debian Backup and Recovery Solutions: Safeguard Your Data with Confidence" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/content/debian-backup-and-recovery-solutions-safeguard-your-data-confidence" hreflang="en">Debian Backup and Recovery Solutions: Safeguard Your Data with Confidence</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-uid"><span class="field-content"><a href="/users/george-whittaker" hreflang="en">George Whittaker</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-node-image"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/content/installing-development-tools-debian-setting-compilers-libraries-and-ides-robust-development" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/75x75_square/public/nodeimage/story/installing-development-tools-on-debian-setting-up-compilers-libraries-and-ides-for-a-robust-development-environment.jpg?itok=Aq209Ota" width="75" height="75" alt="Installing Development Tools on Debian: Setting Up Compilers, Libraries, and IDEs for a Robust Development Environment" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/content/installing-development-tools-debian-setting-compilers-libraries-and-ides-robust-development" hreflang="en">Installing Development Tools on Debian: Setting Up Compilers, Libraries, and IDEs for a Robust Development Environment</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-uid"><span class="field-content"><a href="/users/george-whittaker" hreflang="en">George Whittaker</a></span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-field-node-image"><div class="field-content"> <a href="/content/building-your-own-ubuntu-personal-cloud-step-step-guide-creating-secure-data-haven" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/sites/default/files/styles/75x75_square/public/nodeimage/story/building-your-own-ubuntu-personal-cloud-a-step-by-step-guide-to-creating-a-secure-data-haven.jpg?itok=zYkD9lta" width="75" height="75" alt="Building Your Own Ubuntu Personal Cloud: A Step-by-Step Guide to Creating a Secure Data Haven" typeof="foaf:Image" class="img-responsive" /> </a> </div></div><div class="views-field views-field-title"><span class="field-content"><a href="/content/building-your-own-ubuntu-personal-cloud-step-step-guide-creating-secure-data-haven" hreflang="en">Building Your Own Ubuntu Personal Cloud: A Step-by-Step Guide to Creating a Secure Data Haven</a></span></div><div class="views-field views-field-uid"><span class="field-content"><a href="/users/george-whittaker" hreflang="en">George Whittaker</a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="field field--name-dynamic-block-fieldnode-sponsors field--type-ds field--label-hidden field--item"><div class="views-element-container form-group"><div class="view view-latest-sponsor-block view-id-latest_sponsor_block view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-5574ce09aa755d50236e12ef6a7757213a1b32da410443074c6212a817f888fd"> <div class="view-header"> </div> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </section> </div> </div> <footer class="footer container" role="contentinfo"> <div class="region region-footer"> <section class="views-element-container block block-views block-views-blocknewsletter-promo-block-block-1 clearfix" id="block-views-block-newsletter-promo-block-block-1"> <div class="form-group"><div class="view view-newsletter-promo-block view-id-newsletter_promo_block view-display-id-block_1 js-view-dom-id-6fb343e4dd92d8f29db7c0af596ad6b81130749a15a42469d3ab4387a90f5c10"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><div class="newsletter-bottom"> <div class="col-md-9 col-sm-12 signup-form">     </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="footer-blocks col-sm-12"> <div class="col-md-6 col-sm-12 footer-left"> <div class="region region-footer-left"> <section id="block-connectwithusfooter" class="block block-block-content block-block-content5e722bd4-5e08-454b-8507-956089bfa661 clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><div class="footer-heading">Connect With Us <span class="social-media sm-a-no-underline"><a href="https://youtube.com/linuxjournalonline" alt="Linux Journal on YouTube" aria-label="YouTube"><i class="fa fa-youtube fa-2x"></i></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/linuxjournal/" alt="Linux Journal on Facebook" aria-label="Facebook"><i class="fa fa-facebook-f fa-2x"></i><a href="https://twitter.com/linuxjournal" alt="Linux Journal on Twitter" aria-label="Twitter"><i class="fa fa-twitter fa-2x"></i></a></span></div> <p>Linux Journal, representing 25+ years of publication, is the original magazine of the global Open Source community.</p></div> </section> <section id="block-linuxjournal-block-9" class="block block-block-content block-block-content8669793b-e217-4426-a79e-eb3c21ede127 clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><div id="copyright">© 2024 Slashdot Media, LLC. All rights reserved.</div> </div> </section> <section id="block-privacyterms" class="block block-block-content block-block-contenta203b8bd-80ef-4982-bf6e-784dd7b44120 clearfix"> <div class="field field--name-body field--type-text-with-summary field--label-hidden field--item"><ul class="menu menu--footer-submenu nav" id="terms-nav"> <li><a href="https://slashdotmedia.com/privacy-statement/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">PRIVACY POLICY</a></li> <li><a href="https://slashdotmedia.com/terms-of-use/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">TERMS OF SERVICE</a></li> <li><a href="/sponsors">ADVERTISE</a></li> </ul></div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4 col-sm-8 footer-middle"> <div class="region region-footer-middle"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-footermenucolumn2-menu" id="block-footermenucolumn2"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-footermenucolumn2-menu">Footer Menu Column 2</h2> <ul class="menu menu--footer-menu-column-2 nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/content/masthead" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1007727">Masthead</a> </li> <li> <a href="/author" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1009249">Authors</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/form/contact" data-drupal-link-system-path="webform/contact">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-footermenucolumn3-menu" id="block-footermenucolumn3"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-footermenucolumn3-menu">Footer Menu Column 3</h2> <ul class="menu menu--footer-menu-column-3 nav"> <li class="first"> <a href="/rss_feeds" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1000457">RSS Feeds</a> </li> <li class="last"> <a href="/aboutus" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1000267">About Us</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/1339868","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"bootstrap":{"forms_has_error_value_toggle":1,"popover_enabled":1,"popover_animation":1,"popover_auto_close":1,"popover_container":"body","popover_content":"","popover_delay":"0","popover_html":0,"popover_placement":"right","popover_selector":"","popover_title":"","popover_trigger":"click"},"linuxjournal":{"disqus":{"origin":"https:\/\/www.linuxjournal.com","prettyUrl":"\/content\/piventory-lj-tech-editors-personal-stash-raspberry-pis-and-other-single-board-computers","fullUrl":"https:\/\/www.linuxjournal.com\/content\/piventory-lj-tech-editors-personal-stash-raspberry-pis-and-other-single-board-computers","embedUrl":"https:\/\/linuxjournal.disqus.com\/embed.js","shortname":"linuxjournal"}},"statistics":{"data":{"nid":"1339868"},"url":"\/core\/modules\/statistics\/statistics.php"},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/search\/node":true},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"a7b3a803411eb9cbd5d7d374ffb326721ee8274ab5a665df8f38311e3aad858c"}}</script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js?v=3.6.3"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/underscore/underscore-min.js?v=1.13.6"></script> <script src="/core/misc/polyfills/element.matches.js?v=9.5.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/polyfills/object.assign.js?v=9.5.9"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/once/once.min.js?v=1.0.1"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery-once/jquery.once.min.js?v=9.5.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupalSettingsLoader.js?v=9.5.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupal.js?v=9.5.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupal.init.js?v=9.5.9"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/drupal.bootstrap.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/attributes.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/theme.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/themes/linuxjournal/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/affix.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/themes/linuxjournal/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/alert.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/themes/linuxjournal/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/button.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/themes/linuxjournal/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/carousel.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/themes/linuxjournal/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/collapse.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/themes/linuxjournal/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/dropdown.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/themes/linuxjournal/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/modal.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/themes/linuxjournal/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/tooltip.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/themes/linuxjournal/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/popover.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/themes/linuxjournal/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/scrollspy.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/themes/linuxjournal/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/tab.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/themes/linuxjournal/bootstrap/assets/javascripts/bootstrap/transition.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/themes/linuxjournal/js/lj-consentmanager.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/webform/js/webform.behaviors.js?v=9.5.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/jquery.once.bc.js?v=9.5.9"></script> <script src="/core/misc/states.js?v=9.5.9"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/misc/states.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/webform/js/webform.states.js?v=9.5.9"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/webform/modules/webform_bootstrap/js/webform_bootstrap.states.js?v=9.5.9"></script> <script src="/themes/contrib/bootstrap/js/popover.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/core/modules/statistics/statistics.js?v=9.5.9"></script> <script src="/themes/linuxjournal/js/lj-disqus.js?smwnh4"></script> <script src="/libraries/shariff/shariff.complete.js?v=9.5.9"></script>  <noscript><img src="https://api.b2c.com/api/noscript-448i7exgpyqpr9c144q.gif"></noscript>   <script type="text/javascript"> var _paq = _paq || []; function initPiwik() { _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://analytics.linuxjournal.com/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'piwik.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '50']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.defer=true; g.src=u+'piwik.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); } </script> <noscript><p><img src="https://analytics.linuxjournal.com/piwik.php?idsite=50&rec=1" style="border:0;" alt="" /></p></noscript>  <div class="modal-custom overlay-custom" id="ccpa-modal" style="margin-left: 0; display: none; max-width: 100%; width: 100%"> <div id="modal-content" class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header" id="ccpa-modal-content-destination"></div> <span class="close" id="modal-close">×</span> </div> </div> </body> </html>