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href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D2%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80"><span>Һайланған</span></a></li><li id="n-good" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%AF%D2%A1%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80"><span>Яҡшы</span></a></li><li id="n-quality" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80"><span>Сифатлы</span></a></li><li id="n-1000" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82:1000_%D3%99%D2%BB%D3%99%D0%BC%D0%B8%D3%99%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99"><span>1 000 мотлаҡ</span></a></li><li id="n-10000" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0"><span>10 000 әһәмиәтле</span></a></li><li id="n-Башҡортнамә" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D2%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%80%D2%93%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%88_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80"><span>Башҡортнамә</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%AF%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80"><span>Яңы биттәр</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%A1%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%A1%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99" title="Осраҡлы һайланған битте ҡарарға [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Осраҡлы мәҡәлә</span></a></li><li id="n-URL-ҡыҫҡартыу" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UrlShortener"><span>URL ҡыҫҡартыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-participation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-participation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ҡатнашыу </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99" title="Проект буйынса нимә эшләй алыуығыҙ һәм ҡайҙа нимә барлығы тураһында белешмә"><span>Берләшмә</span></a></li><li id="n-forum" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9"><span>Ҡоролтай</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D2%BA%D1%83%D2%A3%D2%93%D1%8B_%D2%AF%D2%99%D0%B3%D3%99%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%AF%D2%99%D3%99%D1%80" title="Һуңғы үҙгәртеүҙәр исемлеге [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Һуңғы үҙгәртеүҙәр</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99" title="«Википедия» буйынса белешмә"><span>Белешмә</span></a></li><li id="n-sitesupportregional" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB:%D0%90%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D2%A1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D2%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D1%80%D2%99%D0%B0%D0%BC"><span>Матди ярҙам</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Википедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ru.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.25em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="ирекле энциклопедия" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ba.svg" width="118" height="11" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.6875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%AD%D2%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%AF" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Википедия эсендә эҙләү [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Эҙләү</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Википедия эсендә эҙләү" aria-label="Википедия эсендә эҙләү" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Википедия эсендә эҙләү [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Махсус:Эҙләү"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Эҙләргә</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Шәхси ҡоралдар"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Измените внешний вид страницы, размер, ширину и цвет шрифта." > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Уҡыу көйләүҙәре</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=ba" class=""><span>Иғәнә</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%98%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&returnto=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мотлаҡ булмаһа ла, иҫәп яҙмаһы төҙөргә һәм системала танылырға тәҡдим итәбеҙ" class=""><span>Теркәлеү</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83&returnto=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Бында теркәлеү үтергә була, әммә мотлаҡ түгел [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Танылыу</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Күберәк мөмкинлектәр" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Шәхси ҡоралдар" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Шәхси ҡоралдар</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Ҡатнашыусы менюһы" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=ba"><span>Иғәнә</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%98%D2%AB%D3%99%D0%BF_%D1%8F%D2%99%D1%8B%D1%83%D1%8B_%D1%8F%D2%BB%D0%B0%D1%83&returnto=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мотлаҡ булмаһа ла, иҫәп яҙмаһы төҙөргә һәм системала танылырға тәҡдим итәбеҙ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Теркәлеү</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83&returnto=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Бында теркәлеү үтергә була, әммә мотлаҡ түгел [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Танылыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Танылмаған мөхәррирҙәр өсөн бит <a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A0%D3%99%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99" aria-label="Мөхәррирләү тураһында ентеклерәк"><span>Күберәк белергә</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%A8%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%88%D3%A9%D0%BC" title="Был IP-адрестан яһалған төҙәтеүҙәр [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Өлөш</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D3%98%D2%A3%D0%B3%D3%99%D0%BC%D3%99_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="IP-адресығыҙ өсөн фекер алышыу бите [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Фекер алышыу</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace"></div><script>(function(){var node=document.getElementById("mw-dismissablenotice-anonplace");if(node){node.outerHTML="\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-close\"\u003E[\u003Ca tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"\u003Eйәшерергә\u003C/a\u003E]\u003C/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"mw-dismissable-notice-body\"\u003E\u003C!-- CentralNotice --\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"localNotice\" data-nosnippet=\"\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"sitenotice\" lang=\"ba\" dir=\"ltr\"\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E\u003C/div\u003E";}}());</script></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Сайт"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Йөкмәткеһе" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Йөкмәткеһе</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Башы</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Хромосоманың_төҙөлөшө" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Хромосоманың_төҙөлөшө"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Хромосоманың төҙөлөшө</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Хромосоманың_төҙөлөшө-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Метафаза_хромосомаһының_морфологияһы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Метафаза_хромосомаһының_морфологияһы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Метафаза хромосомаһының морфологияһы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Метафаза_хромосомаһының_морфологияһы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Хромосома_формулаһы" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Хромосома_формулаһы"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Хромосома формулаһы</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Хромосома_формулаһы-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Әҙәбиәт" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Әҙәбиәт"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Әҙәбиәт</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Әҙәбиәт-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Йөкмәткеһе" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Йөкмәткене күрһәтергә/йәшерергә" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Йөкмәткене күрһәтергә/йәшерергә</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Хромосома</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Икенсе телдәге мәҡәләгә күсегеҙ. 116 телдә уҡырға була" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-116" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">116 тел</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosoom" title="Chromosoom — африкаанс" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chromosoom" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosom" title="Chromosom — швейцарский немецкий" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chromosom" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="швейцарский немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%83%E1%89%A5%E1%88%88%E1%89%A0%E1%88%AB%E1%88%82" title="ሃብለበራሂ — амхарский" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሃብለበራሂ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%BA%D9%8A" title="صبغي — арабский" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صبغي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="арабский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85" title="كروموزوم — Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كروموزوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma — астурийский" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cromosoma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xromosom" title="Xromosom — азербайджанский" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xromosom" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="азербайджанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85" title="کوروموزوم — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کوروموزوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Храмасома — белорусский" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Храмасома" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="белорусский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хромозома — болгарский" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хромозома" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ခရိုမိုသိုမ်း — Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခရိုမိုသိုမ်း" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE" title="ক্রোমোজোম — бенгальский" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রোমোজোম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromozom" title="Kromozom — бретонский" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kromozom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromosom" title="Hromosom — боснийский" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hromosom" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="боснийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma — каталанский" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cromosoma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C4%93ng-s%C3%A1ik-t%C4%81%CC%A4" title="Niēng-sáik-tā̤ — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Niēng-sáik-tā̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%85" title="کرۆمۆسۆم — центральнокурдский" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کرۆمۆسۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="центральнокурдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromozom" title="Chromozom — чешский" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chromozom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чешский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosom" title="Cromosom — валлийский" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cromosom" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom — датский" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="датский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="һайланған мәҡәлә"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosom" title="Chromosom — немецкий" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chromosom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="немецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Χρωμόσωμα — греческий" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρωμόσωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="греческий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome — английский" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chromosome" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="английский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosomo" title="Kromosomo — эсперанто" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kromosomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="яҡшы мәҡәлә"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma — испанский" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cromosoma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosoom" title="Kromosoom — эстонский" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kromosoom" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosoma" title="Kromosoma — баскский" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kromosoma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баскский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85" title="کروموزوم — персидский" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کروموزوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="персидский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosomi" title="Kromosomi — финский" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kromosomi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="финский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome — французский" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chromosome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="французский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosoom" title="Kromosoom — северный фризский" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kromosoom" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="северный фризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gromosoom" title="Gromosoom — западнофризский" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gromosoom" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="западнофризский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B3mas%C3%B3m" title="Crómasóm — ирландский" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crómasóm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma — галисийский" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cromosoma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngiam-set-th%C3%AD" title="Ngiam-set-thí — хакка" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngiam-set-thí" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="хакка" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9D" title="כרומוזום — иврит" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרומוזום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="गुणसूत्र — хинди" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुणसूत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosomi" title="Kromosomi — хорватский" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kromosomi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwomoz%C3%B2m" title="Kwomozòm — гаитянский" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kwomozòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаитянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosz%C3%B3ma" title="Kromoszóma — венгерский" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kromoszóma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгерский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B4" title="Քրոմոսոմ — армянский" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քրոմոսոմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom — индонезийский" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хромосома — ингушский" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хромосома" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ингушский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosomo" title="Kromosomo — идо" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kromosomo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litningur" title="Litningur — исландский" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Litningur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma — итальянский" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cromosoma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальянский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体 — японский" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="染色体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="японский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom — яванский" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="яванский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ქრომოსომა — грузинский" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქრომოსომა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xromosomalar" title="Xromosomalar — каракалпакский" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Xromosomalar" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="каракалпакский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хромосомалар — казахский" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хромосомалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="казахский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81_(%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D)" title="ವರ್ಣತಂತು (ಕ್ರೋಮೋಸೋಮ್) — каннада" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವರ್ಣತಂತು (ಕ್ರೋಮೋಸೋಮ್)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%BC%EC%83%89%EC%B2%B4" title="염색체 — корейский" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="염색체" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корейский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromozom" title="Kromozom — курдский" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kromozom" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="курдский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Хромосомалар — киргизский" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хромосомалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="киргизский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosoma" title="Chromosoma — латинский" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chromosoma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma — Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cromosoma" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma — Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cromosoma" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A5%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ກະໂລໂມຊົມ — лаосский" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກະໂລໂມຊົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаосский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosoma" title="Chromosoma — литовский" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chromosoma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литовский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hromosoma" title="Hromosoma — латышский" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hromosoma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латышский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хромосом — луговомарийский" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Хромосом" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="луговомарийский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хромозом — македонский" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хромозом" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82" title="ക്രോമസോം — малаялам" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രോമസോം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хромосом — монгольский" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хромосом" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="монгольский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="गुणसूत्र — маратхи" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुणसूत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom — малайский" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%86%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ခရိုမိုဆုမ်း — бирманский" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခရိုမိုဆုမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирманский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="गुणसूत्र — непальский" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुणसूत्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81" title="चिंपुतु — неварский" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिंपुतु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="неварский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosoom" title="Chromosoom — нидерландский" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chromosoom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom — нюнорск" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="нюнорск" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom — норвежский букмол" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвежский букмол" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromos%C3%B2ma" title="Cromosòma — окситанский" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cromosòma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baaddiraa" title="Baaddiraa — оромо" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baaddiraa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਗੁਣਸੂਤਰ — панджаби" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਣਸੂਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="панджаби" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosom" title="Chromosom — польский" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chromosom" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="польский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="کروموسوم — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کروموسوم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85" title="کروموزوم — пушту" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کروموزوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromossomo" title="Cromossomo — португальский" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cromossomo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португальский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromozom" title="Cromozom — румынский" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cromozom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румынский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хромосома — русский" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хромосома" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="русский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱡᱚᱢ — сантали" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱨᱚᱢᱚᱡᱚᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="сантали" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromosoma" title="Cromosoma — сардинский" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cromosoma" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome — шотландский" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chromosome" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотландский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="ڪروموسوم — синдхи" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪروموسوم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom — сербскохорватский" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="сербскохорватский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chromosome" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromoz%C3%B3m" title="Chromozóm — словацкий" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chromozóm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словацкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom — словенский" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словенский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromozomi" title="Kromozomi — албанский" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kromozomi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албанский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Хромозом — сербский" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хромозом" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="сербский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom — сунданский" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сунданский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosom" title="Kromosom — шведский" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kromosom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="шведский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chembeuzi" title="Chembeuzi — суахили" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chembeuzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="நிறப்புரி — тамильский" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிறப்புரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамильский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95" title="వారసవాహిక — телугу" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వారసవాహిక" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хромосома — таджикский" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хромосома" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="таджикский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%A1" title="โครโมโซม — тайский" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โครโมโซม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosoma" title="Kromosoma — тагалог" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kromosoma" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="тагалог" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromozom" title="Kromozom — турецкий" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kromozom" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="турецкий" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хромосома — татарский" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Хромосома" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татарский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Хромосома — украинский" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хромосома" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украинский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="کروموسوم — урду" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کروموسوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xromosomalar" title="Xromosomalar — узбекский" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Xromosomalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="узбекский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%85m_s%E1%BA%AFc_th%E1%BB%83" title="Nhiễm sắc thể — вьетнамский" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiễm sắc thể" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнамский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromosoma" title="Kromosoma — варай" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kromosoma" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体 — у" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="染色体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="у" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-chromosome" title="I-chromosome — коса" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-chromosome" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="коса" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ქრომოსომა — мегрельский" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქრომოსომა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="мегрельский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9D" title="כראמאזאם — идиш" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כראמאזאם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3m%C3%B3s%C3%B3m%C3%B9" title="Krómósómù — йоруба" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Krómósómù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="йоруба" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyiemx_Saek_Daej" title="Nyiemx Saek Daej — чжуань" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Nyiemx Saek Daej" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="чжуань" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体 — китайский" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="染色体" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="китайский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C3%A1m-sek-th%C3%A9" title="Jiám-sek-thé — миньнань" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jiám-sek-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="миньнань" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="染色體 — кантонский" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="染色體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантонский" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37748#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Башҡа телдәргә һылтанмаларҙы төҙәтеү" class="wbc-editpage">Һылтанмаларҙы төҙәтергә</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Исем арауыҡтары"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Эстәлек битен ҡарау [c]" 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id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Башҡа проекттарҙа </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chromosomes" hreflang="en"><span>Викимилек</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37748" title="Мәғлүмәт һаҡлағысына бәйле элементҡа һылтанма [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Викимәғлүмәт элементы</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Ҡоралдар"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Уҡыу көйләүҙәре"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Уҡыу көйләүҙәре</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">ҡабырға панеленә күсерергә</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">йәшерергә</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Википедия — ирекле энциклопедия мәғлүмәте</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ba" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1278674">.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка{width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-above{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);font-weight:bold;font-size:120%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-original,.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-image{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-label{width:9em;background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);text-align:left;padding-left:.4em;padding-right:.4em}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-split{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-below{background:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ts-Универсальная_карточка-error{background:var(--background-color-destructive-subtle,#ffe9e5);border:1px solid var(--border-color-error,#9f3526);text-align:center}</style> <table cellspacing="2" class="infobox ts-Универсальная_карточка"> <tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-above ts-Универсальная_карточка-above">Хромосома</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ts-Универсальная_карточка-image"><span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q37748$031B5E4C-2E8B-418B-B040-DE040C27BBEB" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P18"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Рәсем" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png/274px-NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png" decoding="async" width="274" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png/411px-NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png/548px-NHGRI_human_male_karyotype.png 2x" data-file-width="3084" data-file-height="2417" /></a></span></span></span></td></tr> <tr><th class="infobox-label ts-Универсальная_карточка-label">Ҡайҙа өйрәнелә</th><td class="infobox-text"> <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q37748$2e468809-46df-b2b6-d11b-2b6c58cce997" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P2579"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=chromosomology&action=edit&editintro=T:Нет_статьи/editintro&preload=T:Нет_статьи/preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Q128284215&preloadparams%5B%5D=chromosomology&preloadparams%5B%5D=Универсальная+карточка"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">chromosomology</span></a></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128284215" class="extiw" title="d:Q128284215">[d]</a></sup></span></span></td></tr> <tr><th class="infobox-label ts-Универсальная_карточка-label"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P12861" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P12861">EntitySchema для класса</a></th><td class="infobox-text"> <strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-9cc3b165">Ошибка Lua в Модуль:Wikidata на строке 301: Неизвестный тип сущности..</span></strong></td></tr> <tr><th class="infobox-label ts-Универсальная_карточка-label">Ҡапма-ҡаршыһы</th><td class="infobox-text"> <span data-wikidata-claim-id="Q37748$63af670b-4910-1a82-e0a9-30d5edb3332f" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P461"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B&action=edit&editintro=T:Нет_статьи/editintro&preload=T:Нет_статьи/preload&preloadparams%5B%5D=Q172778&preloadparams%5B%5D=%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B&preloadparams%5B%5D=Универсальная+карточка"><span style="color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333); text-decoration:inherit; text-decoration-color:var(--color-link-red, #d73333);">плазмиды</span></a></span><sup><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172778" class="extiw" title="d:Q172778">[d]</a></sup></span></span></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below ts-Универсальная_карточка-below"><span data-wikidata-claim-id="q37748$120129F1-79BA-4999-9570-A5203E7109C0" class="wikidata-claim" data-wikidata-property-id="P373"><span class="wikidata-snak wikidata-main-snak"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chromosomes" title="commons:Category:Chromosomes"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chromosomes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chromosomes">Хромосома Викимилектә</a></span></span></td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Human_female_metaphase_chromosomes.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Human_female_metaphase_chromosomes.tif/lossy-page1-200px-Human_female_metaphase_chromosomes.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Human_female_metaphase_chromosomes.tif/lossy-page1-300px-Human_female_metaphase_chromosomes.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Human_female_metaphase_chromosomes.tif/lossy-page1-400px-Human_female_metaphase_chromosomes.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Кеше күҙәнәктәрендә митоз хромосомалары <a href="/w/index.php?title=DAPI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DAPI (был бит юҡ)">DAPI</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Meiosis_(254_33).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Meiosis_%28254_33%29.jpg/200px-Meiosis_%28254_33%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Meiosis_%28254_33%29.jpg/300px-Meiosis_%28254_33%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Meiosis_%28254_33%29.jpg/400px-Meiosis_%28254_33%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Саранча хромосомалары мейоз барышында</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Хромосо́ма</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Боронғо грек теле (был бит юҡ)">бор. грек.</a> <i><span lang="grc">χρῶμα</span></i> — төҫлө <span lang="grc"><span style="font-family: palatino linotype, new athena unicode, athena, gentium, code2000, serif; font-size: 105%;">σῶμα</span></span> — тәнсә; немец гистологы Г. В. Вальдейер, 1883) — нуклеопротеид төркөмөнә ҡараған ҡатмарлы матдәләрҙән (ДНК һәм аҡһымдарҙан торған комплекс) структура. </p><p>Прокариот күҙәнәк эсендә берҙән-бер <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="ДНК">ДНК</a> молекулаһы йомоҡ түңәрәк ҡулса формаһында була. Цитоплазмала урынлашҡан. Прокариот күҙәнәктең хромосомаһын <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Нуклеоид">нуклеоид</a> тип атайҙар. Составында ДНК-нан тыш аҡһымдар ҙа бар. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эукариоттар">Эукариоттарҙың</a> хромосомалары <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BA_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Күҙәнәк ядроһы">күҙәнәк ядроһы</a> эсендә урынлашҡан. Һаҡланырға, тереклек процесын көйләргә, ташырылырға тейеш нәҫел мәғлүмәтенең иң күп өлөшө шунда тупланған. </p><p>Хромосомаларҙы яҡтылыҡ микроскобында митоз һәм мейоз осоронда ғына күреп була. Ядролағы <a class="mw-selflink selflink">хромосомалар</a> йыйылмаһы кариотип тигән атама алған. </p><p><b>Кариотип</b> <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80" class="mw-redirect" title="Биологик төр">биологик төрҙөң</a> уны таныулы иткән индивидуаль билдәһе, цитогенетик критерийы (паспорты тип атап була) булып тора<sup id="cite_ref-Tar_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Хромосоманың_төҙөлөшө"><span id=".D0.A5.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B0.D0.BD.D1.8B.D2.A3_.D1.82.D3.A9.D2.99.D3.A9.D0.BB.D3.A9.D1.88.D3.A9"></span>Хромосоманың төҙөлөшө</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Хромосоманың төҙөлөшө бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="Хромосоманың төҙөлөшө бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Хромосома бер <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="ДНК">ДНК</a> молекулаһынан тора. Унда линия (һыҙат) тәртибендә бик күп <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Ген">гендар</a> теҙелеп киткән. Йәғни, ДНК молекулаһында гендар әҙмә-эҙ бер-бер артлы урынлашалар. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Эукариоттар">Эукариоттарҙың</a> хромосомаларында мотлаҡ функциональ элементтар булып центромера, теломерҙар һәм ДНК репликацияһын башлай торған инициация урыны (нөктәһе) була. </p><p>Репликация башлана торған урын (инициация сайты) теломерҙар хромосоманың осонда урынлашҡан. Был ДНК молекулаһына иркенерәк, тиҙерәк репликация үтергә мөмкинлек бирә. </p><p>Хроматидаларҙың центромералары менән бүлеү орсоғона беркетелеүе, уларҙың бала күҙәнәктәр араһында теүәл бүленеүен тәьмин итә<sup id="cite_ref-MolBiol_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MolBiol-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Метафаза_хромосомаһының_морфологияһы"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.84.D0.B0.D0.B7.D0.B0_.D1.85.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B0.D2.BB.D1.8B.D0.BD.D1.8B.D2.A3_.D0.BC.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.84.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.8F.D2.BB.D1.8B"></span>Метафаза хромосомаһының морфологияһы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Метафаза хромосомаһының морфологияһы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="Метафаза хромосомаһының морфологияһы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="tright" style="clear:none"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:Chromosome.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Chromosome.png/180px-Chromosome.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Chromosome.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Метафаза хромосомаһы 1 — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Хроматида (был бит юҡ)">хроматида</a>; 2 — <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Центромера (был бит юҡ)">центромера</a>; 3 — короткое плечо; 4 — длинное плечо.</figcaption></figure></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB:PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg/400px-PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg/600px-PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg/800px-PLoSBiol3.5.Fig7ChromosomesAluFish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2346" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Изображение 46 (23 пар) <a class="mw-selflink selflink">хромосом</a> женского <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Кариотип (был бит юҡ)">кариотипа</a> человека, полученное с помощью современного микроскопа. ДНК подсвечена красным. У человека самая длинная хромосома примерно в 10 раз длиннее самой короткой<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Сумма всех генов организма называется <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Геном (был бит юҡ)">геномом</a> организма, который может хранится в одной или более хромосомах. Хромосома содержит единственную, очень длинную двойную цепь ДНК, на которой обычно закодированы тысячи генов. Место расположения конкретного гена в хромосоме называется локус.</figcaption></figure> <p>Һәр индивидуаль хромосоманың уны башҡаларынан айырып торған билдәләре була: </p> <ul><li>Оҙонлоғо</li> <li>Центромераһының(беренсел нәҙеклек) урынлашыуы</li> <li>Икенсел нәҙеклектең булыу -булмауы</li> <li>Центромераның урынына бәйле хромосоманың формаһы (яурындарының торошо)</li> <li>Буялған хромосоманың төҫө, биҙәге.</li></ul> <p>Шуға күрә лә, метафаза осорондағы <a class="mw-selflink selflink">хромосомаларҙы</a> танып, һүрәтләп, һанап, фотоға төшөрөп була. Ҡағиҙә буйынса, уларҙы иң ҙурынан башлап номерлап сығалар. </p><p>Эукариот күҙәнәктәрҙә Һәр индивидуаль хромосоманың пары була. Улар ҙурлыҡтары, центромераһының урыны, формалары, биҙәге, гендарының төрө һәм һаны буйынса бер төрлө булалар. Бындай хромосомаларҙы <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Гомологик хромосомалар">гомологик хромосомалар</a> тип атайҙар. </p><p><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BA_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Күҙәнәк ядроһы">Ядролағы</a> индивидуаль хромосомалар йыйылмаһын гаплоид йыйылма (<b>берәр төрҙән — n</b>) тип атайҙар. Әгәр <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D2%99%D3%99%D0%BD%D3%99%D0%BA_%D1%8F%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Күҙәнәк ядроһы">ядрола</a> хромосомаларҙың һәр төрө икешәр булһа, хромосомалар йыйылмаһын диплоид йыйылма (<b>парлы — 2n</b>) тип атайҙар. </p><p>Ядро эсендәге хромосомалар төрө, һаны (набор), формаһы һәр төр өсөн уникаль була. Һәр төргә хас хромосомалар йыйылмаһы кариотип тип атала. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Хромосома_формулаһы"><span id=".D0.A5.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B0_.D1.84.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.BC.D1.83.D0.BB.D0.B0.D2.BB.D1.8B"></span>Хромосома формулаһы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Хромосома формулаһы бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&section=3" title="Хромосома формулаһы бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Һәр индивидуаль хромосоманың нигеҙен бер ДНК молекулаһы тәшкил итә. Интерфазала ДНК молекулаһы тағатылған хәлдә була. Ул стадияла хромосоманы (хроматин) электрон микроскоптан ғына күреп була. Ул таныулы ла булмай. </p><p>Интерфазаның пресинтетик фазаһында хромосомала ДНК молекулаһы берәү була. Әммә бүленергә әҙерләнгән күҙәнәктә, ДНК молекулаһы икеләтелә (синтетик фаза). Шуға күрә, һәр хромосомала ДНК молекулаһы (копиялар) икешәргә әйләнә. </p><p>Шулай итеп, пресинтетик фазала хромосомаларҙың индивидуаль йыйылмаһын — <b>nc</b>, ә синтетик фазалағыһын — <b>n2c</b> формулаһы менән күрһәтеп була (<b>n</b>— хромосомалар йыйылмаһы, <b>с</b> — ДНК молекулалары һаны). </p><p>Шуға ярашлы, диплоид күҙәнәктең пресинтетик фаза формулаһы — <b>2n2c</b>, синтетик фаза формулаһы — <b>2n4c</b>. </p><p><b>Һәр күп күҙәнәкле организмда ике төр күҙәнәктәрҙе айырып йөрөтәләр</b>: </p> <ul><li>тәндең бөтә туҡымалары һәм органдары составына ингән соматик (енси булмаған) күҙәнәктәр (<b>2n2c);</b></li> <li>енес күҙәнәктәре (<b>nc).</b></li></ul> <p><b>Соматик күҙәнәктәр</b> ядроһы хромосомаларҙың диплоид (икеләтә) йыйылмаһын туплай. </p><p><b>Енес күҙәнәктәре (гаметалар)</b> ядроһында хромосомаларҙың гаплоид (берәр) йыйылмаһы була. Мәҫәлән, арыш хромосомаларының диплоид йыйылмаһы 14 хромосоманы үҙ эсенә алһа, гаплоид йыйылманың 7 хромосомаһы бар. </p><p>Әгәр кешенең диплоид йыйылмаһында 46 хромосома булһа, гаплоид йыйылмаһы 23 хромосоманан тора. Гаплоид йыйылмала һәр парҙан бер генә хромосома ҡала. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Әҙәбиәт"><span id=".D3.98.D2.99.D3.99.D0.B1.D0.B8.D3.99.D1.82"></span>Әҙәбиәт</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Әҙәбиәт бүлеген мөхәррирләргә" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>үҙгәртергә</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0&action=edit&section=4" title="Әҙәбиәт бүлегенең сығанаҡ кодын мөхәррирләү"><span>сығанаҡты үҙгәртеү</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>А. О. Рувинский. «Общая биология. Для углубленного изучения биологии». Издательство «Просвещение».</li> <li>Ю. Н. Лемеза. «Биология. Вопросы повышеной трудности». Издательство «Айрис», 1998 г.</li> <li>Н. Д. Андреева. «Биология». Издательство «Союз» 2002 г.</li> <li>А. В. Кленова. «Биология для поступающих в ВУЗы». Издательство «Учитель», 1997 г.</li></ul> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tar-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tar_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343"><i>Тарантул В. З. .</i> Толковый биотехнологический словарь. — <span style="border-bottom:1px dotted gray; cursor:default" title="Москва">М</span>.: Языки славянских культур, 2009. — 936 с. — <span style="white-space: nowrap;">400 экз.</span> — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9785955103426" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-5-9551-0342-6</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MolBiol-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-MolBiol_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation no-wikidata" data-wikidata-property-id="P1343">Молекулярная биология клетки: в 3-х томах / Б. Альбертс, А. Джонсон, Д. Льюис и др. — М.-Ижевск: НИЦ «Регулярная и хаотическая динамика», Институт компьютерных исследований, 2013. — Т. I. — 808 с. — <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D1%81%D1%8B%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9785434401128" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-5-4344-0112-8</a>.</span> — С. 309—336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><cite style="font-style:normal"> (2005) «Three-Dimensional Maps of All Chromosomes in Human Male Fibroblast Nuclei and Prometaphase Rosettes». <i>PLoS Biology</i> <b>3</b> (5): e157. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Идентификатор цифрового объекта (был бит юҡ)">DOI</a>:<a href="//doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030157" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030157">10.1371/journal.pbio.0030157</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15839726?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15839726</a>.</cite></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF:Open_access&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ҡалып:Open access (был бит юҡ)">Ҡалып:Open access</a></span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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