CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Opsin - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e73dcd34-140e-4c03-93bf-d6257858597c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Opsin","wgTitle":"Opsin","wgCurRevisionId":1274547903,"wgRevisionId":1274547903,"wgArticleId":1452717,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","G protein-coupled receptors","Vision"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Opsin","wgRelevantArticleId":1452717,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q24785022","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.20"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Rhodopsin_3D.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1861"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Rhodopsin_3D.jpeg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1240"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="992"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Opsin - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Opsin rootpage-Opsin skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Opsin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Opsin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Opsin" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Opsin" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_and_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_and_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Structure and function </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functionally_conserved_residues_and_motifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functionally_conserved_residues_and_motifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Functionally conserved residues and motifs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functionally_conserved_residues_and_motifs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Functionally conserved residues and motifs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Functionally_conserved_residues_and_motifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_retinal_binding_lysine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_retinal_binding_lysine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 The retinal binding lysine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_retinal_binding_lysine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_NPxxY_motif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_NPxxY_motif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 The NPxxY motif </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_NPxxY_motif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_residues_and_motifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_residues_and_motifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Other residues and motifs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_residues_and_motifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectral_tuning_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectral_tuning_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Spectral tuning sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectral_tuning_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opsins_in_the_human_eye,_brain,_and_skin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opsins_in_the_human_eye,_brain,_and_skin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Opsins in the human eye, brain, and skin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opsins_in_the_human_eye,_brain,_and_skin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuttlefish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuttlefish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cuttlefish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuttlefish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frogs_(order_Anura)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frogs_(order_Anura)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Frogs (order Anura) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frogs_(order_Anura)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Phylogeny </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciliary_opsins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciliary_opsins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Ciliary opsins </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ciliary_opsins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ciliary opsins subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ciliary_opsins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vertebrate_visual_opsins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertebrate_visual_opsins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Vertebrate visual opsins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertebrate_visual_opsins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraretinal_(or_extra-ocular)_Rhodopsin-Like_Opsins_(Exo-Rh)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraretinal_(or_extra-ocular)_Rhodopsin-Like_Opsins_(Exo-Rh)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Extraretinal (or extra-ocular) Rhodopsin-Like Opsins (Exo-Rh) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extraretinal_(or_extra-ocular)_Rhodopsin-Like_Opsins_(Exo-Rh)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pinopsins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pinopsins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Pinopsins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pinopsins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vertebrate_Ancient_(VA)_opsin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vertebrate_Ancient_(VA)_opsin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Vertebrate Ancient (VA) opsin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vertebrate_Ancient_(VA)_opsin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parapinopsins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parapinopsins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Parapinopsins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parapinopsins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parietopsins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parietopsins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Parietopsins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parietopsins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encephalopsin_or_Panopsin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encephalopsin_or_Panopsin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Encephalopsin or Panopsin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encephalopsin_or_Panopsin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teleost_Multiple_Tissue_(TMT)_Opsin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teleost_Multiple_Tissue_(TMT)_Opsin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Teleost Multiple Tissue (TMT) Opsin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teleost_Multiple_Tissue_(TMT)_Opsin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opsins_in_cnidarians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opsins_in_cnidarians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Opsins in cnidarians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opsins_in_cnidarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhabdomeric_opsins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhabdomeric_opsins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Rhabdomeric opsins </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rhabdomeric_opsins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Rhabdomeric opsins subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Rhabdomeric_opsins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Melanopsin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melanopsin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Melanopsin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melanopsin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tetraopsins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tetraopsins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Tetraopsins </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tetraopsins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tetraopsins subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tetraopsins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neuropsins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neuropsins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Neuropsins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neuropsins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Go-opsins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Go-opsins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Go-opsins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Go-opsins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RGR-opsins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RGR-opsins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 RGR-opsins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RGR-opsins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peropsin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peropsin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Peropsin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peropsin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_proteins_called_opsins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_proteins_called_opsins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Other proteins called opsins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_proteins_called_opsins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Opsin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" > 22 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="أوبسين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوبسين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsina" title="Opsina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Opsina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Opsin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsina" title="Opsina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Opsina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اپسین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اپسین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsine" title="Opsine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Opsine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsina" title="Opsina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Opsina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%B5%EC%8B%A0" title="옵신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="옵신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Opsin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsina" title="Opsina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Opsina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אופסין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופסין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsine" title="Opsine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opsine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%97%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3" title="オプシン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オプシン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsyny" title="Opsyny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Opsyny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsina" title="Opsina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Opsina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Опсин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Опсин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Opsin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Opsin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Opsin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsiinit" title="Opsiinit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Opsiinit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Opsin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="视蛋白 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="视蛋白" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q24785022#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Opsin" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Opsin">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Opsin">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Opsin" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Opsin" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&oldid=1274547903" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Opsin&id=1274547903&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOpsin">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOpsin">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Opsin&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Opsins" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q24785022" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of light-sensitive proteins</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about animal opsins. For microbial opsins, see <a href="/wiki/Microbial_rhodopsin" title="Microbial rhodopsin">microbial rhodopsin</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodopsin_3D.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rhodopsin_3D.jpeg/150px-Rhodopsin_3D.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rhodopsin_3D.jpeg/225px-Rhodopsin_3D.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Rhodopsin_3D.jpeg/300px-Rhodopsin_3D.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption>Three-dimensional structure of cattle rhodopsin. The seven transmembrane domains are shown in varying colors. The <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophore</a> is shown in red.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1415_Retinal_Isomers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1415_Retinal_Isomers.jpg/400px-1415_Retinal_Isomers.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="378" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1415_Retinal_Isomers.jpg/600px-1415_Retinal_Isomers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/1415_Retinal_Isomers.jpg/800px-1415_Retinal_Isomers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2237" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The retinal molecule inside an opsin protein absorbs a photon of light. Absorption of the photon causes retinal to change from its 11-cis-retinal isomer into its all-trans-retinal isomer. This change in shape of retinal pushes against the outer opsin protein to begin a signal cascade, which may eventually result in chemical signaling being sent to the brain as visual perception. The retinal is re-loaded by the body so that signaling can happen again.</figcaption></figure> Animal opsins are <a href="/wiki/G-protein-coupled_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="G-protein-coupled receptor">G-protein-coupled receptors</a> and a group of proteins made light-sensitive via a <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophore</a>, typically <a href="/wiki/Retinal" title="Retinal">retinal</a>. When bound to retinal, opsins become <a href="/wiki/Retinylidene_protein" title="Retinylidene protein">retinylidene proteins</a>, but are usually still called opsins regardless. Most prominently, they are found in <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_cell" title="Photoreceptor cell">photoreceptor cells</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>. Five classical groups of opsins are involved in <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a>, mediating the conversion of a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> of light into an electrochemical signal, the first step in the <a href="/wiki/Visual_phototransduction" title="Visual phototransduction">visual transduction cascade</a>. Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, <a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">melanopsin</a>, is involved in <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pupillary_light_reflex" title="Pupillary light reflex">pupillary reflex</a> but not in vision. Humans have in total nine opsins. Beside vision and light perception, opsins may also sense <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_function">Structure and function</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure and function">edit</a>]</div> Animal opsins detect light and are the molecules that allow us to see. Opsins are <a href="/wiki/G-protein-coupled_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="G-protein-coupled receptor">G-protein-coupled receptors</a> (GPCRs),<a href="#cite_note-Casey1988-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Attwood1994-2">[2]</a> which are <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptors</a> and have seven transmembrane <a href="/wiki/Alpha_helix" title="Alpha helix">domains</a> forming a <a href="/wiki/Binding_pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Binding pocket">binding pocket</a> for a ligand.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a> for opsins is the <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophore</a> 11-cis-retinal,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> which is covalently bound to a <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> residue<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> in the seventh transmembrane domain<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Palczewski2000-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murakami2008-13">[13]</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Schiff-base" class="mw-redirect" title="Schiff-base">Schiff-base</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> However, 11-cis-retinal only blocks the binding pocket and does not activate the opsin. The opsin is only activated when 11-cis-retinal absorbs a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> of light and <a href="/wiki/Isomerization" title="Isomerization">isomerizes</a> to all-trans-retinal,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> the receptor activating form,<a href="#cite_note-Choe2011-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wald1968-19">[19]</a> causing conformal changes in the opsin,<a href="#cite_note-Choe2011-18">[18]</a> which activate a <a href="/wiki/Phototransduction_cascade" class="mw-redirect" title="Phototransduction cascade">phototransduction cascade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Thus, a chemoreceptor is converted to a <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_protein" title="Photoreceptor protein">light or photo(n)receptor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a> In the vertebrate photoreceptor cells, all-trans-retinal is released and replaced by a newly synthesized 11-cis-retinal provided from the retinal epithelial cells. Beside 11-<a href="/wiki/Cis-trans_isomerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cis-trans isomerism">cis</a>-retinal (A1), 11-cis-3,4-didehydroretinal (A2) is also found in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> as ligand such as in freshwater fishes.<a href="#cite_note-Wald1968-19">[19]</a> A2-bound opsins have a shifted λmax and absorption spectrum compared to A1-bound opsins.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functionally_conserved_residues_and_motifs">Functionally conserved residues and motifs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Functionally conserved residues and motifs">edit</a>]</div> The seven transmembrane α-helical domains in opsins are connected by three extra-cellular and three <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasmic</a> loops. Along the α-helices and the loops, many <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> residues are highly conserved between all opsin groups, indicating that they serve important functions and thus are called functionally conserved residues. Actually, insertions and deletions in the α-helices are very rare and should preferentially occur in the loops. Therefore, different G-protein-coupled receptors have different length and homologous residues may be in different positions. To make such positions comparable between different receptors, Ballesteros and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harel_Weinstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harel Weinstein (page does not exist)">Weinstein</a> introduced a common numbering scheme for G-protein-coupled receptors.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> The number before the period is the number of the transmembrane domain. The number after the period is set arbitrarily to 50 for the most conserved residue in that transmembrane domain among GPCRs known in 1995. For instance in the seventh transmembrane domain, the <a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">proline</a> in the highly conserved NPxxY7.53 <a href="/wiki/Sequence_motif" title="Sequence motif">motif</a> is Pro7.50, the <a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">asparagine</a> before is then Asp7.49, and the <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a> three residues after is then Tyr7.53.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a> Another numbering scheme is based on <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> rhodopsin. Cattle <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">rhodopsin</a> has 348 <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> and is the first opsin whose <a href="/wiki/Protein_primary_structure" title="Protein primary structure">amino acid sequence</a><a href="#cite_note-Ovchinnikov1982-24">[24]</a> and whose <a href="/wiki/Protein_tertiary_structure" title="Protein tertiary structure">3D-structure</a> were determined.<a href="#cite_note-Palczewski2000-12">[12]</a> The cattle rhodopsin numbering scheme is widespread in the opsin literature.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a> Therefore, it is useful to use both schemes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_retinal_binding_lysine">The retinal binding lysine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The retinal binding lysine">edit</a>]</div> Opsins without the retinal binding lysine are not light sensitive.<a href="#cite_note-Katana2019-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leung2020-26">[26]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">rhodopsin</a>, this lysine is the 296th amino acid<a href="#cite_note-Palczewski2000-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ovchinnikov1982-24">[24]</a> and thus according to both numbering schemes Lys2967.43. It is well conserved among opsins, so well conserved that sequences without it were not even considered opsins and thus excluded from large scale <a href="/wiki/Computational_phylogenetics" title="Computational phylogenetics">phylogenetic reconstructions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PorterBlasic2011-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramirez2016-28">[28]</a> Even so, most opsins have Lys2967.43, some have lost it during evolution: In the nemopsins from <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, Lys2967.43 is replaced by <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">Arginine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Troemmel-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a> In the astropsins from <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a> and in the gluopsins, Lys2967.43 is replaced by <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamic acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a> A nemopsin is expressed in chemosensory cells in <a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_elegans" title="Caenorhabditis elegans">Caenorhabditis elegans</a>. Therefore, the nemopsins are thought to be <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemoreceptors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Troemmel-29">[29]</a> The gluopsins are found in <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorpionfly" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpionfly">scorpionflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonflies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterflies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a> including <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organisms</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Bombyx_mori" title="Bombyx mori">silk moth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_hawk_moth" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco hawk moth">tobacco hawk moth</a>. However, the gluopsins have no known function.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a> Such function does not need to be light detection, as some opsins are also involved in <a href="/wiki/Thermosensation" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermosensation">thermosensation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mechanoreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanoreception">mechanoreception</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> detecting <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemoreceptor" title="Chemoreceptor">chemosensation</a>, and other functions.<a href="#cite_note-Feuda2022-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leung2017-34">[34]</a> In particular, the <a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila</a> rhabdomeric opsins (rhabopsins, r-opsins) Rh1, Rh4, and Rh7 function not only as photoreceptors, but also as chemoreceptors for <a href="/wiki/Aristolochic_acid" title="Aristolochic acid">aristolochic acid</a>. These opsins still have Lys2967.43 like other opsins. However, if this lysine is replaced by an arginine in Rh1, then Rh1 loses light sensitivity but still responds to aristolochic acid. Thus, Lys2967.43 is not needed for Rh1 to function as chemoreceptor.<a href="#cite_note-Leung2020-26">[26]</a> Also the Drosophila rhabopsins Rh1 and Rh6 are involved in mechanoreception, again for mechanoreception Lys2967.43 is not needed, but needed for proper function in the photoreceptor cells.<a href="#cite_note-Katana2019-25">[25]</a> Beside these functions, an opsin without Lys2967.43, such as a gluopsin, could still be light sensitive, since in cattle rhodopsin, the retinal binding lysine can be shifted from position 296 to other positions, even into other transmembrane domains, without changing light sensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-DevineOprian2013-35">[35]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery.gallery.gallery{line-height:1.35em;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{outline:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-left"><div class="title"><div>Opsins have the retinal binding lysine, except the nemopsins and gluopsins<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a></div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 469.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 467.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Opsin_Phylogeny_with_the_main_Groups_the_Tetraopsins_Highlighted.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Most known opsins have the retinal binding lysine except some among the tetraopins, The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors."><img alt="Most known opsins have the retinal binding lysine except some among the tetraopins, The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Opsin_Phylogeny_with_the_main_Groups_the_Tetraopsins_Highlighted.svg/701px-Opsin_Phylogeny_with_the_main_Groups_the_Tetraopsins_Highlighted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="468" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Opsin_Phylogeny_with_the_main_Groups_the_Tetraopsins_Highlighted.svg/1051px-Opsin_Phylogeny_with_the_main_Groups_the_Tetraopsins_Highlighted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Opsin_Phylogeny_with_the_main_Groups_the_Tetraopsins_Highlighted.svg/1401px-Opsin_Phylogeny_with_the_main_Groups_the_Tetraopsins_Highlighted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1060" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Most known opsins have the retinal binding lysine except some among the tetraopins, The outgroup contains other <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 610.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 608.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetraopsin_Phylogeny_with_the_Chromopsins_Highlighted.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Most tetraopsins have also the retinal binding lysine except some of the chromopsins, which are highlighted by the frame and expanded in the next image. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors including the other opsins."><img alt="Most tetraopsins have also the retinal binding lysine except some of the chromopsins, which are highlighted by the frame and expanded in the next image. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors including the other opsins." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tetraopsin_Phylogeny_with_the_Chromopsins_Highlighted.svg/913px-Tetraopsin_Phylogeny_with_the_Chromopsins_Highlighted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="609" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tetraopsin_Phylogeny_with_the_Chromopsins_Highlighted.svg/1369px-Tetraopsin_Phylogeny_with_the_Chromopsins_Highlighted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Tetraopsin_Phylogeny_with_the_Chromopsins_Highlighted.svg/1825px-Tetraopsin_Phylogeny_with_the_Chromopsins_Highlighted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="740" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Most tetraopsins have also the retinal binding lysine except some of the chromopsins, which are highlighted by the frame and expanded in the next image. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors including the other opsins.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 491.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 489.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromopsins_with_the_Gluopsins_Nemopsins_and_Astropsins_Highlighted.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Most chromopsins have also the retinal binding lysine except the nemopsins, where it is replaced by argenine (R), and the gluopsins, where it is replaced by glutamic acid (E). The astropsins, the nemopsins and the gluopsins are highlighted by the frames. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors including the other opsins."><img alt="Most chromopsins have also the retinal binding lysine except the nemopsins, where it is replaced by argenine (R), and the gluopsins, where it is replaced by glutamic acid (E). The astropsins, the nemopsins and the gluopsins are highlighted by the frames. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors including the other opsins." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chromopsins_with_the_Gluopsins_Nemopsins_and_Astropsins_Highlighted.svg/734px-Chromopsins_with_the_Gluopsins_Nemopsins_and_Astropsins_Highlighted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="490" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chromopsins_with_the_Gluopsins_Nemopsins_and_Astropsins_Highlighted.svg/1101px-Chromopsins_with_the_Gluopsins_Nemopsins_and_Astropsins_Highlighted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chromopsins_with_the_Gluopsins_Nemopsins_and_Astropsins_Highlighted.svg/1468px-Chromopsins_with_the_Gluopsins_Nemopsins_and_Astropsins_Highlighted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="1410" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Most chromopsins have also the retinal binding lysine except the nemopsins, where it is replaced by <a href="/wiki/Argenine" class="mw-redirect" title="Argenine">argenine</a> (R), and the gluopsins, where it is replaced by <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamic acid</a> (E). The astropsins, the nemopsins and the gluopsins are highlighted by the frames. The outgroup contains other G protein-coupled receptors including the other opsins.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> In the <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> above, each <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> contains sequences from opsins and other G protein-coupled receptors. The number of sequences and two pie charts are shown next to the clade. The first pie chart shows the percentage of a certain <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> at the position in the sequences corresponding Lys2967.43 in cattle rhodopsin. The amino acids are color-coded. The colors are red for <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> (K), purple for <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamic acid</a> (E), orange for <a href="/wiki/Argenine" class="mw-redirect" title="Argenine">argenine</a> (R), dark and mid-gray for other amino acids, and light gray for sequences that have no data at that position. The second pie chart gives the taxon composition for each clade, green stands for <a href="/wiki/Craniate" title="Craniate">craniates</a>, dark green for <a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">cephalochordates</a>, mid green for <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>, brown for <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, pale pink for <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a>, dark blue for <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>, light blue for <a href="/wiki/Mollusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusk">mollusks</a>, and purple for <a href="/wiki/Cnidarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidarian">cnidarians</a>. The branches to the clades have pie charts, which give support values for the branches. The values are from right to left SH-aLRT/aBayes/UFBoot. The branches are considered supported when SH-aLRT ≥ 80%, aBayes ≥ 0.95, and UFBoot ≥ 95%. If a support value is above its threshold the pie chart is black otherwise gray.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_NPxxY_motif">The NPxxY motif</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The NPxxY motif">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=NPxxY_motif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPxxY motif (page does not exist)">NPxxY7.53 motif</a> is well-conserved among opsins and G-protein-coupled receptors. This motif is important for G-protein binding and receptor activation.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a> For instance, if it is mutated to DPxxY7.53 (<a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asn</a>7.49 → <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">Asp</a>7.49) in the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> <a href="/wiki/M3_muscarinic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="M3 muscarinic receptor">m3 muscarinic receptor</a>, activation is not affected, but it is abolished if it is mutated to APxxY7.53 (<a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">Asn</a>7.49 → <a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Ala</a>7.49).<a href="#cite_note-Borroto-Escuela2011-36">[36]</a> Such a mutation to APxxY7.53 (Asn7.49 → Ala7.49) reduces the G-protein activation of cattle rhodopsin to 45% compared to wild type. Also in cattle rhodopsin, if the motif is mutated to NPxxA7.53 (<a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">Tyr</a>7.53 → <a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Ala</a>7.53), cattle rhodopsin does not activate the G-protein.<a href="#cite_note-Fritze2003-37">[37]</a> Such a mutation also reduces the activation of the <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_V2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasopressin V2 receptor">vasopressin V2 receptor</a>. In fact in G-protein-coupled receptors, only <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of function">loss of function</a> disease mutations are known for Tyr7.53⁠.<a href="#cite_note-Zhou2019-38">[38]</a> Also mutations of <a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Pro</a>7.50 influence G-protein activation, if the motif is mutated to NAxxY7.53 (<a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Pro</a>7.50 → <a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">Ala</a>7.50) in the <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rat</a> <a href="/wiki/M3_muscarinic_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="M3 muscarinic receptor">m3 muscarinic receptor</a>, the receptor can still be activated but less efficiently,<a href="#cite_note-Wess1993-39">[39]</a> this mutation even abolishes activation in the <a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_B_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin B receptor">cholecystokinin B receptor</a> completely.<a href="#cite_note-Gales2000-40">[40]</a>⁠ In fact, the <a href="/wiki/Retinal_G_protein_coupled_receptor" title="Retinal G protein coupled receptor">RGR-opsins</a> have NAxxY7.53 and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retinochrome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retinochrome (page does not exist)">retinochromes</a> have VPxxY7.53 for annelids or YPxxY7.53 for mollusks, natively. Both RGR-opsins and retinochromes, belong to the chromopsins.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a> RGR-opsins<a href="#cite_note-Hao1999-41">[41]</a> and retinochromes<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> also bind unlike most opsins all-trans-retinal in the dark and convert it to 11-cis-retinal when illuminated. Therefore, RGR-opsins and retinochromes are thought to neither signal nor activate a phototransduction cascade but to work as <a href="/wiki/Photoisomerase" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoisomerase">photoisomerases</a> to produce 11-cis-retinal for other opsins.<a href="#cite_note-Tsukamoto2010-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Terakita2005-44">[44]</a> This view is considered established in the opsin literature,<a href="#cite_note-Leung2017-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tsukamoto2010-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kato2016-47">[47]</a> even so it has not been shown, conclusively.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a> In fact, the human MT2 <a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor" title="Melatonin receptor">melatonin receptor</a> signals via a <a href="/wiki/G-protein" class="mw-redirect" title="G-protein">G-protein</a> and has an NAxxY7.53 motif natively. If this motif is mutated to NPxxY7.53 (Ala7.50 → Pro7.50), the receptor cannot be activated, but can be rescued partially if the motif is mutated to NVxxY7.53 (Ala7.50 → <a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Val</a>7.50).<a href="#cite_note-Mazna2008-48">[48]</a> Furthermore, when the motif is mutated to NAxxY7.53 (Pro7.50 → Ala7.50) in cattle rhodopsin, the mutant has 141% of wild type activity.<a href="#cite_note-Fritze2003-37">[37]</a> This evidence shows that a GPCR does not need a standard NPxxY7.53 motif for signaling.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromopsin_Consensus_Sequence_Logos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chromopsin_Consensus_Sequence_Logos.svg/1073px-Chromopsin_Consensus_Sequence_Logos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1073" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chromopsin_Consensus_Sequence_Logos.svg/1610px-Chromopsin_Consensus_Sequence_Logos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Chromopsin_Consensus_Sequence_Logos.svg/2146px-Chromopsin_Consensus_Sequence_Logos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Consensus sequences of the different chromopsins: The first column contains a number for each chromopsin group for easy reference. The second column shows the names for each group. The third contains the number of sequences in each group. And the fourth column contains the <a href="/wiki/Sequence_logo" title="Sequence logo">sequence logo</a>, the height of the letters indicates the percentage of that <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> given at that position. The x-axis gives the position of the amino acid corresponding to cattle rhodopsin. Positions 2927.39 and 3147.64 are highlighted in gray. <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">Lysine</a> (K) 2967.43 is highlighted with a gray background, which is replaced in the nemopsins by <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a> (R) and in the gluopsins by <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamic acid</a> (E). The NPxxY7.53 motif is highlighted with a gray background. It is conserved in most opsins and G-protein-coupled receptors, however it is derived in the retinochromes, RGR-opsins, and Gluopsins.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_residues_and_motifs">Other residues and motifs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other residues and motifs">edit</a>]</div> Cys138 and Cys110 form a highly conserved <a href="/wiki/Disulfide_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulfide bridge">disulfide bridge</a>. Glu113 serves as the counterion, stabilizing the protonation of the Schiff linkage between Lys296 and the ligand retinal. The Glu134-Arg135-Tyr136 is another highly conserved motif, involved in the propagation of the transduction signal once a photon has been absorbed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spectral_tuning_sites">Spectral tuning sites</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spectral tuning sites">edit</a>]</div> Certain <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> residues, termed spectral tuning sites, have a strong effect on λmax values. Using <a href="/wiki/Site-directed_mutagenesis" title="Site-directed mutagenesis">site-directed mutagenesis</a>, it is possible to selectively mutate these residues and investigate the resulting changes in light absorption properties of the opsin. It is important to differentiate spectral tuning sites, residues that affect the wavelength at which the opsin absorbs light, from functionally conserved sites, residues important for the proper functioning of the opsin. They are not mutually exclusive, but, for practical reasons, it is easier to investigate spectral tuning sites that do not affect opsin functionality. For a comprehensive review of spectral tuning sites see Yokoyama<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and Deeb.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The impact of spectral tuning sites on λmax differs between different opsin groups and between opsin groups of different species. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opsins_in_the_human_eye,_brain,_and_skin">Opsins in the human eye, brain, and skin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opsins in the human eye, brain, and skin">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Abbreviation">Abbr.</abbr> </th> <th>Name </th> <th>λmax </th> <th>Color </th> <th>Eye </th> <th>Brain </th> <th>Skin </th> <th>Chromosomal location<a href="#cite_note-Terakita2005-44">[44]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">OPN1LW</a> </td> <td>L-cone (red-cone) opsin </td> <td>557 nm </td> <td>Yellow </td> <td>Cone </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Xq28<a href="#cite_note-Terakita2005-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">OPN1MW</a> </td> <td>M-cone (green-cone) opsin </td> <td>527 nm </td> <td>Green </td> <td>Cone </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Xq28<a href="#cite_note-Terakita2005-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">OPN1SW</a> </td> <td>S-cone (blue-cone) opsin </td> <td>420 nm </td> <td>Violet </td> <td>Cone </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Melanocytes, keratinocytes<a href="#cite_note-HaltaufderhydeOzdeslik2015-51">[51]</a> </td> <td>7q32.1<a href="#cite_note-Terakita2005-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">OPN2</a> (RHO) </td> <td>Rhodopsin </td> <td>505 nm </td> <td>Blue–green </td> <td>Rod </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Melanocytes, keratinocytes<a href="#cite_note-HaltaufderhydeOzdeslik2015-51">[51]</a> </td> <td>3q22.1<a href="#cite_note-Terakita2005-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OPN3" title="OPN3">OPN3</a> </td> <td>Encephalopsin, panopsin </td> <td>S-M </td> <td>Blue–green </td> <td>Rod, cone, OPL, IPL, GCL<a href="#cite_note-WhiteChiano2008-52">[52]</a> </td> <td>Cerebral cortex, cerebellum, striatum, thalamus, hypothalamus<a href="#cite_note-Blackshaw1999-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> </td> <td>Melanocytes, keratinocytes<a href="#cite_note-HaltaufderhydeOzdeslik2015-51">[51]</a> </td> <td>1q43<a href="#cite_note-Terakita2005-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OPN4" class="mw-redirect" title="OPN4">OPN4</a> </td> <td>Melanopsin </td> <td>480 nm<a href="#cite_note-BailesLucas2013-55">[55]</a> </td> <td>Sky blue </td> <td>ipRGC<a href="#cite_note-BailesLucas2013-55">[55]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>10q23.2<a href="#cite_note-Terakita2005-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/OPN5" title="OPN5">OPN5</a> </td> <td>Neuropsin </td> <td>380 nm<a href="#cite_note-Kojima2011-56">[56]</a> </td> <td>Ultraviolet<a href="#cite_note-Kojima2011-56">[56]</a> </td> <td>Neural retina, RPE<a href="#cite_note-TarttelinBellingham2003-57">[57]</a> </td> <td>Anterior <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a><a href="#cite_note-YamashitaOno2014-58">[58]</a> </td> <td>Melanocytes, keratinocytes<a href="#cite_note-HaltaufderhydeOzdeslik2015-51">[51]</a> </td> <td>6p12.3<a href="#cite_note-Terakita2005-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RRH" title="RRH">RRH</a> </td> <td>Peropsin </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>RPE cells - microvilli </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>4q25<a href="#cite_note-Terakita2005-44">[44]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Retinal_G_protein_coupled_receptor" title="Retinal G protein coupled receptor">RGR</a> </td> <td>Retinal G protein coupled receptor </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>RPE cells </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>10q23.1<a href="#cite_note-Terakita2005-44">[44]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> RPE, <a href="/wiki/Retinal_pigment_epithelium" title="Retinal pigment epithelium">retinal pigment epithelium</a>; ipRGC, <a href="/wiki/Intrinsically_photosensitive_retinal_ganglion_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells">intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells</a>; OPL, <a href="/wiki/Outer_plexiform_layer" title="Outer plexiform layer">outer plexiform layer</a>; IPL, <a href="/wiki/Inner_plexiform_layer" title="Inner plexiform layer">inner plexiform layer</a>; GCL, <a href="/wiki/Ganglion_cell_layer" title="Ganglion cell layer">ganglion cell layer</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuttlefish">Cuttlefish</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cuttlefish">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">Cuttlefish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopuses</a> contain opsin in their skin as part of the chromophores. The opsin is part of the sensing network detecting the colour and shape of the cuttlefish's surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-Mäthger2010-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yong2015-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yu2014-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frogs_(order_Anura)">Frogs (order Anura)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Frogs (order Anura)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">Frogs</a> have evolved unique visual systems to adapt to their diverse habitats, from brightly lit forests to dimly lit ponds. Frogs are distinct among <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> because they lack the RH2 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">opsin</a>, typically used for detecting middle wavelengths of light in other species. This loss likely reflects their evolutionary focus on low-light vision, with RH1, a rod-specific opsin, taking the lead in supporting <a href="/wiki/Nocturnality" title="Nocturnality">nocturnal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crepuscular_animal" title="Crepuscular animal">crepuscular</a> (dawn and dusk) activity.<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Despite the loss of RH2, frogs retain three cone opsins—SWS1, SWS2, and LWS—that allow for color vision during daylight. The SWS2 opsin, for instance, is tuned to detect blue and green light, which is especially useful in aquatic environments or shaded areas. This tuning is enhanced by specific <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutations</a> which increases sensitivity to low-light conditions and stabilizes the protein for better performance in dim environments.<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[62]</a> However, some frog species, such as <a href="/wiki/Poison_dart_frog" title="Poison dart frog">poison dart frogs</a> in the family Dendrobatidae, have lost the SWS2 opsin entirely. This change aligns with their reliance on longer wavelengths, like red and yellow, for tasks such as mate selection and predator deterrence, often linked to their vibrant <a href="/wiki/Aposematism" title="Aposematism">aposematic</a> (warning) coloration.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Phylogeny">edit</a>]</div> Animal opsins (also known as type 2 opsins) are members of the seven-transmembrane-domain proteins of the <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a> (GPCR) superfamily.<a href="#cite_note-Casey1988-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Attwood1994-2">[2]</a> Animal opsins fall phylogenetically into five groups: The ciliary opsins (cilopsins, c-opsins), the <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhabdomeric">rhabdomeric</a> opsins (r-opsins, rhabopsins), the xenopsins, the nessopsins, and the tetraopsins. Four of these subclades occur in <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> (all but the nessopsins).<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramirez2016-28">[28]</a> However, the bilaterian clades constitute a <a href="/wiki/Paraphyly" title="Paraphyly">paraphyletic</a> taxon without the opsins from the <a href="/wiki/Cnidarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidarian">cnidarians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramirez2016-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-PorterBlasic2011-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-LiegertováPergner2015-65">[65]</a> The nessopsins are also known as anthozoan opsins II<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> or simply as the cnidarian opsins.<a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson2019-67">[67]</a> The tetraopsins are also known as RGR/Go<a href="#cite_note-FeudaHamilton2012-68">[68]</a> or Group 4 opsins<a href="#cite_note-PorterBlasic2011-27">[27]</a> and contain three subgroups: the <a href="/wiki/OPN5" title="OPN5">neuropsins</a>, the Go-opsins, and the chromopsins.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramirez2016-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson2019-67">[67]</a> The chromopsins have seven subgroups: the <a href="/wiki/Retinal_G_protein_coupled_receptor" title="Retinal G protein coupled receptor">RGR-opsins</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retinochrome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retinochrome (page does not exist)">retinochromes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peropsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Peropsin">peropsins</a>, the varropsins, the astropsins, the nemopsins, and the gluopsins.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a> Animal visual opsins are traditionally classified as either ciliary or rhabdomeric. Ciliary opsins, found in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cnidarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidarians">cnidarians</a>, attach to ciliary structures such as <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">rods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cones</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhabdomeric">Rhabdomeric</a> opsins are attached to light-gathering organelles called rhabdomeres. This classification cuts across phylogenetic categories (clades) so that both the terms "ciliary" and "rhabdomeric" can be ambiguous. Here, "C-opsins (ciliary)" refers to a clade found exclusively in <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> and excludes cnidarian ciliary opsins such as those found in the <a href="/wiki/Box_jellyfish" title="Box jellyfish">box jellyfish</a>. Similarly, "R-opsin (rhabdomeric)" includes melanopsin even though it does not occur on rhabdomeres in vertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-PorterBlasic2011-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ciliary_opsins">Ciliary opsins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ciliary opsins">edit</a>]</div> Ciliary opsins (cilopsins, c-opsins) are expressed in ciliary photoreceptor cells, and include the vertebrate visual opsins and encephalopsins.<a href="#cite_note-Shichida2009-69">[69]</a> They convert light signals to nerve impulses via cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels, which work by increasing the charge differential across the cell membrane (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Hyperpolarization_(biology)" title="Hyperpolarization (biology)">hyperpolarization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Plachetzki2009-70">[70]</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebrate_visual_opsins">Vertebrate visual opsins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vertebrate visual opsins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_visual_opsin" title="Vertebrate visual opsin">Vertebrate visual opsin</a></div> Vertebrate visual opsins are a subclass of ciliary opsins that express in the vertebrate retina and mediate vision. They are further subdivided into: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photopsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Photopsin">Photopsins</a> - those responsible for <a href="/wiki/Photopic_vision" title="Photopic vision">photopic vision</a> (daylight), which are expressed in cone cells; hence also <a href="/wiki/Cone_opsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone opsin">cone opsins</a>. Photopsins are further subdivided according to their <a href="/wiki/Spectral_sensitivity" title="Spectral sensitivity">spectral sensitivity</a>, namely the wavelength at which the highest light absorption is observed (λmax). Vertebrates generally have four (SWS1, SWS2, RH2, LWS) classes of photopsins.<a href="#cite_note-HuntCarvalho2009-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-TreziseCollin2005-72">[72]</a> Mammals lost Rh2 and SWS2 classes during the <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_bottleneck" title="Nocturnal bottleneck">nocturnal bottleneck</a>, so are generally <a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">dichromatic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">Primate ancestors later developed</a> two distinct LWS opsins (LWS and MWS), leaving humans with 3 photopsins in 2 classes: SWS1 (<a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">OPN1SW</a>) and two forms of LWS (<a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">OPN1LW</a>, <a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">OPN1MW</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotopsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotopsin">Scotopsins</a> - those responsible for <a href="/wiki/Scotopic_vision" title="Scotopic vision">scotopic vision</a> (dim light), which are expressed in rod cells; hence also <a href="/wiki/Rod_opsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rod opsin">rod opsins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shichida2009-69">[69]</a> The most common form of scotopsin is <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">rhodopsin</a>, thus usually denoted Rh1.<a href="#cite_note-pmid28289214-73">[73]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extraretinal_(or_extra-ocular)_Rhodopsin-Like_Opsins_(Exo-Rh)">Extraretinal (or extra-ocular) Rhodopsin-Like Opsins (Exo-Rh)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Extraretinal (or extra-ocular) Rhodopsin-Like Opsins (Exo-Rh)">edit</a>]</div> These pineal opsins, found in the <a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Actinopterygii</a> (ray-finned fish) apparently arose as a result of gene duplication from Rh1 (rhodopsin). These opsins appear to serve functions similar to those of pinopsin found in birds and reptiles.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10581404-74">[74]</a> <a href="#cite_note-TarttelinFransen2011-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pinopsins">Pinopsins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pinopsins">edit</a>]</div> The first Pineal Opsin (Pinopsin) was found in the chicken <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal gland</a>. It is a blue sensitive opsin (λmax = 470 nm).<a href="#cite_note-pmid7969427-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nakane-Yoshimura-2019-77">[77]</a> Pineal opsins have a wide range of expression in the brain, most notably in the <a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">pineal region</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vertebrate_Ancient_(VA)_opsin">Vertebrate Ancient (VA) opsin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vertebrate Ancient (VA) opsin">edit</a>]</div> Vertebrate Ancient (VA) opsin has three isoforms VA short (VAS), VA medium (VAM), and VA long (VAL). It is expressed in the inner retina, within the horizontal and <a href="/wiki/Amacrine_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Amacrine cells">amacrine cells</a>, as well as the pineal organ and <a href="/wiki/Habenular" class="mw-redirect" title="Habenular">habenular</a> region of the brain.<a href="#cite_note-pmid10821749-78">[78]</a> It is sensitive to approximately 500 nm [14], found in most vertebrate classes, but not in mammals.<a href="#cite_note-PoletiniRamos2015-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parapinopsins">Parapinopsins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Parapinopsins">edit</a>]</div> The first parapinopsin (PP) was found in the <a href="/wiki/Parapineal_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Parapineal organ">parapineal organ</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9334384-80">[80]</a> The parapinopsin of <a href="/wiki/Lamprey" title="Lamprey">lamprey</a> is a UV-sensitive opsin (λmax = 370 nm).<a href="#cite_note-Koyanagi2004-81">[81]</a> The teleosts have two groups of parapinopsins, one is sensitive to UV (λmax = 360-370 nm), the other is sensitive to blue (λmax = 460-480 nm) light.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parietopsins">Parietopsins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Parietopsins">edit</a>]</div> The first parietopsin was found in the photoreceptor cells of the lizard parietal eye. The lizard parietopsin is green-sensitive (λmax = 522 nm), and despite it is a c-opsin, like the vertebrate visual opsins, it does not induce hyperpolarization via a Gt-protein, but induces depolarization via a Go-protein.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-KoyanagiTerakita2014-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encephalopsin_or_Panopsin">Encephalopsin or Panopsin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Encephalopsin or Panopsin">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/OPN3" title="OPN3">panopsins</a> are found in many tissues (skin,<a href="#cite_note-HaltaufderhydeOzdeslik2015-51">[51]</a> brain,<a href="#cite_note-Blackshaw1999-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Halford2001-85">[85]</a> testes,<a href="#cite_note-Blackshaw1999-53">[53]</a> heart, liver,<a href="#cite_note-Halford2001-85">[85]</a> kidney, skeletal muscle, lung, pancreas and retina<a href="#cite_note-Halford2001-85">[85]</a>). They were originally found in the human and <a href="/wiki/Mouse_brain" title="Mouse brain">mouse brain</a> and thus called encephalopsin.<a href="#cite_note-Blackshaw1999-53">[53]</a> The first invertebrate panopsin was found in the ciliary photoreceptor cells of the annelid <a href="/wiki/Platynereis_dumerilii" title="Platynereis dumerilii">Platynereis dumerilii</a> and is called c(iliary)-opsin.<a href="#cite_note-Arendt2004-86">[86]</a> This c-opsin is <a href="/wiki/UV" class="mw-redirect" title="UV">UV</a>-sensitive (λmax = 383 nm) and can be tuned by 125 nm at a single <a href="/wiki/Amino-acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino-acid">amino-acid</a> (range λmax = 377 - 502 nm).<a href="#cite_note-Tsukamoto2017-87">[87]</a> Thus, not unsurprisingly, a second but cyan sensitive c-opsin (λmax = 490 nm) exists in Platynereis dumerilii.<a href="#cite_note-Ayers2018-88">[88]</a> The first c-opsin mediates in the larva UV induced <a href="/wiki/Gravitaxis" title="Gravitaxis">gravitaxis</a>. The gravitaxis forms with <a href="/wiki/Phototaxis" title="Phototaxis">phototaxis</a> a ratio-chromatic <a href="/wiki/Depth_gauge" title="Depth gauge">depth-gauge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Veraszto2018-89">[89]</a> In different depths, the light in water is composed of different <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelengths</a>: First the red (> 600 nm) and the UV and violet (< 420 nm) wavelengths disappear. The higher the depth the narrower the spectrum so that only <a href="/wiki/Cyan" title="Cyan">cyan</a> light (480 nm) is left.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2015-90">[90]</a> Thus, the larvae can determine their depth by color. The color unlike brightness stays almost constant independent of time of day or the weather, for instance if it is cloudy.<a href="#cite_note-Nilsson2009-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nilsson2013-92">[92]</a> Panopsins are also expressed in the brains of some insects.<a href="#cite_note-Shichida2009-69">[69]</a> The panopsins of mosquito and pufferfish absorb maximally at 500 nm and 460 nm, respectively. Both activate in vitro Gi and Go proteins.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The panopsins are sister to the TMT-opsins.<a href="#cite_note-Ramirez2016-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sakai2015-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kato2016-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2013-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teleost_Multiple_Tissue_(TMT)_Opsin">Teleost Multiple Tissue (TMT) Opsin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Teleost Multiple Tissue (TMT) Opsin">edit</a>]</div> The first TMT-opsin was found in many tissues in <a href="/wiki/Teleost" title="Teleost">Teleost</a> fish and therefore they are called Teleost Multiple Tissue (TMT) opsins.<a href="#cite_note-Moutsaki2003-96">[96]</a> TMT-opsins form three groups which are most closely related to a fourth group the panopsins, which thus are <a href="/wiki/Paralogous" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralogous">paralogous</a> to the TMT-opsins.<a href="#cite_note-Ramirez2016-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kato2016-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sakai2015-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fischer2013-95">[95]</a> TMT-opsins and panopsins also share the same <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">introns</a>, which confirms that they belong together.<a href="#cite_note-Moutsaki2003-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opsins_in_cnidarians">Opsins in cnidarians</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Opsins in cnidarians">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a>, which include jellyfish, corals, and sea <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">anemones</a>, are the most <a href="/wiki/Basal_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal animals">basal animals</a> to possess complex eyes. Jellyfish opsins in the <a href="/wiki/Rhopalium" title="Rhopalium">rhopalia</a> couple to Gs-proteins raising the intracellular cAMP level.<a href="#cite_note-Koyanagi2008-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-LiegertováPergner2015-65">[65]</a> Coral opsins can couple to Gq-proteins and Gc-proteins. Gc-proteins are a subtype of G-proteins specific to cnidarians.<a href="#cite_note-Mason2012-98">[98]</a> The cnidarian opsins belong to two groups the xenopsins and the nessopsins. The xenopsins contain also bilaterian opsins, while the nessopsins are restricted to the cnidarians.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramirez2016-28">[28]</a> However, earlier studies have found that some cnidarian opsins belong to the cilopsins, rhabopsins, and the tetraopsins of the <a href="/wiki/Bilaterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilaterian">bilaterians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FeudaHamilton2012-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Suga2008-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feuda2014-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rhabdomeric_opsins">Rhabdomeric opsins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rhabdomeric opsins">edit</a>]</div> Rhabdomeric opsins (rhabopsins, r-opsins) are also known as Gq-opsins, because they couple to a Gq-protein. Rhabopsins are used by molluscs and arthropods. Arthropods appear to attain colour vision in a similar fashion to the vertebrates, by using three (or more) distinct groups of opsins, distinct both in terms of phylogeny and spectral sensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-Shichida2009-69">[69]</a> The rhabopsin melanopsin is also expressed in vertebrates, where it regulates <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythms</a> and mediates the pupillary reflex.<a href="#cite_note-Shichida2009-69">[69]</a> Unlike cilopsins, rhabopsins are associated with canonical transient receptor potential ion channels; these lead to the electric potential difference across a cell membrane being eradicated (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Depolarization" title="Depolarization">depolarization</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Plachetzki2009-70">[70]</a> The identification of the crystal structure of squid rhodopsin<a href="#cite_note-Murakami2008-13">[13]</a> is likely to further our understanding of its function in this group. Arthropods use different opsins in their different eye types, but at least in <a href="/wiki/Limulus" title="Limulus">Limulus</a> the opsins expressed in the lateral and the compound eyes are 99% identical and presumably diverged recently.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Melanopsin">Melanopsin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Melanopsin">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">Melanopsin</a> (OPN4) is involved in <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythms</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pupillary_reflex" title="Pupillary reflex">pupillary reflex</a>, and color correction in high-brightness situations. Phylogenetically, it is a member of the rhabdomeric opsins (rhabopsins, r-opsins) and functionally and structurally a rhabopsin, but does not occur in rhabdomeres. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tetraopsins">Tetraopsins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tetraopsins">edit</a>]</div> The tetraopsins include the <a href="/wiki/OPN5" title="OPN5">neuropsins</a>, the Go-opsins, and the chromopsins.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramirez2016-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rawlinson2019-67">[67]</a> The chromopsins consist of seven subgroups: the <a href="/wiki/Retinal_G_protein_coupled_receptor" title="Retinal G protein coupled receptor">RGR-opsins</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Retinochrome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Retinochrome (page does not exist)">retinochromes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peropsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Peropsin">peropsins</a>, the varropsins, the astropsins, the nemopsins, and the gluopsins.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neuropsins">Neuropsins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Neuropsins">edit</a>]</div> Neuropsins are sensitive to UVA, typically at 380 nm. They are found in the brain, testes, skin, and retina of humans and rodents, as well as in the brain and retina of birds. In birds and rodents they mediate ultraviolet vision.<a href="#cite_note-HaltaufderhydeOzdeslik2015-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kojima2011-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yamashita2010-102">[102]</a> They couple to Gi-proteins.<a href="#cite_note-Kojima2011-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yamashita2010-102">[102]</a> In humans, Neuropsin is encoded by the <a href="/wiki/OPN5" title="OPN5">OPN5</a> gene. In the human retina, its function is unknown. In the mouse, it photo-entrains the retina and cornea at least ex vivo.<a href="#cite_note-Buhr2015-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Go-opsins">Go-opsins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Go-opsins">edit</a>]</div> Go-opsins are absent from <a href="/wiki/Higher_vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher vertebrates">higher vertebrates</a><a href="#cite_note-PorterBlasic2011-27">[27]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecdysozoan">ecdysozoans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HeringMayer2014-104">[104]</a> They are found in the ciliary photoreceptor cells of the <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scallop</a> eye<a href="#cite_note-Kojima1997-105">[105]</a> and the basal chordate <a href="/wiki/Amphioxus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphioxus">amphioxus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Platynereis_dumerilii" title="Platynereis dumerilii">Platynereis dumerilii</a> however, a Go-opsin is expressed in the rhabdomeric photoreceptor cells of the eyes.<a href="#cite_note-Guehmann2015-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RGR-opsins">RGR-opsins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: RGR-opsins">edit</a>]</div> RGR-opsins, also known as <a href="/wiki/Retinal_G_protein_coupled_receptor" title="Retinal G protein coupled receptor">Retinal G protein coupled receptors</a> are expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Retinal_pigment_epithelium" title="Retinal pigment epithelium">retinal pigment epithelium</a> (RPE) and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Müller cells">Müller cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jiang1993-107">[107]</a> They preferentially bind all-trans-retinal in the dark instead of 11-cis-retinal.<a href="#cite_note-Hao1999-41">[41]</a> RGR-opsins were thought to be photoisomerases<a href="#cite_note-Terakita2005-44">[44]</a> but instead, they regulate retinoid traffic and production.<a href="#cite_note-Shichida2009-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nagata2010-108">[108]</a> In particular, they speed up light-independently the production of 11-cis-retinol (a precursor of 11-cis-retinal) from all-trans-retinyl-esters.<a href="#cite_note-Wenzel2005-109">[109]</a> However, the all-trans-retinyl-esters are made available light-dependently by RGR-opsins. Whether RGR-opsins regulate this via a G-protein or another signaling mechanism is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Radu2008-110">[110]</a> The cattle RGR-opsin absorbs maximally at different wavelengths depending on the pH-value. At high pH it absorbs maximally blue (469 nm) light and at low pH it absorbs maximally UV (370 nm) light.<a href="#cite_note-Hao1996-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peropsin">Peropsin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Peropsin">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Peropsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Peropsin">Peropsin</a>, a visual pigment-like receptor, is a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> that in humans is encoded by the RRH <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid9275222-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_proteins_called_opsins">Other proteins called opsins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other proteins called opsins">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Microbial_rhodopsin" title="Microbial rhodopsin">Microbial rhodopsin</a></div> Photoreceptors can be classified several ways, including function (vision, phototaxis, photoperiodism, etc.), type of <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Retinal" title="Retinal">retinal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flavine" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavine">flavine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilin_(biochemistry)" title="Bilin (biochemistry)">bilin</a>), molecular structure (<a href="/wiki/Biomolecular_structure#Tertiary_structure" title="Biomolecular structure">tertiary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biomolecular_structure#Quaternary_structure" title="Biomolecular structure">quaternary</a>), signal output (<a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>), etc.<a href="#cite_note-Björn2015-113">[113]</a> Beside animal opsins, which are <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a>, there is another group of <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_protein" title="Photoreceptor protein">photoreceptor proteins</a> called opsins.<a href="#cite_note-Plachetzki2009-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fernald2006-114">[114]</a> These are the <a href="/wiki/Microbial_rhodopsin" title="Microbial rhodopsin">microbial opsin</a>, they are used by <a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a> and by some <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> (as a component of <a href="/wiki/Channelrhodopsins" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelrhodopsins">channelrhodopsins</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Waschuk2005-115">[115]</a> whereas <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> use animal opsins, exclusively. No opsins have been found outside these groups (for instance in plants, or <a href="/wiki/Placozoans" class="mw-redirect" title="Placozoans">placozoans</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Plachetzki2009-70">[70]</a> Microbial and animal opsins are also called type 1 and type 2 opsins respectively. Both types are called opsins, because at one time it was thought that they were related: Both are seven-transmembrane receptors and bind covalently <a href="/wiki/Retinal" title="Retinal">retinal</a> as chromophore, which turns them into <a href="/wiki/Photoreceptor_protein" title="Photoreceptor protein">photoreceptors</a> sensing light. However, both types are not related on the sequence level.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> In fact, the sequence identity between animal and mirobial opsins is no greater than could be accounted for by random chance. However, in recent years new methods have been developed specific to deep <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a>. As a result, several studies have found evidence of a possible phylogenetic relationship between the two.<a href="#cite_note-ShenChen2013-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-DevineOprian2013-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZhangWu2014-118">[118]</a> However, this does not necessarily mean that the last common ancestor of microbial and animal opsins was itself light sensitive: All animal opsins arose (by gene duplication and divergence) late in the history of the large <a href="/wiki/G-protein_coupled_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="G-protein coupled receptor">G-protein coupled receptor</a> (GPCR) <a href="/wiki/Gene_family" title="Gene family">gene family</a>, which itself arose after the divergence of plants, fungi, choanflagellates and sponges from the earliest animals. The retinal chromophore is found solely in the opsin branch of this large gene family, meaning its occurrence elsewhere represents <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>, not <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homology</a>. Microbial rhodopsins are, by sequence, very different from any of the GPCR families.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21402729-119">[119]</a> According to one hypothesis, both microbial and animal opsins belong to the <a href="/wiki/TOG_Superfamily" class="mw-redirect" title="TOG Superfamily">transporter-opsin-G protein-coupled receptor (TOG) superfamily</a>, a proposed clade that includes <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptor</a> (GPCR), Ion-translocating <a href="/wiki/Microbial_rhodopsin" title="Microbial rhodopsin">microbial rhodopsin</a> (MR), and seven others.<a href="#cite_note-YeeShlykov2013-120">[120]</a> Most microbial opsins are <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">ion channels</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ion_pump" title="Ion pump">pumps</a> instead of proper receptors and do not bind to a <a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G protein</a>. Microbial opsins are found in all three domains of life: <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eukaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a>. In Eukaryota, microbial opsins are found mainly in unicellular organisms such as green algae, and in fungi. In most complex multicellular eukaryotes, microbial opsins have been replaced with other light-sensitive molecules such as <a href="/wiki/Cryptochrome" title="Cryptochrome">cryptochrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phytochrome" title="Phytochrome">phytochrome</a> in plants, and animal opsins in <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-YoshizawaKumagai2014-121">[121]</a> Microbial opsins are often known by the rhodopsin form of the molecule, i.e., rhodopsin (in the broad sense) = opsin + chromophore. Among the many kinds of microbial opsins are the <a href="/wiki/Proton_pump" title="Proton pump">proton pumps</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteriorhodopsin" title="Bacteriorhodopsin">bacteriorhodopsin</a> (BR) and xanthorhodopsin (xR), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloride_pump&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloride pump (page does not exist)">chloride pump</a> <a href="/wiki/Halorhodopsin" title="Halorhodopsin">halorhodopsin</a> (HR), the photosensors sensory rhodopsin I (SRI) and <a href="/wiki/Sensory_rhodopsin_II" title="Sensory rhodopsin II">sensory rhodopsin II</a> (SRII), as well as <a href="/wiki/Proteorhodopsin" title="Proteorhodopsin">proteorhodopsin</a> (PR), <a href="/wiki/Neurospora" title="Neurospora">Neurospora</a> opsin I (NOPI), Chlamydomonas sensory rhodopsins A (CSRA), Chlamydomonas sensory rhodopsins B (CSRB), <a href="/wiki/Channelrhodopsin" title="Channelrhodopsin">channelrhodopsin</a> (ChR), and <a href="/wiki/Archaerhodopsin" title="Archaerhodopsin">archaerhodopsin</a> (Arch).<a href="#cite_note-GroteEngelhard2014-122">[122]</a> Several microbal opsins, such as <a href="/wiki/Proteorhodopsin" title="Proteorhodopsin">proteo-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteriorhodopsin" title="Bacteriorhodopsin">bacteriorhodopsin</a>, are used by various bacterial groups to harvest energy from light to carry out metabolic processes using a non-<a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>-based pathway. Beside that, <a href="/wiki/Halorhodopsins" class="mw-redirect" title="Halorhodopsins">halorhodopsins</a> of <a href="/wiki/Halobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halobacteria">Halobacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Channelrhodopsins" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelrhodopsins">channelrhodopsins</a> of some algae, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Volvox" title="Volvox">Volvox</a>, serve them as <a href="/wiki/Light-gated_ion_channel" title="Light-gated ion channel">light-gated ion channels</a>, amongst others also for <a href="/wiki/Phototaxis" title="Phototaxis">phototactic</a> purposes. Sensory rhodopsins exist in Halobacteria that induce a phototactic response by interacting with <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">transducer</a> membrane-embedded proteins that have no relation to G proteins.<a href="#cite_note-RomplerStaubert2007-123">[123]</a> Microbal opsins (like <a href="/wiki/Channelrhodopsin" title="Channelrhodopsin">channelrhodopsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halorhodopsin" title="Halorhodopsin">halorhodopsin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Archaerhodopsin" title="Archaerhodopsin">archaerhodopsin</a>) are used in <a href="/wiki/Optogenetics" title="Optogenetics">optogenetics</a> to switch on or off neuronal activity. Microbal opsins are preferred if the neuronal activity should be modulated at higher frequency, because they respond faster than animal opsins. This is because microbal opsins are ion channels or proton/<a href="/wiki/Ion_pump" title="Ion pump">ion pumps</a> and thus are activated by light directly, while animal opsins activate G-proteins, which then activate <a href="/wiki/Effector_(biology)" title="Effector (biology)">effector</a> enzymes that produce metabolites to open ion channels.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retinylidene_protein" title="Retinylidene protein">Retinylidene protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_cycle" title="Visual cycle">Visual cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_phototransduction" title="Visual phototransduction">Visual phototransduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbial_rhodopsin" title="Microbial rhodopsin">Microbial rhodopsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelrhodopsins" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelrhodopsins">Channelrhodopsins</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.bw.edu/~mbumbuli/cell/fig/opsin/">Illustration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200109152958/http://homepages.bw.edu/~mbumbuli/cell/fig/opsin/">Archived</a> 2020-01-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Baldwin-Wallace_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin-Wallace College">Baldwin-Wallace College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Opsin">Opsin</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Opsin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Casey1988-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Casey1988_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Casey1988_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCaseyGilman1988" class="citation journal cs1">Casey PJ, Gilman AG (February 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0021-9258%2818%2969103-3">"G protein involvement in receptor-effector coupling"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 263 (6): 2577–2580. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0021-9258%2818%2969103-3">10.1016/s0021-9258(18)69103-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2830256">2830256</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38970721">38970721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=G+protein+involvement+in+receptor-effector+coupling&rft.volume=263&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2577-%3C%2Fspan%3E2580&rft.date=1988-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38970721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2830256&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0021-9258%2818%2969103-3&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft.au=Gilman%2C+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs0021-9258%252818%252969103-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Attwood1994-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Attwood1994_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Attwood1994_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAttwoodFindlay1994" class="citation journal cs1">Attwood TK, Findlay JB (February 1994). "Fingerprinting G-protein-coupled receptors". Protein Engineering. 7 (2): 195–203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fprotein%2F7.2.195">10.1093/protein/7.2.195</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8170923">8170923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Protein+Engineering&rft.atitle=Fingerprinting+G-protein-coupled+receptors&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.date=1994-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fprotein%2F7.2.195&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8170923&rft.aulast=Attwood&rft.aufirst=TK&rft.au=Findlay%2C+JB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDixonKobilkaStraderBenovic1986" class="citation journal cs1">Dixon RA, Kobilka BK, Strader DJ, Benovic JL, Dohlman HG, Frielle T, et al. (May 1986). "Cloning of the gene and cDNA for mammalian beta-adrenergic receptor and homology with rhodopsin". Nature. 321 (6065): 75–79. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986Natur.321...75D">1986Natur.321...75D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F321075a0">10.1038/321075a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3010132">3010132</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4324074">4324074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Cloning+of+the+gene+and+cDNA+for+mammalian+beta-adrenergic+receptor+and+homology+with+rhodopsin&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=6065&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.date=1986-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F321075a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4324074%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3010132&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986Natur.321...75D&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Kobilka%2C+BK&rft.au=Strader%2C+DJ&rft.au=Benovic%2C+JL&rft.au=Dohlman%2C+HG&rft.au=Frielle%2C+T&rft.au=Bolanowski%2C+MA&rft.au=Bennett%2C+CD&rft.au=Rands%2C+E&rft.au=Diehl%2C+RE&rft.au=Mumford%2C+RA&rft.au=Slater%2C+EE&rft.au=Sigal%2C+IS&rft.au=Caron%2C+MG&rft.au=Lefkowitz%2C+RJ&rft.au=Strader%2C+CD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDixonSigalRandsRegister1987" class="citation journal cs1">Dixon RA, Sigal IS, Rands E, Register RB, Candelore MR, Blake AD, Strader CD (March 1987). "Ligand binding to the beta-adrenergic receptor involves its rhodopsin-like core". Nature. 326 (6108): 73–77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987Natur.326...73D">1987Natur.326...73D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F326073a0">10.1038/326073a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2881211">2881211</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4352920">4352920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Ligand+binding+to+the+beta-adrenergic+receptor+involves+its+rhodopsin-like+core&rft.volume=326&rft.issue=6108&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1987-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F326073a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4352920%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2881211&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987Natur.326...73D&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Sigal%2C+IS&rft.au=Rands%2C+E&rft.au=Register%2C+RB&rft.au=Candelore%2C+MR&rft.au=Blake%2C+AD&rft.au=Strader%2C+CD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWald1934" class="citation journal cs1">Wald G (July 1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F134065a0">"Carotenoids and the Vitamin A Cycle in Vision"</a>. Nature. 134 (3376): 65. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1934Natur.134...65W">1934Natur.134...65W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F134065a0">10.1038/134065a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4022911">4022911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Carotenoids+and+the+Vitamin+A+Cycle+in+Vision&rft.volume=134&rft.issue=3376&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1934-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4022911%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F134065a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1934Natur.134...65W&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F134065a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaldBrownHubbardOroshnik1955" class="citation journal cs1">Wald G, Brown PK, Hubbard R, Oroshnik W (July 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528115">"Hindered Cis Isomers of Vitamin a and Retinene: The Structure of the Neo-B Isomer"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 41 (7): 438–451. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955PNAS...41..438W">1955PNAS...41..438W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.41.7.438">10.1073/pnas.41.7.438</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528115">528115</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16589696">16589696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Hindered+Cis+Isomers+of+Vitamin+a+and+Retinene%3A+The+Structure+of+the+Neo-B+Isomer&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E438-%3C%2Fspan%3E451&rft.date=1955-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC528115%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16589696&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.41.7.438&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1955PNAS...41..438W&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Brown%2C+PK&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+R&rft.au=Oroshnik%2C+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC528115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownWald1956" class="citation journal cs1">Brown PK, Wald G (October 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2820%2989944-X">"The neo-b isomer of vitamin A and retinene"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 222 (2): 865–877. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2820%2989944-X">10.1016/S0021-9258(20)89944-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13367054">13367054</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+neo-b+isomer+of+vitamin+A+and+retinene&rft.volume=222&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E865-%3C%2Fspan%3E877&rft.date=1956-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2820%2989944-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13367054&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=PK&rft.au=Wald%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0021-9258%252820%252989944-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOroshnik1956" class="citation journal cs1">Oroshnik W (June 1956). "The Synthesis and Configuration of Neo-B Vitamin A and Neoretinine b". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 78 (11): 2651–2652. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01592a095">10.1021/ja01592a095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Synthesis+and+Configuration+of+Neo-B+Vitamin+A+and+Neoretinine+b&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2651-%3C%2Fspan%3E2652&rft.date=1956-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja01592a095&rft.aulast=Oroshnik&rft.aufirst=W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOroshnikBrownHubbardWald1956" class="citation journal cs1">Oroshnik W, Brown PK, Hubbard R, Wald G (September 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC534254">"HINDERED CIS ISOMERS OF VITAMIN A AND RETINENE: THE STRUCTURE OF THE NEO-b ISOMER"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 42 (9): 578–580. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956PNAS...42..578O">1956PNAS...42..578O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.42.9.578">10.1073/pnas.42.9.578</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC534254">534254</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16589909">16589909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=HINDERED+CIS+ISOMERS+OF+VITAMIN+A+AND+RETINENE%3A+THE+STRUCTURE+OF+THE+NEO-b+ISOMER&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E578-%3C%2Fspan%3E580&rft.date=1956-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC534254%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16589909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.42.9.578&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1956PNAS...42..578O&rft.aulast=Oroshnik&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Brown%2C+PK&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+R&rft.au=Wald%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC534254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBownds1967" class="citation journal cs1">Bownds D (December 1967). "Site of attachment of retinal in rhodopsin". Nature. 216 (5121): 1178–1181. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967Natur.216.1178B">1967Natur.216.1178B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F2161178a0">10.1038/2161178a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4294735">4294735</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1657759">1657759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Site+of+attachment+of+retinal+in+rhodopsin&rft.volume=216&rft.issue=5121&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1178-%3C%2Fspan%3E1181&rft.date=1967-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F2161178a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1657759%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4294735&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967Natur.216.1178B&rft.aulast=Bownds&rft.aufirst=D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHargraveMcDowellCurtisWang1983" class="citation journal cs1">Hargrave PA, McDowell JH, Curtis DR, Wang JK, Juszczak E, Fong SL, et al. (1983). "The structure of bovine rhodopsin". Biophysics of Structure and Mechanism. 9 (4): 235–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00535659">10.1007/BF00535659</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6342691">6342691</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20407577">20407577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biophysics+of+Structure+and+Mechanism&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+bovine+rhodopsin&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E235-%3C%2Fspan%3E244&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20407577%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6342691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00535659&rft.aulast=Hargrave&rft.aufirst=PA&rft.au=McDowell%2C+JH&rft.au=Curtis%2C+DR&rft.au=Wang%2C+JK&rft.au=Juszczak%2C+E&rft.au=Fong%2C+SL&rft.au=Rao%2C+JK&rft.au=Argos%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palczewski2000-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palczewski2000_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palczewski2000_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palczewski2000_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPalczewskiKumasakaHoriBehnke2000" class="citation journal cs1">Palczewski K, Kumasaka T, Hori T, Behnke CA, Motoshima H, Fox BA, et al. (August 2000). "Crystal structure of rhodopsin: A G protein-coupled receptor". Science. 289 (5480): 739–745. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...289..739P">2000Sci...289..739P</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1012.2275">10.1.1.1012.2275</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.289.5480.739">10.1126/science.289.5480.739</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10926528">10926528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Crystal+structure+of+rhodopsin%3A+A+G+protein-coupled+receptor&rft.volume=289&rft.issue=5480&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E739-%3C%2Fspan%3E745&rft.date=2000-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.1012.2275%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10926528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.289.5480.739&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Sci...289..739P&rft.aulast=Palczewski&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Kumasaka%2C+T&rft.au=Hori%2C+T&rft.au=Behnke%2C+CA&rft.au=Motoshima%2C+H&rft.au=Fox%2C+BA&rft.au=Le+Trong%2C+I&rft.au=Teller%2C+DC&rft.au=Okada%2C+T&rft.au=Stenkamp%2C+RE&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+M&rft.au=Miyano%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murakami2008-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murakami2008_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murakami2008_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurakamiKouyama2008" class="citation journal cs1">Murakami M, Kouyama T (May 2008). "Crystal structure of squid rhodopsin". Nature. 453 (7193): 363–367. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.453..363M">2008Natur.453..363M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06925">10.1038/nature06925</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18480818">18480818</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4339970">4339970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Crystal+structure+of+squid+rhodopsin&rft.volume=453&rft.issue=7193&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E367&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06925&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4339970%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18480818&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.453..363M&rft.aulast=Murakami&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Kouyama%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins1953" class="citation journal cs1">Collins FD (March 1953). "Rhodopsin and indicator yellow". Nature. 171 (4350): 469–471. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953Natur.171..469C">1953Natur.171..469C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F171469a0">10.1038/171469a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13046517">13046517</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4152360">4152360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Rhodopsin+and+indicator+yellow&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=4350&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E469-%3C%2Fspan%3E471&rft.date=1953-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F171469a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4152360%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13046517&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1953Natur.171..469C&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=FD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPittCollinsMortonStok1955" class="citation journal cs1">Pitt GA, Collins FD, Morton RA, Stok P (January 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1216098">"Studies on rhodopsin. VIII. Retinylidenemethylamine, an indicator yellow analogue"</a>. The Biochemical Journal. 59 (1): 122–128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj0590122">10.1042/bj0590122</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1216098">1216098</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14351151">14351151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biochemical+Journal&rft.atitle=Studies+on+rhodopsin.+VIII.+Retinylidenemethylamine%2C+an+indicator+yellow+analogue&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=1955-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1216098%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14351151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2Fbj0590122&rft.aulast=Pitt&rft.aufirst=GA&rft.au=Collins%2C+FD&rft.au=Morton%2C+RA&rft.au=Stok%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1216098&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHubbardKropf1958" class="citation journal cs1">Hubbard R, Kropf A (February 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC335377">"The Action of Light on Rhodopsin"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 44 (2): 130–139. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958PNAS...44..130H">1958PNAS...44..130H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.44.2.130">10.1073/pnas.44.2.130</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC335377">335377</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16590155">16590155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=The+Action+of+Light+on+Rhodopsin&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.date=1958-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC335377%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16590155&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.44.2.130&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958PNAS...44..130H&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Kropf%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC335377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKropfHubbard1959" class="citation journal cs1">Kropf A, Hubbard R (November 1959). "The mechanism of bleaching rhodopsin". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 74 (2): 266–280. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1959NYASA..74..266K">1959NYASA..74..266K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1958.tb39550.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.1958.tb39550.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13627857">13627857</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45830716">45830716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+mechanism+of+bleaching+rhodopsin&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E266-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=1959-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.1958.tb39550.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45830716%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13627857&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1959NYASA..74..266K&rft.aulast=Kropf&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choe2011-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Choe2011_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choe2011_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChoeKimParkMorizumi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Choe HW, Kim YJ, Park JH, Morizumi T, Pai EF, Krauss N, et al. (March 2011). "Crystal structure of metarhodopsin II". Nature. 471 (7340): 651–655. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Natur.471..651C">2011Natur.471..651C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09789">10.1038/nature09789</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21389988">21389988</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4302421">4302421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Crystal+structure+of+metarhodopsin+II&rft.volume=471&rft.issue=7340&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E651-%3C%2Fspan%3E655&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature09789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4302421%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21389988&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Natur.471..651C&rft.aulast=Choe&rft.aufirst=HW&rft.au=Kim%2C+YJ&rft.au=Park%2C+JH&rft.au=Morizumi%2C+T&rft.au=Pai%2C+EF&rft.au=Krauss%2C+N&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+KP&rft.au=Scheerer%2C+P&rft.au=Ernst%2C+OP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wald1968-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wald1968_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wald1968_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWald1968" class="citation journal cs1">Wald G (October 1968). "Molecular basis of visual excitation". Science. 162 (3850): 230–239. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1968Sci...162..230W">1968Sci...162..230W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.162.3850.230">10.1126/science.162.3850.230</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4877437">4877437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Molecular+basis+of+visual+excitation&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=3850&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E230-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.date=1968-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4877437&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.162.3850.230&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1968Sci...162..230W&rft.aulast=Wald&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTerakitaKawano-YamashitaKoyanagi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Terakita A, Kawano-Yamashita E, Koyanagi M (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwmts.6">"Evolution and diversity of opsins"</a>. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Membrane Transport and Signaling. 1 (1): 104–111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwmts.6">10.1002/wmts.6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiley+Interdisciplinary+Reviews%3A+Membrane+Transport+and+Signaling&rft.atitle=Evolution+and+diversity+of+opsins&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E104-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwmts.6&rft.aulast=Terakita&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Kawano-Yamashita%2C+E&rft.au=Koyanagi%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fwmts.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guehmann2022-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2022_21-20">u</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGühmannPorterBok2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gühmann M, Porter ML, Bok MJ (August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368030">"The Gluopsins: Opsins without the Retinal Binding Lysine"</a>. Cells. 11 (15): 2441. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fcells11152441">10.3390/cells11152441</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9368030">9368030</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35954284">35954284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cells&rft.atitle=The+Gluopsins%3A+Opsins+without+the+Retinal+Binding+Lysine&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=2441&rft.date=2022-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9368030%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35954284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fcells11152441&rft.aulast=G%C3%BChmann&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Porter%2C+ML&rft.au=Bok%2C+MJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9368030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Material was copied and adapted from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmoraRamosGalanBirge2008" class="citation journal cs1">Amora TL, Ramos LS, Galan JF, Birge RR (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492582">"Spectral tuning of deep red cone pigments"</a>. Biochemistry. 47 (16): 4614–4620. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi702069d">10.1021/bi702069d</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492582">2492582</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18370404">18370404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Spectral+tuning+of+deep+red+cone+pigments&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4614-%3C%2Fspan%3E4620&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2492582%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18370404&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbi702069d&rft.aulast=Amora&rft.aufirst=TL&rft.au=Ramos%2C+LS&rft.au=Galan%2C+JF&rft.au=Birge%2C+RR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2492582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBallesterosWeinstein1995" class="citation book cs1">Ballesteros JA, Weinstein H (1995). "Integrated methods for the construction of three-dimensional models and computational probing of structure-function relations in G protein-coupled receptors". Receptor Molecular Biology. Methods in Neurosciences. Vol. 25. pp. 366–428. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1043-9471%2805%2980049-7">10.1016/S1043-9471(05)80049-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-185295-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-185295-5"><bdi>978-0-12-185295-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Integrated+methods+for+the+construction+of+three-dimensional+models+and+computational+probing+of+structure-function+relations+in+G+protein-coupled+receptors&rft.btitle=Receptor+Molecular+Biology&rft.series=Methods+in+Neurosciences&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E366-%3C%2Fspan%3E428&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1043-9471%2805%2980049-7&rft.isbn=978-0-12-185295-5&rft.aulast=Ballesteros&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Weinstein%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ovchinnikov1982-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ovchinnikov1982_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ovchinnikov1982_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOvchinnikov1982" class="citation journal cs1">Ovchinnikov, Yu.A. (November 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2882%2980805-3">"Rhodopsin and bacteriorhodopsin: structure-function relationships"</a>. FEBS Letters. 148 (2): 179–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0014-5793%2882%2980805-3">10.1016/0014-5793(82)80805-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6759163">6759163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85819100">85819100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEBS+Letters&rft.atitle=Rhodopsin+and+bacteriorhodopsin%3A+structure-function+relationships&rft.volume=148&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.date=1982-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85819100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6759163&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0014-5793%2882%2980805-3&rft.aulast=Ovchinnikov&rft.aufirst=Yu.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0014-5793%252882%252980805-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katana2019-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Katana2019_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Katana2019_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatanaGuanZaniniLarsen2019" class="citation journal cs1">Katana R, Guan C, Zanini D, Larsen ME, Giraldo D, Geurten BR, et al. (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.07.036">"Chromophore-Independent Roles of Opsin Apoproteins in Drosophila Mechanoreceptors"</a>. Current Biology. 29 (17): 2961–2969.e4. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CBio...29E2961K">2019CBio...29E2961K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.07.036">10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.036</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31447373">31447373</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201420079">201420079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Chromophore-Independent+Roles+of+Opsin+Apoproteins+in+Drosophila+Mechanoreceptors&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=2961-2969.e4&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2019.07.036&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201420079%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31447373&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019CBio...29E2961K&rft.aulast=Katana&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Guan%2C+C&rft.au=Zanini%2C+D&rft.au=Larsen%2C+ME&rft.au=Giraldo%2C+D&rft.au=Geurten%2C+BR&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+CF&rft.au=Britt%2C+SG&rft.au=G%C3%B6pfert%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2019.07.036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leung2020-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leung2020_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leung2020_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeungThakurGuravKim2020" class="citation journal cs1">Leung NY, Thakur DP, Gurav AS, Kim SH, Di Pizio A, Niv MY, Montell C (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7252503">"Functions of Opsins in Drosophila Taste"</a>. Current Biology. 30 (8): 1367–1379.e6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020CBio...30E1367L">2020CBio...30E1367L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2020.01.068">10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.068</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7252503">7252503</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32243853">32243853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Functions+of+Opsins+in+Drosophila+Taste&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1367-1379.e6&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7252503%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32243853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2020.01.068&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020CBio...30E1367L&rft.aulast=Leung&rft.aufirst=NY&rft.au=Thakur%2C+DP&rft.au=Gurav%2C+AS&rft.au=Kim%2C+SH&rft.au=Di+Pizio%2C+A&rft.au=Niv%2C+MY&rft.au=Montell%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7252503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PorterBlasic2011-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PorterBlasic2011_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PorterBlasic2011_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PorterBlasic2011_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PorterBlasic2011_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PorterBlasic2011_27-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPorterBlasicBokCameron2012" class="citation journal cs1">Porter ML, Blasic JR, Bok MJ, Cameron EG, Pringle T, Cronin TW, Robinson PR (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223661">"Shedding new light on opsin evolution"</a>. Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 279 (1726): 3–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2011.1819">10.1098/rspb.2011.1819</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3223661">3223661</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22012981">22012981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings.+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Shedding+new+light+on+opsin+evolution&rft.volume=279&rft.issue=1726&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3223661%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22012981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2011.1819&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=ML&rft.au=Blasic%2C+JR&rft.au=Bok%2C+MJ&rft.au=Cameron%2C+EG&rft.au=Pringle%2C+T&rft.au=Cronin%2C+TW&rft.au=Robinson%2C+PR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3223661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramirez2016-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramirez2016_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramirez2016_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramirez2016_28-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramirez2016_28-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramirez2016_28-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramirez2016_28-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramirez2016_28-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramirez2016_28-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamirezPairettPankeySerb2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ramirez MD, Pairett AN, Pankey MS, Serb JM, Speiser DI, Swafford AJ, Oakley TH (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5521729">"The Last Common Ancestor of Most Bilaterian Animals Possessed at Least Nine Opsins"</a>. Genome Biology and Evolution. 8 (12): 3640–3652. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevw248">10.1093/gbe/evw248</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5521729">5521729</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28172965">28172965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+Last+Common+Ancestor+of+Most+Bilaterian+Animals+Possessed+at+Least+Nine+Opsins&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3640-%3C%2Fspan%3E3652&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5521729%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28172965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevw248&rft.aulast=Ramirez&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Pairett%2C+AN&rft.au=Pankey%2C+MS&rft.au=Serb%2C+JM&rft.au=Speiser%2C+DI&rft.au=Swafford%2C+AJ&rft.au=Oakley%2C+TH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5521729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Troemmel-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Troemmel_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Troemmel_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTroemelChouDwyerColbert1995" class="citation journal cs1">Troemel ER, Chou JH, Dwyer ND, Colbert HA, Bargmann CI (October 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2895%2990162-0">"Divergent seven transmembrane receptors are candidate chemosensory receptors in C. elegans"</a>. Cell. 83 (2): 207–218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0092-8674%2895%2990162-0">10.1016/0092-8674(95)90162-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7585938">7585938</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17819587">17819587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Divergent+seven+transmembrane+receptors+are+candidate+chemosensory+receptors+in+C.+elegans&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.date=1995-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17819587%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7585938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0092-8674%2895%2990162-0&rft.aulast=Troemel&rft.aufirst=ER&rft.au=Chou%2C+JH&rft.au=Dwyer%2C+ND&rft.au=Colbert%2C+HA&rft.au=Bargmann%2C+CI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252F0092-8674%252895%252990162-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD'AnielloDelroisseValero-GraciaLowe2015" class="citation journal cs1">D'Aniello S, Delroisse J, Valero-Gracia A, Lowe EK, Byrne M, Cannon JT, et al. (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.margen.2015.10.001">"Opsin evolution in the Ambulacraria"</a>. Marine Genomics. 24 (Pt 2): 177–183. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015MarGn..24..177D">2015MarGn..24..177D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.margen.2015.10.001">10.1016/j.margen.2015.10.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26472700">26472700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Genomics&rft.atitle=Opsin+evolution+in+the+Ambulacraria&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=Pt+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E183&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26472700&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.margen.2015.10.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015MarGn..24..177D&rft.aulast=D%27Aniello&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Delroisse%2C+J&rft.au=Valero-Gracia%2C+A&rft.au=Lowe%2C+EK&rft.au=Byrne%2C+M&rft.au=Cannon%2C+JT&rft.au=Halanych%2C+KM&rft.au=Elphick%2C+MR&rft.au=Mallefet%2C+J&rft.au=Kaul-Strehlow%2C+S&rft.au=Lowe%2C+CJ&rft.au=Flammang%2C+P&rft.au=Ullrich-L%C3%BCter%2C+E&rft.au=Wanninger%2C+A&rft.au=Arnone%2C+MI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.margen.2015.10.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShenKwonAdegbolaLuo2011" class="citation journal cs1">Shen WL, Kwon Y, Adegbola AA, Luo J, Chess A, Montell C (March 2011). "Function of rhodopsin in temperature discrimination in Drosophila". Science. 331 (6022): 1333–1336. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...331.1333S">2011Sci...331.1333S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1198904">10.1126/science.1198904</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21393546">21393546</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206530389">206530389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Function+of+rhodopsin+in+temperature+discrimination+in+Drosophila&rft.volume=331&rft.issue=6022&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1333-%3C%2Fspan%3E1336&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1198904&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206530389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21393546&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...331.1333S&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=WL&rft.au=Kwon%2C+Y&rft.au=Adegbola%2C+AA&rft.au=Luo%2C+J&rft.au=Chess%2C+A&rft.au=Montell%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSenthilanPiepenbrockOvezmyradovNadrowski2012" class="citation journal cs1">Senthilan PR, Piepenbrock D, Ovezmyradov G, Nadrowski B, Bechstedt S, Pauls S, et al. (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.06.043">"Drosophila auditory organ genes and genetic hearing defects"</a>. Cell. 150 (5): 1042–1054. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.06.043">10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.043</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22939627">22939627</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1422764">1422764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=Drosophila+auditory+organ+genes+and+genetic+hearing+defects&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1042-%3C%2Fspan%3E1054&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1422764%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22939627&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2012.06.043&rft.aulast=Senthilan&rft.aufirst=PR&rft.au=Piepenbrock%2C+D&rft.au=Ovezmyradov%2C+G&rft.au=Nadrowski%2C+B&rft.au=Bechstedt%2C+S&rft.au=Pauls%2C+S&rft.au=Winkler%2C+M&rft.au=M%C3%B6bius%2C+W&rft.au=Howard%2C+J&rft.au=G%C3%B6pfert%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cell.2012.06.043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feuda2022-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Feuda2022_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeudaMenonGöpfert2022" class="citation journal cs1">Feuda R, Menon AK, Göpfert MC (March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8892948">"Rethinking Opsins"</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 39 (3): msac033. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsac033">10.1093/molbev/msac033</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8892948">8892948</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35143663">35143663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Rethinking+Opsins&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=msac033&rft.date=2022-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8892948%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35143663&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsac033&rft.aulast=Feuda&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Menon%2C+AK&rft.au=G%C3%B6pfert%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8892948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leung2017-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leung2017_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leung2017_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeungMontell2017" class="citation journal cs1">Leung NY, Montell C (October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963513">"Unconventional Roles of Opsins"</a>. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 33 (1): 241–264. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-cellbio-100616-060432">10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060432</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5963513">5963513</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28598695">28598695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Cell+and+Developmental+Biology&rft.atitle=Unconventional+Roles+of+Opsins&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E241-%3C%2Fspan%3E264&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5963513%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28598695&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-cellbio-100616-060432&rft.aulast=Leung&rft.aufirst=NY&rft.au=Montell%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5963513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DevineOprian2013-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DevineOprian2013_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DevineOprian2013_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDevineOprianTheobald2013" class="citation journal cs1">Devine EL, Oprian DD, Theobald DL (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3746867">"Relocating the active-site lysine in rhodopsin and implications for evolution of retinylidene proteins"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (33): 13351–13355. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PNAS..11013351D">2013PNAS..11013351D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1306826110">10.1073/pnas.1306826110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3746867">3746867</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23904486">23904486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Relocating+the+active-site+lysine+in+rhodopsin+and+implications+for+evolution+of+retinylidene+proteins&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13351-%3C%2Fspan%3E13355&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3746867%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23904486&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1306826110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PNAS..11013351D&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=EL&rft.au=Oprian%2C+DD&rft.au=Theobald%2C+DL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3746867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borroto-Escuela2011-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Borroto-Escuela2011_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorroto-EscuelaRomero-FernandezGarcía-NegredoCorreia2011" class="citation journal cs1">Borroto-Escuela DO, Romero-Fernandez W, García-Negredo G, Correia PA, Garriga P, Fuxe K, Ciruela F (2011). "Dissecting the conserved NPxxY motif of the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor: critical role of Asp-7.49 for receptor signaling and multiprotein complex formation". Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry. 28 (5): 1009–1022. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000335788">10.1159/000335788</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2445%2F126278">2445/126278</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22178951">22178951</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14008354">14008354</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cellular+Physiology+and+Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Dissecting+the+conserved+NPxxY+motif+of+the+M3+muscarinic+acetylcholine+receptor%3A+critical+role+of+Asp-7.49+for+receptor+signaling+and+multiprotein+complex+formation&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1009-%3C%2Fspan%3E1022&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2445%2F126278&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14008354%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22178951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1159%2F000335788&rft.aulast=Borroto-Escuela&rft.aufirst=DO&rft.au=Romero-Fernandez%2C+W&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Negredo%2C+G&rft.au=Correia%2C+PA&rft.au=Garriga%2C+P&rft.au=Fuxe%2C+K&rft.au=Ciruela%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fritze2003-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fritze2003_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritze2003_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFritzeFilipekKuksaPalczewski2003" class="citation journal cs1">Fritze O, Filipek S, Kuksa V, Palczewski K, Hofmann KP, Ernst OP (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC151333">"Role of the conserved NPxxY(x)5,6F motif in the rhodopsin ground state and during activation"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (5): 2290–2295. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PNAS..100.2290F">2003PNAS..100.2290F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0435715100">10.1073/pnas.0435715100</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC151333">151333</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12601165">12601165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Role+of+the+conserved+NPxxY%28x%295%2C6F+motif+in+the+rhodopsin+ground+state+and+during+activation&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2290-%3C%2Fspan%3E2295&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC151333%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12601165&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0435715100&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003PNAS..100.2290F&rft.aulast=Fritze&rft.aufirst=O&rft.au=Filipek%2C+S&rft.au=Kuksa%2C+V&rft.au=Palczewski%2C+K&rft.au=Hofmann%2C+KP&rft.au=Ernst%2C+OP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC151333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhou2019-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Zhou2019_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhouYangWuGuo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zhou Q, Yang D, Wu M, Guo Y, Guo W, Zhong L, et al. (December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6954041">"Common activation mechanism of class A GPCRs"</a>. eLife. 8: e50279. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.50279">10.7554/eLife.50279</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6954041">6954041</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31855179">31855179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eLife&rft.atitle=Common+activation+mechanism+of+class+A+GPCRs&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=e50279&rft.date=2019-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6954041%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31855179&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7554%2FeLife.50279&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Q&rft.au=Yang%2C+D&rft.au=Wu%2C+M&rft.au=Guo%2C+Y&rft.au=Guo%2C+W&rft.au=Zhong%2C+L&rft.au=Cai%2C+X&rft.au=Dai%2C+A&rft.au=Jang%2C+W&rft.au=Shakhnovich%2C+EI&rft.au=Liu%2C+ZJ&rft.au=Stevens%2C+RC&rft.au=Lambert%2C+NA&rft.au=Babu%2C+MM&rft.au=Wang%2C+MW&rft.au=Zhao%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6954041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wess1993-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Wess1993_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWessNanavatiVogelMaggio1993" class="citation journal cs1">Wess J, Nanavati S, Vogel Z, Maggio R (January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413210">"Functional role of proline and tryptophan residues highly conserved among G protein-coupled receptors studied by mutational analysis of the m3 muscarinic receptor"</a>. The EMBO Journal. 12 (1): 331–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1993.tb05661.x">10.1002/j.1460-2075.1993.tb05661.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC413210">413210</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7679072">7679072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+EMBO+Journal&rft.atitle=Functional+role+of+proline+and+tryptophan+residues+highly+conserved+among+G+protein-coupled+receptors+studied+by+mutational+analysis+of+the+m3+muscarinic+receptor&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E331-%3C%2Fspan%3E338&rft.date=1993-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC413210%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7679072&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1460-2075.1993.tb05661.x&rft.aulast=Wess&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Nanavati%2C+S&rft.au=Vogel%2C+Z&rft.au=Maggio%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC413210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gales2000-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Gales2000_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalésKowalski-ChauvelDufourSeva2000" class="citation journal cs1">Galés C, Kowalski-Chauvel A, Dufour MN, Seva C, Moroder L, Pradayrol L, et al. (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M909801199">"Mutation of Asn-391 within the conserved NPXXY motif of the cholecystokinin B receptor abolishes Gq protein activation without affecting its association with the receptor"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (23): 17321–17327. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M909801199">10.1074/jbc.M909801199</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10748160">10748160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Mutation+of+Asn-391+within+the+conserved+NPXXY+motif+of+the+cholecystokinin+B+receptor+abolishes+Gq+protein+activation+without+affecting+its+association+with+the+receptor&rft.volume=275&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17321-%3C%2Fspan%3E17327&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M909801199&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10748160&rft.aulast=Gal%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Kowalski-Chauvel%2C+A&rft.au=Dufour%2C+MN&rft.au=Seva%2C+C&rft.au=Moroder%2C+L&rft.au=Pradayrol%2C+L&rft.au=Vaysse%2C+N&rft.au=Fourmy%2C+D&rft.au=Silvente-Poirot%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.M909801199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hao1999-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hao1999_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hao1999_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaoFong1999" class="citation journal cs1">Hao W, Fong HK (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.10.6085">"The endogenous chromophore of retinal G protein-coupled receptor opsin from the pigment epithelium"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274 (10): 6085–6090. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.274.10.6085">10.1074/jbc.274.10.6085</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10037690">10037690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+endogenous+chromophore+of+retinal+G+protein-coupled+receptor+opsin+from+the+pigment+epithelium&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6085-%3C%2Fspan%3E6090&rft.date=1999-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.274.10.6085&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10037690&rft.aulast=Hao&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Fong%2C+HK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.274.10.6085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaraHara1967" class="citation journal cs1">Hara T, Hara R (May 1967). "Rhodopsin and retinochrome in the squid retina". Nature. 214 (5088): 573–575. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1967Natur.214..573H">1967Natur.214..573H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F214573a0">10.1038/214573a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6036171">6036171</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4184319">4184319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Rhodopsin+and+retinochrome+in+the+squid+retina&rft.volume=214&rft.issue=5088&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E573-%3C%2Fspan%3E575&rft.date=1967-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F214573a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4184319%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6036171&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1967Natur.214..573H&rft.aulast=Hara&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Hara%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsukamoto2010-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tsukamoto2010_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsukamoto2010_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTsukamotoTerakita2010" class="citation journal cs1">Tsukamoto H, Terakita A (November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc0pp00168f">"Diversity and functional properties of bistable pigments"</a>. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences. 9 (11): 1435–1443. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fc0pp00168f">10.1039/c0pp00168f</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20852774">20852774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photochemical+%26+Photobiological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Diversity+and+functional+properties+of+bistable+pigments&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1435-%3C%2Fspan%3E1443&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2Fc0pp00168f&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20852774&rft.aulast=Tsukamoto&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Terakita%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1039%252Fc0pp00168f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Terakita2005-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Terakita2005_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terakita2005_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terakita2005_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terakita2005_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terakita2005_44-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terakita2005_44-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terakita2005_44-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terakita2005_44-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terakita2005_44-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terakita2005_44-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terakita2005_44-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terakita2005_44-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTerakita2005" class="citation journal cs1">Terakita A (1 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088937">"The opsins"</a>. Genome Biology. 6 (3): 213. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fgb-2005-6-3-213">10.1186/gb-2005-6-3-213</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088937">1088937</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15774036">15774036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology&rft.atitle=The+opsins&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=213&rft.date=2005-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1088937%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15774036&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fgb-2005-6-3-213&rft.aulast=Terakita&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1088937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNagataKoyanagiTsukamotoTerakita2010" class="citation journal cs1">Nagata T, Koyanagi M, Tsukamoto H, Terakita A (January 2010). "Identification and characterization of a protostome homologue of peropsin from a jumping spider". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 196 (1): 51–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00359-009-0493-9">10.1007/s00359-009-0493-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19960196">19960196</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22879394">22879394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+A&rft.atitle=Identification+and+characterization+of+a+protostome+homologue+of+peropsin+from+a+jumping+spider&rft.volume=196&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22879394%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19960196&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00359-009-0493-9&rft.aulast=Nagata&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Koyanagi%2C+M&rft.au=Tsukamoto%2C+H&rft.au=Terakita%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGehring2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gehring WJ (January 2014). "The evolution of vision". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Developmental Biology. 3 (1): 1–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwdev.96">10.1002/wdev.96</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24902832">24902832</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36881435">36881435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wiley+Interdisciplinary+Reviews.+Developmental+Biology&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+vision&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36881435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24902832&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwdev.96&rft.aulast=Gehring&rft.aufirst=WJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kato2016-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kato2016_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kato2016_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kato2016_47-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatoSugiyamaSakaiYamashita2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kato M, Sugiyama T, Sakai K, Yamashita T, Fujita H, Sato K, et al. (18 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5115664">"Two Opsin 3-Related Proteins in the Chicken Retina and Brain: A TMT-Type Opsin 3 Is a Blue-Light Sensor in Retinal Horizontal Cells, Hypothalamus, and Cerebellum"</a>. PLOS ONE. 11 (11): e0163925. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1163925K">2016PLoSO..1163925K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0163925">10.1371/journal.pone.0163925</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5115664">5115664</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27861495">27861495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Two+Opsin+3-Related+Proteins+in+the+Chicken+Retina+and+Brain%3A+A+TMT-Type+Opsin+3+Is+a+Blue-Light+Sensor+in+Retinal+Horizontal+Cells%2C+Hypothalamus%2C+and+Cerebellum&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e0163925&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5115664%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27861495&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0163925&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1163925K&rft.aulast=Kato&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Sugiyama%2C+T&rft.au=Sakai%2C+K&rft.au=Yamashita%2C+T&rft.au=Fujita%2C+H&rft.au=Sato%2C+K&rft.au=Tomonari%2C+S&rft.au=Shichida%2C+Y&rft.au=Ohuchi%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5115664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazna2008-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Mazna2008_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaznaGrycovaBalikZemkova2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mazna P, Grycova L, Balik A, Zemkova H, Friedlova E, Obsilova V, et al. (November 2008). "The role of proline residues in the structure and function of human MT2 melatonin receptor". Journal of Pineal Research. 45 (4): 361–372. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-079X.2008.00598.x">10.1111/j.1600-079X.2008.00598.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18544139">18544139</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6202186">6202186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pineal+Research&rft.atitle=The+role+of+proline+residues+in+the+structure+and+function+of+human+MT2+melatonin+receptor&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E372&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6202186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18544139&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-079X.2008.00598.x&rft.aulast=Mazna&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Grycova%2C+L&rft.au=Balik%2C+A&rft.au=Zemkova%2C+H&rft.au=Friedlova%2C+E&rft.au=Obsilova%2C+V&rft.au=Obsil%2C+T&rft.au=Teisinger%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYokoyama2000" class="citation journal cs1">Yokoyama S (July 2000). "Molecular evolution of vertebrate visual pigments". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 19 (4): 385–419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1350-9462%2800%2900002-1">10.1016/S1350-9462(00)00002-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10785616">10785616</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28746630">28746630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Retinal+and+Eye+Research&rft.atitle=Molecular+evolution+of+vertebrate+visual+pigments&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E385-%3C%2Fspan%3E419&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28746630%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10785616&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1350-9462%2800%2900002-1&rft.aulast=Yokoyama&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeeb2005" class="citation journal cs1">Deeb SS (May 2005). "The molecular basis of variation in human color vision". Clinical Genetics. 67 (5): 369–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.2004.00343.x">10.1111/j.1399-0004.2004.00343.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15811001">15811001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24105079">24105079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+molecular+basis+of+variation+in+human+color+vision&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E377&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24105079%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15811001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1399-0004.2004.00343.x&rft.aulast=Deeb&rft.aufirst=SS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaltaufderhydeOzdeslik2015-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HaltaufderhydeOzdeslik2015_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaltaufderhydeOzdeslik2015_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaltaufderhydeOzdeslik2015_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaltaufderhydeOzdeslik2015_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaltaufderhydeOzdeslik2015_51-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HaltaufderhydeOzdeslik2015_51-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaltaufderhydeOzdeslikWicksNajera2015" class="citation journal cs1">Haltaufderhyde K, Ozdeslik RN, Wicks NL, Najera JA, Oancea E (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303996">"Opsin expression in human epidermal skin"</a>. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 91 (1): 117–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fphp.12354">10.1111/php.12354</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303996">4303996</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25267311">25267311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photochemistry+and+Photobiology&rft.atitle=Opsin+expression+in+human+epidermal+skin&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4303996%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25267311&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fphp.12354&rft.aulast=Haltaufderhyde&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Ozdeslik%2C+RN&rft.au=Wicks%2C+NL&rft.au=Najera%2C+JA&rft.au=Oancea%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4303996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhiteChiano2008-52"><a href="#cite_ref-WhiteChiano2008_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhiteChianoWigglesworthGeske2008" class="citation journal cs1">White JH, Chiano M, Wigglesworth M, Geske R, Riley J, White N, et al. (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddn087">"Identification of a novel asthma susceptibility gene on chromosome 1qter and its functional evaluation"</a>. Human Molecular Genetics. 17 (13): 1890–1903. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddn087">10.1093/hmg/ddn087</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18344558">18344558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Molecular+Genetics&rft.atitle=Identification+of+a+novel+asthma+susceptibility+gene+on+chromosome+1qter+and+its+functional+evaluation&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1890-%3C%2Fspan%3E1903&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhmg%2Fddn087&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18344558&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=JH&rft.au=Chiano%2C+M&rft.au=Wigglesworth%2C+M&rft.au=Geske%2C+R&rft.au=Riley%2C+J&rft.au=White%2C+N&rft.au=Hall%2C+S&rft.au=Zhu%2C+G&rft.au=Maurio%2C+F&rft.au=Savage%2C+T&rft.au=Anderson%2C+W&rft.au=Cordy%2C+J&rft.au=Ducceschi%2C+M&rft.au=Vestbo%2C+J&rft.au=Pillai%2C+SG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fhmg%252Fddn087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackshaw1999-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blackshaw1999_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackshaw1999_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackshaw1999_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackshaw1999_53-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackshawSnyder1999" class="citation journal cs1">Blackshaw S, Snyder SH (May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6782724">"Encephalopsin: a novel mammalian extraretinal opsin discretely localized in the brain"</a>. The Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (10): 3681–3690. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.19-10-03681.1999">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-10-03681.1999</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6782724">6782724</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10234000">10234000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Encephalopsin%3A+a+novel+mammalian+extraretinal+opsin+discretely+localized+in+the+brain&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3681-%3C%2Fspan%3E3690&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6782724%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10234000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.19-10-03681.1999&rft.aulast=Blackshaw&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Snyder%2C+SH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6782724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNissiläMänttäriSärkiojaTuominen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nissilä J, Mänttäri S, Särkioja T, Tuominen H, Takala T, Timonen M, Saarela S (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3478508">"Encephalopsin (OPN3) protein abundance in the adult mouse brain"</a>. Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 198 (11): 833–839. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00359-012-0754-x">10.1007/s00359-012-0754-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3478508">3478508</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22991144">22991144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Comparative+Physiology+A&rft.atitle=Encephalopsin+%28OPN3%29+protein+abundance+in+the+adult+mouse+brain&rft.volume=198&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E833-%3C%2Fspan%3E839&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3478508%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22991144&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00359-012-0754-x&rft.aulast=Nissil%C3%A4&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=M%C3%A4ntt%C3%A4ri%2C+S&rft.au=S%C3%A4rkioja%2C+T&rft.au=Tuominen%2C+H&rft.au=Takala%2C+T&rft.au=Timonen%2C+M&rft.au=Saarela%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3478508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BailesLucas2013-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BailesLucas2013_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BailesLucas2013_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBailesLucas2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bailes HJ, Lucas RJ (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3619500">"Human melanopsin forms a pigment maximally sensitive to blue light (λmax ≈ 479 nm) supporting activation of G(q/11) and G(i/o) signalling cascades"</a>. Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 280 (1759): 20122987. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2012.2987">10.1098/rspb.2012.2987</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3619500">3619500</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23554393">23554393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings.+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Human+melanopsin+forms+a+pigment+maximally+sensitive+to+blue+light+%28%CE%BBmax+%E2%89%88+479+nm%29+supporting+activation+of+G%28q%2F11%29+and+G%28i%2Fo%29+signalling+cascades&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=1759&rft.pages=20122987&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3619500%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23554393&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2012.2987&rft.aulast=Bailes&rft.aufirst=HJ&rft.au=Lucas%2C+RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3619500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kojima2011-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kojima2011_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kojima2011_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kojima2011_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kojima2011_56-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKojimaMoriToriiWada2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kojima D, Mori S, Torii M, Wada A, Morishita R, Fukada Y (17 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3197025">"UV-sensitive photoreceptor protein OPN5 in humans and mice"</a>. PLOS ONE. 6 (10): e26388. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PLoSO...626388K">2011PLoSO...626388K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0026388">10.1371/journal.pone.0026388</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3197025">3197025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22043319">22043319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=UV-sensitive+photoreceptor+protein+OPN5+in+humans+and+mice&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e26388&rft.date=2011-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3197025%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22043319&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0026388&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PLoSO...626388K&rft.aulast=Kojima&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Mori%2C+S&rft.au=Torii%2C+M&rft.au=Wada%2C+A&rft.au=Morishita%2C+R&rft.au=Fukada%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3197025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TarttelinBellingham2003-57"><a href="#cite_ref-TarttelinBellingham2003_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTarttelinBellinghamHankinsFoster2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tarttelin EE, Bellingham J, Hankins MW, Foster RG, Lucas RJ (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2803%2901212-2">"Neuropsin (Opn5): a novel opsin identified in mammalian neural tissue"</a>. FEBS Letters. 554 (3): 410–416. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2803%2901212-2">10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01212-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14623103">14623103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEBS+Letters&rft.atitle=Neuropsin+%28Opn5%29%3A+a+novel+opsin+identified+in+mammalian+neural+tissue&rft.volume=554&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E410-%3C%2Fspan%3E416&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2803%2901212-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14623103&rft.aulast=Tarttelin&rft.aufirst=EE&rft.au=Bellingham%2C+J&rft.au=Hankins%2C+MW&rft.au=Foster%2C+RG&rft.au=Lucas%2C+RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0014-5793%252803%252901212-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YamashitaOno2014-58"><a href="#cite_ref-YamashitaOno2014_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYamashitaOnoOhuchiYumoto2014" class="citation journal cs1">Yamashita T, Ono K, Ohuchi H, Yumoto A, Gotoh H, Tomonari S, et al. (February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924266">"Evolution of mammalian Opn5 as a specialized UV-absorbing pigment by a single amino acid mutation"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 289 (7): 3991–4000. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M113.514075">10.1074/jbc.M113.514075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924266">3924266</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24403072">24403072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+mammalian+Opn5+as+a+specialized+UV-absorbing+pigment+by+a+single+amino+acid+mutation&rft.volume=289&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3991-%3C%2Fspan%3E4000&rft.date=2014-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3924266%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24403072&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M113.514075&rft.aulast=Yamashita&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Ono%2C+K&rft.au=Ohuchi%2C+H&rft.au=Yumoto%2C+A&rft.au=Gotoh%2C+H&rft.au=Tomonari%2C+S&rft.au=Sakai%2C+K&rft.au=Fujita%2C+H&rft.au=Imamoto%2C+Y&rft.au=Noji%2C+S&rft.au=Nakamura%2C+K&rft.au=Shichida%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3924266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mäthger2010-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Mäthger2010_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMäthgerRobertsHanlon2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mäthger LM, Roberts SB, Hanlon RT (October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936158">"Evidence for distributed light sensing in the skin of cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis"</a>. Biology Letters. 6 (5): 600–603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2010.0223">10.1098/rsbl.2010.0223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2936158">2936158</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20392722">20392722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+distributed+light+sensing+in+the+skin+of+cuttlefish%2C+Sepia+officinalis&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E600-%3C%2Fspan%3E603&rft.date=2010-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936158%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20392722&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2010.0223&rft.aulast=M%C3%A4thger&rft.aufirst=LM&rft.au=Roberts%2C+SB&rft.au=Hanlon%2C+RT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2936158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yong2015-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Yong2015_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYong2015" class="citation news cs1">Yong E (20 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210223230355/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/octopuses-and-maybe-squid-can-sense-light-with-their-skin">"Octopuses, and Maybe Squid, Can Sense Light With Their Skin"</a>. National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/octopuses-and-maybe-squid-can-sense-light-with-their-skin">the original</a> on February 23, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Octopuses%2C+and+Maybe+Squid%2C+Can+Sense+Light+With+Their+Skin&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Foctopuses-and-maybe-squid-can-sense-light-with-their-skin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yu2014-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Yu2014_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYuLiZhangHuang2014" class="citation journal cs1">Yu C, Li Y, Zhang X, Huang X, Malyarchuk V, Wang S, et al. (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4246966">"Adaptive optoelectronic camouflage systems with designs inspired by cephalopod skins"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (36): 12998–13003. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..11112998Y">2014PNAS..11112998Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1410494111">10.1073/pnas.1410494111</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4246966">4246966</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25136094">25136094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Adaptive+optoelectronic+camouflage+systems+with+designs+inspired+by+cephalopod+skins&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12998-%3C%2Fspan%3E13003&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4246966%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25136094&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1410494111&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PNAS..11112998Y&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Li%2C+Y&rft.au=Zhang%2C+X&rft.au=Huang%2C+X&rft.au=Malyarchuk%2C+V&rft.au=Wang%2C+S&rft.au=Shi%2C+Y&rft.au=Gao%2C+L&rft.au=Su%2C+Y&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Y&rft.au=Xu%2C+H&rft.au=Hanlon%2C+RT&rft.au=Huang%2C+Y&rft.au=Rogers%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4246966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchottPerezKwiatkowskiImhoff2022" class="citation journal cs1">Schott, Ryan K.; Perez, Leah; Kwiatkowski, Matthew A.; Imhoff, Vance; Gumm, Jennifer M. (February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8820127">"Evolutionary analyses of visual opsin genes in frogs and toads: Diversity, duplication, and positive selection"</a>. Ecology and Evolution. 12 (2): e8595. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fece3.8595">10.1002/ece3.8595</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-7758">2045-7758</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8820127">8820127</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35154658">35154658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Evolutionary+analyses+of+visual+opsin+genes+in+frogs+and+toads%3A+Diversity%2C+duplication%2C+and+positive+selection&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e8595&rft.date=2022-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8820127%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2045-7758&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35154658&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fece3.8595&rft.aulast=Schott&rft.aufirst=Ryan+K.&rft.au=Perez%2C+Leah&rft.au=Kwiatkowski%2C+Matthew+A.&rft.au=Imhoff%2C+Vance&rft.au=Gumm%2C+Jennifer+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8820127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHagenRobertsJohnston2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hagen, Joanna F. D.; Roberts, Natalie S.; Johnston, Robert J. (January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9729497">"The evolutionary history and spectral tuning of vertebrate visual opsins"</a>. Developmental Biology. 493: 40–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2022.10.014">10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.10.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1095-564X">1095-564X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9729497">9729497</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36370769">36370769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Biology&rft.atitle=The+evolutionary+history+and+spectral+tuning+of+vertebrate+visual+opsins&rft.volume=493&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9729497%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1095-564X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36370769&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ydbio.2022.10.014&rft.aulast=Hagen&rft.aufirst=Joanna+F.+D.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Natalie+S.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9729497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHowell2023" class="citation web cs1">Howell, Kimberly (2023-01-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/43966/">"How does variation in a mating trait evolve? Insights from studies of color signals and their perception in a highly polymorphic poison frog"</a>. d-scholarship.pitt.edu. Retrieved 2024-11-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=d-scholarship.pitt.edu&rft.atitle=How+does+variation+in+a+mating+trait+evolve%3F+Insights+from+studies+of+color+signals+and+their+perception+in+a+highly+polymorphic+poison+frog&rft.date=2023-01-25&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Kimberly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fd-scholarship.pitt.edu%2F43966%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiegertováPergner2015-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LiegertováPergner2015_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LiegertováPergner2015_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiegertováPergnerKozmikováFabian2015" class="citation journal cs1">Liegertová M, Pergner J, Kozmiková I, Fabian P, Pombinho AR, Strnad H, et al. (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5155618">"Cubozoan genome illuminates functional diversification of opsins and photoreceptor evolution"</a>. Scientific Reports. 5: 11885. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...511885L">2015NatSR...511885L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep11885">10.1038/srep11885</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5155618">5155618</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26154478">26154478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Cubozoan+genome+illuminates+functional+diversification+of+opsins+and+photoreceptor+evolution&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=11885&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5155618%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26154478&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep11885&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015NatSR...511885L&rft.aulast=Liegertov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Pergner%2C+J&rft.au=Kozmikov%C3%A1%2C+I&rft.au=Fabian%2C+P&rft.au=Pombinho%2C+AR&rft.au=Strnad%2C+H&rft.au=Pa%C4%8Des%2C+J&rft.au=Vl%C4%8Dek%2C+%C4%8C&rft.au=Bart%C5%AFn%C4%9Bk%2C+P&rft.au=Kozmik%2C+Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5155618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQuiroga_ArtigasLapébieLeclèreTakeda2018" class="citation journal cs1">Quiroga Artigas G, Lapébie P, Leclère L, Takeda N, Deguchi R, Jékely G, et al. (January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5756024">"A gonad-expressed opsin mediates light-induced spawning in the jellyfish Clytia"</a>. eLife. 7: e29555. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.29555">10.7554/eLife.29555</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5756024">5756024</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29303477">29303477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eLife&rft.atitle=A+gonad-expressed+opsin+mediates+light-induced+spawning+in+the+jellyfish+Clytia&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=e29555&rft.date=2018-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5756024%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29303477&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7554%2FeLife.29555&rft.aulast=Quiroga+Artigas&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Lap%C3%A9bie%2C+P&rft.au=Lecl%C3%A8re%2C+L&rft.au=Takeda%2C+N&rft.au=Deguchi%2C+R&rft.au=J%C3%A9kely%2C+G&rft.au=Momose%2C+T&rft.au=Houliston%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5756024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rawlinson2019-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson2019_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson2019_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rawlinson2019_67-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRawlinsonLaprazBallisterTerasaki2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rawlinson KA, Lapraz F, Ballister ER, Terasaki M, Rodgers J, McDowell RJ, et al. (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6805122">"Extraocular, rod-like photoreceptors in a flatworm express xenopsin photopigment"</a>. eLife. 8: e45465. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.45465">10.7554/eLife.45465</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6805122">6805122</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31635694">31635694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eLife&rft.atitle=Extraocular%2C+rod-like+photoreceptors+in+a+flatworm+express+xenopsin+photopigment&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=e45465&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6805122%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31635694&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7554%2FeLife.45465&rft.aulast=Rawlinson&rft.aufirst=KA&rft.au=Lapraz%2C+F&rft.au=Ballister%2C+ER&rft.au=Terasaki%2C+M&rft.au=Rodgers%2C+J&rft.au=McDowell%2C+RJ&rft.au=Girstmair%2C+J&rft.au=Criswell%2C+KE&rft.au=Boldogkoi%2C+M&rft.au=Simpson%2C+F&rft.au=Goulding%2C+D&rft.au=Cormie%2C+C&rft.au=Hall%2C+B&rft.au=Lucas%2C+RJ&rft.au=Telford%2C+MJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6805122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeudaHamilton2012-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FeudaHamilton2012_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FeudaHamilton2012_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeudaHamiltonMcInerneyPisani2012" class="citation journal cs1">Feuda R, Hamilton SC, McInerney JO, Pisani D (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3503164">"Metazoan opsin evolution reveals a simple route to animal vision"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 109 (46): 18868–18872. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..10918868F">2012PNAS..10918868F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1204609109">10.1073/pnas.1204609109</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3503164">3503164</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23112152">23112152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Metazoan+opsin+evolution+reveals+a+simple+route+to+animal+vision&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=46&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18868-%3C%2Fspan%3E18872&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3503164%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23112152&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1204609109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PNAS..10918868F&rft.aulast=Feuda&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+SC&rft.au=McInerney%2C+JO&rft.au=Pisani%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3503164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shichida2009-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shichida2009_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shichida2009_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shichida2009_69-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shichida2009_69-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shichida2009_69-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shichida2009_69-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShichidaMatsuyama2009" class="citation journal cs1">Shichida Y, Matsuyama T (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781858">"Evolution of opsins and phototransduction"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 364 (1531): 2881–2895. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2009.0051">10.1098/rstb.2009.0051</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781858">2781858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19720651">19720651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+opsins+and+phototransduction&rft.volume=364&rft.issue=1531&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2881-%3C%2Fspan%3E2895&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2781858%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19720651&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2009.0051&rft.aulast=Shichida&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Matsuyama%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2781858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plachetzki2009-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Plachetzki2009_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plachetzki2009_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plachetzki2009_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Plachetzki2009_70-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlachetzkiFongOakley2010" class="citation journal cs1">Plachetzki DC, Fong CR, Oakley TH (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880087">"The evolution of phototransduction from an ancestral cyclic nucleotide gated pathway"</a>. Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 277 (1690): 1963–1969. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.1797">10.1098/rspb.2009.1797</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2880087">2880087</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20219739">20219739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings.+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+phototransduction+from+an+ancestral+cyclic+nucleotide+gated+pathway&rft.volume=277&rft.issue=1690&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1963-%3C%2Fspan%3E1969&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2880087%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20219739&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2009.1797&rft.aulast=Plachetzki&rft.aufirst=DC&rft.au=Fong%2C+CR&rft.au=Oakley%2C+TH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2880087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HuntCarvalho2009-71"><a href="#cite_ref-HuntCarvalho2009_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuntCarvalhoCowingDavies2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt DM, Carvalho LS, Cowing JA, Davies WL (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781856">"Evolution and spectral tuning of visual pigments in birds and mammals"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 364 (1531): 2941–2955. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2009.0044">10.1098/rstb.2009.0044</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781856">2781856</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19720655">19720655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Evolution+and+spectral+tuning+of+visual+pigments+in+birds+and+mammals&rft.volume=364&rft.issue=1531&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2941-%3C%2Fspan%3E2955&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2781856%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19720655&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2009.0044&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=DM&rft.au=Carvalho%2C+LS&rft.au=Cowing%2C+JA&rft.au=Davies%2C+WL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2781856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TreziseCollin2005-72"><a href="#cite_ref-TreziseCollin2005_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTreziseCollin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Trezise AE, Collin SP (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2005.09.025">"Opsins: evolution in waiting"</a>. Current Biology. 15 (19): R794 – R796. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005CBio...15.R794T">2005CBio...15.R794T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2005.09.025">10.1016/j.cub.2005.09.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16213808">16213808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Opsins%3A+evolution+in+waiting&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER794+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3ER796%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16213808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2005.09.025&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005CBio...15.R794T&rft.aulast=Trezise&rft.aufirst=AE&rft.au=Collin%2C+SP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2005.09.025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid28289214-73"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid28289214_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGulatiJastrzebskaBanerjeePlaceres2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gulati S, Jastrzebska B, Banerjee S, Placeres ÁL, Miszta P, Gao S, et al. (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5380078">"Photocyclic behavior of rhodopsin induced by an atypical isomerization mechanism"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (13): E2608 – E2615. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114E2608G">2017PNAS..114E2608G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1617446114">10.1073/pnas.1617446114</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5380078">5380078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28289214">28289214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Photocyclic+behavior+of+rhodopsin+induced+by+an+atypical+isomerization+mechanism&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EE2608+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EE2615%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5380078%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28289214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1617446114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PNAS..114E2608G&rft.aulast=Gulati&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Jastrzebska%2C+B&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+S&rft.au=Placeres%2C+%C3%81L&rft.au=Miszta%2C+P&rft.au=Gao%2C+S&rft.au=Gunderson%2C+K&rft.au=Tochtrop%2C+GP&rft.au=Filipek%2C+S&rft.au=Katayama%2C+K&rft.au=Kiser%2C+PD&rft.au=Mogi%2C+M&rft.au=Stewart%2C+PL&rft.au=Palczewski%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5380078&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10581404-74"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10581404_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManoKojimaFukada1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mano H, Kojima D, Fukada Y (November 1999). "Exo-rhodopsin: a novel rhodopsin expressed in the zebrafish pineal gland". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 73 (1–2): 110–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-328X%2899%2900242-9">10.1016/S0169-328X(99)00242-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10581404">10581404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research.+Molecular+Brain+Research&rft.atitle=Exo-rhodopsin%3A+a+novel+rhodopsin+expressed+in+the+zebrafish+pineal+gland&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0169-328X%2899%2900242-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10581404&rft.aulast=Mano&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Kojima%2C+D&rft.au=Fukada%2C+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TarttelinFransen2011-75"><a href="#cite_ref-TarttelinFransen2011_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTarttelinFransenEdwardsHankins2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tarttelin EE, Fransen MP, Edwards PC, Hankins MW, Schertler GF, Vogel R, et al. (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3203999">"Adaptation of pineal expressed teleost exo-rod opsin to non-image forming photoreception through enhanced Meta II decay"</a>. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 68 (22): 3713–3723. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00018-011-0665-y">10.1007/s00018-011-0665-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3203999">3203999</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21416149">21416149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cellular+and+Molecular+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Adaptation+of+pineal+expressed+teleost+exo-rod+opsin+to+non-image+forming+photoreception+through+enhanced+Meta+II+decay&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3713-%3C%2Fspan%3E3723&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3203999%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21416149&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00018-011-0665-y&rft.aulast=Tarttelin&rft.aufirst=EE&rft.au=Fransen%2C+MP&rft.au=Edwards%2C+PC&rft.au=Hankins%2C+MW&rft.au=Schertler%2C+GF&rft.au=Vogel%2C+R&rft.au=Lucas%2C+RJ&rft.au=Bellingham%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3203999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7969427-76"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7969427_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOkanoYoshizawaFukada1994" class="citation journal cs1">Okano T, Yoshizawa T, Fukada Y (November 1994). "Pinopsin is a chicken pineal photoreceptive molecule". Nature. 372 (6501): 94–97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Natur.372...94O">1994Natur.372...94O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F372094a0">10.1038/372094a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7969427">7969427</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4301315">4301315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Pinopsin+is+a+chicken+pineal+photoreceptive+molecule&rft.volume=372&rft.issue=6501&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1994-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F372094a0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4301315%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7969427&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Natur.372...94O&rft.aulast=Okano&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Yoshizawa%2C+T&rft.au=Fukada%2C+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nakane-Yoshimura-2019-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Nakane-Yoshimura-2019_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNakaneYoshimura2019" class="citation journal cs1">Nakane Y, Yoshimura T (February 2019). "Photoperiodic Regulation of Reproduction in Vertebrates". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 7 (1). <a href="/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)" title="Annual Reviews (publisher)">Annual Reviews</a>: 173–194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-animal-020518-115216">10.1146/annurev-animal-020518-115216</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30332291">30332291</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52984435">52984435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Animal+Biosciences&rft.atitle=Photoperiodic+Regulation+of+Reproduction+in+Vertebrates&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E194&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52984435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30332291&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-animal-020518-115216&rft.aulast=Nakane&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Yoshimura%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10821749-78"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10821749_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhilpGarcia-FernandezSoniLucas2000" class="citation journal cs1">Philp AR, Garcia-Fernandez JM, Soni BG, Lucas RJ, Bellingham J, Foster RG (June 2000). "Vertebrate ancient (VA) opsin and extraretinal photoreception in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 203 (Pt 12): 1925–1936. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.203.12.1925">10.1242/jeb.203.12.1925</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10821749">10821749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Experimental+Biology&rft.atitle=Vertebrate+ancient+%28VA%29+opsin+and+extraretinal+photoreception+in+the+Atlantic+salmon+%28Salmo+salar%29&rft.volume=203&rft.issue=Pt+12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1925-%3C%2Fspan%3E1936&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1242%2Fjeb.203.12.1925&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10821749&rft.aulast=Philp&rft.aufirst=AR&rft.au=Garcia-Fernandez%2C+JM&rft.au=Soni%2C+BG&rft.au=Lucas%2C+RJ&rft.au=Bellingham%2C+J&rft.au=Foster%2C+RG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PoletiniRamos2015-79"><a href="#cite_ref-PoletiniRamos2015_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoletiniRamosMoraesCastrucci2015" class="citation journal cs1">Poletini MO, Ramos BC, Moraes MN, Castrucci AM (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fphp.12494">"Nonvisual Opsins and the Regulation of Peripheral Clocks by Light and Hormones"</a>. Photochemistry and Photobiology. 91 (5): 1046–1055. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fphp.12494">10.1111/php.12494</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26174318">26174318</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41895317">41895317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Photochemistry+and+Photobiology&rft.atitle=Nonvisual+Opsins+and+the+Regulation+of+Peripheral+Clocks+by+Light+and+Hormones&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1046-%3C%2Fspan%3E1055&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41895317%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26174318&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fphp.12494&rft.aulast=Poletini&rft.aufirst=MO&rft.au=Ramos%2C+BC&rft.au=Moraes%2C+MN&rft.au=Castrucci%2C+AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fphp.12494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9334384-80"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9334384_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackshawSnyder1997" class="citation journal cs1">Blackshaw S, Snyder SH (November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6573767">"Parapinopsin, a novel catfish opsin localized to the parapineal organ, defines a new gene family"</a>. The Journal of Neuroscience. 17 (21): 8083–8092. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.17-21-08083.1997">10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-21-08083.1997</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6573767">6573767</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9334384">9334384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Parapinopsin%2C+a+novel+catfish+opsin+localized+to+the+parapineal+organ%2C+defines+a+new+gene+family&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8083-%3C%2Fspan%3E8092&rft.date=1997-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6573767%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9334384&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.17-21-08083.1997&rft.aulast=Blackshaw&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Snyder%2C+SH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6573767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koyanagi2004-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Koyanagi2004_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoyanagiKawanoKinugawaOishi2004" class="citation journal cs1">Koyanagi M, Kawano E, Kinugawa Y, Oishi T, Shichida Y, Tamotsu S, Terakita A (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC404106">"Bistable UV pigment in the lamprey pineal"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (17): 6687–6691. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..101.6687K">2004PNAS..101.6687K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0400819101">10.1073/pnas.0400819101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC404106">404106</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15096614">15096614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Bistable+UV+pigment+in+the+lamprey+pineal&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6687-%3C%2Fspan%3E6691&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC404106%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15096614&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0400819101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PNAS..101.6687K&rft.aulast=Koyanagi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Kawano%2C+E&rft.au=Kinugawa%2C+Y&rft.au=Oishi%2C+T&rft.au=Shichida%2C+Y&rft.au=Tamotsu%2C+S&rft.au=Terakita%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC404106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoyanagiWadaKawano-YamashitaHara2015" class="citation journal cs1">Koyanagi M, Wada S, Kawano-Yamashita E, Hara Y, Kuraku S, Kosaka S, et al. (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4570685">"Diversification of non-visual photopigment parapinopsin in spectral sensitivity for diverse pineal functions"</a>. BMC Biology. 13 (1): 73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12915-015-0174-9">10.1186/s12915-015-0174-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4570685">4570685</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26370232">26370232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Biology&rft.atitle=Diversification+of+non-visual+photopigment+parapinopsin+in+spectral+sensitivity+for+diverse+pineal+functions&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4570685%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26370232&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12915-015-0174-9&rft.aulast=Koyanagi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Wada%2C+S&rft.au=Kawano-Yamashita%2C+E&rft.au=Hara%2C+Y&rft.au=Kuraku%2C+S&rft.au=Kosaka%2C+S&rft.au=Kawakami%2C+K&rft.au=Tamotsu%2C+S&rft.au=Tsukamoto%2C+H&rft.au=Shichida%2C+Y&rft.au=Terakita%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4570685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSuLuoTerakitaShichida2006" class="citation journal cs1">Su CY, Luo DG, Terakita A, Shichida Y, Liao HW, Kazmi MA, et al. (March 2006). "Parietal-eye phototransduction components and their potential evolutionary implications". Science. 311 (5767): 1617–1621. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...311.1617S">2006Sci...311.1617S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1123802">10.1126/science.1123802</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16543463">16543463</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28604455">28604455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Parietal-eye+phototransduction+components+and+their+potential+evolutionary+implications&rft.volume=311&rft.issue=5767&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1617-%3C%2Fspan%3E1621&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1123802&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28604455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16543463&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...311.1617S&rft.aulast=Su&rft.aufirst=CY&rft.au=Luo%2C+DG&rft.au=Terakita%2C+A&rft.au=Shichida%2C+Y&rft.au=Liao%2C+HW&rft.au=Kazmi%2C+MA&rft.au=Sakmar%2C+TP&rft.au=Yau%2C+KW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KoyanagiTerakita2014-84"><a href="#cite_ref-KoyanagiTerakita2014_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoyanagiTerakita2014" class="citation journal cs1">Koyanagi M, Terakita A (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbabio.2013.09.003">"Diversity of animal opsin-based pigments and their optogenetic potential"</a>. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1837 (5): 710–716. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbabio.2013.09.003">10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.09.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24041647">24041647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta+%28BBA%29+-+Bioenergetics&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+animal+opsin-based+pigments+and+their+optogenetic+potential&rft.volume=1837&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E710-%3C%2Fspan%3E716&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bbabio.2013.09.003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24041647&rft.aulast=Koyanagi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Terakita%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.bbabio.2013.09.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halford2001-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halford2001_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halford2001_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halford2001_85-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalfordFreedmanBellinghamInglis2001" class="citation journal cs1">Halford S, Freedman MS, Bellingham J, Inglis SL, Poopalasundaram S, Soni BG, et al. (March 2001). "Characterization of a novel human opsin gene with wide tissue expression and identification of embedded and flanking genes on chromosome 1q43". Genomics. 72 (2): 203–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.2001.6469">10.1006/geno.2001.6469</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11401433">11401433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genomics&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+a+novel+human+opsin+gene+with+wide+tissue+expression+and+identification+of+embedded+and+flanking+genes+on+chromosome+1q43&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Fgeno.2001.6469&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11401433&rft.aulast=Halford&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Freedman%2C+MS&rft.au=Bellingham%2C+J&rft.au=Inglis%2C+SL&rft.au=Poopalasundaram%2C+S&rft.au=Soni%2C+BG&rft.au=Foster%2C+RG&rft.au=Hunt%2C+DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arendt2004-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Arendt2004_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArendtTessmar-RaibleSnymanDorresteijn2004" class="citation journal cs1">Arendt D, Tessmar-Raible K, Snyman H, Dorresteijn AW, Wittbrodt J (October 2004). "Ciliary photoreceptors with a vertebrate-type opsin in an invertebrate brain". Science. 306 (5697): 869–871. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...306..869A">2004Sci...306..869A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1099955">10.1126/science.1099955</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15514158">15514158</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2583520">2583520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ciliary+photoreceptors+with+a+vertebrate-type+opsin+in+an+invertebrate+brain&rft.volume=306&rft.issue=5697&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E869-%3C%2Fspan%3E871&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1099955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2583520%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15514158&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...306..869A&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Tessmar-Raible%2C+K&rft.au=Snyman%2C+H&rft.au=Dorresteijn%2C+AW&rft.au=Wittbrodt%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsukamoto2017-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Tsukamoto2017_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTsukamotoChenKuboFurutani2017" class="citation journal cs1">Tsukamoto H, Chen IS, Kubo Y, Furutani Y (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5546036">"A ciliary opsin in the brain of a marine annelid zooplankton is ultraviolet-sensitive, and the sensitivity is tuned by a single amino acid residue"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 292 (31): 12971–12980. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M117.793539">10.1074/jbc.M117.793539</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5546036">5546036</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28623234">28623234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=A+ciliary+opsin+in+the+brain+of+a+marine+annelid+zooplankton+is+ultraviolet-sensitive%2C+and+the+sensitivity+is+tuned+by+a+single+amino+acid+residue&rft.volume=292&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12971-%3C%2Fspan%3E12980&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5546036%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28623234&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M117.793539&rft.aulast=Tsukamoto&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Chen%2C+IS&rft.au=Kubo%2C+Y&rft.au=Furutani%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5546036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ayers2018-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Ayers2018_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAyersTsukamotoGühmannVeedin_Rajan2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ayers T, Tsukamoto H, Gühmann M, Veedin Rajan VB, Tessmar-Raible K (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5904973">"A Go-type opsin mediates the shadow reflex in the annelid Platynereis dumerilii"</a>. BMC Biology. 16 (1): 41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12915-018-0505-8">10.1186/s12915-018-0505-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5904973">5904973</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29669554">29669554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Biology&rft.atitle=A+G%3Csub%3Eo%3C%2Fsub%3E-type+opsin+mediates+the+shadow+reflex+in+the+annelid+Platynereis+dumerilii&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5904973%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29669554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12915-018-0505-8&rft.aulast=Ayers&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Tsukamoto%2C+H&rft.au=G%C3%BChmann%2C+M&rft.au=Veedin+Rajan%2C+VB&rft.au=Tessmar-Raible%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5904973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veraszto2018-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Veraszto2018_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVerasztóGühmannJiaRajan2018" class="citation journal cs1">Verasztó C, Gühmann M, Jia H, Rajan VB, Bezares-Calderón LA, Piñeiro-Lopez C, et al. (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6019069">"Ciliary and rhabdomeric photoreceptor-cell circuits form a spectral depth gauge in marine zooplankton"</a>. eLife. 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7554%2FeLife.36440">10.7554/eLife.36440</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6019069">6019069</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29809157">29809157</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eLife&rft.atitle=Ciliary+and+rhabdomeric+photoreceptor-cell+circuits+form+a+spectral+depth+gauge+in+marine+zooplankton&rft.volume=7&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6019069%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29809157&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7554%2FeLife.36440&rft.aulast=Veraszt%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=G%C3%BChmann%2C+M&rft.au=Jia%2C+H&rft.au=Rajan%2C+VB&rft.au=Bezares-Calder%C3%B3n%2C+LA&rft.au=Pi%C3%B1eiro-Lopez%2C+C&rft.au=Randel%2C+N&rft.au=Shahidi%2C+R&rft.au=Michiels%2C+NK&rft.au=Yokoyama%2C+S&rft.au=Tessmar-Raible%2C+K&rft.au=J%C3%A9kely%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6019069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guehmann2015-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2015_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guehmann2015_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGühmannJiaRandelVerasztó2015" class="citation journal cs1">Gühmann M, Jia H, Randel N, Verasztó C, Bezares-Calderón LA, Michiels NK, et al. (August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.07.017">"Spectral Tuning of Phototaxis by a Go-Opsin in the Rhabdomeric Eyes of Platynereis"</a>. Current Biology. 25 (17): 2265–2271. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015CBio...25.2265G">2015CBio...25.2265G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.07.017">10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26255845">26255845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Spectral+Tuning+of+Phototaxis+by+a+Go-Opsin+in+the+Rhabdomeric+Eyes+of+Platynereis&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2265-%3C%2Fspan%3E2271&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26255845&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2015.07.017&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015CBio...25.2265G&rft.aulast=G%C3%BChmann&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Jia%2C+H&rft.au=Randel%2C+N&rft.au=Veraszt%C3%B3%2C+C&rft.au=Bezares-Calder%C3%B3n%2C+LA&rft.au=Michiels%2C+NK&rft.au=Yokoyama%2C+S&rft.au=J%C3%A9kely%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2015.07.017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nilsson2009-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson2009_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNilsson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nilsson DE (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781862">"The evolution of eyes and visually guided behaviour"</a>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 364 (1531): 2833–2847. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2009.0083">10.1098/rstb.2009.0083</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2781862">2781862</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19720648">19720648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+B%2C+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+eyes+and+visually+guided+behaviour&rft.volume=364&rft.issue=1531&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2833-%3C%2Fspan%3E2847&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2781862%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19720648&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.2009.0083&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.aufirst=DE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2781862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nilsson2013-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Nilsson2013_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNilsson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nilsson DE (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3632888">"Eye evolution and its functional basis"</a>. Visual Neuroscience. 30 (1–2): 5–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0952523813000035">10.1017/S0952523813000035</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3632888">3632888</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23578808">23578808</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visual+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Eye+evolution+and+its+functional+basis&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3632888%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23578808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0952523813000035&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.aufirst=DE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3632888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoyanagiTakadaNagataTsukamoto2013" class="citation journal cs1">Koyanagi M, Takada E, Nagata T, Tsukamoto H, Terakita A (March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3612648">"Homologs of vertebrate Opn3 potentially serve as a light sensor in nonphotoreceptive tissue"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 110 (13): 4998–5003. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PNAS..110.4998K">2013PNAS..110.4998K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1219416110">10.1073/pnas.1219416110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3612648">3612648</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23479626">23479626</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Homologs+of+vertebrate+Opn3+potentially+serve+as+a+light+sensor+in+nonphotoreceptive+tissue&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4998-%3C%2Fspan%3E5003&rft.date=2013-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3612648%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23479626&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1219416110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PNAS..110.4998K&rft.aulast=Koyanagi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Takada%2C+E&rft.au=Nagata%2C+T&rft.au=Tsukamoto%2C+H&rft.au=Terakita%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3612648&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sakai2015-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sakai2015_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sakai2015_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSakaiYamashitaImamotoShichida2015" class="citation journal cs1">Sakai K, Yamashita T, Imamoto Y, Shichida Y (22 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4619619">"Diversity of Active States in TMT Opsins"</a>. PLOS ONE. 10 (10): e0141238. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1041238S">2015PLoSO..1041238S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0141238">10.1371/journal.pone.0141238</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4619619">4619619</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26491964">26491964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+Active+States+in+TMT+Opsins&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e0141238&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4619619%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26491964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0141238&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1041238S&rft.aulast=Sakai&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Yamashita%2C+T&rft.au=Imamoto%2C+Y&rft.au=Shichida%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4619619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer2013-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer2013_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer2013_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFischerFontinhaKirchmaierSteger2013" class="citation journal cs1">Fischer RM, Fontinha BM, Kirchmaier S, Steger J, Bloch S, Inoue D, et al. (11 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3679003">"Co-expression of VAL- and TMT-opsins uncovers ancient photosensory interneurons and motorneurons in the vertebrate brain"</a>. PLOS Biology. 11 (6): e1001585. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001585">10.1371/journal.pbio.1001585</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3679003">3679003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23776409">23776409</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Co-expression+of+VAL-+and+TMT-opsins+uncovers+ancient+photosensory+interneurons+and+motorneurons+in+the+vertebrate+brain&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e1001585&rft.date=2013-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3679003%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23776409&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001585&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Fontinha%2C+BM&rft.au=Kirchmaier%2C+S&rft.au=Steger%2C+J&rft.au=Bloch%2C+S&rft.au=Inoue%2C+D&rft.au=Panda%2C+S&rft.au=Rumpel%2C+S&rft.au=Tessmar-Raible%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3679003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moutsaki2003-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moutsaki2003_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moutsaki2003_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoutsakiWhitmoreBellinghamSakamoto2003" class="citation journal cs1">Moutsaki P, Whitmore D, Bellingham J, Sakamoto K, David-Gray ZK, Foster RG (April 2003). "Teleost multiple tissue (tmt) opsin: a candidate photopigment regulating the peripheral clocks of zebrafish?". Brain Research. Molecular Brain Research. 112 (1–2): 135–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0169-328X%2803%2900059-7">10.1016/S0169-328X(03)00059-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12670711">12670711</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research.+Molecular+Brain+Research&rft.atitle=Teleost+multiple+tissue+%28tmt%29+opsin%3A+a+candidate+photopigment+regulating+the+peripheral+clocks+of+zebrafish%3F&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E145&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0169-328X%2803%2900059-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12670711&rft.aulast=Moutsaki&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Whitmore%2C+D&rft.au=Bellingham%2C+J&rft.au=Sakamoto%2C+K&rft.au=David-Gray%2C+ZK&rft.au=Foster%2C+RG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koyanagi2008-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Koyanagi2008_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoyanagiTakanoTsukamotoOhtsu2008" class="citation journal cs1">Koyanagi M, Takano K, Tsukamoto H, Ohtsu K, Tokunaga F, Terakita A (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563118">"Jellyfish vision starts with cAMP signaling mediated by opsin-G(s) cascade"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (40): 15576–15580. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PNAS..10515576K">2008PNAS..10515576K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0806215105">10.1073/pnas.0806215105</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563118">2563118</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18832159">18832159</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Jellyfish+vision+starts+with+cAMP+signaling+mediated+by+opsin-G%28s%29+cascade&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=40&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15576-%3C%2Fspan%3E15580&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2563118%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18832159&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0806215105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008PNAS..10515576K&rft.aulast=Koyanagi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Takano%2C+K&rft.au=Tsukamoto%2C+H&rft.au=Ohtsu%2C+K&rft.au=Tokunaga%2C+F&rft.au=Terakita%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2563118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mason2012-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Mason2012_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMasonSchmaleGibbsMiller2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mason B, Schmale M, Gibbs P, Miller MW, Wang Q, Levay K, et al. (5 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3515558">"Evidence for multiple phototransduction pathways in a reef-building coral"</a>. PLOS ONE. 7 (12): e50371. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...750371M">2012PLoSO...750371M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0050371">10.1371/journal.pone.0050371</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3515558">3515558</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23227169">23227169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+multiple+phototransduction+pathways+in+a+reef-building+coral&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e50371&rft.date=2012-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3515558%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23227169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0050371&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...750371M&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Schmale%2C+M&rft.au=Gibbs%2C+P&rft.au=Miller%2C+MW&rft.au=Wang%2C+Q&rft.au=Levay%2C+K&rft.au=Shestopalov%2C+V&rft.au=Slepak%2C+VZ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3515558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suga2008-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Suga2008_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSugaSchmidGehring2008" class="citation journal cs1">Suga H, Schmid V, Gehring WJ (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.11.059">"Evolution and functional diversity of jellyfish opsins"</a>. Current Biology. 18 (1): 51–55. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008CBio...18...51S">2008CBio...18...51S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.11.059">10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.059</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18160295">18160295</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Evolution+and+functional+diversity+of+jellyfish+opsins&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18160295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2007.11.059&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008CBio...18...51S&rft.aulast=Suga&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Schmid%2C+V&rft.au=Gehring%2C+WJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.cub.2007.11.059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feuda2014-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Feuda2014_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeudaRota-StabelliOakleyPisani2014" class="citation journal cs1">Feuda R, Rota-Stabelli O, Oakley TH, Pisani D (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159004">"The comb jelly opsins and the origins of animal phototransduction"</a>. Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (8): 1964–1971. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevu154">10.1093/gbe/evu154</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159004">4159004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25062921">25062921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+comb+jelly+opsins+and+the+origins+of+animal+phototransduction&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1964-%3C%2Fspan%3E1971&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4159004%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25062921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevu154&rft.aulast=Feuda&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Rota-Stabelli%2C+O&rft.au=Oakley%2C+TH&rft.au=Pisani%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4159004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmithPriceGreenbergBattelle1993" class="citation journal cs1">Smith WC, Price DA, Greenberg RM, Battelle BA (July 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC46885">"Opsins from the lateral eyes and ocelli of the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90 (13): 6150–6154. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PNAS...90.6150S">1993PNAS...90.6150S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.90.13.6150">10.1073/pnas.90.13.6150</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC46885">46885</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8327495">8327495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Opsins+from+the+lateral+eyes+and+ocelli+of+the+horseshoe+crab%2C+Limulus+polyphemus&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6150-%3C%2Fspan%3E6154&rft.date=1993-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC46885%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8327495&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.90.13.6150&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993PNAS...90.6150S&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=WC&rft.au=Price%2C+DA&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+RM&rft.au=Battelle%2C+BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC46885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yamashita2010-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Yamashita2010_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Yamashita2010_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYamashitaOhuchiTomonariIkeda2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yamashita T, Ohuchi H, Tomonari S, Ikeda K, Sakai K, Shichida Y (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3009823">"Opn5 is a UV-sensitive bistable pigment that couples with Gi and Gq subtype of G protein"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (51): 22084–22089. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PNAS..10722084Y">2010PNAS..10722084Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1012498107">10.1073/pnas.1012498107</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3009823">3009823</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21135214">21135214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Opn5+is+a+UV-sensitive+bistable+pigment+that+couples+with+Gi+and+Gq+subtype+of+G+protein&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22084-%3C%2Fspan%3E22089&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3009823%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21135214&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1012498107&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PNAS..10722084Y&rft.aulast=Yamashita&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Ohuchi%2C+H&rft.au=Tomonari%2C+S&rft.au=Ikeda%2C+K&rft.au=Sakai%2C+K&rft.au=Shichida%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3009823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buhr2015-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Buhr2015_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuhrYueRenJiang2015" class="citation journal cs1">Buhr ED, Yue WW, Ren X, Jiang Z, Liao HW, Mei X, et al. (October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4620855">"Neuropsin (OPN5)-mediated photoentrainment of local circadian oscillators in mammalian retina and cornea"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 112 (42): 13093–13098. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PNAS..11213093B">2015PNAS..11213093B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1516259112">10.1073/pnas.1516259112</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4620855">4620855</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26392540">26392540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Neuropsin+%28OPN5%29-mediated+photoentrainment+of+local+circadian+oscillators+in+mammalian+retina+and+cornea&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13093-%3C%2Fspan%3E13098&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4620855%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26392540&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1516259112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PNAS..11213093B&rft.aulast=Buhr&rft.aufirst=ED&rft.au=Yue%2C+WW&rft.au=Ren%2C+X&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Z&rft.au=Liao%2C+HW&rft.au=Mei%2C+X&rft.au=Vemaraju%2C+S&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+MT&rft.au=Reed%2C+RR&rft.au=Lang%2C+RA&rft.au=Yau%2C+KW&rft.au=Van+Gelder%2C+RN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4620855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeringMayer2014-104"><a href="#cite_ref-HeringMayer2014_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeringMayer2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hering L, Mayer G (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202329">"Analysis of the opsin repertoire in the tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini provides insights into the evolution of opsin genes in panarthropoda"</a>. Genome Biology and Evolution. 6 (9): 2380–2391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevu193">10.1093/gbe/evu193</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4202329">4202329</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25193307">25193307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+the+opsin+repertoire+in+the+tardigrade+Hypsibius+dujardini+provides+insights+into+the+evolution+of+opsin+genes+in+panarthropoda&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2380-%3C%2Fspan%3E2391&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4202329%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25193307&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevu193&rft.aulast=Hering&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Mayer%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4202329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kojima1997-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Kojima1997_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKojimaTerakitaIshikawaTsukahara1997" class="citation journal cs1">Kojima D, Terakita A, Ishikawa T, Tsukahara Y, Maeda A, Shichida Y (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.37.22979">"A novel Go-mediated phototransduction cascade in scallop visual cells"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (37): 22979–22982. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.272.37.22979">10.1074/jbc.272.37.22979</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9287291">9287291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=A+novel+Go-mediated+phototransduction+cascade+in+scallop+visual+cells&rft.volume=272&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22979-%3C%2Fspan%3E22982&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.272.37.22979&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9287291&rft.aulast=Kojima&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Terakita%2C+A&rft.au=Ishikawa%2C+T&rft.au=Tsukahara%2C+Y&rft.au=Maeda%2C+A&rft.au=Shichida%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.272.37.22979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoyanagiTerakitaKubokawaShichida2002" class="citation journal cs1">Koyanagi M, Terakita A, Kubokawa K, Shichida Y (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0014-5793%2802%2903616-5">"Amphioxus homologs of Go-coupled rhodopsin and peropsin having 11-cis- and all-trans-retinals as their chromophores"</a>. FEBS Letters. 531 (3): 525–528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0014-5793%2802%2903616-5">10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03616-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12435605">12435605</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11669142">11669142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEBS+Letters&rft.atitle=Amphioxus+homologs+of+Go-coupled+rhodopsin+and+peropsin+having+11-cis-+and+all-trans-retinals+as+their+chromophores&rft.volume=531&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E525-%3C%2Fspan%3E528&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11669142%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12435605&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0014-5793%2802%2903616-5&rft.aulast=Koyanagi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Terakita%2C+A&rft.au=Kubokawa%2C+K&rft.au=Shichida%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs0014-5793%252802%252903616-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jiang1993-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Jiang1993_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJiangPandeyFong1993" class="citation journal cs1">Jiang M, Pandey S, Fong HK (December 1993). "An opsin homologue in the retina and pigment epithelium". Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science. 34 (13): 3669–3678. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8258527">8258527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investigative+Ophthalmology+%26+Visual+Science&rft.atitle=An+opsin+homologue+in+the+retina+and+pigment+epithelium&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3669-%3C%2Fspan%3E3678&rft.date=1993-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8258527&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Pandey%2C+S&rft.au=Fong%2C+HK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagata2010-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Nagata2010_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNagataKoyanagiTerakita2010" class="citation web cs1">Nagata T, Koyanagi M, Terakita A (20 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://photobiology.info/Terakita.html">"Molecular Evolution and Functional Diversity of Opsin-Based Photopigments"</a>. Retrieved 7 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Molecular+Evolution+and+Functional+Diversity+of+Opsin-Based+Photopigments&rft.date=2010-10-20&rft.aulast=Nagata&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Koyanagi%2C+M&rft.au=Terakita%2C+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphotobiology.info%2FTerakita.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wenzel2005-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Wenzel2005_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWenzelOberhauserPughLamb2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wenzel A, Oberhauser V, Pugh EN, Lamb TD, Grimm C, Samardzija M, et al. (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M503603200">"The retinal G protein-coupled receptor (RGR) enhances isomerohydrolase activity independent of light"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 280 (33): 29874–29884. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M503603200">10.1074/jbc.M503603200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15961402">15961402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+retinal+G+protein-coupled+receptor+%28RGR%29+enhances+isomerohydrolase+activity+independent+of+light&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29874-%3C%2Fspan%3E29884&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M503603200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15961402&rft.aulast=Wenzel&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Oberhauser%2C+V&rft.au=Pugh%2C+EN&rft.au=Lamb%2C+TD&rft.au=Grimm%2C+C&rft.au=Samardzija%2C+M&rft.au=Fahl%2C+E&rft.au=Seeliger%2C+MW&rft.au=Rem%C3%A9%2C+CE&rft.au=von+Lintig%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.M503603200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radu2008-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Radu2008_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaduHuPengBok2008" class="citation journal cs1">Radu RA, Hu J, Peng J, Bok D, Mata NL, Travis GH (July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2443657">"Retinal pigment epithelium-retinal G protein receptor-opsin mediates light-dependent translocation of all-trans-retinyl esters for synthesis of visual chromophore in retinal pigment epithelial cells"</a>. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 283 (28): 19730–19738. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M801288200">10.1074/jbc.M801288200</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2443657">2443657</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18474598">18474598</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Retinal+pigment+epithelium-retinal+G+protein+receptor-opsin+mediates+light-dependent+translocation+of+all-trans-retinyl+esters+for+synthesis+of+visual+chromophore+in+retinal+pigment+epithelial+cells&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19730-%3C%2Fspan%3E19738&rft.date=2008-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2443657%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18474598&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M801288200&rft.aulast=Radu&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Hu%2C+J&rft.au=Peng%2C+J&rft.au=Bok%2C+D&rft.au=Mata%2C+NL&rft.au=Travis%2C+GH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2443657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hao1996-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Hao1996_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaoFong1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hao W, Fong HK (May 1996). "Blue and ultraviolet light-absorbing opsin from the retinal pigment epithelium". Biochemistry. 35 (20): 6251–6256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi952420k">10.1021/bi952420k</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8639565">8639565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry&rft.atitle=Blue+and+ultraviolet+light-absorbing+opsin+from+the+retinal+pigment+epithelium&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6251-%3C%2Fspan%3E6256&rft.date=1996-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fbi952420k&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8639565&rft.aulast=Hao&rft.aufirst=W&rft.au=Fong%2C+HK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9275222-112"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9275222_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSunGilbertCopelandJenkins1997" class="citation journal cs1">Sun H, Gilbert DJ, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Nathans J (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC23288">"Peropsin, a novel visual pigment-like protein located in the apical microvilli of the retinal pigment epithelium"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 94 (18): 9893–9898. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PNAS...94.9893S">1997PNAS...94.9893S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.94.18.9893">10.1073/pnas.94.18.9893</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC23288">23288</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9275222">9275222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Peropsin%2C+a+novel+visual+pigment-like+protein+located+in+the+apical+microvilli+of+the+retinal+pigment+epithelium&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9893-%3C%2Fspan%3E9898&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC23288%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9275222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.94.18.9893&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1997PNAS...94.9893S&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+DJ&rft.au=Copeland%2C+NG&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+NA&rft.au=Nathans%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC23288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Björn2015-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Björn2015_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBjörn2015" class="citation book cs1">Björn LO (2 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VDgLBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA169">Photobiology: The Science of Light and Life</a>. Springer. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-1468-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4939-1468-5"><bdi>978-1-4939-1468-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photobiology%3A+The+Science+of+Light+and+Life&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4939-1468-5&rft.aulast=Bj%C3%B6rn&rft.aufirst=LO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVDgLBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fernald2006-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Fernald2006_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFernald2006" class="citation journal cs1">Fernald RD (September 2006). "Casting a genetic light on the evolution of eyes". Science. 313 (5795): 1914–1918. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...313.1914F">2006Sci...313.1914F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1127889">10.1126/science.1127889</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17008522">17008522</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84439732">84439732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Casting+a+genetic+light+on+the+evolution+of+eyes&rft.volume=313&rft.issue=5795&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1914-%3C%2Fspan%3E1918&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1127889&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84439732%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17008522&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...313.1914F&rft.aulast=Fernald&rft.aufirst=RD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waschuk2005-115"><a href="#cite_ref-Waschuk2005_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaschukBezerraShiBrown2005" class="citation journal cs1">Waschuk SA, Bezerra AG, Shi L, Brown LS (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1100770">"Leptosphaeria rhodopsin: bacteriorhodopsin-like proton pump from a eukaryote"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 102 (19): 6879–6883. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PNAS..102.6879W">2005PNAS..102.6879W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0409659102">10.1073/pnas.0409659102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1100770">1100770</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15860584">15860584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Leptosphaeria+rhodopsin%3A+bacteriorhodopsin-like+proton+pump+from+a+eukaryote&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6879-%3C%2Fspan%3E6883&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1100770%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15860584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0409659102&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PNAS..102.6879W&rft.aulast=Waschuk&rft.aufirst=SA&rft.au=Bezerra%2C+AG&rft.au=Shi%2C+L&rft.au=Brown%2C+LS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1100770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFindlayPappin1986" class="citation journal cs1">Findlay JB, Pappin DJ (September 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1147185">"The opsin family of proteins"</a>. The Biochemical Journal. 238 (3): 625–642. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1042%2Fbj2380625">10.1042/bj2380625</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1147185">1147185</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2948499">2948499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biochemical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+opsin+family+of+proteins&rft.volume=238&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E625-%3C%2Fspan%3E642&rft.date=1986-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1147185%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2948499&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1042%2Fbj2380625&rft.aulast=Findlay&rft.aufirst=JB&rft.au=Pappin%2C+DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1147185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShenChen2013-117"><a href="#cite_ref-ShenChen2013_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShenChenZhengJin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Shen L, Chen C, Zheng H, Jin L (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3583139">"The evolutionary relationship between microbial rhodopsins and metazoan rhodopsins"</a>. TheScientificWorldJournal. 2013: 435651. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F435651">10.1155/2013/435651</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3583139">3583139</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23476135">23476135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheScientificWorldJournal&rft.atitle=The+evolutionary+relationship+between+microbial+rhodopsins+and+metazoan+rhodopsins&rft.volume=2013&rft.pages=435651&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3583139%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23476135&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2013%2F435651&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=Chen%2C+C&rft.au=Zheng%2C+H&rft.au=Jin%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3583139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZhangWu2014-118"><a href="#cite_ref-ZhangWu2014_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhangJinZhaoZhang2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang Z, Jin Z, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Li R, Xiao J, Wu J (August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8687355">"Systematic study on G-protein couple receptor prototypes: did they really evolve from prokaryotic genes?"</a>. IET Systems Biology. 8 (4): 154–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fiet-syb.2013.0037">10.1049/iet-syb.2013.0037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8687355">8687355</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25075528">25075528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IET+Systems+Biology&rft.atitle=Systematic+study+on+G-protein+couple+receptor+prototypes%3A+did+they+really+evolve+from+prokaryotic+genes%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8687355%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25075528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Fiet-syb.2013.0037&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Jin%2C+Z&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Y&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Z&rft.au=Li%2C+R&rft.au=Xiao%2C+J&rft.au=Wu%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8687355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21402729-119"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21402729_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNordströmSällman_AlménEdstamFredriksson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Nordström KJ, Sällman Almén M, Edstam MM, Fredriksson R, Schiöth HB (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsr061">"Independent HHsearch, Needleman--Wunsch-based, and motif analyses reveal the overall hierarchy for most of the G protein-coupled receptor families"</a>. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28 (9): 2471–2480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsr061">10.1093/molbev/msr061</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21402729">21402729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Independent+HHsearch%2C+Needleman--Wunsch-based%2C+and+motif+analyses+reveal+the+overall+hierarchy+for+most+of+the+G+protein-coupled+receptor+families&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2471-%3C%2Fspan%3E2480&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsr061&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21402729&rft.aulast=Nordstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=KJ&rft.au=S%C3%A4llman+Alm%C3%A9n%2C+M&rft.au=Edstam%2C+MM&rft.au=Fredriksson%2C+R&rft.au=Schi%C3%B6th%2C+HB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmolbev%252Fmsr061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YeeShlykov2013-120"><a href="#cite_ref-YeeShlykov2013_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYeeShlykovVästermarkReddy2013" class="citation journal cs1">Yee DC, Shlykov MA, Västermark A, Reddy VS, Arora S, Sun EI, Saier MH (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3832197">"The transporter-opsin-G protein-coupled receptor (TOG) superfamily"</a>. The FEBS Journal. 280 (22): 5780–5800. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Ffebs.12499">10.1111/febs.12499</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3832197">3832197</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23981446">23981446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+FEBS+Journal&rft.atitle=The+transporter-opsin-G+protein-coupled+receptor+%28TOG%29+superfamily&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5780-%3C%2Fspan%3E5800&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3832197%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23981446&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Ffebs.12499&rft.aulast=Yee&rft.aufirst=DC&rft.au=Shlykov%2C+MA&rft.au=V%C3%A4stermark%2C+A&rft.au=Reddy%2C+VS&rft.au=Arora%2C+S&rft.au=Sun%2C+EI&rft.au=Saier%2C+MH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3832197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YoshizawaKumagai2014-121"><a href="#cite_ref-YoshizawaKumagai2014_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoshizawaKumagaiKimOgura2014" class="citation journal cs1">Yoshizawa S, Kumagai Y, Kim H, Ogura Y, Hayashi T, Iwasaki W, et al. (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020065">"Functional characterization of flavobacteria rhodopsins reveals a unique class of light-driven chloride pump in bacteria"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (18): 6732–6737. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111.6732Y">2014PNAS..111.6732Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1403051111">10.1073/pnas.1403051111</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4020065">4020065</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24706784">24706784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Functional+characterization+of+flavobacteria+rhodopsins+reveals+a+unique+class+of+light-driven+chloride+pump+in+bacteria&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6732-%3C%2Fspan%3E6737&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4020065%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24706784&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1403051111&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PNAS..111.6732Y&rft.aulast=Yoshizawa&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Kumagai%2C+Y&rft.au=Kim%2C+H&rft.au=Ogura%2C+Y&rft.au=Hayashi%2C+T&rft.au=Iwasaki%2C+W&rft.au=DeLong%2C+EF&rft.au=Kogure%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4020065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GroteEngelhard2014-122"><a href="#cite_ref-GroteEngelhard2014_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGroteEngelhardHegemann2014" class="citation journal cs1">Grote M, Engelhard M, Hegemann P (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbabio.2013.08.006">"Of ion pumps, sensors and channels - perspectives on microbial rhodopsins between science and history"</a>. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics. 1837 (5): 533–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bbabio.2013.08.006">10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.08.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23994288">23994288</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biochimica+et+Biophysica+Acta+%28BBA%29+-+Bioenergetics&rft.atitle=Of+ion+pumps%2C+sensors+and+channels+-+perspectives+on+microbial+rhodopsins+between+science+and+history&rft.volume=1837&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E533-%3C%2Fspan%3E545&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bbabio.2013.08.006&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23994288&rft.aulast=Grote&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Engelhard%2C+M&rft.au=Hegemann%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.bbabio.2013.08.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RomplerStaubert2007-123"><a href="#cite_ref-RomplerStaubert2007_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRömplerStäubertThorSchulz2007" class="citation journal cs1">Römpler H, Stäubert C, Thor D, Schulz A, Hofreiter M, Schöneberg T (February 2007). "G protein-coupled time travel: evolutionary aspects of GPCR research". Molecular Interventions. 7 (1): 17–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1124%2Fmi.7.1.5">10.1124/mi.7.1.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17339603">17339603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Interventions&rft.atitle=G+protein-coupled+time+travel%3A+evolutionary+aspects+of+GPCR+research&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1124%2Fmi.7.1.5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17339603&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6mpler&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=St%C3%A4ubert%2C+C&rft.au=Thor%2C+D&rft.au=Schulz%2C+A&rft.au=Hofreiter%2C+M&rft.au=Sch%C3%B6neberg%2C+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhangVierockYizharFenno2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang F, Vierock J, Yizhar O, Fenno LE, Tsunoda S, Kianianmomeni A, et al. (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166436">"The microbial opsin family of optogenetic tools"</a>. Cell. 147 (7): 1446–1457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2011.12.004">10.1016/j.cell.2011.12.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166436">4166436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22196724">22196724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=The+microbial+opsin+family+of+optogenetic+tools&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1446-%3C%2Fspan%3E1457&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4166436%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22196724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2011.12.004&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Vierock%2C+J&rft.au=Yizhar%2C+O&rft.au=Fenno%2C+LE&rft.au=Tsunoda%2C+S&rft.au=Kianianmomeni%2C+A&rft.au=Prigge%2C+M&rft.au=Berndt%2C+A&rft.au=Cushman%2C+J&rft.au=Polle%2C+J&rft.au=Magnuson%2C+J&rft.au=Hegemann%2C+P&rft.au=Deisseroth%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4166436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpsin" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eye_proteins88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eye_proteins" title="Template:Eye proteins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eye_proteins" title="Template talk:Eye proteins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eye_proteins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eye proteins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eye_proteins88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Retinylidene_protein" title="Retinylidene protein">retinylidene protein</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_visual_opsin" title="Vertebrate visual opsin">visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">Rhodopsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cone_opsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone opsin">Cone opsins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">OPN1LW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">OPN1MW</a>/<a href="/wiki/OPN1MW2" title="OPN1MW2">OPN1MW2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">OPN1SW</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Novel_type_2_opsin_groups">nonvisual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">Melanopsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN3" title="OPN3">OPN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN5" title="OPN5">OPN5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH" title="RRH">RRH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGR_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="RGR (gene)">RGR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Crystallin" title="Crystallin">Crystallin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_crystallin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha crystallin">Alpha</a> (<a href="/wiki/CRYAA" title="CRYAA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYAB" title="CRYAB">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_gamma_crystallin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta gamma crystallin">Beta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crystallin,_beta_A1" title="Crystallin, beta A1">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CRYBA2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRYBA2 (page does not exist)">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYBA4" title="CRYBA4">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYBB1" title="CRYBB1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYBB2" title="CRYBB2">B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYBB3" title="CRYBB3">B3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_gamma_crystallin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta gamma crystallin">Gamma</a> (<a href="/wiki/CRYGA" title="CRYGA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYGB" title="CRYGB">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYGC" title="CRYGC">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallin,_gamma_D" title="Crystallin, gamma D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CRYGN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CRYGN (page does not exist)">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRYGS" title="CRYGS">S</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrestin" title="Arrestin">Arrestin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanylate_cyclase_activator" title="Guanylate cyclase activator">Guanylate cyclase activator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoverin" title="Recoverin">Recoverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin_kinase" title="Rhodopsin kinase">Rhodopsin kinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cell_surface_receptor:_G_protein-coupled_receptors58" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Template:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Template talk:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G protein-coupled receptors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_surface_receptor:_G_protein-coupled_receptors58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_surface_receptor" title="Cell surface receptor">Cell surface receptor</a>: <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_A:_Rhodopsin-like58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin-like_receptors" title="Rhodopsin-like receptors">Class A</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rhodopsin" title="Rhodopsin">Rhodopsin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter_receptor" title="Neurotransmitter receptor">Neurotransmitter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">Adrenergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor">α1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-1A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-1D_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor">D</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor">α2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-2A_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2B_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2C_adrenergic_receptor" title="Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor">C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-1_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-1 adrenergic receptor">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-2_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-2 adrenergic receptor">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-3_adrenergic_receptor" title="Beta-3 adrenergic receptor">β3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Purinergic_receptor" title="Purinergic receptor">Purinergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_receptor" title="Adenosine receptor">Adenosine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor" title="Adenosine A1 receptor">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2A_receptor" title="Adenosine A2A receptor">A2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A2B_receptor" title="Adenosine A2B receptor">A2B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_A3_receptor" title="Adenosine A3 receptor">A3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y_receptor" title="P2Y receptor">P2Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/P2RY1" title="P2RY1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY2" title="P2RY2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY4" title="P2RY4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY6" title="P2RY6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY8" title="P2RY8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR23" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR23">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY10" title="P2RY10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY11" title="P2RY11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2Y12" title="P2Y12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY13" title="P2RY13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2RY14" title="P2RY14">14</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/5-HT_receptor" title="5-HT receptor">Serotonin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(all but <a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT3</a>) <a href="/wiki/5-HT1_receptor" title="5-HT1 receptor">5-HT1</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT1A_receptor" title="5-HT1A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1B_receptor" title="5-HT1B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1D_receptor" title="5-HT1D receptor">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1E_receptor" title="5-HT1E receptor">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT1F_receptor" title="5-HT1F receptor">F</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2_receptor" title="5-HT2 receptor">5-HT2</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT2A_receptor" title="5-HT2A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2B_receptor" title="5-HT2B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT2C_receptor" title="5-HT2C receptor">C</a>)</li> <li>5-HT (<a href="/wiki/5-HT4_receptor" title="5-HT4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT5A_receptor" title="5-HT5A receptor">5A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT6_receptor" title="5-HT6 receptor">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-HT7_receptor" title="5-HT7 receptor">7</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor">Acetylcholine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M1" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1">M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M2" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2">M2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3">M3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M4" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4">M4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M5" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5">M5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">Dopamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1" title="Dopamine receptor D1">D1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D2" title="Dopamine receptor D2">D2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D3" title="Dopamine receptor D3">D3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D4" title="Dopamine receptor D4">D4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D5" title="Dopamine receptor D5">D5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHB_receptor" title="GHB receptor">GHB receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_receptor" title="Histamine receptor">Histamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H1_receptor" title="Histamine H1 receptor">H1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H2_receptor" title="Histamine H2 receptor">H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H3_receptor" title="Histamine H3 receptor">H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_H4_receptor" title="Histamine H4 receptor">H4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor" title="Melatonin receptor">Melatonin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1A" title="Melatonin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1B" title="Melatonin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin_receptor_1C" title="Melatonin receptor 1C">1C</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_amine-associated_receptor" title="Trace amine-associated receptor">TAAR</a> (<a href="/wiki/TAAR1" title="TAAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR2" title="TAAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR5" title="TAAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR6" title="TAAR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR8" title="TAAR8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAAR9" title="TAAR9">9</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Metabolites and signaling molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid_receptor" title="Eicosanoid receptor">Eicosanoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>CysLT (<a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_1" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cysteinyl_leukotriene_receptor_2" title="Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4" title="Leukotriene B4">LTB4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukotriene_B4_receptor_2" title="Leukotriene B4 receptor 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2"> FPRL1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxoeicosanoid_receptor_1" title="Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1">OXE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_receptor" title="Prostaglandin receptor">Prostaglandin</a> <ul><li>DP (<a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_D2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin D2 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">2</a>), EP (<a href="/wiki/EP1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E2_receptor" title="Prostaglandin E2 receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_E_receptor_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandin E receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EP4_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="EP4 receptor">4</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin_F_receptor" title="Prostaglandin F receptor">FP</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostacyclin_receptor" title="Prostacyclin receptor">Prostacyclin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thromboxane_receptor" title="Thromboxane receptor">Thromboxane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_bile_acid_receptor" title="G protein-coupled bile acid receptor">Bile acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor" title="Cannabinoid receptor">Cannabinoid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 1">CB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannabinoid receptor type 2">CB2</a>, GPR (<a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">EBI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPER" title="GPER">Estrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor" title="Free fatty acid receptor">Free fatty acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_1" title="Free fatty acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_2" title="Free fatty acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_fatty_acid_receptor_3" title="Free fatty acid receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor">Hydroxycarboxylic acids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_1" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_2" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycarboxylic_acid_receptor_3" title="Hydroxycarboxylic acid receptor 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophosphatidic_acid" title="Lysophosphatidic acid">Lysophosphatidic acid</a> (<a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR6" title="LPAR6">6</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysophospholipid_receptor" title="Lysophospholipid receptor">Lysophospholipid</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR1" title="LPAR1">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR2" title="LPAR2">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR3" title="LPAR3">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">8</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OXGR1" title="OXGR1">Oxoglutarate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platelet-activating_factor_receptor" title="Platelet-activating factor receptor">PAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphingosine-1-phosphate" title="Sphingosine-1-phosphate">Sphingosine-1-phosphate</a> (<a href="/wiki/S1PR1" title="S1PR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR2" title="S1PR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR3" title="S1PR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR4" title="S1PR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S1PR5" title="S1PR5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUCNR1" title="SUCNR1">Succinate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Peptide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/GPCR_neuropeptide_receptor" title="GPCR neuropeptide receptor">Neuropeptide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_B/W_receptor" title="Neuropeptide B/W receptor">B/W</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptides_B/W_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptides B/W receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor">FF</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_1" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_FF_receptor_2" title="Neuropeptide FF receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_S_receptor" title="Neuropeptide S receptor">S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor">Y</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y1" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y2" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide_receptor_1" title="Pancreatic polypeptide receptor 1">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropeptide_Y_receptor_Y5" title="Neuropeptide Y receptor Y5">5</a>)</li> <li>Neuromedin (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor" title="Neuromedin U receptor">U</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_1" title="Neuromedin U receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_U_receptor_2" title="Neuromedin U receptor 2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor" title="Neurotensin receptor">Neurotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_1" title="Neurotensin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotensin_receptor_2" title="Neurotensin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylatoxin_receptors" title="Anaphylatoxin receptors">Anaphylatoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/C3a_receptor" title="C3a receptor">C3a</a></li> <li>C5a (<a href="/wiki/C5a_receptor" title="C5a receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5AR2" title="C5AR2">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor">Angiotensin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_1" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_type_2" title="Angiotensin II receptor type 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apelin_receptor" title="Apelin receptor">Apelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin_receptor" title="Bombesin receptor">Bombesin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombesin-like_receptor_3" title="Bombesin-like receptor 3">BRS3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Gastrin-releasing peptide receptor">GRPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromedin_B_receptor" title="Neuromedin B receptor">NMBR</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor" title="Bradykinin receptor">Bradykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B1" title="Bradykinin receptor B1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradykinin_receptor_B2" title="Bradykinin receptor B2">B2</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemokine_receptor" title="Chemokine receptor">Chemokine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin receptor">Cholecystokinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_A_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystokinin_B_receptor" title="Cholecystokinin B receptor">B</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor" title="Endothelin receptor">Endothelin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_A_receptor" title="Endothelin A receptor">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_B_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelin B receptor">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor" title="Formyl peptide receptor">Formyl peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_1" title="Formyl peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_2" title="Formyl peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formyl_peptide_receptor_3" title="Formyl peptide receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle-stimulating_hormone_receptor" title="Follicle-stimulating hormone receptor">FSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor" title="Galanin receptor">Galanin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_1" title="Galanin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_2" title="Galanin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galanin_receptor_3" title="Galanin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Gonadotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/GNRHR" title="GNRHR">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNRHR2" title="GNRHR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone_secretagogue_receptor" title="Growth hormone secretagogue receptor">Ghrelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KiSS1-derived_peptide_receptor" title="KiSS1-derived peptide receptor"> Kisspeptin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone/choriogonadotropin_receptor" title="Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin receptor">Luteinizing hormone/choriogonadotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1_oncogene" title="MAS1 oncogene">MAS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MAS1" title="MAS1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAS1L" title="MAS1L">1L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRD" title="MRGPRD">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRE" title="MRGPRE">E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRF" title="MRGPRF">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRG" title="MRGPRG">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX1" title="MRGPRX1">X1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX2" title="MRGPRX2">X2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX3" title="MRGPRX3">X3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MRGPRX4" title="MRGPRX4">X4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_receptor" title="Melanocortin receptor">Melanocortin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_1_receptor" title="Melanocortin 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACTH_receptor" title="ACTH receptor">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_3_receptor" title="Melanocortin 3 receptor">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_4_receptor" title="Melanocortin 4 receptor">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanocortin_5_receptor" title="Melanocortin 5 receptor">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor">MCHR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_1" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin-concentrating_hormone_receptor_2" title="Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilin_receptor" title="Motilin receptor">Motilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_receptor" title="Opioid receptor">Opioid</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%94-opioid_receptor" title="Δ-opioid receptor">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A-opioid_receptor" title="Κ-opioid receptor">Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-opioid_receptor" title="Μ-opioid receptor">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nociceptin_receptor" title="Nociceptin receptor">Nociceptin</a> & <a href="/wiki/OGFr" title="OGFr">Zeta</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Sigma_receptor" title="Sigma receptor">Sigma</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_receptor" title="Orexin receptor">Orexin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_1" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypocretin_(orexin)_receptor_2" title="Hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocin_receptor" title="Oxytocin receptor">Oxytocin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor" title="Prokineticin receptor">Prokineticin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_1" title="Prokineticin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokineticin_receptor_2" title="Prokineticin receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolactin-releasing_peptide_receptor" title="Prolactin-releasing peptide receptor">Prolactin-releasing peptide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin_receptor" title="Relaxin receptor">Relaxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_1" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_2" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_3" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxin/insulin-like_family_peptide_receptor_4" title="Relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 4">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor" title="Somatostatin receptor">Somatostatin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_1" title="Somatostatin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_2" title="Somatostatin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_3" title="Somatostatin receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_4" title="Somatostatin receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatostatin_receptor_5" title="Somatostatin receptor 5">5</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor" title="Tachykinin receptor">Tachykinin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_1" title="Tachykinin receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_2" title="Tachykinin receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachykinin_receptor_3" title="Tachykinin receptor 3">3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin_receptor" title="Thyrotropin receptor">Thyrotropin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyrotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Thyrotropin-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urotensin-II_receptor" title="Urotensin-II receptor">Urotensin-II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor" title="Vasopressin receptor">Vasopressin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_1B" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arginine_vasopressin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arginine vasopressin receptor 2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, bitter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>TAS2R <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R1" title="TAS2R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R3" title="TAS2R3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R4" title="TAS2R4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R5" title="TAS2R5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R7" title="TAS2R7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R8" title="TAS2R8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R9" title="TAS2R9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R10" title="TAS2R10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R13" title="TAS2R13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R14" title="TAS2R14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R16" title="TAS2R16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R19" title="TAS2R19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R20" title="TAS2R20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R30" title="TAS2R30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R31" title="TAS2R31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R38" title="TAS2R38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R39" title="TAS2R39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R40" title="TAS2R40">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R41" title="TAS2R41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R42" title="TAS2R42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R43" title="TAS2R43">43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R45" title="TAS2R45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R46" title="TAS2R46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R50" title="TAS2R50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS2R60" title="TAS2R60">60</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a> type 1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>GPR (<a href="/wiki/GPR1" title="GPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR3" title="GPR3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR4" title="GPR4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR6" title="GPR6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR12" title="GPR12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR15" title="GPR15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR17" title="GPR17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR18" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR19" title="GPR19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR20" title="GPR20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR21" title="GPR21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR22" title="GPR22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR4" title="LPAR4">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR25" title="GPR25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR26" title="GPR26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR31" title="GPR31">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR32" title="GPR32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR33" title="GPR33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR34" title="GPR34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR35" title="GPR35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR37" title="GPR37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR39" title="GPR39">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR42" title="GPR42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR44" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR45" title="GPR45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR50" title="GPR50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR52" title="GPR52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR55" title="GPR55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR61" title="GPR61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR62" title="GPR62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR63" title="GPR63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR65" title="GPR65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR68" title="GPR68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR75" title="GPR75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR78" title="GPR78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR81" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR82" title="GPR82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR83" title="GPR83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR84" title="GPR84">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR87" title="GPR87">87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR88" title="GPR88">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LPAR5" title="LPAR5">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR101" title="GPR101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroglutamylated_RFamide_peptide_receptor" title="Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 1">109A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niacin_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin receptor 2">109B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR119" title="GPR119">119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR120" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR120">120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR132" title="GPR132">132</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR135" title="GPR135">135</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR137B" title="GPR137B">137B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR139" title="GPR139">139</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR141" title="GPR141">141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR142" title="GPR142">142</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR146" title="GPR146">146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR148" title="GPR148">148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR149" title="GPR149">149</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR150" title="GPR150">150</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR151" title="GPR151">151</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR152" title="GPR152">152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR153" title="GPR153">153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR160" title="GPR160">160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR161" title="GPR161">161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR162" title="GPR162">162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR171" title="GPR171">171</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">173</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR174" title="GPR174">174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR176" title="GPR176">176</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR177" class="mw-redirect" title="GPR177">177</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR183" title="GPR183">183</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR182" title="GPR182">Adrenomedullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">Olfactory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Opsin</a> (<a href="/wiki/OPN3" title="OPN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanopsin" title="Melanopsin">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN5" title="OPN5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1LW" title="OPN1LW">1LW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1MW" title="OPN1MW">1MW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPN1SW" title="OPN1SW">1SW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinal_G_protein_coupled_receptor" title="Retinal G protein coupled receptor">RGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH" title="RRH">RRH</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease-activated_receptor" title="Protease-activated receptor">Protease-activated</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coagulation_factor_II_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulation factor II receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protease_activated_receptor_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Protease activated receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL2" title="F2RL2">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2RL3" title="F2RL3">4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Conserved_Receptor_Expressed_in_Brain" title="Super Conserved Receptor Expressed in Brain">SREB</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR27" title="GPR27">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR85" title="GPR85">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR173" title="GPR173">3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_B:_Secretin-like58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor_family" title="Secretin receptor family">Class B</a>: <a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a>-like</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor">Adhesion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>ADGRB <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor">Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_1" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_2" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain-specific_angiogenesis_inhibitor_3" title="Brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>ADGRC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flamingo_(protein)" title="Flamingo (protein)">Cadherin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CELSR1" title="CELSR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR2" title="CELSR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELSR3" title="CELSR3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>ADGRE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EGF_module-containing_mucin-like_hormone_receptor" title="EGF module-containing mucin-like hormone receptor">EMR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EMR1" title="EMR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR2" title="EMR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR3" title="EMR3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD97" title="CD97">CD97</a></li></ul></li> <li>ADGRG <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">7</a></li></ul></li> <li>ADGRL <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Latrophilin receptor">Latrophilin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_1" title="Latrophilin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_2" title="Latrophilin 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latrophilin_3" title="Latrophilin 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ELTD1" class="mw-redirect" title="ELTD1">ELTD1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">Orphan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>GPR (<a href="/wiki/GPR56" title="GPR56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR64" title="GPR64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR97" title="GPR97">97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR98" title="GPR98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR110" title="GPR110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR111" title="GPR111">111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR112" title="GPR112">112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR113" title="GPR113">113</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR114" title="GPR114">114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR115" title="GPR115">115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR116" title="GPR116">116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR123" title="GPR123">123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR124" title="GPR124">124</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR125" title="GPR125">125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR126" title="GPR126">126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR128" title="GPR128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR133" title="GPR133">133</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR143" title="GPR143">143</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR144" title="GPR144">144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR155" title="GPR155">155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR157" title="GPR157">157</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_receptor" title="Calcitonin receptor">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALCRL" title="CALCRL">CALCRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor">Corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_1" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone_receptor_2" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor_family" title="Glucagon receptor family">Glucagon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glucagon_receptor" title="Glucagon receptor">GR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_inhibitory_polypeptide_receptor" title="Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor">GIPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-1_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor">GLP1R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucagon-like_peptide-2_receptor" title="Glucagon-like peptide-2 receptor">GLP2R</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth-hormone-releasing_hormone_receptor" title="Growth-hormone-releasing hormone receptor">Growth-hormone-releasing hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADCYAP1R1" title="ADCYAP1R1">PACAPR1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah-like_proteins" title="Methuselah-like proteins">Methuselah-like proteins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone receptor">Parathyroid hormone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_1_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 1 receptor">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone_2_receptor" title="Parathyroid hormone 2 receptor">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretin_receptor" title="Secretin receptor">Secretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasoactive_intestinal_peptide_receptor" title="Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor">Vasoactive intestinal peptide</a> (<a href="/wiki/VIPR1" title="VIPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPR2" title="VIPR2">2</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_C:_Metabotropic_glutamate_/_pheromone58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Class_C_GPCR" title="Class C GPCR">Class C</a>: <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_receptor" title="Metabotropic receptor">Metabotropic</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">glutamate</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromone</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">Taste</a>, sweet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>TAS1R <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R1" title="TAS1R1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R2" title="TAS1R2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAS1R3" title="TAS1R3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomeronasal_receptor" title="Vomeronasal receptor">Vomeronasal receptor</a>, type 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-sensing_receptor" title="Calcium-sensing receptor">Calcium-sensing receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor" title="GABA receptor">GABAB</a> (<a href="/wiki/GABBR1" title="GABBR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABBR2" title="GABBR2">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_receptor" title="Glutamate receptor">Glutamate receptor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor">Metabotropic glutamate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_1" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_2" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_3" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_4" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_5" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_6" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_7" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_8" title="Metabotropic glutamate receptor 8">8</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_receptor" title="Orphan receptor">GPR</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPR156" title="GPR156">156</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR158" title="GPR158">158</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPR179" title="GPR179">179</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinoic_acid-inducible_orphan_G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="Retinoic acid-inducible orphan G protein-coupled receptor">RAIG</a> (<a href="/wiki/GPRC5A" title="GPRC5A">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5B" title="GPRC5B">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5C" title="GPRC5C">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPRC5D" title="GPRC5D">4</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Class_F:_Frizzled_&amp;_Smoothened58" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Class F: <a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> & <a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Frizzled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frizzled" title="Frizzled">Frizzled</a> (<a href="/wiki/FZD1" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD2" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD3" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD4" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD5" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD6" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD7" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD8" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD9" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FZD10" class="mw-redirect" title="FZD10">10</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;text-align:left;">Smoothened</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoothened" title="Smoothened">Smoothened</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opsin&oldid=1274547903">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opsin&oldid=1274547903</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:G_protein-coupled_receptors" title="Category:G protein-coupled receptors">G protein-coupled receptors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vision" title="Category:Vision">Vision</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 February 2025, at 23:48 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opsin&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Opsin</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 22 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7b69fb859d-rgt5s","wgBackendResponseTime":308,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.695","walltime":"2.089","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7935,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":507544,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":518,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":578322,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1656.897 1 -total"," 62.55% 1036.308 1 Template:Reflist"," 51.45% 852.502 119 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.71% 160.879 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.34% 138.261 10 Template:Navbox"," 6.85% 113.485 1 Template:Eye_proteins"," 5.74% 95.122 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.58% 75.900 1 Template:Gallery"," 3.63% 60.118 1 Template:About"," 2.66% 44.041 3 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.007","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5753204,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","20.0"],["?","120","12.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","10.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","6.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","6.0"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:814\u003E","40","4.0"],["\u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","4.0"],["tostring","40","4.0"],["[others]","240","24.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-8669bc5c8-gngdm","timestamp":"20250318160106","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Opsin","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opsin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q24785022","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q24785022","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-01-31T19:15:43Z","dateModified":"2025-02-07T23:48:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/84\/Rhodopsin_3D.jpeg","headline":"InterPro Family"}</script> </body> </html>