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Martín de Azpilcueta - Wikipedia

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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Martín de Azpilcueta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martin de Azpilcueta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Martin de Azpilcueta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Martín de Azpilcueta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Azpilkueta" title="Martin Azpilkueta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Martin Azpilkueta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_d%27Azpilcueta" title="Martín d&#039;Azpilcueta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Martín d&#039;Azpilcueta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Martín de Azpilcueta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Martín de Azpilcueta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Martín de Azpilcueta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="مارتين د ازپيلكويتا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارتين د ازپيلكويتا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Martín de Azpilcueta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%94%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%A8%E3%82%BF" title="マルティン・デ・アスピルクエタ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マルティン・デ・アスピルクエタ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Martín de Azpilcueta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Martín de Azpilcueta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Martín de Azpilcueta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Мартин де Аспилькуэта Наварро – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мартин де Аспилькуэта Наварро" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_Azpilicueta" title="Martín Azpilicueta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Martín Azpilicueta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1340260#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish theologian</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Martín de Azpilcueta</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Yale_Law_Library_-_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta_(1492%5E-1586).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_Yale_Law_Library_-_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta_%281492%5E-1586%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Yale_Law_Library_-_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta_%281492%5E-1586%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_Yale_Law_Library_-_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta_%281492%5E-1586%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Yale_Law_Library_-_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta_%281492%5E-1586%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Flickr_-_Yale_Law_Library_-_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta_%281492%5E-1586%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Yale_Law_Library_-_Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta_%281492%5E-1586%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="768" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>Martín de Azpilcueta</i></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">13 December 1491<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%A1soain" title="Barásoain">Barásoain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Kingdom of Navarre</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 1586<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_philosophy" title="Spanish philosophy">Spanish philosophy</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">Quantity theory of money</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Martín de Azpilcueta</b> (<b>Azpilkueta</b> in Basque)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (13 December 1492 &#8211; 1 June 1586), or <b>Doctor Navarrus</b>, was a Navarrese <a href="/wiki/Canonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonist">canonist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a> and economist. </p><p>Renowned in his time, he was the first to formulate the <a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">quantity theory of money</a> in 1556 and was with <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Francisco de Vitoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Domingo de Soto</a> one of the main thinkers of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Bar%C3%A1soain" title="Barásoain">Barásoain</a> in a noble family of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a>, Martín de Azpilcueta was a relative of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a>. In 1508, he was amongst the rare students accepted in the new <a href="/wiki/Colegio_Mayor_de_San_Ildefonso" title="Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso">Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso</a>, founded by the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Cisneros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Cisneros">cardinal Cisneros</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018118_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018118-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his obtention of degrees in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares" title="Alcalá de Henares">Alcalá</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018117-118_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018117-118-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> then for polical reasons<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock201340_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock201340-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> he fleed in France in 1516 to study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse" title="University of Toulouse">university of Toulouse</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018116_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018116-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and obtained a degree of doctor in civil and <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> in 1518.<sup id="cite_ref-On_Exchange_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Exchange-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in 1524, Azpilcueta served in several canon law chairs at the University of Salamanca. He got the chair of <i><a href="/wiki/Decretum_Gratiani" title="Decretum Gratiani">Decretum</a></i> in 1532<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018117_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018117-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> and then obtained the first chair of canon law in 1537, when he taught to <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Covarrubias" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego de Covarrubias">Diego de Covarrubias</a> and Arias Piñel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018117_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018117-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the invitation of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-On_Exchange_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Exchange-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> he taught at <a href="/wiki/Coimbra_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Coimbra University">Coimbra University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> from 1538 to 1555.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018118_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018118-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> There he became friendly with <a href="/wiki/Henry,_King_of_Portugal" title="Henry, King of Portugal">Henry, future king of Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018118_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018118-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Back to Spain in 1555, he was charged by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> to defend his friend <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Carranza" title="Bartolomé Carranza">Bartolomé Carranza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Toledo" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Toledo">Archbishop of Toledo</a>, accused before the Tribunal of the Inquisition. At the age of eighty, he went to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to followed the process. Though he failed to exculpate the Archbishop, Azpilcueta was highly honoured at Rome by several popes, and was looked on as an oracle of learning and prudence. His humility, disinterestedness, and charity were proverbial. the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">pope Pius V</a> made him counsellor of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Penitentiary" title="Apostolic Penitentiary">Apostolic Penitentiary</a> and tried, without success, to make him a cardinal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018119_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018119-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Azpilcueta died in Rome at the age of 94.<sup id="cite_ref-On_Exchange_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Exchange-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antonio_dei_Portoghesi" title="Sant&#39;Antonio dei Portoghesi">national Church of San Antonio de' Portoghesi</a>. Among other lives of Azpilcueta there is one by his nephew, prefixed to the Roman edition of his works. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azpilcueta,_Martin_de_%E2%80%93_Consilia_et_responsa,_1594_%E2%80%93_BEIC_14160564.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Azpilcueta%2C_Martin_de_%E2%80%93_Consilia_et_responsa%2C_1594_%E2%80%93_BEIC_14160564.jpg/220px-Azpilcueta%2C_Martin_de_%E2%80%93_Consilia_et_responsa%2C_1594_%E2%80%93_BEIC_14160564.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Azpilcueta%2C_Martin_de_%E2%80%93_Consilia_et_responsa%2C_1594_%E2%80%93_BEIC_14160564.jpg/330px-Azpilcueta%2C_Martin_de_%E2%80%93_Consilia_et_responsa%2C_1594_%E2%80%93_BEIC_14160564.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Azpilcueta%2C_Martin_de_%E2%80%93_Consilia_et_responsa%2C_1594_%E2%80%93_BEIC_14160564.jpg/440px-Azpilcueta%2C_Martin_de_%E2%80%93_Consilia_et_responsa%2C_1594_%E2%80%93_BEIC_14160564.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1337" data-file-height="2129" /></a><figcaption><i>Consilia et responsa</i>, 1594</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this work, Azpilcueta argued that the use of "money in exchanges is not unnatural," as <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> had claimed, and "put money on the same level as any other merchandise, and, consequently, established that the morality of exchanges did not depend on money as their object but on an equitable exchange".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Then he legitimated the practice of <a href="/wiki/Interest" title="Interest">interest</a> against the catholic prohibition of <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a>. </p><p>Congitating about the effects of gold and silver arrivals from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, Azpilcueta independently formulated the <a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">quantity theory of money</a> in 1556.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018126-127_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018126-127-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> He also allegedly invented the mathematical concept of the <a href="/wiki/Time_value_of_money" title="Time value of money">time value of money</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his work on the revenues of benefices, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a>, he maintained that beneficed clergymen were free to expend the fruits of their benefices only for their own necessary support and that of the poor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His <i>Manual de confesores y penitentes</i> (1549), originally written in Spanish, was enormously influential in the fields of canon law and ethics, and by the first quarter of the seventeenth century, it had gone through 81 editions.<sup id="cite_ref-On_Exchange_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Exchange-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The <i>Manual</i> made an important step in the development of <a href="/wiki/Moral_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral theology">moral theology</a> as its own discipline.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> One of the four appendices Azpilcueta wrote for the <i>Manual</i>, addressing exchange, supply and demand, and money, has recently been translated into English and published as <i>On Exchange</i> (2014).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>He formulated a basic form of the principle of contractual consensualim, which was later elaborated upon by other members of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a> like <a href="/wiki/Leonardus_Lessius" title="Leonardus Lessius">Leonardus Lessius</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_de_O%C3%B1ate&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro de Oñate (page does not exist)">Pedro de Oñate</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;">&#160;&#91;<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_de_O%C3%B1ate" class="extiw" title="fr:Pedro de Oñate">fr</a>&#93;</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018125-126_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018125-126-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Azpilcueta cogitated also on the concepts of commutative justice, <a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">just price</a> and fairness in exchange: with a large interpretation of the principe of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laesio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Laesio (page does not exist)">laesio</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_steal" title="Thou shalt not steal">seventh Commandment</a>, he considered that contracts doesn't be burdens for a party and that any violation of the equity can be take to ecclesiastical courts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2013545-553_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2013545-553-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_vernacular_language">Use of vernacular language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Use of vernacular language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the face of use by the reformed Church of natural languages in their liturgy and divulgation, the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Counter-Reformation</a> reacted by hanging onto Latin. On the other hand, Azpilcueta supported the use of vernaculars in his 1545 <i>Commento en Romance</i> released in <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a>, writing down the prayers Our Father, Hail Mary, and Creed both in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and Romance, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Castilian</a>, coming up against the opposition of the defenders of the Latin tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, he had to explain in his 1586 <i>Miscellaneum centum</i> that vernaculars had been used before, as approved by bishops and inquisitors, citing "a pious and knowledgeable <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Cantabrian</a>", referring to Sancho de Elso from <a href="/wiki/Estella-Lizarra" title="Estella-Lizarra">Estella</a>, who had used <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> in different prayers. He partially put down the unfamiliarity of "the rustic dwellers and highlanders" with the Christian teachings to the use of Latin, "instead of their native language, learning them by heart".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azpilcueta_-_Manuale_de%27_confessori,_1584_-_019.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Azpilcueta_-_Manuale_de%27_confessori%2C_1584_-_019.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Azpilcueta_-_Manuale_de%27_confessori%2C_1584_-_019.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Azpilcueta_-_Manuale_de%27_confessori%2C_1584_-_019.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Azpilcueta_-_Manuale_de%27_confessori%2C_1584_-_019.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Azpilcueta_-_Manuale_de%27_confessori%2C_1584_-_019.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Azpilcueta_-_Manuale_de%27_confessori%2C_1584_-_019.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3912" /></a><figcaption><i>Manuale de' confessori</i>, <a href="/wiki/1584" title="1584">1584</a> (Milano, Fondazione Mansutti).</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Comentarii de Poenitentia</i>, Coímbra, 1542.</li> <li><i>Si quando de Rescriptis in causa propria</i>. Coímbra, 1543.</li> <li><i>Comentario [...] sobre el capítulo Inter Verba</i>, Coímbra, 1543.</li> <li><i>Relectio sive iterata praelectio [...] de resit. Spoliat</i>, Coímbra, 1547.</li> <li><i>Relectio in cap. Novit [...] de iudicis</i>, Coímbra, 1548.</li> <li><i>Commento o repetición del capítulo Quando de consecratione</i>, Coímbra, 1550.</li> <li><i>Relectio cap. ita quorundam de Iudaeis</i>, Coímbra, 1550.</li> <li><i>Relectio in Levitico</i>, Coímbra, 1550.</li> <li><i>Manual de confesores y penitentes</i> o <i>Enchirindion confessariorum</i>, édition portugaise, Coímbra, 1550; édition en castillan, Salamanque, 1556; Pampelune, Adrián de Amberes, 1566;</li> <li><i>Cinco comentarios</i>, Salamanque, 1556.</li> <li><i>Comentario resolutorio de usuras</i>, Salamanque, 1556. Pampelune, Adrián de Amberes, 1565.</li> <li><i>Repertorio</i> sobre hurtos, Salamanque, 1556.</li> <li><i>Tratado sobre las rentas de los beneficios eclesiásticos</i>, Valladolid, 1566.</li> <li><i>Adiciones al Manual de confesores</i>, 1569.</li> <li><i>Commentarii in tres De Poenitentia</i>, 1569.</li> <li><i>Capítulo veyte y ocho de las adiciones del Manual de confesores</i>, Valladolid, 1570.</li> <li><i>Respuesta [...] a De redditibus ecclesiasticis</i>, 1571.</li> <li><i>Commentarius de spoliis clericorum</i>, Rome, 1572.</li> <li><i>Tratado de alabanza y murmuración</i>, Valladolid, 1572.</li> <li><i>Commentarius [...] de religiones sine debito</i>, Rome, 1574.</li> <li><i>Comentarius de silentio in divinis Officciis</i>, 1580.</li> <li><i>Miscellanea centum de oratione, praesertim de Psalterio et Rosario</i>. Rome, 1586.</li> <li><i>Discurso del silencio que se deue guardar en los Diuinos Oficios, principalmente en el Coro</i>, Salamanque, Pedro Lasso, 1588.</li> <li><i>Commentaria [...] Gregorii IX</i>, ca. 1595.</li> <li><i>Consiliorum sive Responsorum</i> Rome, 1602.</li> <li><i>Enajenación de las Cosas Eclesiásticas</i>.</li> <li><i>Comentario sobre los expolios de los clérigos</i>.</li> <li><i>Cuatro Comentarios de Regulares</i>.</li> <li><i>Capitulo Humanae Aures</i>.</li> <li><i>Tractatus de Finibus Humanorum Actuum</i>.</li> <li><i>Tratado de Penitencia</i>.</li> <li><i>Tratado de Indulgencias y Jubileo</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_mental_reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of mental reservation">Doctrine of mental reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivocation" title="Equivocation">Equivocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Tomás de Mercado</a>, another "Iberian monetarist"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Agerre" title="Pedro Agerre">Pedro Agerre</a> Azpilikueta, Basque prominent writer and maternal relative</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aspilcueta, Azpilcoeta, Navarrus, Doctor Navarrus</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018118-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018118_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018118_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018118_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDecock2018">Decock 2018</a>, p.&#160;118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018117-118-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018117-118_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDecock2018">Decock 2018</a>, p.&#160;117-118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock201340-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock201340_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDecock2013">Decock 2013</a>, p.&#160;40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018116-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018116_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDecock2018">Decock 2018</a>, p.&#160;116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-On_Exchange-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-On_Exchange_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-On_Exchange_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-On_Exchange_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-On_Exchange_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin de Azpilcueta, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clpress.com/publications/exchange">On Exchange</a></i>. CLP Academic, 2014, p.xxii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018117-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018117_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018117_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDecock2018">Decock 2018</a>, p.&#160;117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018119-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018119_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDecock2018">Decock 2018</a>, p.&#160;119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin de Azpilcueta, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clpress.com/publications/exchange">On Exchange</a></i>. CLP Academic, 2014, p.xxxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018126-127-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018126-127_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDecock2018">Decock 2018</a>, p.&#160;126-127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson1952" class="citation book cs1">Hutchinson, Marjorie (1952). <i>The School of Salamanca; Readings in Spanish Monetary Theory, 1544-1605</i>. Oxford: Clarendon.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+School+of+Salamanca%3B+Readings+in+Spanish+Monetary+Theory%2C+1544-1605&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Clarendon&amp;rft.date=1952&amp;rft.aulast=Hutchinson&amp;rft.aufirst=Marjorie&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMart%C3%ADn+de+Azpilcueta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaranti2020" class="citation journal cs1">Caranti, Pedro J. (2020-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciendo.com/article/10.2478/sh-2020-0010">"Martín de Azpilcueta: The Spanish Scholastic on Usury and Time-Preference"</a>. <i>Studia Humana</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 28–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fsh-2020-0010">10.2478/sh-2020-0010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2299-0518">2299-0518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Studia+Humana&amp;rft.atitle=Mart%C3%ADn+de+Azpilcueta%3A+The+Spanish+Scholastic+on+Usury+and+Time-Preference&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=28-36&amp;rft.date=2020-07-01&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fsh-2020-0010&amp;rft.issn=2299-0518&amp;rft.aulast=Caranti&amp;rft.aufirst=Pedro+J.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciendo.com%2Farticle%2F10.2478%2Fsh-2020-0010&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMart%C3%ADn+de+Azpilcueta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin de Azpilcueta, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clpress.com/publications/exchange">On Exchange</a></i>. CLP Academic, 2014, p.xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin de Azpilcueta, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clpress.com/publications/exchange">On Exchange</a></i>. CLP Academic, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2018125-126-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2018125-126_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDecock2018">Decock 2018</a>, p.&#160;125-126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDecock2013545-553-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDecock2013545-553_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDecock2013">Decock 2013</a>, p.&#160;545-553.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJimeno_Aranguren" class="citation journal cs1">Jimeno Aranguren, Roldan. "Contrareforma y lengua: regulación jurídica y praxis en Navarra". <i>Visiones poliédricas sobre la conquista de Navarra</i>: 140–141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Visiones+poli%C3%A9dricas+sobre+la+conquista+de+Navarra&amp;rft.atitle=Contrareforma+y+lengua%3A+regulaci%C3%B3n+jur%C3%ADdica+y+praxis+en+Navarra&amp;rft.pages=140-141&amp;rft.aulast=Jimeno+Aranguren&amp;rft.aufirst=Roldan&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMart%C3%ADn+de+Azpilcueta" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecock2013" class="citation book cs1">Decock, Wim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/title/21931"><i>Theologians and Contract Law&#160;: The Moral Transformation of the Ius commune (ca. 1500-1650)</i></a>. Leiden/Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p.&#160;723.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Theologians+and+Contract+Law+%3A+The+Moral+Transformation+of+the+Ius+commune+%28ca.+1500-1650%29&amp;rft.place=Leiden%2FBoston&amp;rft.pages=723&amp;rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.aulast=Decock&amp;rft.aufirst=Wim&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Ftitle%2F21931&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMart%C3%ADn+de+Azpilcueta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecock2018" class="citation book cs1">Decock, Wim (2018). "Martin de Azpilcueta". In R. Domingo; J. Martínez-Torrón (eds.). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/great-christian-jurists-in-spanish-history/martin-de-azpilcueta/4149F4F31247E36DDB5DDAB4AF0C13E4"><i>Great Christian Jurists in Spanish History</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.&#160;116–133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Martin+de+Azpilcueta&amp;rft.btitle=Great+Christian+Jurists+in+Spanish+History&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pages=116-133&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.aulast=Decock&amp;rft.aufirst=Wim&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fgreat-christian-jurists-in-spanish-history%2Fmartin-de-azpilcueta%2F4149F4F31247E36DDB5DDAB4AF0C13E4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMart%C3%ADn+de+Azpilcueta" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Giraud, Bibli. Sacr., II 334-336 (gives list of his writings)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hurter" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo von Hurter">Hugo von Hurter</a>, <i>Nomenclator</i>, (1892), I, 124-127</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" title="Joxe Azurmendi">Azurmendi, Joxe</a> (2015): "Nafarroatik Nafarroara" in Pruden Gartzia: <i>Nafarroako auziaz</i>, Donostia: Elkar. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9027-443-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9027-443-9">978-84-9027-443-9</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Attribution</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span>&#160;This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>:&#160;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Martin_Aspilcueta" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Martin Aspilcueta">Martin Aspilcueta</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118944053">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85050081">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12113306f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12113306f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Azpilcueta, Martín : de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V045999">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=mzk2003195303&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX1056831">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/12356">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070837287">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&amp;doc_number=000049872&amp;local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/vs69dzsd26vf4jx">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810546174705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&amp;url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&amp;id=495/4401">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007313557305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511478206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13929921">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118944053.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118944053">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/075135965">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w63f6mzh">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐565d46677b‐67b6c Cached time: 20241128132351 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: 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