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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Safety-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Safety subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Most_dangerous_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_dangerous_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Most dangerous year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_dangerous_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Commemoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Journalist</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 118 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-118" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">118 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joernalis" title="Joernalis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joernalis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Journalist" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%8A" title="صحفي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صحفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodista" title="Periodista – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Periodista" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Լրագրող – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լրագրող" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodista" title="Periodista – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Periodista" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalist" title="Jurnalist – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jurnalist" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D8%A6%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%86%DB%8C" title="قزئته‌چی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قزئته‌چی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="সাংবাদিক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাংবাদিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82" title="Журналіст – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Журналіст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82" title="Журналіст – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Журналіст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Журналист – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Журналист" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="གསར་འགོད་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གསར་འགོད་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novinar" title="Novinar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Novinar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazetenner" title="Kazetenner – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kazetenner" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodista" title="Periodista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Periodista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Журналист – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Журналист" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novin%C3%A1%C5%99" title="Novinář – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Novinář" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Journalist" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Journalist" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajakirjanik" title="Ajakirjanik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ajakirjanik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Δημοσιογράφος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δημοσιογράφος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodista" title="Periodista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Periodista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B4urnalisto" title="Ĵurnalisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĵurnalisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazetari" title="Kazetari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kazetari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="روزنامه‌نگار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روزنامه‌نگار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journaliste" title="Journaliste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Journaliste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjoernalist" title="Sjoernalist – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sjoernalist" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjornalist" title="Gjornalist – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Gjornalist" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriseoir" title="Iriseoir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iriseoir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earisheyr" title="Earisheyr – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Earisheyr" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neach-aithris" title="Neach-aithris – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Neach-aithris" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xornalista" title="Xornalista – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xornalista" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Хоамбоаржабархо – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хоамбоаржабархо" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%B8%EB%A1%A0%EC%9D%B8" title="언론인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="언론인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Aan_jarida" title="Ɗan jarida – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ɗan jarida" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B2" title="Լրագրող – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լրագրող" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="पत्रकार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पत्रकार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novinar" title="Novinar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Novinar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalisto" title="Jurnalisto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jurnalisto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartawan" title="Wartawan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wartawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giornalista" title="Giornalista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giornalista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%99" title="עיתונאי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיתונאי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartawan" title="Wartawan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wartawan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4" title="ಪತ್ರಕರ್ತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪತ್ರಕರ್ತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჟურნალისტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟურნალისტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Журналист – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Журналист" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwanahabari" title="Mwanahabari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwanahabari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jounalis" title="Jounalis – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jounalis" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rojnamevan" title="Rojnamevan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rojnamevan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Журналист – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Журналист" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDurn%C4%81lists" title="Žurnālists – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žurnālists" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Journalist" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopanzi_sango" title="Mopanzi sango – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mopanzi sango" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giurnalista" title="Giurnalista – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Giurnalista" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajs%C3%A1g%C3%ADr%C3%B3" title="Újságíró – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Újságíró" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Новинар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Новинар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpanao_gazety" title="Mpanao gazety – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mpanao gazety" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC" title="പത്രപ്രവർത്തകർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പത്രപ്രവർത്തകർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0urnalist" title="Ġurnalist – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġurnalist" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="पत्रकार – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पत्रकार" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%89" title="صحفى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صحفى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartawan" title="Wartawan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wartawan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%87" title="Сэтгүүлч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сэтгүүлч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Journalist" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="पत्रकार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पत्रकार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8A%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="ジャーナリスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャーナリスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Журналист – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Журналист" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Journalist" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Journalist" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornalista" title="Jornalista – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jornalista" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Журналист – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Журналист" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalist" title="Jurnalist – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jurnalist" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਪੱਤਰਕਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੱਤਰਕਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="صحافی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صحافی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84" title="خبريال – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="خبريال" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%90%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="អ្នកសារពត័មាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ្នកសារពត័មាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornalisse" title="Jornalisse – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Jornalisse" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziennikarz" title="Dziennikarz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dziennikarz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jornalista" title="Jornalista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jornalista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalist" title="Jurnalist – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jurnalist" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalist" title="Jurnalist – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jurnalist" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willay_kamayuq" title="Willay kamayuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Willay kamayuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Новинарь – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Новинарь" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82" title="Журналист – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Журналист" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giornalista" title="Giornalista – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Giornalista" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalist" title="Jurnalist – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jurnalist" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazetari" title="Gazetari – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gazetari" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalista" title="Jurnalista – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Jurnalista" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Journalist" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="صحافي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="صحافي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novin%C3%A1r" title="Novinár – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Novinár" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wariye" title="Wariye – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Wariye" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڕۆژنامەوان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆژنامەوان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Новинар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Новинар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novinar" title="Novinar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Novinar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartawan" title="Wartawan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Wartawan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toimittaja" title="Toimittaja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toimittaja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Journalist" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamamahayag" title="Mamamahayag – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mamamahayag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="பத்திரிக்கையாளர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பத்திரிக்கையாளர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ane%C9%A3mas" title="Aneɣmas – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aneɣmas" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurnalist" title="Jurnalist – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Jurnalist" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పాత్రికేయులు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాత్రికేయులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="นักวารสารศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นักวารสารศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D3%AF%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Рӯзноманигор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рӯзноманигор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazeteci" title="Gazeteci – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gazeteci" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82" title="Журналіст – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Журналіст" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="صحافی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صحافی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorna%C5%82ista" title="Jornałista – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Jornałista" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_b%C3%A1o" title="Nhà báo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà báo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazt%C3%AE" title="Gaztî – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Gaztî" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85" title="新闻工作者 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="新闻工作者" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98" title="זשורנאליסט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זשורנאליסט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Reporter_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Reporter (disambiguation)">Reporter (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Journalist_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Journalist (disambiguation)">Journalist (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Journalist</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_Heinz_Abel_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Phoenix_Heinz_Abel_1.jpg/220px-Phoenix_Heinz_Abel_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Phoenix_Heinz_Abel_1.jpg/330px-Phoenix_Heinz_Abel_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Phoenix_Heinz_Abel_1.jpg/440px-Phoenix_Heinz_Abel_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Journalist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports">sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing skills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">interpersonal skills</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Typically a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Correspondent" title="Correspondent">Correspondent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">columnist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spokesperson" title="Spokesperson">spokesperson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politician" title="Politician">politician</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nardwuar_-_TEDx_Vancouver_2010_-_West_Vancouver,_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nardwuar_-_TEDx_Vancouver_2010_-_West_Vancouver%2C_BC.jpg/170px-Nardwuar_-_TEDx_Vancouver_2010_-_West_Vancouver%2C_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nardwuar_-_TEDx_Vancouver_2010_-_West_Vancouver%2C_BC.jpg/255px-Nardwuar_-_TEDx_Vancouver_2010_-_West_Vancouver%2C_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nardwuar_-_TEDx_Vancouver_2010_-_West_Vancouver%2C_BC.jpg/340px-Nardwuar_-_TEDx_Vancouver_2010_-_West_Vancouver%2C_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a><figcaption>Canadian journalist <a href="/wiki/Nardwuar" title="Nardwuar">Nardwuar</a> at TEDxVancouver in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>journalist</b> is a person who gathers information in the form of text, audio or pictures, processes it into a <a href="/wiki/Newsworthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Newsworthy">newsworthy</a> form and disseminates it to the public. This is called <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles">Roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalist&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Journalists can work in broadcast, print, advertising, or public relations personnel. Depending on the form of journalism, "journalist" may also describe various categories of people by the roles they play in the process. These include <a href="/wiki/Reporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Reporters">reporters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Correspondents" class="mw-redirect" title="Correspondents">correspondents</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen journalist">citizen journalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board" title="Editorial board">editors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board" title="Editorial board">editorial writers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">columnists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Photojournalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Photojournalist">photojournalists</a>. </p><p>A <b>reporter</b> is a type of journalist who <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">researches</a>, writes and reports on information in order to present using <a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">sources</a>. This may entail conducting <a href="/wiki/Interview" title="Interview">interviews</a>, information-gathering and/or writing articles. Reporters may split their time between working in a <a href="/wiki/Newsroom" title="Newsroom">newsroom</a>, from home or outside to witness events or interview people. Reporters may be assigned a specific <a href="/wiki/Beat_reporting" title="Beat reporting">beat</a> (area of coverage). </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Nisbet" title="Matthew Nisbet">Matthew C. Nisbet</a>, who has written on <a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">science communication</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has defined a "knowledge journalist" as a <a href="/wiki/Public_intellectual" class="mw-redirect" title="Public intellectual">public intellectual</a> who, like <a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria" title="Fareed Zakaria">Fareed Zakaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Pollan" title="Michael Pollan">Michael Pollan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Revkin" title="Andrew Revkin">Andrew Revkin</a>, sees their role as researching complicated issues of fact or science which most <a href="/wiki/Laymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Laymen">laymen</a> would not have the time or access to <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> to research themselves, then communicating an accurate and understandable version to the public as a teacher and policy advisor.</p><blockquote><p>In his best-known books, <i>Public Opinion</i> (1922) and <i>The Phantom Public</i> (1925), Lippmann argued that most people lacked the capacity, time and motivation to follow and analyze news of the many complex policy questions that troubled society. Nor did they often experience most social problems or directly access expert insights. These limitations were made worse by a news media that tended to oversimplify issues and to reinforce <a href="/wiki/Stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes">stereotypes</a>, partisan viewpoints and <a href="/wiki/Prejudices" class="mw-redirect" title="Prejudices">prejudices</a>. As a consequence, Lippmann believed that the public needed journalists like himself who could serve as expert analysts, guiding "citizens to a deeper understanding of what was really important".<sup id="cite_ref-Knowledge_journalist_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knowledge_journalist-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">United States Department of Labor's</a> Occupational Outlook Handbook reported that employment for the category "reporters, correspondents and broadcast news analysts" will decline 9 percent between 2016 and 2026.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_overview">Modern overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalist&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A worldwide sample of 27,500 journalists in 67 countries in 2012–2016 produced the following profile:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>57 percent male;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_mean" title="Arithmetic mean">mean</a> age of 38</li> <li>mean years of experience, 13</li> <li>college degree, 56 percent</li> <li>graduate degree, 29 percent</li> <li>61 percent specialized in journalism/communications at college</li> <li>62 percent identified as generalists</li> <li>23 percent specialized as hard-news beat journalists</li> <li>47 percent were members of a professional association</li> <li>80 percent worked full-time</li> <li>50 percent worked in print, 23 percent on television, 17 percent on radio and 16 percent online.</li></ul> <p>In 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Reuters_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Journalism" title="Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism">Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism</a> Digital News Report described the future for journalists in <a href="/wiki/Media_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of South Africa">South Africa</a> as “grim” because of low online revenue and plummeting advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020 <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> secretary general <a href="/wiki/Christophe_Deloire" title="Christophe Deloire">Christophe Deloire</a> said journalists in developing countries were suffering political interference because the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> had given governments around the world the chance “to take advantage of the fact that politics are on hold, the public is stunned and protests are out of the question, in order to impose measures that would be impossible in normal times”.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaamil_Ahmed_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaamil_Ahmed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023 the closure of local newspapers in the US accelerated to an average of 2.5 per week, leaving more than 200 US counties as “news deserts” and meaning that more than half of all U.S. counties had limited access to reliable local news and information, according to researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Medill_School_of_Journalism,_Media,_Integrated_Marketing_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Medill School of Journalism, Media, Integrated Marketing Communications">Medill School of Journalism, Media, Integrated Marketing Communications</a> at <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>. </p><p>In January 2024, <a href="/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="The Los Angeles Times">The Los Angeles Times</a>, Time magazine and <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> all conducted layoffs, and <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast" title="Condé Nast">Condé Nast</a> journalists went on strike over proposed job cuts.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Los Angeles Times laid off more than 20% of the newsroom.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_Illustrated" title="Sports Illustrated">Sports Illustrated</a> and <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a> shed employees in early 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-Getting_Grimmer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Getting_Grimmer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> reported that Americans were suffering from “news fatigue” due to coverage of major news stories like the <a href="/wiki/Hamas_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamas attack">Hamas attack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Getting_Grimmer_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Getting_Grimmer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American consumers turned away from journalists at legacy organizations as <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> became a common news source.<sup id="cite_ref-Getting_Grimmer_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Getting_Grimmer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom">Freedom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalist&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Freedom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Journalists sometimes expose themselves to danger, particularly when reporting in areas of <a href="/wiki/Armed_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed conflict">armed conflict</a> or in states that do not respect the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizations">Organizations</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a> publish reports on press freedom and advocate for journalistic freedom. As of December 2024, the Committee to Protect Journalists reports that 2253 journalists have been killed worldwide since 1992, either by <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> (71%), <a href="/wiki/Crossfire" title="Crossfire">crossfire</a> or <a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat</a> (17%), or on dangerous assignment (11%). The "ten deadliest countries" for journalists since 1992 have been <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (227 deaths), <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> (157), <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> (153), <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (143), <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (96), <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (95), <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (89), <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (84), <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> (81), <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> (60), and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> (60).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Committee to Protect Journalists also reports that as of 1 December 2010, 145 journalists were jailed worldwide for journalistic activities. Current numbers are even higher. The ten countries with the largest number of currently-imprisoned journalists are <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (95),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> (34), <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (34), <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> (17), <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> (13), <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> (6), <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (5), <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> (4), <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (4) and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> (3).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from physical harm, journalists are harmed psychologically. This applies especially to war reporters, but their editorial offices at home often do not know how to deal appropriately with the reporters they expose to danger. Hence, a systematic and sustainable way of psychological support for traumatized journalists is strongly needed. Few and fragmented support programs exist so far.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 August 2023, Iran's Journalists' Day, Tehran Journalists' Association head Akbar Montajabi noted over 100 journalists arrested amid protests, while HamMihan newspaper exposed repression against 76 media workers since September 2022 following Mahsa Amini's death-triggered mass protests, leading to legal consequences for journalists including Niloufar Hamedi and Elaheh.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_sources">Relationship with sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalist&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relationship with sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relationship between a professional journalist and a source can be rather complex, and a source can sometimes have an effect on an article written by the journalist. The article 'A Compromised Fourth Estate' uses Herbert Gans' metaphor to capture their relationship. He uses a dance metaphor, "The Tango", to illustrate the co-operative nature of their interactions inasmuch as "It takes two to tango". Herbert suggests that the source often leads, but journalists commonly object to this notion for two reasons: </p> <ol><li>It signals source supremacy in news making.</li> <li>It offends journalists' professional culture, which emphasizes independence and editorial autonomy.</li></ol> <p>The dance metaphor goes on to state: </p> <blockquote><p>A relationship with sources that is <i>too cozy</i> is potentially compromising of journalists' integrity and risks becoming collusive. Journalists have typically favored a more robust, conflict model, based on a crucial assumption that if the media are to function as watchdogs of powerful economic and political interests, journalists must establish their independence of sources or risk the fourth estate being driven by the fifth estate of public relations.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalist&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Safety_of_journalists" title="Safety of journalists">Safety of journalists</a></div> <p>Journalists can face violence and intimidation for exercising their <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamental right">fundamental right</a> to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>. The range of threats they are confronted with include murder, <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>, hostage-taking, offline and online harassment, <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a>, enforced disappearances, arbitrary detention and torture. <a href="/wiki/Women_in_journalism" title="Women in journalism">Women in journalism</a> also face specific dangers and are especially vulnerable to sexual assault, whether in the form of a targeted sexual violation, often in reprisal for their work. Mob-related sexual violence aimed against journalists covering public events; or the sexual abuse of journalists in detention or captivity. Many of these crimes are not reported as a result of powerful cultural and professional stigmas.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increasingly, journalists (particularly women) are abused and harassed online, via <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">hate speech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyber-bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-bullying">cyber-bullying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyber-stalking" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-stalking">cyber-stalking</a>, doxing, trolling, <a href="/wiki/Public_shaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Public shaming">public shaming</a>, intimidation and threats.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_dangerous_year">Most dangerous year</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalist&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Most dangerous year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamal_Khashoggi_in_March_2018_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jamal_Khashoggi_in_March_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Jamal_Khashoggi_in_March_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jamal_Khashoggi_in_March_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Jamal_Khashoggi_in_March_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jamal_Khashoggi_in_March_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/500px-Jamal_Khashoggi_in_March_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="2002" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a>, killed inside Saudi Arabia's consulate in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> on 2 October 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>' 2018 annual report, it was the worst year on record for deadly violence and abuse toward journalists; there was a 15 percent increase in such killings since 2017, with 80 killed, 348 imprisoned and 60 held hostage.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yaser_Murtaja" title="Yaser Murtaja">Yaser Murtaja</a> was shot by an Israeli army sniper. Rubén Pat was gunned down outside a beach bar in Mexico. Mexico was described by Reporters Without Borders as "one of world's deadliest countries for the media"; 90% of attacks on journalists in the country reportedly go unsolved.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Marinova" title="Victoria Marinova">Victoria Marinova</a> was beaten, raped and strangled. Saudi Arabian dissident <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> was killed inside Saudi Arabia's consulate in Istanbul.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalist&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 2008 to 2019, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Forum" title="Freedom Forum">Freedom Forum</a>'s now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Newseum" title="Newseum">Newseum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> featured a Journalists Memorial which honored several thousand journalists around the world who had died or were killed while reporting the news.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_Page_167_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts_Page_167-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Newseum closed in December 2019, supporters of freedom of the press persuaded the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> in December 2020 to authorize the construction of a memorial to fallen journalists on public land with private funds.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_Page_167_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts_Page_167-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Fallen_Journalists_Memorial_Foundation" title="Fallen Journalists Memorial Foundation">Fallen Journalists Memorial Foundation</a> had begun the design of the memorial.<sup id="cite_ref-Mullins_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mullins-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalist&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US, nearly all journalists have attended university, but only about half <a href="/wiki/Majored" class="mw-redirect" title="Majored">majored</a> in journalism.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalists who work in television or for newspapers are more likely to have studied journalism in college than journalists working for the <a href="/wiki/Wire_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire services">wire services</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Radio_journalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio journalist">radio</a>, or for <a href="/wiki/News_magazine" title="News magazine">news magazines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalist&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pn-telekanal-1998-staff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A program director sets the task for TV journalists, 1998."><img alt="A program director sets the task for TV journalists, 1998." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pn-telekanal-1998-staff.jpg/240px-Pn-telekanal-1998-staff.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pn-telekanal-1998-staff.jpg/360px-Pn-telekanal-1998-staff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pn-telekanal-1998-staff.jpg/480px-Pn-telekanal-1998-staff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="635" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A program director sets the task for TV journalists, 1998.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RFA_reporter_Helmand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A reporter interviews a man in Helmand Province, Afghanistan, 2009."><img alt="A reporter interviews a man in Helmand Province, Afghanistan, 2009." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RFA_reporter_Helmand.jpg/238px-RFA_reporter_Helmand.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RFA_reporter_Helmand.jpg/358px-RFA_reporter_Helmand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/RFA_reporter_Helmand.jpg/477px-RFA_reporter_Helmand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A reporter interviews a man in <a href="/wiki/Helmand_Province" title="Helmand Province">Helmand Province</a>, Afghanistan, 2009.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cosplayers_at_Comicdom_2012_in_Athens,_Greece_grant_interviews_to_the_MTV_television_channel_21.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Journalist interviews a cosplayer, 2012."><img alt="Journalist interviews a cosplayer, 2012." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cosplayers_at_Comicdom_2012_in_Athens%2C_Greece_grant_interviews_to_the_MTV_television_channel_21.JPG/250px-Cosplayers_at_Comicdom_2012_in_Athens%2C_Greece_grant_interviews_to_the_MTV_television_channel_21.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cosplayers_at_Comicdom_2012_in_Athens%2C_Greece_grant_interviews_to_the_MTV_television_channel_21.JPG/500px-Cosplayers_at_Comicdom_2012_in_Athens%2C_Greece_grant_interviews_to_the_MTV_television_channel_21.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Journalist interviews a <a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">cosplayer</a>, 2012.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:InterviewAT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A reporter interviewing Boris Johnson when he was Mayor of London, 2014"><img alt="A reporter interviewing Boris Johnson when he was Mayor of London, 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/InterviewAT.jpg/250px-InterviewAT.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/InterviewAT.jpg/500px-InterviewAT.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4896" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A reporter interviewing <a href="/wiki/Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> when he was Mayor of London, 2014</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Mogadishu_offiicial_tastes_the_water_at_a_new_well_donated_by_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia_in_front_of_local_journalists_in_the_country%27s_capital_on_June_6._AMISOM_Photo_-_Tobin_Jones_(14328499146).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official tastes the water of a new well in front of journalists in Mogadishu, Somalia, 2014."><img alt="Official tastes the water of a new well in front of journalists in Mogadishu, Somalia, 2014." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/A_Mogadishu_offiicial_tastes_the_water_at_a_new_well_donated_by_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia_in_front_of_local_journalists_in_the_country%27s_capital_on_June_6._AMISOM_Photo_-_Tobin_Jones_%2814328499146%29.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/A_Mogadishu_offiicial_tastes_the_water_at_a_new_well_donated_by_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia_in_front_of_local_journalists_in_the_country%27s_capital_on_June_6._AMISOM_Photo_-_Tobin_Jones_%2814328499146%29.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4143" data-file-height="2757" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Official tastes the water of a new well in front of journalists in <a href="/wiki/Mogadishu,_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogadishu, Somalia">Mogadishu, Somalia</a>, 2014.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 245px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Landes_wla_bfkuu_denkmayr_0192_(35381936821).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cameraman and journalist who interviews a person in Austria"><img alt="Cameraman and journalist who interviews a person in Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Landes_wla_bfkuu_denkmayr_0192_%2835381936821%29.jpg/250px-Landes_wla_bfkuu_denkmayr_0192_%2835381936821%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Landes_wla_bfkuu_denkmayr_0192_%2835381936821%29.jpg/500px-Landes_wla_bfkuu_denkmayr_0192_%2835381936821%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2465" data-file-height="1648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cameraman and journalist who interviews a person in Austria</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalist&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/28px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/42px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/56px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_field_production" title="Electronic field production">Electronic field production</a> (EFP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_news-gathering" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic news-gathering">Electronic news-gathering</a> (ENG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_journalism" title="Glossary of journalism">Glossary of journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ITV_journalists_and_newsreaders" title="List of ITV journalists and newsreaders">List of ITV journalists and newsreaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of journalists">List of journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_news" title="Local news">Local news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsroom" title="Newsroom">Newsroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_newspaper" class="mw-redirect" title="Student newspaper">Student newspaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War correspondent</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalist&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNisbet2009" class="citation news cs1">Nisbet, Matthew C. (March–April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703075520/http://www.environmentmagazine.org/Archives/Back+Issues/March-April+2009/Nisbet-full.html">"Communicating Climate Change: Why Frames Matter for Public Engagement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Environment_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment Magazine">Environment Magazine</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Heldref_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Heldref Publications">Heldref Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Taylor & Francis Group">Taylor & Francis Group</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmentmagazine.org/Archives/Back+Issues/March-April+2009/Nisbet-full.html">the original</a> on 3 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.atitle=WORLDWIDE+ROUND-UP+of+journalists+killed%2C+detained%2C+held+hostage%2C+or+missing+in+2018&rft.date=2018-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fworldwilde_round-up.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-53880211">"Miroslava Breach murder: Mexico jails man who ordered journalist's death"</a>. BBC News. 23 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Miroslava+Breach+murder%3A+Mexico+jails+man+who+ordered+journalist%27s+death&rft.date=2020-08-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-latin-america-53880211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHjelmgaard2018" class="citation news cs1">Hjelmgaard, Kim (18 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2018/12/18/more-journalists-killed-2018-than-any-other-year-record-driven-unscrupulous-politicians/2346797002/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Unscrupulous politicians' blamed for worst year on record for journalist killings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Gannett" title="Gannett">Gannett</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=%27Unscrupulous+politicians%27+blamed+for+worst+year+on+record+for+journalist+killings&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft.aulast=Hjelmgaard&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2018%2F12%2F18%2Fmore-journalists-killed-2018-than-any-other-year-record-driven-unscrupulous-politicians%2F2346797002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts_Page_167-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_Page_167_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_Page_167_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobertsMaksl2021" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Jessica; Maksl, Adam (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qZU2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA167"><i>Attacks on the American Press: A Documentary and Reference Guide</i></a>. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440872570" title="Special:BookSources/9781440872570"><bdi>9781440872570</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attacks+on+the+American+Press%3A+A+Documentary+and+Reference+Guide&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9781440872570&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft.au=Maksl%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqZU2EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalist" class="Z3988"></span> This source is an annotated <a href="/wiki/Source_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Source book">source book</a> intended for use in introductory journalism courses.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mullins-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mullins_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMullins2023" class="citation news cs1">Mullins, Luke (4 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonian.com/2023/05/04/a-memorial-to-fallen-journalists-is-one-step-closer-to-happening-on-the-national-mall/">"A Memorial to Fallen Journalists Is One Step Closer to Happening on the National Mall"</a>. <i>Washingtonian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washingtonian&rft.atitle=A+Memorial+to+Fallen+Journalists+Is+One+Step+Closer+to+Happening+on+the+National+Mall&rft.date=2023-05-04&rft.aulast=Mullins&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonian.com%2F2023%2F05%2F04%2Fa-memorial-to-fallen-journalists-is-one-step-closer-to-happening-on-the-national-mall%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBenton2021" class="citation web cs1">Benton, Joshua (20 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niemanlab.org/2021/10/its-time-to-create-an-alternative-path-into-a-journalism-career/">"It's time to create an alternative path into a journalism career"</a>. <i>Nieman Lab</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nieman+Lab&rft.atitle=It%27s+time+to+create+an+alternative+path+into+a+journalism+career&rft.date=2021-10-20&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niemanlab.org%2F2021%2F10%2Fits-time-to-create-an-alternative-path-into-a-journalism-career%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWillnatWeaver2014" class="citation report cs1">Willnat, Lars; Weaver, David H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140507070048/http://news.indiana.edu/releases/iu/2014/05/2013-american-journalist-key-findings.pdf">The American Journalist in the Digital Age: Key Findings</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Bloomington, Indiana: School of Journalism, Indiana University. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.indiana.edu/releases/iu/2014/05/2013-american-journalist-key-findings.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 7 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+American+Journalist+in+the+Digital+Age%3A+Key+Findings&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=School+of+Journalism%2C+Indiana+University&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Willnat&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft.au=Weaver%2C+David+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.indiana.edu%2Freleases%2Fiu%2F2014%2F05%2F2013-american-journalist-key-findings.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJournalist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalist&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Deuze, Mark. "What is journalism? Professional identity and ideology of journalists reconsidered." <i>Journalism</i> 6.4 (2005): 442-464 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/51123770/What-is-Journalism1.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li> <li>Hanitzsch, Thomas, et al. eds. <i>Worlds of Journalism: Journalistic Cultures around the Globe</i> (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Worlds-Journalism-Journalistic-Cultures-Institute/dp/0231186436/">excerpt of the book</a> also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55340">online review</a></li> <li>Hicks, Wynford, et al. <i>Writing for journalists</i> (Routledge, 2016) short textbook; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://llrc.mcast.edu.mt/digitalversion/Table_of_Contents_133743.pdf">excerpt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111091907/http://llrc.mcast.edu.mt/digitalversion/Table_of_Contents_133743.pdf">Archived</a> 11 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Keeble, Richard. <i>Ethics for journalists</i> (Routledge, 2008).</li> <li>Mellado, Claudia, et al. "Investigating the gap between newspaper journalists' role conceptions and role performance in nine European, Asian, and Latin American countries." <i>International Journal of Press/Politics</i> (2020): 1940161220910106 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/63314293/Investigating_the_gap.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li> <li>Patterson, Thomas E., and Wolfgang Donsbagh. "News decisions: Journalists as partisan actors." <i>Political communication</i> 13.4 (1996): 455–468. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uky.edu/AS/PoliSci/Peffley/pdf/Patterson%201996%20Pol%20Comm%20News%20decisions_%20Journalists%20as%20partisan%20actors.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Randall, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nVI7qkIJS6IC&q=journalist"><i>The Universal Journalist.</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>, 2000). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1641-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1641-3">978-0-7453-1641-3</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/43481682">OCLC 43481682</a></li> <li>Shoemaker, Pamela J., Tim P. Vos, and Stephen D. Reese. "Journalists as gatekeepers." in <i>The handbook of journalism studies</i> 73 (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rasaneh.org/images/news/atachfile/30-9-1390/file634600594129473750.pdf#page=94">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200110223951/http://www.rasaneh.org/Images/News/AtachFile/30-9-1390/FILE634600594129473750.pdf#page=94">Archived</a> 10 January 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Stone, Melville Elijah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W544AAAAIAAJ&q=journalist"><i>Fifty Years a Journalist.</i></a> New York: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday, Page and Company</a> (1921). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1520155">1520155</a></li> <li>Wettstein, Martin, et al. "News media as gatekeepers, critics, and initiators of populist communication: How journalists in ten countries deal with the populist challenge." <i>International Journal of Press/Politics</i> 23.4 (2018): 476-495 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/58115312/Wettstein__Esser_et_al_2018_IJPP_Newsmedia_as_Gatekeepers__Critics.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journalist&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journalism" title="Template:Journalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism" title="Template talk:Journalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Journalism187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li>Journalists (reporters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / commentator</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Profession</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_style" title="News style">Writing style</a> (<a href="/wiki/Five_Ws" title="Five Ws">Five Ws</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_ethics_and_standards" title="Journalism ethics and standards">Ethics and standards</a> (<a href="/wiki/Code_of_ethics_in_media" title="Code of ethics in media">code of ethics</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_culture" title="Journalism culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalistic_objectivity" title="Journalistic objectivity">Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_(journalism)" title="Source (journalism)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism_school" title="Journalism school">Journalism school</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_journalism" title="Arts journalism">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_journalism" title="Business journalism">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_journalism" title="Entertainment journalism">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_journalism" title="Environmental journalism">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_journalism" title="Fashion journalism">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_news" title="Local news">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_journalism" title="Medical journalism">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_journalism" title="Music journalism">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_journalism" title="Political journalism">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traffic_reporting" title="Traffic reporting">Traffic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_news" title="World news">World</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Journalism_genres" title="Journalism genres">Genres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Adversarial_journalism" title="Adversarial journalism">Adversarial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_journalism" title="Advocacy journalism">Advocacy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Journalistic_interventionism" title="Journalistic interventionism">Interventionism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytic_journalism" title="Analytic journalism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalism" title="Broadcast journalism">Broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churnalism" title="Churnalism">Churnalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_journalism" title="Civic journalism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_journalism" title="Collaborative journalism">Collaborative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_journalism" title="Community journalism">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_journalism" title="Data journalism">Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_journalism" title="Database journalism">Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_journalism" title="Digital journalism">Digital/Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explanatory_journalism" title="Explanatory journalism">Explanatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">Fact-checking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzo_journalism" title="Gonzo journalism">Gonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_journalism" title="Immersion journalism">Immersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretive_journalism" title="Interpretive journalism">Interpretive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalism" title="Investigative journalism">Investigative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_journalism" title="Multimedia journalism">Multimedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_journalism" title="Narrative journalism">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Journalism" title="New Journalism">New Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-profit_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit journalism">Non-profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_journalism" title="Opinion journalism">Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_journalism" title="Peace journalism">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_release" title="Press release">Press release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensor_journalism" title="Sensor journalism">Sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_press" title="Underground press">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_journalism" title="Video journalism">Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_journalism" title="Visual journalism">Visual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social impact</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Estate" title="Fourth Estate">Fourth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Estate" title="Fifth Estate">Fifth Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Freedom of the press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_race_journalism" title="Horse race journalism">Horse race journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> (<a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_desert" title="News desert">News desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">News media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">Newspaper of record</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">TV and radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_newspaper" title="Online newspaper">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Index_of_journalism_articles" title="Index of journalism articles">List of journalism articles</a> – <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_journalism" title="Outline of journalism">Outline</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Journalism_roles28" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Journalism_roles" title="Template:Journalism roles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Journalism_roles" title="Template talk:Journalism roles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism_roles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Journalism roles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Journalism_roles28" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Journalism roles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_editor" title="Contributing editor">Contributing editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assignment_editor" title="Assignment editor">Assignment editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_editor" title="Public editor">Public editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty_editor" title="Duty editor">Duty editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_editor" title="Political editor">Political editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_editor" title="Managing editor">Managing editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editor-at-large" title="Editor-at-large">Editor-at-large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editor-in-chief" title="Editor-in-chief">Editor-in-chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_board" title="Editorial board">Editorial board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Journalists (reporters)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnist" title="Columnist">Columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blogger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorologist" title="Meteorologist">Meteorologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_presenter" title="News presenter">News presenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pundit" title="Pundit">Pundit / Commentator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixer_(journalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixer (journalism)">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stringer_(journalism)" title="Stringer (journalism)">Stringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondent" title="Correspondent">Correspondent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fact_checker" class="mw-redirect" title="Fact checker">Fact checker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_critic" title="Food critic">Food critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossip_columnist" title="Gossip columnist">Gossip columnist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_analyst" title="News analyst">News analyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staff_writer" title="Staff writer">Staff writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photographer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930187#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2629" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930187#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2629" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930187#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/984188/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Journalist"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4028781-6">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Journalistin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4028786-5">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85070788">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Journalistes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934262j">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Journalistes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934262j">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574980">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="novinářky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123340&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="novináři"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph123339&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Periodistas"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX526234">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000050613&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536275305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638985">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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