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Baker plagiarism accusations</a> </h3> <div class='post-header-line-1'></div> <div class='post-body'> <p> <div style='float:right; margin-left:10px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> digg_url = 'https://lippard.blogspot.com/2024/05/wikipedia-on-robert-baker-plagiarism.html'; </script> <script src="//digg.com/tools/diggthis.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </div> <p> The Wikipedia entry for University of Kentucky psychologist and skeptic Robert A. Baker recently (December 2023) restored a section on plagiarism accusations against him, which originated in a 1994 letter to the editor of <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i> from Jody Hey and were compounded by further accusations by Terence Hines and by me the same year. Unfortunately, the Wikipedia entry currently leaves the debate the same way the <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i> did in 1995, giving Baker the final word with a transparently false explanation.  Here's how the Wikipedia entry currently presents the issue:</p><p><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"></span></p><blockquote><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Readers of </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></i><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">, noticed in 1994 similarities between one of Baker's articles and William Grey's article </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Philosophy and the Paranormal, Part 2</i><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">. After discovering this, Baker wrote to Grey apologizing for "forgetting both the direct quotation and the reference citation", he claims that it was an oversight. Grey publicly accepted Baker's apology in the </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Skeptical Inquirer</i><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Baker#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> In the following year, author </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_Hines" style="background: none rgb(255, 255, 255); color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Terence Hines">Terence Hines</a><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> accused Baker of unattributed quotations from an article by Melvin Harris and from his own book </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience_and_the_Paranormal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pseudoscience and the Paranormal">Pseudoscience and the Paranormal</a></i><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Baker#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> Baker responded in </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Skeptical Inquirer</i><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">. stating that he used Melvin Harris' book </span><i style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Investigating the Unexplained</i><span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> as a source, rather than the article or Hines' book, and that he gave Harris credit but forgot the quotation marks.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; text-wrap: nowrap; unicode-bidi: isolate;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Baker#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></blockquote><p>This description is faulty in that it omits most of the evidence and is inconsistent with it. The most detailed account can be found in <a href="https://www.discord.org/lippard/Bakerreport.txt">my 1994 report given to leaders at the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal (CSICOP, now the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry or CSI) and subsequently published in 1995 to Usenet and its update</a>. I've also assembled <a href="https://www.discord.org/lippard/Bakerchronology.html">a chronology of events</a> that led to my involvement and included legal threats from Baker, which I've now updated to include a letter from Paul Kurtz in his role as head of Prometheus Books noting that Baker's book <i>Hidden Memories</i> had been withdrawn from publication. While I've not exhaustively searched Baker's work, I found fairly consistent plagiarism in his books for Prometheus and his book reviews for <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i> throughout his career as a skeptic.</p><p>The rest of this post will first show that Baker's claim to have used Harris as a source, but not Hines, is false--there is clear evidence that Baker plagiarized Hines, whose book he did not cite (and his text matches Harris's article rather than the book where they differ). Second, it will show the heaviest section of plagiarism I identified in another Baker book, <i>They Call It Hypnosis</i> (1990, Prometheus Books). Finally, it will show that Baker's institution defined research misconduct in a way that includes what he did, and that Baker's own writing shows that he understood this to be misconduct.</p><p>The exchange between Hines and Baker in the pages of the July/August 1995 <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i> (pp. 44-46) focuses on a passage on p. 157 in chapter 4 of Baker's book, <i>Hidden Memories: Voices and Visions from Within</i> (1992, Prometheus Books) and its resemblance to a passage on p. 74 in Hines' book, <i>Pseudoscience and the Paranormal</i> (1988, Prometheus Books) where he quotes from p. 23 of an article by Melvin Harris, "Are 'Past-Life' Regressions Evidence of Reincarnation?", <i>Free Inquiry</i>, Fall 1986, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 18-23 (quotation marks as given in Hines):</p><p></p><blockquote>"...every single piece of information given by Jane Evans can be traced to de Wohl's fictional account. She uses his fictional sequences in exactly the same order and even speaks of his fictional characters, such as Curio and Valerius, as if they had been real."</blockquote><p></p><p>Hines notes that Baker uses nearly the same words in the same sequence, without quotation marks or references, on p. 157 of <i>Hidden Memories</i>:</p><p></p><blockquote>Every single piece of information given by Mrs. Evans could be traced to De Wohl's book, and Mrs. Evans used his fictional sequences in exactly the same order as he had, and even spoke of De Wohl's fictional characters, Curio and Valerius, as if they had been real.</blockquote><p></p><p>Here is how Harris makes the same statement on p. 162 of his book, <i>Investigating the Unexplained</i> (1986, Prometheus Books), which Baker claims is his source (italics in original):</p><p></p><blockquote>In the same way <i>every single piece of information</i> given out by Jane Evans can be traced to De Wohl's fictional account. She uses his fictional sequences in exactly the same order and even speaks of his fictional characters--such as Curio and Valerius--as if they were real people.</blockquote><p></p><p>Harris's article (p. 23):</p><p></p><blockquote>In the same way, every single piece of information given by Jane Evans can be traced to De Wohl's fictional account. She uses his fictional sequences in exactly the same order and even speaks of his fictional characters, such as Curio and Valerius, as if they were real people. </blockquote><p></p><p>Baker's wording omits the "out" in the first sentence, uses commas instead of hyphens, and doesn't use the italicization, all matching the article rather than the book.</p><p>Baker cites neither Harris nor Hines in the notes for chapter 4 of his book. He does mention Melvin Harris twice on the page with no citation and no attributed quotations, including once in the same paragraph as the above quotations. Baker's discussion of other cases earlier in the chapter differs from Hines and Harris--all three discuss Bridey Murphy, but Baker's case is more extensive than Harris or Hines. I suspect his sources may be identifiable from the other references he gives at the end of the book for the chapter.</p><p>But when it comes to Baker's discussion of Jane Evans, he engaged in more plagiarism of Hines, as can be seen by comparing his text to Hines and to Harris's article and book. Harris discusses the case extensively on pp. 155-163 of his book, while Hines' and Baker's discussions are each less than two pages long.</p><p>Here is what Baker writes (pp. 156-157), with exact word matches with Hines highlighted in yellow, and with Harris' article in orange (and I found no matches to Harris's book which did not also match the article):</p><p></p><blockquote>The second, and by far the most [Harris: much more] <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">impressive</span>, was <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">the case of</span> <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">a Welsh housewife named Jane Evans</span>, who <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">described six past lives</span> that <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">were remarkable for the</span> tremendous <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">amount of accurate historical detail </span>[Harris: amount of detail] they contained. <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">In one of</span> the <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">lives she was a maid</span> in the house <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">of </span>a <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">wealthy</span> [Baker, p. 157:] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">and powerful merchant in fifteenth-century France.</span> Mrs. <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Evans</span> <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">describe</span>d accurately the house and all of its furnishings in great detail, as well as the members of the merchant's family. She made one very <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">significant error</span> in her <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">account</span>, however. <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">She</span> said the merchant <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">was</span> un<span style="background-color: #fcff01;">married</span> [Hines: not married] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">and had no children</span>. In truth <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">he was married and had five children</span>, circumstances no maid would be unaware of. The same failure to mention wife and children turned up in <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">a novel </span>that had been written about the merchant, <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">titled <i>The Moneyman</i> by Thomas B. Costain</span> (1948). According to Melvin <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Harris</span>, <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">who</span> <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">investigated</span> the <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">case</span>, the <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">evidence</span> is <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">overwhelming</span> <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">that this book</span> was <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">the</span> source of all of Mrs. Evan's [sic; Hines: basis for Evans's] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">"memories" of her life in fifteenth-century France.</span></blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote>   <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">In</span> <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">another life</span> that she reported, Mrs. <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Evans was a woman</span> named Livonia, who lived during <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">the Roman occupation of Britain.</span> <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Her</span> account [Hines: knowledge] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">of</span> the <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">historical facts</span> <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">of </span>this [Hines: that] period was so accurate that authorities [Harris: authority] <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">on Roman Britain</span> were astounded. Again, however, there were a few factual errors. <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Her</span> knowledge [Hines: information] of the period was traced to the 1947 <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">best-selling novel</span> <i style="background-color: #fcff01;">The Living Wood</i> by Louis <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">De Wohl</span>. <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">Every single piece of information given by </span>Mrs. <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">Evans</span> could <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">be traced to De Wohl's</span> book, and Mrs. Evans used [Hines, Harris: she uses] <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">his fictional sequences in exactly the same order</span> as he had, <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">and even</span> spoke [Hines, Harris: speaks] <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">of</span> De Wohl's [Hines, Harris: his] <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">fictional characters,</span> <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">Curio and Valerius,</span> <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">as if they</span> had been [Hines, Harris: were] <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">real</span>. The historical errors in Mrs. Evan's [sic] account were also found in the book. As Harris clearly demonstrated, Mrs. <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">Evans</span> had [Harris: had] <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">the ability to store vivid stories in her subconscious and </span>then <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">creatively combine and edit them to the point </span>that [Harris: where] <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">she</span> herself became [Harris: becomes] a [Harris: one of the] <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">character</span> in the story [Harris: involved].</blockquote><p></p><p>This last sentence is another in which Baker follows Harris's article more closely than his book, which suggests Baker used the article in addition to Hines (who doesn't quote this sentence).  Harris's book (p. 161) says "... Jane Evans has the ability to subconsciously store vivid accounts and combine and edit these creatively--to the point where she becomes one of the characters involved." The article (p. 22) says "...Jane Evans has the ability to store vivid tories in her subconscious and creatively combine and edit them to the point where she becomes one of the characters involved."</p><p>Overall, Baker follows Hines more closely than Harris, and when there are discrepancies between Harris's article and book, Baker follows the article.  While Harris names the maid (Alison), neither Hines nor Baker do. In structure, after introducing the maid, Hines and Baker mention Evans' description of the house and furnishings, but Harris only mentions that after describing Evans' "inside-knowledge of the intrigues surrounding the King's mistress, Agnes Sorel," which Hines and Baker omit. The sentences from Hines and Baker that immediately follow the house and furnishings differ slightly in wording but are strikingly similar:</p><p>Hines (p. 73): "Evans' account of her life in Coeur's house contains one most puzzling, and significant error. She says he was not married and had no children. But he was married and had five children--not the sort of thing the maid would be likely to overlook."</p><p>Baker (p. 157): "She made one very significant error in her acccount, however. She said the merchant was unmarried and had no children. In truth he was married and had five children, circumstances no maid would be unaware of."</p><p>Harris, by contrast, is quite different (p. 22): "In particular, the novel very neatly answers an important question raised by Iverson and other commentators: Why doesn't Alison know that her master is married? As Iverson puts it: 'How is it that this girl can know Coeur had an Egyption bodyslave and not be aware that he was married with five children?--a published fact in every historical account of Coeur's life?...If the explanation for the entire regression is a reading of history books in the twentieth century, then I cannot explain how Bloxham's subject would not know of the marriage.'"</p><p> </p><div class="page" title="Page 5"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>For completeness, here's Harris's book, which differs very slightly (p. 158): "In particular, the novel very neatly answers an important question raised by Iverson and other commentators--a question prompted by the curious fact that Alison does not know that her master is married! As Iverson puts it: 'How is it that this girl can know Coeur had an Egyptian bodyslave and not be aware that he was married with five children?--a fact published in every historical account of Coeur's life? ... If the explanation for the entire regression is a reading of history books in the twentieth century, then I cannot explain how Bloxham's subject would not know of the marriage.'"</p><p>In short, Baker plagiarized Hines and Harris, and his explanation is not consistent with the facts, with the truth revealed in much the same way as the truth was revealed about Evans' stories being sourced from fiction.</p></div></div></div><p>Next, we turn to Baker's <i>They Call It Hypnosis</i>, where Baker repeatedly plagiarized sources word-for-word without quotation marks, sometimes referencing them in the chapters where used, sometimes not referencing them in the chapter, and sometimes not referencing them at all (see <a href="https://www.discord.org/lippard/Bakerreport.txt">my full report</a> for more examples of each). In these examples, Baker lifts from work by Nicholas P. Spanos, by Spanos and co-author John F. Chaves, and by Irving Kirsch and James R. Council, with his only original contributions being some introductory or connecting phrases and substitution of synonyms. Here is what appears on pp. 129-131 of <i>They Call It Hypnosis</i>, part of chapter three titled "Hypnosis: Recent and Contemporary Views," with highlights indicating word-for-word plagiarism from the sources used:</p><p></p><blockquote><p>     [Baker, p. 129] Overall, Spanos's position on hypnosis is very clear. He argues that, <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">despite widespread belief to the contrary, hypnotic procedures do not greatly augment responsiveness to suggestions. Nonhypnotic control subjects who have been encouraged to do their best respond just as well as hypnotic subjects to suggestions for pain reduction, amnesia, age regression, hallucination, limb rigidity,</span> etc. <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Hypnotic procedures</span>, he says, <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">are no more effective than nonhypnotic relaxation procedures at</span> reducing [Spanos: lowering] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">blood pressure and muscle tension or</span> affecting [Spanos: effecting] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">other behavioral, physiological, or verbal report indicators of relaxation. Hypnotic procedures are no more effective than various nonhypnotic procedures at enhancing imagery vividness or at facilitating therapeutic change for such problems as chronic pain, phobic response, cigarette smoking, etc. The available scientific evidence</span> that Spanos and his collaborators have compiled <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">fails to support the notion that hypnotic procedures bring about unique or highly unusual states of consciousness or that these procedures facilitate responsiveness to suggestion to any greater extent than nonhypnotic procedures that enhance positive motivation and expectation. </span>[Spanos, p. 175]</p><p>     Spanos also notes that <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">hypnotic suggestions do not directly instruct the subject to do anything. Instead,</span> they [Spanos: suggestions] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">are</span> usually <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">phrased in the passive voice and imply that something is happening;</span> for example [Spanos: e.g.], <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">"Your arm is rising," instead of "Raise your arm."</span> The [Spanos: This] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">passive phrasing communicates the idea that the suggested effects are</span> occurring [Spanos: happening] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">automatically. In other words,</span> the <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">hypnotic suggestions are</span> really <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">tacit requests</span> to the subject <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">to become </span>[Baker, p. 130 begins:]<span style="background-color: #fcff01;"> involved in</span> a <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">make-believe</span> activity. <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Good hypnotic subjects understand</span> this [Spanos: the implications of these tacit requests] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">and use their imaginative abilities and acting skills to become absorbed in the make-believe</span> activities [Spanos: scenarios]. Spanos notes that <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">the method actor who throws himself into the role</span> is the analogue of the <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">good hypnotic subject</span> who <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">throw</span>s himself [Spanos: themselves] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">into generating the experiences relevant to</span> his [Spanos: their] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">role as</span> someone who is <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">hypnotized and responsive to suggestions</span>. [Spanos, pp. 175-176]</p><p>     Spanos and his collaborators have looked closely at hypnotic age regression and have demonstrated that regressed s<span style="background-color: #fcff01;">ubjects do not, in any real sense, take on the cognitive, perceptual, or emotional characteristics of actual children. Instead of behaving like real children, age regressed subjects behave the way they believe children behave. To the extent that their expectations about how children behave are inaccurate, their age regression performances</span> also <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">are off the mark.</span> Simply put, <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">age regression suggestions are invitations to become involved in</span> the [Spanos: this] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">make-believe game of being a child</span> again. <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">People who accept the invitation do not, in any literal sense, revert psychologically to childhood. Instead, they use whatever they know about real children, whatever they remember from their own childhood, to temporarily become absorbed in the fantasy of being a child again. </span>[Spanos, p. 176]</p><p>     <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Just as subjects can be given suggestions for age regression, amnesia, or pain reduction,</span> Spanos says <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">they can also be led to believe that they possess "hidden selves."</span> When Hilgard's <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">good hypnotic subjects were</span> told [Spanos: informed] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">that they possessed hidden selves they normally were unaware of--but </span>to which <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">the experimenter could talk</span> when he gave [Spanos: by giving] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">the</span> proper [Spanos: appropriate] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">signals--many of</span> them [Spanos: these subjects], <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">when the signals</span> were given [Spanos: they received], acted [Spanos: behaved] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">as if they</span> did have alternate egos [Spanos: possessed secondary selves]. <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Hilgard</span> interpreted this as indicating [Spanos: interpret such findings to mean] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">that good hypnotic subjects carry around unconscious hidden selves with certain intrinsic, unsuggested characteristics.</span> Spanos counters this by pointing out that the <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">evidence</span> shows these [Spanos: indicates instead that] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">so-called hidden selves are neither intrinsic to hypnotic procedures nor unsuggested.</span> On <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">the contrary, hidden self-performances--like other suggested responses--appear to reflect attempts by motivated and imaginative subjects to create the experiences and</span> role-play the behaviors [Spanos: role behaviors] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">called for by the instructions they are given. By</span> the experimenter <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">varying</span> these [Spanos: such] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">instructions, </span>the <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">subjects can be easily led to develop hidden selves with whatever characteristics the experimenters</span> desire [Spanos: wish]. <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Depending upon the instructions given, good hypnotic subjects will</span> act out [Spanos: enact] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">hidden selves</span> reporting [Spanos: that report] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">very high levels of pain, very low levels of pain, or both high and low levels of pain in succession. Subjects can also be led to act as if they possess hidden selves that can remember concrete but not abstract words, or the opposite; or they can report</span> seeing [Spanos: that see] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">stimuli accurately,</span> seeing them [Spanos: see stimuli] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">in reverse, or</span> not seeing them [Spanos: don't see stimuli] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">at all</span>; as the experimenter wishes. <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">In short,</span> the subjects are [Spanos: subject is] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">acting out a fantasy</span> which <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">is initiated by the suggestions of the hypnotist. </span>Then the fantasy <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">is imaginatively elaborated upon and sustained by the subject</span> and his interactions with <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">the hypnotist. </span>[Spanos, pp. 176-177]</p></blockquote><p></p><blockquote>     [Baker, p. 131 begins:] Spanos has also carried out studies of past-life regression, and in agreement with the findings of other researchers, his work <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">indicates that past-life reports from hypnotically regressed subjects are fantasy constructions of imaginative subjects who are willing to become absorbed in the make-believe situation implied by the regression suggestions.</span> As expected, <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">subjects who responded well to other hypnotic suggestions were the</span> most <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">likely to respond</span> well <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">to regression suggestions. Those with the most practice at vivid daydreaming and everyday fantasizing</span>, i.e., the fantasy-prone, <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">created the most vivid past-life fantasies.</span> In the same manner as childhood regressees, <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">past-life reporters incorporate historical misinformation into their past</span> lives [Spanos: -life enactments]. <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">Those who</span> from the outset <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">believed in reincarnation</span> thought <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">their past</span> lives were true [Spanos: -life experiences were veridical] <span style="background-color: #fcff01;">rather than imaginary.</span> A lengthier discussion of this topic and other paranormal hypnotic beliefs will be found in a later chapter. [Spanos, p. 179]</blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote>     By no means, however, does Spanos see the problem of hypnosis as solved. New knowledge leads us to new unknowns and in the <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">well-known and pronounced effects of suggestion on the human body there are many unsolved problems. The suggestion-induced disappearance of warts, for example, is just such a dilemma. Spanos's own work has shown that neither a hypnotic induction nor preliminary instructions for relaxation add to the effectiveness of imagery-based suggestions in producing wart regression.</span> Nor can <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">the effects of suggestion be accounted for simply in terms of enhanced expectancies. Subjects given placebos and those given suggestions reported equivalent expectations of treatment success, but </span>the <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">suggestions were</span> much <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">more effective than</span> the <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">placebos</span> in [Spanos & Chaves: at] <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">producing wart regression.</span> The <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">suggestions, however, were not effective with all</span> the <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">subjects. They were most effective</span>, Spanos reports, with <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">subjects who</span> had [Spanos & Chaves: possessed] <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">multiple warts</span> rather than [Spanos & Chaves: as opposed to] <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">single wart</span>s. <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">Those who rated their suggested imagery as</span> especially [Spanos & Chaves: relatively] <span style="background-color: #ffa400;">vivid</span> also had better results. [Spanos & Chaves, pp. 445-446]</blockquote><p></p><p></p><p>At this point, Baker says "Spanos concludes that" followed by a large block of correctly cited and quoted text from Spanos & Chaves p. 446 that fills the rest of p. 131, with a concluding sentence on p. 132 that appears to be original. Baker goes on in pp. 132-134 to describes the views of Irving Kirsch under the heading "Irving Kirsch and Response Expectancy in Hypnotic Behavior," with an original opening paragraph that cites Irving Kirsch, "Response expectancy as a determinant of experience and behavior," <i>American Psychologist</i> 1985, vol. 40, pp. 1189-1202, a source he does not plagiarize. But he goes on to plagiarize a source that he cites nowhere in his book, Kirsch & Council's chapter from Spanos & Chaves' book (which book he does list as a reference at the end of the chapter, but doesn't cite in the section). There is more original content in this section, and more extensive rewriting, but the level of plagiarism increases as it goes on:</p><p></p><blockquote>[Baker, p. 132:] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">In the</span> latter part of the <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">nineteenth century, Albert Moll</span> argued [Kirsch & Council, p. 360: maintained] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">that</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">hypnotic behavior</span> was <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">determine</span>d by <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">two</span> basic <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">principles: 1)</span> people [Kirsch & Council, quoting Moss, 1897, p. 241: men] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">have a certain proneness to allow themselves to be influenced by others through their ideas, and in particular, to believe much without making conscious logical deductions; 2) a psychological effect tends to appear in a</span> person [Kirsch & Council, quoting Moss, 1897: man] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">if he is expecting it.</span> Moll also was able to cause his [Kirsch & Council: elicit hallucinations by leading] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">blindfolded subjects</span> to <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">hallucinat</span>e when he told them [Kirsch & Council: to believe] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">they were being mesmerized</span>.</blockquote><p></p><blockquote>   <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">Moll'</span>s giving expectancy a role in the production of hypnotic phenomena <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">anticipated</span> Kirsch's thinking that <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">response expectancies</span> cause [Kirsch & Council, p. 361: generate corresponding] the individual to have internal <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">subjective experiences</span> which then cause [Kirsch & Council: and their] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">behavior</span> [Kirsch & Council: behavioral and physiological correlates]. A very clear [Kirsch & Council: particularly apparent] example of this is the <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">placebo</span> effect. When the patient is given a sugar pill but is told or believes it is a powerful pain killer, miraculously, because of his expectancies, the pain goes away! As for hypnosis, according to Kirsch, <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">the occurrence of a hypnotic response is a function of the subject's expectancy that it will occur.</span> Once the subject has learned how a hypnotized subject is supposed to react and what he can expect to happen when he is hypnotized, then the hypnotic responses occur automatically, i.e., without conscious effort on the subject's part. Emotional reactions--fear, sadness, sexual arousal, pain--are good examples of automatic responses. Acrophobics, for example, will avoid tall buildings, cliffs, ferris wheels, etc., because of their expectancy that not doing so would result in a panic attack. </blockquote><p></p><blockquote>   Various other evidence [Kirsch & Council, p. 362: A considerable body of data] is available to <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">demonstrate that</span> automatic [Kirsch & Council: nonvolitional] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">responses can be</span> brought about [Kirsch & Council: elicited] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">by the</span> mere <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">expectancy of their occurrence</span>. Both hypnosis and placebos are effective in treating pain, skin conditions, and asthma, and it seems reasonable to assume that the same mechanism, namely, response expectancy, produces these responses in both hypnosis [Baker, p. 133:] and the nonhypnosis situations. Telling subjects [Kirsch & Council, p. 364: informing them] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">they</span> have received [Kirsch & Council: were ingesting] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">a</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">psychedelic</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">drug</span> that will produce <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">hallucinations</span> causes <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">about</span> half [Kirsch & Council: 50 percent] to <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">report</span> visions, even though no drug was given. Subjects [Kirsch & Council: people] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">who are told</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">that hypnotized subjects</span> can't move their [Kirsch & Council: display catalepsy of the] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">dominant arm are likely to experience this effect when hypnotized</span>, <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">and being</span> told [Kirsch & Council: informed] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">that</span> inability to remember, i.e., <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">spontaneous amnesia, is characteristic of hypnosis significantly increase</span>s <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">the likelihood of its occurrence</span>. When subjects were told that either the ability or <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">the inability to resist</span> responding to <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">suggestions</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">was characteristic of deep hypnosis</span>, they responded accordingly.</blockquote><p></p><blockquote>   <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">Besides affecting overt responses, role perceptions are</span> an i<span style="background-color: #04ff00;">mportant determinant of self-reported experiences of altered states of consciousness</span>. <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">In a</span> number [Kirsch & Council, p. 365: series] of <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">studies</span> it was shown [Kirsch & Council: this has been convincingly demonstrated] that <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">the degree of change in state of consciousness</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">subjects expected to experience significantly predicted the number of unsuggested alterations in experience</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">they subsequently reported.</span> Moreover, the <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">data</span> from these studies indicate [Kirsch & Council, p. 366: suggest] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">that</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">no particular state of consciousness can be labeled a "hypnotic trance." Rather,</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">a variety of changes in experience</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">are interpreted</span> by the subject <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">as evidence of trance when</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">experienced in a hypnotic context. Some of these are directly suggested in typical</span> hypnotic <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">induction</span>--<span style="background-color: #04ff00;">relaxation</span>, for example [Kirsch & Council, p. 367: e.g.]--whereas <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">others occur as a function of the subject's preconceptions.</span> How the subject perceives the situation pretty much determines how effective the situation will be in producing hypnosis. <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">Just hearing the words</span>, <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">"You are becoming very, very relaxed,"</span> is enough <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">in our culture</span> to make <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">most people</span> think [Kirsch & Council, p. 368: evokes the idea] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">of hypnosis</span>. <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">Glass and Barber (1961)</span> a few years ago set up [Kirsch & Council: devised] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">a highly credible</span> clinical environment and told <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">subjects</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">an inert pill </span>was <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">a powerful hypnotic drug</span> which <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">would produce a state of hypnosis</span>. In <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">this</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">setting</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">the</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">pill was as effective as a standard hypnotic induction</span> procedure <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">in</span> effecting [Kirsch & Council: raising levels of] the subject's <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">response</span>s <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">to suggestion</span>.</blockquote><p>The rest of p. 133 of Baker is two original sentences that introduce a large block of text (five full sentences) properly identified as quotation and attributed to the Spanos & Chaves book without a page reference; it is from p. 371 in the Kirsch & Council chapter. Baker p. 134 completes the Kirsch section:</p><p></p><blockquote><span style="background-color: #04ff00;">According to</span> Kirsch's [Kirsch & Council, p. 371: expectancy] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">theory, the probability of occurrence of a nonvolitional response varies directly with the strength of the expectancy of the occurrence and inversely with the magnitude or difficulty of the expected response. </span>[Baker has removed Kirsch & Council's quotation marks before "the probability"; the rest of the sentence is a direct quote from Kirsch's 1985 paper.]</blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote>   <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">Trance induction procedures are</span>, of course, <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">typically designed</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">to increase the subject's expectancies for responding to suggestions</span>, and <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">in</span> the Ericksonian approach [Kirsch & Council: clinical practice] the <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">hypnotist</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">tailor</span>s his <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">induction</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">to the characteristics and ongoing behavior of</span> the client [Kirsch & Council: individual subjects]. Kirsch sees most <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">hypnotic induction</span> procedures <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">as</span> merely <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">expectancy modification procedures.</span></blockquote><p></p><blockquote>   Kirsch's <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">response expectancy</span> theory [Kirsch & Council, p. 374: hypothesis] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">is generally consistent with </span>the <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">nonstate theories</span> of <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">Sarbin</span>, <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">Barber</span>, Wagstaff, and <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">Spanos</span>. <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">All</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">agree</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">that hypnotic responses</span> are best seen [Kirsch & Council: can be conceptualized] <span style="color: #04ff00;">as</span> compliance, belief, and imagination [Kirsch & Council: believed-in imaginings], <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">and that</span> the hypnosis <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">experience</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">occur</span>s <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">when people voluntarily</span> play [Kirsch & Council: take on] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">the role of hypnotic subject.</span> One key difference between Kirsch's theory and others is that his response <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">expectancies are</span> the <i style="background-color: #04ff00;">immediate</i> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">causes of</span> the <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">hypnotic response.</span> Rather than having <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">goal-directed image</span>s enhancing hypnosis, as Barber suggests, Kirsch has shown that the imagery <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">enhances responsiveness by virtue of its effects on expectancy.</span> Kirsch has also shown that not all so-called <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">hypnotic phenomena</span> are under a subject's will power or self-control [Kirsch & Council, p. 378: cannot be fully accounted for as volitional behavior]. <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">Warts</span>, for example, can be affected both by <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">placebos</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">and</span> by <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">hypnosis</span>, and such <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">changes in skin conditions are not under one's voluntary control.</span> Kirsch notes that <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">one could offer subjects a substantial sum of money to make their warts disappear, but it is</span> highly <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">unlikely that many</span> subjects <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">would be able to do so.</span></blockquote><p></p><p></p><blockquote>This phenomenon <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">also</span> <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">clearly</span> shows [Kirsch & Council, p. 378: demonstrates] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">the commonality between</span> hypnosis [Kirsch & Council: hypnotic phenomena] <span style="background-color: #04ff00;">and placebo effects. Both are examples of the nonvolitional nature of response expectancy effects.</span> Kirsch's observation raises another point of significance--the fact that we must realize that not everything that happens to the human being as a result of external stimulation is or should be considered hypnosis! Suggestion is a very powerful influence on human behavior and it can influence human behavior in many different ways, only a very few of which we would or should designate as "hypnotic."</blockquote><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p>Yellow highlight: Nicholas P. Spanos, "Past-Life Hypnotic Regression: A Critical View," <i>Skeptical Inquirer </i>vol. 12, no. 2, Winter 1987-88, pp. 174-180. Not listed as a reference in chapter three, but is listed as a reference in chapter six.</p><p>Orange highlight: Nicholas P. Spanos and John F. Chaves, <i>Hypnosis: The Cognitive-Behavioral Perspective,</i> 1989, Prometheus Books. This is listed as a reference in chapter three, but is not cited in the section where it is plagiarized, but instead on p. 129 a few paragraphs before the plagiarism of the Spanos <i>SI </i>article (yellow highlight).</p><p>Green highlight: Irving Kirsch and James R. Council, "Response Expectancy as a Determinant of Hypnotic Behavior," in Spanos & Chaves (1989), pp. 360-379. This chapter is not listed as a reference in the book.</p><p>I <a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/customer-reviews/R1QYXVZ1N65OLC?ref=pf_ov_at_pdctrvw_srp">reviewed Baker's <i>They Call It Hypnosis</i> for Amazon.com</a> on November 18, 1996, and gave it four stars; I might subtract another star today and say more about its giving state theories short shrift, but otherwise I still agree with this:</p><p><span face=""Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-size: 14px;"></span></p><blockquote><span face=""Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-size: 14px;">This book is an excellent summary of theories of hypnosis</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f1111; font-family: "Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face=""Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-size: 14px;">with an emphasis on criticisms of state theories. The</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f1111; font-family: "Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face=""Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-size: 14px;">author argues for social/cognitive non-state theories.</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f1111; font-family: "Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face=""Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-size: 14px;">The book is marred only by the fact that many passages</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f1111; font-family: "Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face=""Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-size: 14px;">are lifted directly from the authors being summarized,</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #0f1111; font-family: "Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" /><span face=""Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-size: 14px;">without being noted as such.</span></blockquote><span face=""Amazon Ember", Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #0f1111; font-size: 14px;"></span><p></p><p>Finally, here is the definition of research misconduct from the University of Kentucky's "Policy on Ethical Standards and Misconduct in Research" (64.0 AR II-4.0-2) from 1992:</p><pre style="overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;"><blockquote>Research "misconduct", as used herein, is defined as plagiarism; fabrication or intentional falsification of data, research procedures or data analysis; or other deliberate misrepresentation in proposing, conducting, reporting, or reviewing research. It does not include honest error or honest differences in interpretations or judgments of data. In cases of allegations involving activities submitted to or supported by a federal agency, the definition for misconduct specified in the agency's regulations will apply.</blockquote></pre>This policy was referenced in the faculty handbook section on "The Conduct of Research" in the paragraph on "Ethical Standards"; these are quoted more extensively in <a href="https://www.discord.org/lippard/Bakerreport.txt">my full report</a>. Baker was certainly aware of these in substance, as the following appears on p. 297 of Robert A. Baker and Joe Nickell's book, <i>Missing Pieces: How to Investigate Ghosts, UFOs, Psychics, and Other Mysteries</i> (1992, Prometheus Books):<div><pre style="overflow-wrap: break-word; text-wrap: wrap;"><blockquote>Another question that is bound to arise has to do with rewriting and paraphrasing. The courts once again have uniformly decided that it makes no difference whether the plagiarizer changes the arrangement of the original words or not--rewriting the material is not sufficient to aid the charge of infringement. ... More importantly, even if the use of the words and statements of another is totally honest, unintentional, or subconscious, it is still prohibited. Neither forgetfulness nor ignorance is regarded as a legitimate excuse. If, however, it was an honest and unintentional mistake, and no intent to plagiarize was in mind, the infringer usually gets off with a lesser punishment.</blockquote></pre><p></p><div>Baker's response to these allegations was at first to attack and concede nothing. He <a href="https://www.discord.org/lippard/baker-response.html">suggested that he was going to sue me for defamation</a>, and enlisted the help of others who attempted to discredit me (see <a href="https://www.discord.org/lippard/baker-mcgaha.html">my letter to Tucson skeptic James McGaha</a>). Ultimately, after psychologist Terence Hines, another prominent skeptic, was prepared to submit his book review of Baker's <i>Hidden Memories</i>, rejected by <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>, to competing publication <i>Skeptic</i> magazine,  <i>SI </i>editor Kendrick Frazier relented and published the review along with Baker's reply. Baker fell back to the claim that his plagiarism was minor and unintentional, while resorting to falsehoods to attempt to prop up that explanation, as explained above. At this point, CSICOP founder and Prometheus Books head Paul Kurtz sent me <a href="https://www.discord.org/lippard/1994-Sep-Oct-Kurtz-Lippard-on-Baker-addrredacted.pdf">a letter stating that <i>Hidden Memories</i> had been pulled from distribution</a> and would not be reissued until corrections had been made; I replied noting that there were bigger problems in <i>They Call It Hypnosis</i>, but received no response.</div></div><div><br /></div><div>Robert Baker was added to <a href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/pantheon-of-skeptics/">the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry's Pantheon of Skeptics</a> honoring distinguished Fellows of the organization on its creation in 2011.</div><div><br /></div><div><i>Skeptical Inquirer</i> and Wikipedia, at least to date, both gave Baker's falsehoods the final word. And perhaps the more interesting back story here is that Wikipedia is wrong because <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i> is wrong, but <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Robert_A._Baker#Plagiarism_controversy">the reason Wikipedia only even mentioned Baker's plagiarism at all in December 2023</a> is because a Wikipedia editor with no dog in the fight, "Psychologist Guy," intervened and restored an old edit of the article to include the mention, which had been removed in 2018 by another Wikipedia editor, "Niomart," with the false justification that "<span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">No valid source substantiating plagiarism claims</span>".</div><div><br /></div><div>As the Internet becomes more and more filled with AI-generated content, there will be sources with superficial plausibility generated by large language models, there will be sources that are human-curated and based on genuine research and fact-checking, and there will be sources that are human-curated and ideologically driven that settle on acceptable half-truths concealing messy details. OpenAI's ChatGPT 3.5 says it knows nothing of plagiarism by Robert A. Baker:</div><br /><b><blockquote>Did Robert A. Baker's 1992 book, Hidden Memories (pp. 156-157), plagiarize from Terence Hines' 1988 book Investigating the Unexplained (pp. 73-75)?</blockquote></b><div><blockquote>As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, I do not have specific information regarding an allegation of plagiarism between Robert A. Baker's book "Hidden Memories" and Terence Hines' book "Investigating the Unexplained" related to the pages specified. Therefore, I cannot definitively answer whether Baker's book plagiarized from Hines' book.</blockquote></div><div><blockquote>To investigate this further and obtain accurate information, I would recommend checking scholarly resources, academic databases, or reputable sources that discuss these books and any related allegations of plagiarism. You might also look into academic discussions or reviews of both books to see if there are any mentions of such accusations and their resolution.</blockquote><div>Google Gemini quotes from and cites Wikipedia as the final word:</div><div><user-query _ngcontent-ng-c999191820="" _nghost-ng-c2409591572="" class="ng-tns-c999191820-1 ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c2409591572="" class="user-query-container ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c2409591572="" class="query-content" id="user-query-content-3"><h2 _ngcontent-ng-c2409591572="" class="query-text ng-star-inserted" dir="ltr"><blockquote>Was Robert A. Baker ever accused of plagiarism, or of failure to properly cite quotations and sources?</blockquote></h2></div></div></user-query><model-response _ngcontent-ng-c999191820="" _nghost-ng-c3188186580="" class="ng-tns-c999191820-1 ng-star-inserted"><div _ngcontent-ng-c4265644239="" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="menu" class="mat-mdc-menu-trigger playback-speed-menu-trigger multi" role="menu"><mat-menu _ngcontent-ng-c4265644239="" class="ng-star-inserted" xposition="after" yposition="below"></mat-menu></div></model-response></div><div><p data-sourcepos="1:1-1:128"></p><blockquote>Yes, Robert A. Baker did face accusations of plagiarism in the past according to his Wikipedia page [Robert A. Baker Wikipedia].</blockquote><p></p><p data-sourcepos="3:1-3:34"></p><blockquote><p data-sourcepos="3:1-3:34">Here's a summary of the incidents:</p><ul data-sourcepos="5:1-7:1"> <li data-sourcepos="5:1-5:163">In 1994, readers of Skeptical Inquirer identified similarities between Baker's article and another author's work. Baker apologized, claiming it was an oversight.</li> <li data-sourcepos="6:1-7:1">The following year, another author pointed out unattributed quotes in Baker's writing. Baker defended himself by saying he used the original source but forgot quotation marks.</li></ul></blockquote></div></div> </p> <div style='clear: both;'></div> </div> <div class='post-footer'> <p class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-1'><span class='post-author'> Posted by Lippard </span> <span class='post-timestamp'> at <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2024/05/wikipedia-on-robert-baker-plagiarism.html' title='permanent link'>5/14/2024 06:22:00 PM</a> </span> <span class='post-comment-link'> </span> <span class='post-icons'> <span class='item-control blog-admin pid-1926897187'> <a href='https://www.blogger.com/post-edit.g?blogID=15453937&postID=160278069999630309&from=pencil' title='Edit Post'> <img alt='' class='icon-action' height='18' src='https://resources.blogblog.com/img/icon18_edit_allbkg.gif' width='18'/> </a> </span> </span> <span class='post-backlinks post-comment-link'> </span> </p> <p class='post-footer-line post-footer-line-2'><span class='post-labels'> Labels: <a href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/artificial%20intelligence' rel='tag'>artificial intelligence</a>, <a href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/books' rel='tag'>books</a>, <a href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/ChatGPT' rel='tag'>ChatGPT</a>, <a href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/CSICOP' rel='tag'>CSICOP</a>, <a href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/ethics' rel='tag'>ethics</a>, <a href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Gemini' rel='tag'>Gemini</a>, <a href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/history' rel='tag'>history</a>, <a href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/hypnosis' rel='tag'>hypnosis</a>, <a href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/plagiarism' rel='tag'>plagiarism</a>, <a href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/pseudoscience' rel='tag'>pseudoscience</a>, <a href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/skepticism' rel='tag'>skepticism</a>, <a 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class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2021/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2021/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2020/'> 2020 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2020/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2020/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2019/'> 2019 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2019/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2019/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2019/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2018/'> 2018 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2018/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2017/'> 2017 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2017/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2017/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2017/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2016/'> 2016 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2016/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2015/'> 2015 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2015/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2015/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2015/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2014/'> 2014 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2014/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2014/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2014/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2013/'> 2013 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2013/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2013/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2013/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2013/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2012/'> 2012 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(7)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2012/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2012/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2012/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2012/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2012/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/'> 2011 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(24)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2011/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/'> 2010 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(39)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2010/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/'> 2009 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(189)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(20)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(14)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(24)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(28)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(18)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(13)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(16)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(19)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2009/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(15)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/'> 2008 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(501)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(32)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(16)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(29)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(43)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(64)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(56)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(48)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(45)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(79)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(43)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(30)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2008/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(16)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/'> 2007 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(460)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(29)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(32)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(35)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(37)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(42)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(35)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(46)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(37)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(15)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(54)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(50)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2007/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(48)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/'> 2006 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(626)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(53)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(40)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(55)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(52)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(62)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/07/'> July </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(37)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/06/'> June </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(50)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/05/'> May </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(41)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/04/'> April </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(47)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/03/'> March </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(80)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/02/'> February </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(43)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2006/01/'> January </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(66)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2005/'> 2005 </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(194)</span> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2005/12/'> December </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(68)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2005/11/'> November </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(37)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2005/10/'> October </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(48)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2005/09/'> September </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(25)</span> </li> </ul> <ul class='hierarchy'> <li class='archivedate collapsed'> <a class='toggle' href='javascript:void(0)'> <span class='zippy'> ►  </span> </a> <a class='post-count-link' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/2005/08/'> August </a> <span class='post-count' dir='ltr'>(16)</span> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class='clear'></div> </div> </div><div class='widget HTML' data-version='1' id='HTML10'> <h2 class='title'>Recent Comments</h2> <div class='widget-content'> <script style="text/javascript" src="//www.discord.org/lippard/widgetcomments.js"></script><script style="text/javascript">var a_rc=5;var m_rc=true;var n_rc=true;var o_rc=100;</script><script src="//lippard.blogspot.com/feeds/comments/default?alt=json-in-script&callback=showrecentcomments"></script> </div> <div class='clear'></div> </div><div class='widget HTML' data-version='1' 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dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/biometrics'>biometrics</a> <span dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/books'>books</a> <span dir='ltr'>(64)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/botnets'>botnets</a> <span dir='ltr'>(21)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Buster'>Buster</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Casey%20Luskin'>Casey Luskin</a> <span dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/censorship'>censorship</a> <span dir='ltr'>(20)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Center%20for%20Public%20Integrity'>Center for Public Integrity</a> <span dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/charitable%20giving'>charitable giving</a> <span dir='ltr'>(29)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/ChatGPT'>ChatGPT</a> <span dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/China'>China</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/chiropractic'>chiropractic</a> <span dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Christopher%20Hitchens'>Christopher Hitchens</a> <span dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/CIA'>CIA</a> <span dir='ltr'>(39)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/civil%20liberties'>civil liberties</a> <span dir='ltr'>(122)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/civil%20rights'>civil rights</a> <span dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/climate%20change'>climate change</a> <span dir='ltr'>(31)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/conservative%20animal%20abuse'>conservative animal abuse</a> <span dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/conspiracy%20theory'>conspiracy theory</a> <span dir='ltr'>(43)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/copyright'>copyright</a> <span dir='ltr'>(54)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Creation%20Ministries%20International'>Creation Ministries International</a> <span dir='ltr'>(32)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/creationism'>creationism</a> <span dir='ltr'>(231)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/crime'>crime</a> <span dir='ltr'>(105)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/cryptozoology'>cryptozoology</a> <span dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/CSICOP'>CSICOP</a> <span dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/CSIS%20Cyber%20Policy%20Task%20Force'>CSIS Cyber Policy Task Force</a> <span dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Cunningham%20scandal'>Cunningham scandal</a> <span dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/cybersecurity'>cybersecurity</a> <span dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Cybersecurity%20Commission'>Cybersecurity Commission</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Daniel%20Dennett'>Daniel Dennett</a> <span dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/David%20Paszkiewicz'>David Paszkiewicz</a> <span dir='ltr'>(22)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Dennis%20Rawlins'>Dennis Rawlins</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/dirty%20politicians'>dirty politicians</a> <span dir='ltr'>(24)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Discovery%20Institute'>Discovery Institute</a> <span dir='ltr'>(55)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/disinformation'>disinformation</a> <span dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/dogs'>dogs</a> <span dir='ltr'>(54)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Donald%20Trump'>Donald Trump</a> <span dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Dover%20trial'>Dover trial</a> <span dir='ltr'>(31)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/drug%20laws'>drug laws</a> <span dir='ltr'>(33)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/earmarks'>earmarks</a> <span dir='ltr'>(12)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/economics'>economics</a> <span dir='ltr'>(147)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/education'>education</a> <span dir='ltr'>(71)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/ethics'>ethics</a> <span dir='ltr'>(117)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/euthanasia'>euthanasia</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Expelled'>Expelled</a> <span dir='ltr'>(59)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/FCC'>FCC</a> <span dir='ltr'>(29)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/FFRF'>FFRF</a> <span dir='ltr'>(7)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/finance'>finance</a> <span dir='ltr'>(77)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/fingerprints'>fingerprints</a> <span dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/food'>food</a> <span dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/forensics'>forensics</a> <span dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Fred'>Fred</a> <span dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/gay%20marriage'>gay marriage</a> <span dir='ltr'>(23)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Gemini'>Gemini</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Goldwater%20Institute'>Goldwater Institute</a> <span dir='ltr'>(20)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Grand%20Canyon'>Grand Canyon</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/gun%20control'>gun control</a> <span dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/hacking%20back'>hacking back</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Heartland%20Institute'>Heartland Institute</a> <span dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/history'>history</a> <span dir='ltr'>(114)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/hoaxes'>hoaxes</a> <span dir='ltr'>(15)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Holocaust%20denial'>Holocaust denial</a> <span dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/homeopathy'>homeopathy</a> <span dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/housing%20bubble'>housing bubble</a> <span dir='ltr'>(84)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/hypnosis'>hypnosis</a> <span dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/immigration'>immigration</a> <span dir='ltr'>(12)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/in-vitro%20fertilization'>in-vitro fertilization</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/InfraGard'>InfraGard</a> <span dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Institute%20for%20Creation%20Research'>Institute for Creation Research</a> <span dir='ltr'>(22)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Institute%20for%20Justice'>Institute for Justice</a> <span dir='ltr'>(13)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/intelligent%20design'>intelligent design</a> <span dir='ltr'>(125)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Islam'>Islam</a> <span dir='ltr'>(16)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/IVF'>IVF</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/J.D.%20Hayworth'>J.D. Hayworth</a> <span dir='ltr'>(15)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/James%20Randi'>James Randi</a> <span dir='ltr'>(20)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Jarrett%20Maupin'>Jarrett Maupin</a> <span dir='ltr'>(3)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Jeb%20Bush'>Jeb Bush</a> <span dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/John%20McCain'>John McCain</a> <span dir='ltr'>(59)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Kent%20Hovind'>Kent Hovind</a> <span dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/kooks'>kooks</a> <span dir='ltr'>(41)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/law'>law</a> <span dir='ltr'>(399)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Lawrence%20Krauss'>Lawrence Krauss</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/lottery%20winners%20and%20losers'>lottery winners and losers</a> <span dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/magic'>magic</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/marketing'>marketing</a> <span dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/medicine'>medicine</a> <span dir='ltr'>(33)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Mexico'>Mexico</a> <span dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Michel%20Gauquelin'>Michel Gauquelin</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/military'>military</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/mind%20and%20brain'>mind and brain</a> <span dir='ltr'>(39)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/minimum%20wage'>minimum wage</a> <span dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Mormons'>Mormons</a> <span dir='ltr'>(13)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/movies'>movies</a> <span dir='ltr'>(70)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Multics'>Multics</a> <span dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/music'>music</a> <span dir='ltr'>(36)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/net%20neutrality'>net neutrality</a> <span dir='ltr'>(42)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/NSA'>NSA</a> <span dir='ltr'>(30)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/obituary'>obituary</a> <span dir='ltr'>(23)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/OpenBSD'>OpenBSD</a> <span dir='ltr'>(5)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Otto'>Otto</a> <span dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/parody'>parody</a> <span dir='ltr'>(23)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/philosophy'>philosophy</a> <span dir='ltr'>(67)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Phoenix%20Skeptics'>Phoenix Skeptics</a> <span dir='ltr'>(8)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/plagiarism'>plagiarism</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/police%20abuse%20and%20corruption'>police abuse and corruption</a> <span dir='ltr'>(48)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/politics'>politics</a> <span dir='ltr'>(628)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/prayer'>prayer</a> <span dir='ltr'>(13)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/privacy'>privacy</a> <span dir='ltr'>(49)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/propaganda'>propaganda</a> <span dir='ltr'>(20)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/pseudoscience'>pseudoscience</a> <span dir='ltr'>(25)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/psychics'>psychics</a> <span dir='ltr'>(22)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/radio'>radio</a> <span dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/rationality'>rationality</a> <span dir='ltr'>(50)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Ravi%20Zacharias'>Ravi Zacharias</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/religion'>religion</a> <span dir='ltr'>(489)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Rep.%20Tom%20Graves'>Rep. Tom Graves</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/RESCUE'>RESCUE</a> <span dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Richard%20Cheese'>Richard Cheese</a> <span dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Richard%20Dawkins'>Richard Dawkins</a> <span dir='ltr'>(17)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Richard%20Sternberg%20affair'>Richard Sternberg affair</a> <span dir='ltr'>(15)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Robert%20Kiyosaki'>Robert Kiyosaki</a> <span dir='ltr'>(4)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Ron%20Paul'>Ron Paul</a> <span dir='ltr'>(11)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Russia'>Russia</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Sarah%20Palin'>Sarah Palin</a> <span dir='ltr'>(21)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/science'>science</a> <span dir='ltr'>(196)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/science%20fiction'>science fiction</a> <span dir='ltr'>(10)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Scientology'>Scientology</a> <span dir='ltr'>(67)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/security'>security</a> <span dir='ltr'>(180)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Shelby'>Shelby</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/silly%20quiz'>silly quiz</a> <span dir='ltr'>(6)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/SkeptiCamp'>SkeptiCamp</a> <span dir='ltr'>(9)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/skepticism'>skepticism</a> <span dir='ltr'>(109)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/social%20media'>social media</a> <span dir='ltr'>(2)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/software%20patents'>software patents</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/Southern%20California%20Skeptics'>Southern California Skeptics</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/spam'>spam</a> <span dir='ltr'>(35)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/spies'>spies</a> <span dir='ltr'>(1)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' href='https://lippard.blogspot.com/search/label/strange%20deaths'>strange deaths</a> <span dir='ltr'>(14)</span> </li> <li> <a dir='ltr' 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